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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport is an international airport serving the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. The airport is located at Sonegaon, 8 km (5 mi) southwest of Nagpur. The airport covers an area of 1,355 acres (548 hectares). In 2005, it was named after B. R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Constitution of India and one of the founding fathers of the Republic of India. The airport handles around 8,500 passengers per day and caters to four domestic airlines and two international airlines connecting Nagpur to Sharjah, Doha, and 14 domestic destinations. The airport spread over 1,460 acres is also home to Nagpur Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force. Growth in passenger traffic is fuelled by passengers traveling to and from the state capital Mumbai, located over 700 km (378 mi) away. The airport has one terminal and has two aerobridges.
History
The airport was commissioned during the First World War in 1917-18 for the RFC/RAF. The old buildings were renovated during the Second World War, when it was used as a staging airfield by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was transferred to the Indian Government when the British left. Due to brisk traffic, new terminal buildings featuring facilities of refreshment, retiring rooms, restrooms, book stalls and visitor's galleries were constructed in 1953.
Sonegaon Airport was the hub of the unique "Night Air Mail Service" wherein four planes left from Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras every night with a mail load from their region and returned to their home base in the early morning, after exchanging the mail at Nagpur. The service was operated from January 1949 until October 1973. Over the years its major traffic was civilian aircraft till the formation of 44 Wing and the transfer of the Il-76 military transport aircraft of the IAF in 2003. In the 2010s, the airport was in danger of losing its operating license due to danger at the airport. A former Atlanta Skylarks Boeing 720 owned by Continental Aviation Limited, which had been abandoned at the airport since 1991, was sitting 90 meters from the runway, when the rules state that any object should be situated at least 150 meters from the runway. In 2015–2016, the aircraft, which by then had been standing there for nearly 30 years, was moved to the northeast end of the airport, 600 meters away from the runway.
Expansion
It is slated to be the Multimodal International Hub Airport and development work started in 2005. The plan involves the construction of a second runway, a new terminal building and a cargo complex through a build-operate-transfer basis. The Maharashtra government offered 400 hectares of land to the Indian Air Force (IAF) in exchange of 278 hectares of land occupied by Air Force Station, Nagpur.
The new Integrated Terminal Building was inaugurated on 14 April 2008. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) modified and upgraded the existing building at the cost of . It covers an area of 17,500 square metres and has the capacity to handle 550 arriving and departing passengers during peak hours. The new terminal building has 20 check-in counters and 20 immigration counters. The terminal is equipped with facilities such as passenger bridges with visual docking guidance system and baggage conveyor system. A car park to accommodate 600 cars at a time has been built. Eight new parking bays were added to take the number of bays to 18. For improving city-side connectivity, a new approach road to connect the terminal building with the main highway has been constructed. To improve the navigation facilities at Nagpur Airport, AAI plans to construct a new control tower and technical block with all modern CNS ATM facilities.
Air India maintenance-repair-overhaul
A maintenance-repair-overhaul facility, built by the American aircraft manufacturer Boeing, occupies 50 acres of land at the airport. Construction began in January 2011. Air India's maintenance-repair-overhaul unit, called Air India Engineering Services, which was hived into a separate company in 2013, will start operating the maintenance-repair-overhaul facility by June 2015. The $100 million project is part of a deal between Air India and Boeing and has two 100 x 100-metre hangars, constructed by Larsen & Toubro, to accommodate wide-body aircraft like Boeing 777 and 787-8 and another 24,000 sq metres area for allied work. Nagpur was chosen for the project because of its central location and its high temperatures, favourable for aircraft manufacturing, as they are away from corrosion and sea water contamination. The greenfield project is Boeing's second in the world after Shanghai in China.
Metro Access from Airport
The airport now has access to Nagpur Metro.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
See also
Transport in Nagpur
Airports in India
List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic
References
External links
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport official Website
Airports in Maharashtra
Transport in Nagpur
International airports in India
Science and technology in Nagpur
Vidarbha
World War II sites in India
1917 establishments in British India
Airports established in 1917
20th-century architecture in India
GMR Group |
Hugh Edwards (1903–1986) was an American curator of photography, based in Chicago, Illinois at the Art Institute of Chicago during the 1960s. Considered highly influential, Edwards was one of a handful of key curators, along with Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen and John Szarkowski, who worked to gain the acceptance in the United States of fine art photography and documentary photography as art forms.
Early life and education
Hugh Logan Edwards Jr was born as the only child of his parents in the river city of Paducah, Kentucky, at the confluence of the Tennessee and Ohio rivers. His family was deeply attached to the rivers of the American South: his father was an engineer on a steamboat and his grandfather was a river pilot. A great uncle had fought on the Confederate side of the Civil War, taking a family slave to act as valet, and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh.
Although Edwards did not have formal education beyond high school, he became a highly cultured, self-taught man who was fluent in French and Italian, the better to read literature of those countries in the original languages. He became known for his love of music and collection of American and European literature.
Career
Edwards's first job after high school was as a librarian in Paducah at the McCracken County Public Library. His parents encouraged him to continue his study of piano and he moved to Chicago, which opened a larger world to him.
He became an assistant at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1959, he was appointed as Curator of Prints & Drawings, serving until 1970. He was responsible for the significant collection of photographs there and expanded the collection, acquiring some three thousand prints. He also organized seventy-five shows during his time at the Art Institute. In many cases, Edwards led the Art Institute to be the first museum to offer a solo show to young photographers who later became important in the field, such as Robert Frank, Raymond Moore, and others. Edwards struggled to curate in the small, cramped gallery space and without the financial resources to produce accompanying exhibition catalogs.
Shy and retiring, and without a college education, Edwards did not become a public champion of photography and rarely wrote about it beyond reviewing. But in the years before the art world's acceptance of photography, Edwards offered vital support and encouragement to many emerging photographers, including Jan Saudek, Duane Michals, Algimantas Kezys, Danny Lyon and others. According to Lyon, "Edwards ushered in what is known as the Golden Age of Chicago Photography. He expressed himself mostly in conversation and through the photographers he chose to exhibit."
Edwards was also a practicing photographer; during the 1950s he worked on a decade-long project to document the people of a roller rink in Harvey, Illinois. He ceased photographing in 1961. When asked why he no longer photographed, he responded, " 'Why should I?' Hugh answered. 'Other people take them for me'.”
References
External links
Portfolio of Edwards' 1950s work, Bleak Beauty website (Danny Lyon)
20th-century American photographers
American art curators
Photography curators
1903 births
1986 deaths
People from Paducah, Kentucky
Photographers from Kentucky
Art Institute of Chicago |
Jennifer Margaret Marra (born 6 November 1977) is a Scottish politician who served as convener of the Public Audit Committee. A member of the Scottish Labour Party, she was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the North East Scotland region from 2011 to 2021.
Early life and education
Marra was born on 6 November 1977 in Dundee to Eileen Margaret and Nicholas James Marra. She attended St John's High School in Dundee before going on to study history at the University of St Andrews, graduating in 1999 with an MA in modern history.
She won a scholarship to Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, after which she returned to her home town and spent five years promoting Dundee as a location for students, research and investment as Head of Press at the University of Dundee. In 2008, she graduated from the University of Glasgow with an LLB, and in 2009 received a graduate diploma in law from BPP University in London. In 2010, she graduated with a Diploma in Legal Practice from the University of Dundee.
Political career
After a stint as the Labour MEPs spokesperson in Brussels and Strasbourg, Marra took a Scots law degree and qualified in both Scots and English law and Scottish legal practice. She is member of the GMB, Community and Amnesty International. She was Labour's Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Health, Wellbeing and Sport from 2014 until 2016. In addition to her party posts, Marra was also the Convenor for the Cross Party Group on Deafness.
In the 2014 Scottish Labour Party leadership election, Marra acted as co-chair of Jim Murphy’s campaign.
At the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Marra stood for Dundee City West constituency and finished behind Joe Fitzpatrick, then she was returned to parliament as a list MSP. She is currently the Convener of the Scottish Committee for Public Audit and Post-legislative Scrutiny.
Marra argued that the Labour Party should attempt to block Brexit in the House of Commons.
In November 2019, it was announced that Marra and Scottish National Party MSP Joan McAlpine would be hosting an event on behalf of the "Women's Human Rights Campaign", an international campaign that launched in New York in March 2019. The campaign's self-declared focus is on "the importance of keeping the current sex based definition of woman". The announcement was met with criticism from some feminist and LGBT groups, including Engender, The Equality Network and the Scottish Trans Alliance, who expressed their concerns that the Campaign's aims would breach Human Rights law, and in particular the rights of transgender people. However, a spokeswoman for the Campaign reiterated that their aim was to "re-affirm women’s sex-based rights, as set out in international human rights documents".
In September 2020, Marra became the first Labour MSP to call for Richard Leonard to quit as Scottish Labour leader. She said "If we do not change course now we risk catastrophe. The reality is that you only have a short window in political leadership to make an impression on the public. After three years the party’s standing is getting worse rather than better. No one can say that Richard has not had opportunities to turn the situation around. Richard’s leadership was tied from the start to the disaster of Jeremy Corbyn's project. It remains so in the public's view and they simply will not give the party a hearing as things stand."
On 28 November 2020, Marra announced that she would not stand in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, stating "I have decided that my role as an MSP takes me away from my young children during the week in Edinburgh but also at evening meetings and weekend commitments".
Marra nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election.
Personal life
Marra is a niece of musician Michael Marra. Her brother is Michael Marra, who replaced his sister as Labour MSP for North East Scotland in 2021.
In May 2016, Marra married John Thomson of the newspaper group DC Thomson; they have two children.
References
External links
|-
1977 births
Living people
Politicians from Dundee
Emory University alumni
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Scottish lawyers
Scottish women lawyers
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
Female members of the Scottish Parliament |
Boneh Var-e Baba Ahmadi (, also Romanized as Boneh Vār-e Bābā Aḩmadī; also known as Boned Vār-e Bābā Aḩmadī and Boneh Vār) is a village in Sadat Rural District, in the Central District of Lali County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 23 families.
References
Populated places in Lali County |
Milbong is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Milbong had a population of 161 people.
Geography
Purga Creek flows through from the south before forming the north-eastern boundary.
One Eye Waterhole is in the centre of the locality ().
The Ipswich – Boonah Road (State Route 93) runs through from north to south.
History
The name Milbong is a combination of two Aboriginal words in Ugarapul dialect, in which mil means eye and bong means dead. An Aboriginal with only one eye is supposed to have camped by a waterhole in the vicinity.
In the late 1870s, the choice of name for the district was contentious with three names in popular use: One Eye Waterhole (from the natural feature), Blantyre (the name of a local farm), Waterview (the name of the Congregational Church) and Milbong. The establishment of a post office and school created a need to resolve the issue of naming, resulting in Milbong being eventually chosen.
Blantyre One Eye Waterhole State School was established circa 25 July 1874. By 1877, it had been renamed Milbong State School. It closed in 1965. It was at 2616 Ipswich Boonah Road (corner Milbong Road, ).
Blantyre Congregational Church at "One Eye" was completed about 1877, later being called the Waterview Congregational Church, before becoming known as Milbong Congregational Church. It was at 5 Milbong Road (). The church building is still extant, but is now being used as a house.
Milbong Lutheran Church (also known as St Luke's Lutheran Church) opened on 23 September 1885. A new church (built on the site of the original church) was opened on 10 April 1906, while the old church was removed to be use as a barn but was later burned down. The church closed in 1974 and the church building removed, but the cemetery remains. The church site and cemetery was on the Ispwich Boonah Road, but is now within the suburb of Roadvale.
In the , Milbong had a population of 161 people. The locality contains 66 households, in which 50.6% of the population are males and 49.4% of the population are females with a median age of 45, 7 years above the national average. The average weekly household income is $1,140, $298 below the national average. 0.0% of Milbong's population is either of Aborigional or Torres Strait Islander descent. 68.5% of the population aged 15 or over is either registered or de facto married, while 31.5% of the population is not married. 29.1% of the population is currently attending some form of a compulsory education. The most common nominated ancestries were Australian (37.1%), English (27.2%) and German (9.4%), while the most common country of birth was Australia (86.9%), and the most commonly spoken language at home was English (93.2%). The most common nominated religions were Catholic (27.5%), the Uniting Church (19.7%) and No religion (19.7%). The most common occupation was a cleric/administration worker (24.6%) and the majority/plurality of residents worked 40 or more hours per week (43.1%).
Facilities
Milbong General Cemetery () does not face any street but can be accessed via a path from the Ipswich Boonah Road () opposite the rest area.
References
Further reading
Scenic Rim Region
Localities in Queensland |
Eastern Manitoba, or the Eastman Region (), is an informal geographic region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is bounded on the north by the Winnipeg River and Lake Winnipeg, on the east by the Manitoba-Ontario border, on the south by the Canada–US border, and on the west by the Red River. With a population of 128,855 as of the 2021 Canadian census, the Eastman Region is the second most populous region outside of the Winnipeg Metropolitan Region.
The city of Steinbach is the largest population centre in the region. The Trans-Canada Highway runs through the middle of the Eastman Region.
Major communities
Unorganized areas:
Unorganized Division 1
Rural municipalities
First Nations and Indian reserves
Animakee Wa Zhing 37
Buffalo Point
Iskatewizaagegan 39
Roseau River Anishinabe (Roseau Rapids 2A and Roseau River 2)
Shoal Lake 37A
Shoal Lake 39
Shoal Lake 39A
Shoal Lake 40
Points of interest
Other
Great Falls Generating Station
Underground Research Laboratory
Whiteshell Laboratories
Parks, forestry, and landforms
Agassiz Provincial Forest
Atikaki Provincial Wilderness Park
Belair Provincial Forest
Birch Point Provincial Park
Birds Hill Provincial Park
Brightstone Sand Hills Provincial Forest
Cat Hills Provincial Forest
Elk Island Provincial Park
Grand Beach Provincial Park
Lee River Wildlife Management Area
Manigotagan River Provincial Park
Nopiming Provincial Park
Pinawa Dam Provincial Park
Poplar Bay Provincial Park
Sandilands Provincial Forest
St. Malo Provincial Park
Wampum Provincial Forest
Whitemouth Bog Ecological Reserve
Whiteshell Provincial Park and Forest
Bodies of water
Lake Winnipeg
Lee River
Manigotagan River
Roseau River
Seine River
Winnipeg River
Transport
Bird River (Lac du Bonnet) Airport
Bird River Water Aerodrome
Lac du Bonnet Airport
Lac du Bonnet (North) Water Aerodrome
Manitoba Highway 11
Manitoba Provincial Road 304
Silver Falls Airport
Silver Falls Water Aerodrome
Lancaster–Tolstoi Border Crossing
Pinecreek–Piney Border Crossing
Roseau–South Junction Border Crossing
Warroad–Sprague Border Crossing
References
External links
Eastman Regional Profile
Community Profile: Census Division No. 1, Manitoba; Statistics Canada
Community Profile: Census Division No. 2, Manitoba; Statistics Canada
Community Profile: Census Division No. 12, Manitoba; Statistics Canada
Geographic regions of Manitoba |
Robert Moretti (June 3, 1936 – May 12, 1984) was an American politician. A Democrat, Moretti served as Speaker of the California State Assembly from 1971 to 1974.
Life and career
Born in Detroit, Michigan in 1936 to Marino and Mary Moretti, his family later relocated to Los Angeles when Moretti was a teenager. Moretti's father was born in Ovindoli, Italy, and his mother was of Armenian descent. Moretti graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 1954 and went on to earn an accounting degree from the University of Notre Dame in 1958.
Political career
Moretti was first elected to the California State Assembly in 1964 at the age of 28, making him the youngest member of the Assembly at that time. In the Assembly, Moretti represented Van Nuys. In 1970, he chaired the Assembly's Democratic Campaign Committee.
Seen as a protege of Assembly Speaker Jesse Unruh, Moretti was first elected Speaker in 1971 and quickly emerged as a staunch opponent of Republican Governor Ronald Reagan. Moretti's initial resistance to Reagan, however, gave way some cooperation, particularly on the issue of welfare costs. Seeking to reach a deal, Moretti purportedly told Reagan, "I don't like you particularly and I know you don't like me but we don't have to be in love to work together." Moretti and Reagan eventually developed a sense of mutual respect that culminated in the 1971 California Welfare Reform Act.
In 1973, Moretti emerged as a leading figure in the successful campaign to defeat Reagan's Proposition 1, a ballot initiative to set state spending and taxes using formulas. Seen as a vehicle to enhance Reagan's national profile ahead of a possible run for president, Moretti and other opponents argued the proposition would force drastic cuts in state services and force local governments to raise property taxes.
In 1974, Moretti was a candidate for the office of Governor of California but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Jerry Brown, who went on to win the general election.
Death
Moretti died of a heart attack while playing tennis in 1984 at the age of 47.
References
Further reading
Burbank, Garin. "Speaker Moretti, Governor Reagan, and the Search for Tax Reform in California, 1970-1972." Pacific Historical Review 61.2 (1992): 193–214. online free
Burbank, Garin. "Governor Reagan's Only Defeat: The Proposition 1 Campaign in 1973." California History 72.4 (1993): 360–373. online
Burbank, Garin. "Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: The Grand Compromise of 1971." California History 70.3 (1991): 278–289.
Mitchell, Daniel JB. "Governor Reagan's ballot box budgeting: One that got away." Southern California Quarterly 89.2 (2007): 195–227. online
External links
Resolution establishing Moretti Memorial
JoinCalifornia - Bob Moretti
1936 births
1984 deaths
Speakers of the California State Assembly
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
20th-century American politicians
American people of Armenian descent
American people of Italian descent
Ethnic Armenian politicians
Politicians from Detroit |
James McKinney is recognized as a true master of the 5-string banjo. One of the most advanced players anywhere and a Scruggs and Reno style expert, James is also considered a leading expert in jazz and theory in the banjo world, having been mentored by renowned jazz educator, David Baker, and Mr. Henry Ferrel (teacher of Chet Atkins and Jethro Burns). James McKinney was born in Fort Payne, Alabama in 1957.
In his early days James played often with legends such as Bill Monroe, Vassar Clements, and John Hartford. James won the South U.S. Banjo Championship at age 15 and in 1982 he won the National Banjo Championship at Winfield, Kansas, as well as first-place in dozens of state and regional championships. He made the first of several appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, The Porter Wagoner Show, and the stages of Opryland at age 19 as part of "Smoky Mountain Sunshine" combining his talents as a banjoist with those of musical arranger.
In the 1980s he lived in Dallas and recorded and toured with his band Danger in the Air and later moved to Nashville to do full-time touring and studio work.
James spent many years as a popular studio musician in Nashville and performed/recorded with the likes of Porter Wagoner, Barbara Mandrell, John Hartford, and Johnny Cash in addition to a long and close friendship and professional relationship with legendary fiddler, Vassar Clements, with whom he toured and performed as "The Vassar Clements Band".
James has recorded on many projects and taught at many major banjo camps including SPGBMA workshops and other Master workshops all over the USA and in Australia.
Today, James lives in Atlanta, GA and has launched a new acoustic group called, "The Night Travelers", together with bassist Niki Portmann. They currently tour and play in the southeast region and are soon to release their first CD project, Campfire.
Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20080129164843/http://www.dixie-chicks.com/danger.shtml
http://www.nighttravelers.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20061110143818/http://www.wvfest.com/contests/winner.html?winnerid=112
American bluegrass musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Fort Payne, Alabama
American country banjoists
Country musicians from Alabama |
Community Coalition Congress (CCC) or was formed and registered as a political party in 1988 to replace the Chinese Concultative Council (CCC) or Majlis Perundingan Cina wing formed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in facing the Malaysian general election, 1986 to enable the space for the out-flow of supports of the Chinese community who are majority non-Muslim, but face the problem of internal opposition from the Islamic party and the reluctance to allow CCC supporters to be accepted and registered officially as party member, thus to represent PAS in the general election on its ticket.
Although CCC has been registered as a political party with the Registrar of Society (ROS), it has not contested in any general election up-to-date. CCC continue to be a passive party with the formation of Kelab Penyokong PAS (KPP) or PAS Supporters Club in facing the Malaysian general election, 2008 which was upgraded to Dewan Himpunan Penyokong PAS (DHPP) or PAS Supporters Assembly Hall as a new PAS party wing on 23 May 2010. In line with the goal of the new wing to spread the party's popularity among the non-Muslims, the wing is able to nominate non-Muslim candidates in the general elections.
See also
Politics of Malaysia
List of political parties in Malaysia
References
Political parties established in 1988
1988 establishments in Malaysia |
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
Events
Works published
Great Britain
Anonymous, Merlin, based on the second of two versions of the Middle English romance Arthur and Merlin, itself derived ultimately from the Old French prose Merlin, part of the Arthurian Vulgate Cycle of the early 13th century
Stephen Hawes, year uncertain, publisher: Wynkyn de Worde
John Lydgate, Proverbs, publication year uncertain; posthumously published; written c. 1431–1438; consists for the most part on extracts from The Fall of Princes 1494
Sir Thomas More, The Life of Johan Picus Erle of Myrandula, publication year uncertain, a life of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist and philosopher and member of the Platonic Academy in Florence
Other
Jean Marot, Voyage de Gênes, France
La grant danse macabre (approximate date)
Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
Arnoldus Arlenius (died 1582), Dutch humanist philosopher and poet
Giovanni Darcio, born about this year (died after 1554), Italian, Latin-language poet
Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (died 1556), Hungarian lyricist, epic poet, political historian, and minstrel
Martynas Mažvydas (died 1563), author and editor of the first printed book in the Lithuanian language, including the first poetry
Thomas Phaer (also spelled Phaire, Faer, Phayre, and Phayer), born about this year (died 1560), English lawyer and translator of poetry
Anton Francesco Ranieri (died 1560), Italian, Latin-language poet
Satomura Shokyu 里村昌休 (died 1552), Japanese leading master of the linked verse renga after the death of Tani Sobuko in 1545
Luigi Tansillo (died 1568), Italian poet of Petrarchan sonnets and Marinist style
Robert Wedderburn born about this year (died c. 1554), Scottish
Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
Guillaume Coquillart (born c. 1450), French
Giovanni Cotta (born c. 1480), Italian, Latin-language poet
Pothana (born 1450), Telugu poet best known for his translation of the Bhagavata Purana from Sanskrit to Telugu
See also
Poetry
16th century in poetry
16th century in literature
French Renaissance literature
Grands Rhétoriqueurs
Renaissance literature
Spanish Renaissance literature
Notes
16th-century poetry
Poetry |
The 1840 United States presidential election in Maine took place between October 30 and December 2, 1840, as part of the 1840 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Maine voted for the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison, over Democratic candidate Martin Van Buren. Harrison won the state by a very narrow margin of 0.46%.
Maine was typically a Democratic state during the Second Party System, however, with Harrison narrowly winning the state, this would be the only time that a Whig presidential candidate would win Maine.
Results
See also
United States presidential elections in Maine
References
Maine
1840
1840 Maine elections |
Mendez, officially the Municipality of Mendez-Nuñez (), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 34,879 people.
Etymology
The municipality of Mendez-Nuñez was originally known as "Gahitan", one of the many barrios of Indang. The name was derived from the word "gahit" meaning "to cut", because the people then had to cut down tall and thick cogon grass that abounded in the place in order to clear areas for agricultural and residential purpose.
History
As time went on, the number of houses in Gahitan increased so that the sitio eventually became a barrio and finally a full-fledged town on 1 December 1875, thanks to Governor-General Jose Malcampo y Monje (1874-1877). Malcampo incorporated the three barrios of Gahitan, Palocpoc and Anuling into one independent municipality called Méndez Núñez, after a Spanish naval officer and close friend, Commodore Casto Méndez Núñez. In 1856, when they were still Spanish naval officers, Malcampo and Mendez-Nuñez, established the first Masonic lodge in Kawit under a charter from the Grand Lodge of Portugal. The friendship of these two officers had been tested in many a battle against Muslim pirates in Mindanao.
Pedro Aure was the gobernadorcillo of Mendez during its first year as a municipality in 1876. Cayetano Aure, perhaps a relative of Pedro, was the first and only capitan municipal of Mendez during the First Philippine Republic (1899-1901). Pedro's son, Marcelino Aure, became a famous general during the Philippine Revolution. His nom de guerre was Alapaap (Cloud).
Mendez continued to be a municipality from 1875 to October 15, 1903 when, under Act No. 947 of the Philippine Commission reduced the 23 municipalities of Cavite to eleven. Mendez and Bailen (now General Emilio Aguinaldo) were incorporated into the municipality of Alfonso.
But 12 years later, on January 1, 1915, Mendez regained its independent status as a municipality of Cavite Province.
Geography
The municipality of Mendez is located from Metro Manila and is accessible via Aguinaldo Highway. It is one of the smallest and upland towns of Cavite province. It is bounded to the north and east by Indang, to the south by Tagaytay, and to the west by Alfonso.
Barangays
Mendez is politically subdivided into 24 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
Climate
While it shares a general climate as the rest of the province Mendez' climate, due to its proximity to Tagaytay City, is tropical highland, with low temperatures most especially during the early dry season.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Mendez, Cavite, was 34,879 people, with a density of .
Economy
Government
Elected officials
The following are the elected officials of the municipality elected last May 09, 2022 which serves until 2025:
References
External links
Profile: Mendez, Cavite - Official Website of the Province of Cavite
Profile: Mendez, Cavite - DILG Calabarzon Region
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Philippine Census Information
Municipalities of Cavite |
Dr Law Kar-ying BBS MH (born September 22, 1946) is a Hong Kong Cantonese opera singer and actor.
Background
Born Law Hang-tong on September 22 (August 27 Lunar), 1946 in Shunde, Guangdong as the eldest son of actor Law Kar-kuen (羅家權) and his wife Lee Ngan-guen (李銀娟). His younger brothers are Law Yiu-tong (羅耀堂), Law Yau-tong (羅友堂), and Law Shiu-tong (羅紹堂). His younger sister is Law Sok-ching (羅素貞). In 1949, his family moved to Hong Kong.
He was originally a Cantonese opera singer in the 1970s. And a practitioner of the Ng Ying Kungfu (Chinese: 五形功夫) Five Animal Kung Fu arts. In 1990 he turned to acting in movies. He became popular after being cast in From Beijing with Love, which also starred Stephen Chow, as Da Vinci, an inventor whose list of (useless) gadgets include a solar-powered torch.
In 1990s, Law played Wong Yat-fei in his first movie debut in 1993 film Crime Story along with Jackie Chan. In 1994 he was cast in Jeff Lau's film duology A Chinese Odyssey, in which he played the verbose Longevity Monk (Xuanzang), singing a Cantonese cover of "Only You (And You Alone)" midway during the film.
Law has rarely acted in television, especially on TVB, the television station of his wife, Liza Wang. He is most known for cooperating with ATV, which is TVB's rival.
In September 2022, Law apologized after mainland Chinese netizens criticized Law after he made a post, which he later deleted, stating "Hong Kong was a blessed land during her reign", in reference to Queen Elizabeth II.
Cantonese opera performances
In the 2018 HK Arts Festival, Law was cast as Xiang Yu along with Yau Sing Po in the classic opera Farewell My Concubine.
Filmography
Sources:
Crime Story (1993) – Wong Yat-fei
From Beijing with Love (1994) – Da Mansi
He's a Woman, She's a Man (1994) – Joseph
He and She (1994) – The Magistrate
Easy Money (1994) – Chiang Chia-Cheh
Whatever You Want (1994) – Keanu/Kwok-Wing/Actor on Television
A Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box (1995) – Tang Sanzang
A Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella (1995) – Tang Sanzang
Heaven Can't Wait (1995) – Ng Kong
Dream Lover (1995) – Dr. Law – Kitty's uncle
Man Wanted (1995) – Bald Yin
Summer Snow (1995) – Bing Sun
Tricky Business (1995) – Lau Kar-Lin
The Chinese Feast (1995) – Au Siu-Fung
Because of Lies (1995) – Ho Siu B
Mack the Knife (1995) – Street preacher
Passion 1995 (1995) – Johnny, man in photograph
Ten Brothers (1995) – Wonderful Eyes
1941 Hong Kong on Fire (1995) – Hoi
God of Cookery (1996) – Competition Master of Ceremonies
Once Upon a Time in Shanghai (1996) (TV series)
Dr. Wai in "The Scripture with No Words" (1996) – Headmaster
Forbidden City Cop (1996) – Fat-Yan
Feel 100% (1996) – Robert
Feel 100%... Once More (1996) (uncredited) – Director
Bodyguards of the Last Governor (1996) – Last Governor of Hong Kong
Combo Cops (1996) – Tiger
Dragon from Shaolin (1996)
Viva Erotica (1996) – Chung
Those Were the days (1996) – Feng Siu-Tien
Twinkle Twinkle Lucky Star (Yun cai zhi li xing) (1996) – Cup Noodle
Another Chinese Cop (1996) – Li, Tai-Chu
A Recipe for the Heart (1997) (TV series)
Kitchen (1997) – Emma
We're No Bad Guys (1997) – Bond Chu/Jade Dragon
Lawyer Lawyer (1997) – Fong Tong-Ken
Love: Amoeba Style (1997)
S.D.U. '97 (1997) – Wong, Yan-Kwai
Made in Heaven (1997) – Dr. Law
Those Were the Days (1997) – Wong Fei-hung
Cause We Are So Young (1997) (uncredited)
Ah Fai, the Dumb (1997) – Uncle Ying/Iron Pen
A Tough Side of a Lady (1998) – Mulan's father
Chinese Midnight Express (1998) – Guard
Criss-Cross Over Four Seas (1999) (TV series) – Clergyman
Gorgeous (1999) – Chan's assistant
The Tricky Master (1999) – Sing
Funny Business (2000)
When I Fall in Love... with Both (2000) – Owner of bridal shop
2002 (2001) – Paper Chan
City of Desire (2001)
Far from Home (2002)
Windfall Profits (2002) – Uncle Sixth
Perfect Education 3 (2002)
The Monkey King (2002) (TV series) – Golden Star
Dragon Loaded 2003 (2003) – Mr. Lung
6 A.M. (2004) – Taxi Driver
Escape from Hong Kong Island (2004) – Raymond's boss
Osaka Wrestling Restaurant (2004) – Dragon
Enter the Phoenix (2004) – Father Eight
Magic Kitchen (2004) – Yau's Dad
House of Fury (2005) – Cab driver
Central Affairs 2 (2006) (TV series) – Kong So
The Shopaholics (2006) – West Ho
PK.COM.CN (2007)
Crazy Money & Funny Men (2007)
The Deserted Inn (2008)
Chongqing Girl (2009)
Metallic Attraction: Kungfu Cyborg (2009)
On His Majesty's Secret Service (2009)
14 Blades (2010)
Future X-Cops (2010)
Flirting Scholar 2 (2010)
Adventure of the King (2010)
Legend of the Swordsman (2010)
Painted Skin (2011) (TV series)
The Sorcerer and the White Snake (2011)
The 33D Invader (2011)
Single Terminator (2011)
The Assassins (2012)
Mr. and Mrs. Gambler (2012)
To Forgive (2012)
Tears in Heaven (2012)
Murcielago (2013)
The Twins' Code (2013)
A Stupid Journey (2014)
The Buddha's Shadow (2014)
Who Moved My Dream (2014)
Death Trip (2015)
The Ghost House (2015)
Super Models (2015)
From Vegas to Macau III (2016)
The Great Detective (2017)
Staycation (2018)
The Incredible Monk (2018)
Comedy Star (2018)
A Home with a View (2018)
White Bone Lady Fights the Wolf Demon (2018)
Bajie Subdues Demons (2018)
Amazing Spring (2019)
A Home with a View (2019)
The Great Detective (2019)
Bajie Subdues Demons 2 (2019)
The Duke of Royal Tramp (2019)
Dynasty Warriors (2021)
Music Video
Personal life
In 2004, Law was diagnosed with stage III liver cancer. In 2005, Law had surgery and recovered at home. In 2013, his liver was found to have a two-centimeter tumor and went for surgery again. He has led a healthy lifestyle since then. In 2019, doctors found cancerous cells after Law went for a prostate biopsy earlier in the year. He went to the hospital in last June for an operation to remove the prostate and has recovered since
On May 2, 2009, Law married longtime partner Liza Wang in Las Vegas. They announced their union on TVB through Stephen Chow. On July 1, 2018, Law was awarded Bronze Bauhinia Star (BBS) by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administration Region, in recognition of his contribution to the Cantonese opera in Hong Kong.
References
External links
HK Cinemagic entry
Hong Kong male film actors
People from Foshan
1946 births
Living people
Hong Kong male Cantonese opera actors
Hong Kong television presenters
Hong Kong male television actors
Male actors from Guangdong
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors
20th-century Hong Kong male singers
21st-century Hong Kong male singers
Chinese male film actors
Chinese male television actors
20th-century Chinese male actors
21st-century Chinese male actors
Recipients of the Bronze Bauhinia Star
Hong Kong male comedians |
f2c is a program to convert Fortran 77 to C code, developed at Bell Laboratories. The standalone f2c program was based on the core of the first complete Fortran 77 compiler to be implemented, the "f77" program by Feldman and Weinberger. Because the f77 compiler was itself written in C and relied on a C compiler back end to complete its final compilation step, it and its derivatives like f2c were much more portable than compilers generating machine code directly.
The f2c program was released as free software and subsequently became one of the most common means to compile Fortran code on many systems where native Fortran compilers were unavailable or expensive. Several large Fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, were made available as C libraries via conversion with f2c. The f2c program also influenced the development of the GNU g77 compiler, which uses a modified version of the f2c runtime libraries.
See also
BCX – translates BASIC source code to C/C++ source code
References
S. I. Feldman and P. J. Weinberger. A portable Fortran 77 compiler. In UNIX Time Sharing System Programmer's Manual, volume 2. AT&T Bell Laboratories, tenth edition, 1990.
S. I. Feldman, David M. Gay, Mark W. Maimone, and N. L. Schryer, "A Fortran to C Converter," AT&T Bell Laboratories technical report, 1990. Also the paper of the same title by S. I. Feldman, published in ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum, vol. 9, issue 2, p. 21–22 (1990).
The f2c source code and documentation, at Netlib.
Fortran compilers
Compilers
Source-to-source compilers
C (programming language)
Free compilers and interpreters
Free software programmed in C |
The FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1994 took place in Gsies, Italy. This was the second time the city had hosted the event having done so in 1990.
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Medal table
References
Men's doubles natural track World Champions
Men's singles natural track World Champions
Women's singles natural track World Champions
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships
1994 in luge
1996 in Italian sport
Luge in Italy |
The 16th annual Webby Awards for 2012 were held at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City on May 21, 2012 and hosted by comedian Patton Oswalt. Winners were selected from among roughly 10,000 entries and voting by the public for the People's Choice Award was available prior to April 26. The awards ceremony was streamed live in HD on its website.
Newly added to this ceremony were awards for the categories "Mobile Advertising," "Corporate Social Responsibility," and "Best Meme." The "Best Meme" Category represented the first time that there would be no individual credit and no award recipient apart from the meme itself.
Nominees and winners
(from http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/current.php?season=16)
This table is not complete, please help to complete it from material on this page.
References
Winners and nominees are generally named according to the organization or website winning the award, although the recipient is, technically, the web design firm or internal department that created the winning site and in the case of corporate websites, the designer's client. Web links are provided for informational purposes, both in the most recently available archive.org version before the awards ceremony and, where available, the current website. Many older websites no longer exist, are redirected, or have been substantially redesigned.
External links
Official website
2012
2012 awards in the United States
2012 in New York City
May 2012 events in the United States
2012 in Internet culture |
```scala
package org.thp.thehive.services
import java.io.{File, InputStream}
import java.nio.file.{Path, Files => JFiles}
import java.util.UUID
import org.thp.scalligraph.EntityName
import org.thp.scalligraph.auth.AuthContext
import org.thp.scalligraph.controllers.FFile
import org.thp.scalligraph.models._
import org.thp.scalligraph.traversal.TraversalOps._
import org.thp.thehive.TestAppBuilder
import play.api.libs.Files
import play.api.libs.Files.TemporaryFileCreator
import play.api.test.{NoTemporaryFileCreator, PlaySpecification}
import scala.annotation.tailrec
class AttachmentSrvTest extends PlaySpecification with TestAppBuilder {
implicit val authContext: AuthContext = DummyUserSrv(userId = "certuser@thehive.local", organisation = "cert").getSystemAuthContext
@tailrec
private def streamCompare(is1: InputStream, is2: InputStream): Boolean = {
val n1 = is1.read()
val n2 = is2.read()
if (n1 == -1 || n2 == -1) n1 == n2
else (n1 == n2) && streamCompare(is1, is2)
}
"attachment service" should {
"create an attachment from a file" in testApp { app =>
WithFakeScalligraphFile { tempFile =>
val r =
app[Database].tryTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].create(FFile("test.txt", tempFile.path, "text/plain")))
r must beSuccessfulTry.which { a =>
a.name shouldEqual "test.txt"
a.contentType shouldEqual "text/plain"
a.size shouldEqual JFiles.size(tempFile.path)
a.hashes must containAllOf(app[AttachmentSrv].hashers.fromPath(tempFile.path))
}
}
}
"create an attachment from file data" in testApp { app =>
WithFakeScalligraphFile { tempFile =>
val r = app[Database].tryTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].create("test2.txt", "text/plain", JFiles.readAllBytes(tempFile)))
r must beSuccessfulTry.which { a =>
a.name shouldEqual "test2.txt"
a.contentType shouldEqual "text/plain"
a.size shouldEqual JFiles.size(tempFile.path)
a.hashes must containAllOf(app[AttachmentSrv].hashers.fromPath(tempFile.path))
}
}
}
"get an attachment" in testApp { app =>
val allAttachments = app[Database].roTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].startTraversal.toSeq)
allAttachments must not(beEmpty)
app[Database].roTransaction { implicit graph =>
app[AttachmentSrv].get(EntityName(allAttachments.head.attachmentId)).exists must beTrue
}
}
}
}
object WithFakeScalligraphFile {
def apply[A](body: Files.TemporaryFile => A): A = {
val tempFile = File.createTempFile("thehive-", "-test")
JFiles.write(tempFile.toPath, s"hello ${UUID.randomUUID()}".getBytes)
val fakeTempFile = new Files.TemporaryFile {
override def path: Path = tempFile.toPath
override def file: File = tempFile
override def temporaryFileCreator: TemporaryFileCreator = NoTemporaryFileCreator
}
try body(fakeTempFile)
finally {
JFiles.deleteIfExists(tempFile.toPath)
()
}
}
}
``` |
Gnosall was a rural district in Staffordshire, England from 1894 to 1934. It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Newport Rural Sanitary District which was in Staffordshire (the rest forming Newport Rural District in Shropshire).
It consisted of the parishes of Adbaston, Church Eaton, Forton, Gnosall, High Offley, Norbury and Weston Jones.
The district was abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order. Most of it became part of the Stafford Rural District, with part going to Cannock Rural District. In 1940, there was a statue erected to commemorate the district.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220247/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10136568
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
South Staffordshire District
History of Staffordshire
Local government in Staffordshire
Rural districts of England |
Wynne Senior High School, known as Wynne High School, is a public secondary school for students in grades nine through twelve located in Wynne, Arkansas, United States. It is one of two public high schools in Cross County and the sole high school administered by the Wynne School District. It was destroyed by a tornado on March 31, 2023.
In addition to Wynne it also serves Parkin, since the former Parkin School District merged into the Wynne district on September 7, 2005.
Academics
Wynne High School is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) and has been accredited by AdvancED since 1927. The assumed course of study follows the Common Core curriculum developed by the ADE. Students complete regular (core and career focus) courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity for college credit.
Athletics
The Wynne High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Yellowjacket with the school colors of blue and gold.
The Wynne Yellowjackets participate in numerous interscholastic sports and events in the 5A-East Conference administered by the Arkansas Activities Association including: baseball, basketball (boys/girls), cheer, cross country (boys/girls), dance, football, golf (boys/girls), soccer (boys), softball, tennis (boys/girls), track (boys/girls), and volleyball.
The Yellowjackets football team are four-time state football champions by winning titles in 1950, 1986, 2001 and 2004. In 2013, the school retired the No. 34 jersey of NFL running back and Wynne alumnus DeAngelo Williams who ran for 2,204 yards and 34 touchdowns in 2001.
The Yellowjackets softball team are two-time state champions, picking up titles in 2009 and 2011. They were the state runner-up in 2010.
Notable alumni
Hugh Taylor (American football), former Yellowjacket & wide receiver for the Washington Redskins
DeAngelo Williams, running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers
2023 Wynne Tornado
On March 31, 2023, a tornado struck and heavily damaged the school and surrounding town.
References
External links
1902 establishments in Arkansas
Educational institutions established in 1902
Public high schools in Arkansas
Schools in Cross County, Arkansas |
Waste a Moment may refer to:
Waste a Moment (Fightstar song)
Waste a Moment (Kings of Leon song) |
```xml
import asyncComponent from "@erxes/ui/src/components/AsyncComponent";
import queryString from "query-string";
import React from "react";
import { Route, Routes, useLocation } from "react-router-dom";
const WorkList = asyncComponent(
() => import(/* webpackChunkName: "WorkList" */ "./containers/WorkList")
);
const WorkListComponent = () => {
const location = useLocation();
return <WorkList queryParams={queryString.parse(location.search)} />;
};
const routes = () => {
return (
<Routes>
<Route
path="/processes/works"
key="/processes/works"
element={<WorkListComponent />}
/>
</Routes>
);
};
export default routes;
``` |
Bernocchi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antonio Bernocchi (1859–1930), business magnate and philanthropist
Eraldo Bernocchi (born c. 1963), Italian musician
Piero Bernocchi (born 1947), Italian trade unionist, writer and politician
See also
Coppa Bernocchi, bicycle race in Legnano, Italy
Italian-language surnames |
Vivato Technologies was founded to leverage wireless technology and IP (12+ patents) of a $100 million venture backed company (Vivato Inc.). It provides service to the growing demand for mobile broadband through the deployment of “Carrier Class” Wi-Fi switches or access points capable of delivering high-speed wireless connectivity directly to end users at distances exceeding 3 miles.
Vivato's Base Stations use phased-array smart antennas to facilitate transmission over highly directed, narrow beams specifically suited for mobile device Wi-Fi. Vivato's headquarters is located in San Diego. The company's research and development center is in San Diego, CA. Business Development offices are in Manhattan, NY.
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Internet service providers of the United States
Companies based in San Diego
American companies established in 2010
2010 establishments in California |
Edgar E. Rand ( – October 26, 1955) was an American heir, business executive and philanthropist. He served as the President of the International Shoe Company from 1950 to 1955.
Early life
Rand was born in St. Louis, Missouri. His father, Frank Chambless Rand, served as the President of the International Shoe Company. His mother was Nettie Hale, the daughter of British-born Texas rancher, publisher and composer Philip Henry Hale.
Rand was educated in public schools. He went to Webb School, a prep school in Bell Buckle, Tennessee. Rand traveled in Europe and studied in Lausanne, Switzerland from 1922 to 1923. He returned to the United States and enrolled at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1923, graduating in 1927.
Career
Rand started his career at the International Shoe Company in 1927. He initially worked at their plant in Sikeston, Missouri. In 1939, he was elected to their Board of Directors.
At the outset of World War II, Rand joined the Office of Price Administration and the War Production Board, where he worked until 1944. From 1945 to 1946, he was an assistant to Democratic Senator Stuart Symington, the head of the War Assets Administration.
Rand returned to the International Shoe Company in 1947. He served as its Vice President from 1947 to 1950, and as its President from 1950 to 1955. In his first year as President, in 1950, he was forced to raise all prices up 10% for women's and children's shoes and up 20% for men's shoes due to the higher cost of raw materials. Meanwhile, in 1953, he decided to close down their plant in St. Charles, Missouri, and restructure their operations in Flora, Illinois, Windsor, Missouri, and Kirksville, Missouri. However, that same year, the company sales had gone up by 22% under his leadership. That same year, he opened a new plant in Bryan, Texas. A year later, the company acquired Savage Shoes Limited, a Canadian shoe manufacturer, in 1954. However, by 1955, members of the United Shoe Workers of America and the Boot and Shoe Workers of America, two labor unions, were striking against the company, demanding a 12% wage increase.
Philanthropy
Rand served on the board of trustees of the Barnes Hospital in St. Louis. Additionally, he served on the board of trust of his alma mater, Vanderbilt University.
Personal life
Rand married Sarah Frances Moore, the daughter of politician J. Washington Moore. They had three daughters: Mrs. Owen H. Mitchell, Jr., Mrs Donald S. Wohltman, and Miss Helen O. Rand. Rand and Moore divorced in 1951.
Death and legacy
Rand died of a heart attack on October 26, 1955, while staying at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois. His funeral took place at St. John's Methodist Church, and he was buried at the Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.
At the time of his death, he was worth US$2,523,854. In his will, he bequeathed his estate to his three daughters via trusts. Meanwhile, his brother Henry Hale Rand served as the President of the International Shoe Company from 1955 to 1962.
References
1955 deaths
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Vanderbilt University alumni
American business executives
American philanthropists
Year of birth uncertain |
Kuljinder Singh Sidhu is an Indian actor, writer and film producer, who has appeared in Punjabi films.
Kuljinder made his debut as an actor and writer with the movie Sadda Haq, which he also produced. Apart from this, he has produced and written the story and screenplay of the 2014 Punjabi film Yoddha: The Warrior, in which he played lead role antagonist Rahul Dev. He has received Ptc Best Actor Award by Critics and Ptc Best Screenplay Writer Award by Critics, for the film Sadda Haq.
Filmography
As an actor
Sadda Haq (2013)
Yoddha: The Warrior (2014)
Shareek (2015)
Jung e Azadi
Punjab Singh (2018)
Asees (2018)
Dakuaan Da Munda (2018)
Ardaas Karaan (2019)
Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di (2019)
Maurh (2023)
As a writer and producer
Mini Punjab (2009)
Sadda Haq (2013)
Yoddha: The Warrior(2014)
References
External links
Indian male film actors
Indian film producers
Indian writers
Indian screenwriters
Living people
People from Jalandhar
21st-century Indian male actors
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) is a semi-autonomous investment promotion and facilitation organisation in Uganda and is owned by the government of Uganda.
Location
The headquarters of UIA are located at Uganda Business Facilitation Centre, Plot 1, Baskerville Avenue, Kololo. The coordinates of the head office are:0.3291° N, 32.5988° E (Latitude:0.3291857; Longitude:32.598898). The agency maintains a national network of UIA District Focal Point Offices, throughout Uganda.
Overview
The UIA was created by the Ugandan Parliament in 1991. The mission of the UIA is to promote and facilitate investment projects, provide serviced land, and advocate for a competitive business environment. The UIA works with the government and the private sector to promote the economic growth of Uganda through investment and infrastructure development. UIA's parent ministry is the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development.
Governance
The institution is governed by a seven-person board of directors. As of June 2021, the following individuals were members of that board. The term of the current board runs until 2022.
Morrison Rwakakamba: Chairman
Naima Obombasa: Member
Getrude Lutaaya: Member
Godfrey Byamukama: Member
Joshua Mutambi: Member
Angelo Izama: Member
Beatrice Mpairwe: Member
See also
Economy of Uganda
Direct investment
Uganda Securities Exchange
References
External links
Uganda Investment Authority Website
Government finances in Uganda
Finance in Uganda
Organizations established in 1991
Kampala District
1991 establishments in Uganda
Investment promotion agencies |
Mystery Mansion is a 1983 family film directed by David E. Jackson and starring Dal McKennon, Greg Wynne and Randi Brown.
Plot
Susan (Randi Brown) and her brother Johnny (David Wagner) come across an old map that may be a clue in finding gold, while staying at their aunt and uncle's house. Susan has been having nightmares about Rachel, a young girl who vanished in 1889 from a nearby mansion when her parents were killed by bank robbers. The siblings make friends with Billy and soon began their search for the treasure as well as find out what happened to Rachel.
Main cast
Dal McKennon as Sam
Greg Wynne as Gene
Randi Brown as Susan
David Wagner as Johnny
Riley Novak as Billy
Jane Ferguson as Mary
DVD details
Release date: January 1, 2003
Full Screen
Region: 1
Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
Audio tracks: English
Subtitles: English, Spanish
Running time: 95 minutes
References
External links
Official Site
1983 films
American children's adventure films
American children's drama films
1983 drama films
Films about treasure hunting
1980s English-language films
1980s American films |
Groot is the name of two fictional characters voiced by Vin Diesel and portrayed via motion capture by Diesel, Krystian Godlewski, Sean Gunn, James Gunn, and Terry Notary, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Both Groots are depicted as tree-like humanoids, with the original being Rocket's associate, and the second becoming his adoptive son. Groot I becomes a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and sacrifices himself to save his allies during the battle against Ronan the Accuser. His son, Groot II, is raised by Rocket and the Guardians. He participates in the conflict against Ego and then Thanos, falling victim to the Blip. Groot II is resurrected by the Avengers and participates in the final battle against Thanos before departing for space with the Guardians. After the Guardians defeat the High Evolutionary, Groot II continues to serve on the team, now under the command of Rocket.
This character's name is derived from either or both of two words: the Dutch groot, meaning big or great in size, or the noun groot, meaning mud, soil or earth. The origin of the noun, which is now obsolete except in dialect, was Old English.
, the original Groot appeared in one film, the other in six, the television special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, and the animated series of shorts called I Am Groot released on Disney+.
Fictional character biography
Groot I
A sentient tree-like humanoid, Groot becomes associated with Rocket Racoon. In 2014, on the planet Xandar, they spot Peter Quill fighting Gamora for possession of the Power Stone. Rocket and Groot interfere in their fight, as they attempt to capture Quill for a bounty. All four are captured by the Nova Corps and sent to the Kyln, a space prison. Rocket devises an intricate plan to escape from the Kyln, which involves a battery taken from a device from high up on the wall as the last step due to its connection to an alarm. However, Groot, innocently meaning to help, extends himself to a great height and takes the device, triggering alarms and forcing the rest to accelerate the plan. They escape along with Kyln inmate Drax, and the five become the Guardians of the Galaxy. They travel to Knowhere to sell the Power Stone, where Rocket and Drax have a heated argument resulting in a bar fight between Drax and Groot. After Drax drunkenly calls his powerful enemy Ronan to confront him, Ronan arrives and easily beats Drax and acquires the Power Stone, tossing Drax into a vat of spinal fluid from the mining operations on Knowhere. Groot rescues Drax from drowning, and while Rocket wants to flee, he is convinced by Groot and by Drax's apology to help save Xandar from Ronan's attack.
As Groot and the Guardians battle Ronan the Accuser aboard the Dark Aster, Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the control room of the Dark Aster, causing it to crash-land on Xandar. Before impact, Groot sacrifices himself to shield Rocket and the others by extending his body to form a cocoon, taking the brunt of the impact. On Xandar, the remaining Guardians are able to regain control of the Power Stone and destroy Ronan. Rocket plants a sapling taken from Groot's scattered body, which grows into a baby of his species, whom Rocket names Groot in his biological father's honor.
Groot II
Birth and facing Ego
Following the death of his father, Groot II (referred to simply as Groot), is grown from a sapling cut from him in a pot, and raised by Rocket as his son on Peter Quill's ship as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy. Groot develops a love of music and dancing. Sometime later, Groot struggles to take his first steps when his pot is cracked.
Two months later, the Guardians of the Galaxy are hired by the Sovereign to protect valuable batteries from an inter-dimensional monster. Groot accompanies them, but rather than fighting the monster, he picks fights with rat-like reptiles in the area. When Quill's father Ego reveals himself to the Guardians, they split up so that Quill, Gamora, and Drax can go with Ego to his planet while Rocket and Groot stay behind to watch Nebula and repair the ship. However, the Ravagers arrive searching for Quill and after a fight, they capture Rocket and Groot and free Nebula. The Ravagers mutiny against their leader, Yondu, and mistreat Groot. After the Ravagers fall asleep, Rocket and Yondu plot their escape, and Groot tries to find Yondu's fin. Eventually, Groot kills the Ravager who had tormented him and they destroy most of the Ravager vessel except for a breakaway quarter, in which they travel to Ego's planet. They learn that Ego is an evil living planet intent on dominating the universe. Quill keeps Ego occupied in combat with his newfound Celestial powers until Rocket is able to assemble a bomb, which Groot places in Ego's brain.
Misadventures in space
Groot encountered the Grunds alien species, who believe he is their hero when Groot farts a leaf. When Groot returns from retrieving additional leaves, he accidentally steps on the Grunds. He also encounters Iwua, a space-shifting alien who impersonates him in a dance off, but Groot kills him via opening the airlock. Sometime later, Groot takes a bath and uses his leaves to form multiple "costumes", and skins a squirrel-bird creature that mocked him. Baby Groot sets out to retrieve tools to paint the Guardians of the Galaxy; which he shows to Rocket, whom he saves from an explosion. When exploring the planet of Terma, Groot took care on a bird like creature when it egg hatched. When he was looking for batteries for his video game. He stumbled upon a bionic nose and add a new perspective of smell, until he later took it off when he smelled his room. When the Guardians land on the ice planet of Falligar. Groot was having fun in the snow and made a snowman with parts of the ship, which went out havoc that Groot needs to shut it down. Later on, Groot noticed a intergalactic ice cream truck passing by the Quadrant and was searching for coins for some ice cream. When he was too late as it passed by, he got on to a pod and rammed into the truck. He got his ice cream, but got into trouble with Nova Corps for destroying the ice cream truck. Then Groot wondering into the temple of Drez-Lar where the prophecy of the Seed of Drez-Lar lies and for Groot to fulfill it to save the universe while he unnoticed being watch by the Watcher. But Groot messed it up by burning the seed into the lave as the temple collapses with him in it, but he survived the fallen temple and moves on in the ship as he’s waving goodbye to the Watcher, which surprised him.
Infinity War and resurrection
In 2018, an older, video game-addicted teenage Groot and the rest of the Guardians respond to a distress signal and end up rescuing Thor, who is floating in space amidst the wreckage of the Statesman. Thor tells them of Thanos' plan to obtain the Infinity Stones, and the Guardians split up, with Rocket and Groot accompanying Thor to Nidavellir to create a new weapon. They find an abandoned Nidavellir and meet the dwarf king Eitri. The four work together to create Stormbreaker, a powerful axe that also grants Thor the power of the Bifröst. Thor is near death from the strain of creating the weapon, and Groot uses his own arm as a handle to finish the axe and heal Thor. Thor transports himself, Rocket, and Groot to Wakanda on Earth via the Bifröst to help the Avengers and the Wakandan army in the battle against the Outriders. Thanos is able to activate the Infinity Gauntlet, snap his fingers, and teleports away. Rocket watches helplessly as Groot dissolves into dust alongside half of all living things in the universe. Groot uttered one final "I am Groot," which director James Gunn revealed translated to "...Dad?" as he looked to Rocket for help.
In 2023, after the surviving Avengers travel back in time to obtain past versions of the stones to resurrect those who had been victims of the Blip, Groot is restored and reunites with Rocket in battling the forces of an alternate 2014 version of Thanos. Later, Groot and the restored members of the Guardians of the Galaxy attend the funeral of Tony Stark, who had sacrificed his life to stop Thanos. Groot and the rest of the Guardians, accompanied by Thor, then return to space.
Further adventures in space
The Guardians returned to their adventures in space. In 2024, on Indigarr, the team learns of distress calls as gods were being killed, and they split off from Thor to answer various distress calls across the galaxy.
Living on Knowhere and saving Rocket
In 2025, the Guardians buy Knowhere and are joined by Cosmo the Spacedog. Groot, now bulky and bigger, helps rebuild it following the attack it had faced. Later that year, he takes part in Mantis' Christmas celebrations for Quill. Rocket and Cosmo dress him up to mirror a Christmas tree but he lowers his arms frustrating them.
In 2026, after Knowhere is rebuilt, Groot fights Adam Warlock after he attacks them to retrieve Rocket. After Rocket is injured, he joins the team in their new ship to find resources to save Rocket. Their ship gets stopped by Ravagers and an alternate Gamora joins them taking them to Orgocorp. He stays with Rocket on the ship before being tasked with picking the team up. They then travel to Counter Earth and alongside Quill, confronts the High Evolutionary, before engaging in a fight with his men. He and Quill escape and are picked up by Gamora, where he witness Rocket flatline, before he is resuscitated by Quill. They then reunite with Nebula, Mantis, and Drax and help release the High Evolutionary's captives. The team go back into the ship and help Rocket defeat the High Evolutionary before escaping to Knowhere. Quill calls for a meeting and gives Rocket the title of Captain, while most of the team leaves. Before Quill and Mantis depart, Groot says "I love you guys", making this the first time the audience understands him.
Groot stays on the team with Rocket, Cosmo, and Obfonteri, while being joined by Warlock and Phylla. He grows even more, becoming massive, and accompanies the team to Kyrlor.
Conception and creation
Groot first appeared in Tales to Astonish #13 (November 1960), and was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby. "Groot" is the Dutch word for "large", possibly referring to his stature and ability to grow in size. He appeared again in The Incredible Hulk Annual #5 (Oct. 1976), alongside five other monsters from Marvel's anthology horror comics of the late 1950s and early 1960s. In The Sensational Spider-Man #−1 (July 1997), Groot was featured in a nightmare of the young Peter Parker. Groot reappeared in 2006 in the six-issue limited series Nick Fury's Howling Commandos, and appeared in the Annihilation: Conquest and Annihilation: Conquest – Star-Lord limited series. Groot went on to join the Guardians of the Galaxy in the series of the same name, and remained a fixture of the title until its cancellation with issue #25 in 2010.
Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, stating, "There are some obscure titles, too, like Guardians of the Galaxy. I think they've been revamped recently in a fun way in the [comic] book." Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly, saying, "There's an opportunity to do a big space epic, which Thor sort of hints at, in the cosmic side" of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Feige added, should the film be made, it would feature an ensemble of characters, similar to X-Men and The Avengers. Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International during the Marvel Studios panel, with an intended release date of August 1, 2014. He said the film's titular team would consist of the characters Star-Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Groot, and Rocket.
In September 2013, Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot, though Marvel did not confirm Diesel's involvement in the film at the time.
Characterization
Groot I
Groot is first introduced as Rocket's partner appearing in the film Guardians of the Galaxy. He has a limited vocabulary, using only his popular catchphrase "I am Groot", although he later managed to say the phrase "We are Groot" before sacrificing his life for the Guardians of the Galaxy in the battle with Ronan for an infinity stone. Other Groot characteristics include the ability to grow his branches in height, length, and girth (assimilating arms and legs), vining branches, growing flowers and producing a form of luminescent seeds.
A tree-like humanoid, he is the accomplice of Rocket. Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot, after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film. Diesel also provided Groot's voice for several foreign-language releases of the film. Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set, though his acting was not used in the final character CGI. On the character, which Gunn based on his dog, Gunn said, "All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards—except Groot. He's an innocent. He's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet. He's caught up in Rocket's life, really." Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took "the better part of a year" to create. Gunn added, "The ways in which Vin Diesel says, 'I am Groot,' I am astounded. All of the 'I am Groots' that were earlier voices didn't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day, laid down all these 'I am Groot' tracks, and he's a perfectionist. He made me explain to him with ever 'I am Groot,' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character." Regarding the limited words used by Groot, Diesel said in many ways this was, "... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do." Diesel found an emotional note in his performance, invoking the death of his friend and Fast & Furious co-star Paul Walker, saying, "This was in December [2013], and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death, so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice." Groot's form and size-changing abilities are seen, with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film.
The mature Groot appears to be nearly indestructible, as seen when his limbs are chopped off and by his ability to thicken his branches into a protective mass that's impenetrable by bullets. He serves as a friend, shield and protector of Rocket and his fellow Guardian friends.
Groot II
Following Groot I's death in the crashing of Ronan's spaceship, Rocket recovered and planted pieces of Groot's branches in a flower pot which grew into his son, Baby Groot, whom Rocket raises and is later seen as teenage Groot. The character began growing from a sapling at the end of the first film, with James Gunn intending for him to be fully grown by the sequel. Gunn eventually decided to keep him as "Baby Groot", which was one of the reasons the film is set only a few months after the first. Gunn described Baby Groot as the son of Groot from the first film, with Diesel explaining that "we're going to see this goofy, adorable, baby Groot [just] kinda learning as he goes." Prop master Russell Bobbitt created a 1:1 scale model of the Baby Groot for filming, to use as a lighting reference and sometimes as a puppet for the actors to interact with. As Groot only communicates with the phrase "I am Groot" in different inflections, Gunn created a "Groot Version" of the script for himself and Diesel, which contains each of Groot's lines in English. Diesel used a higher register of his voice for Baby Groot, which was pitched up by seven to nine semitones depending on the take. He also delivered lines slowly to avoid any time stretching issues. Diesel recorded Groot's voice for sixteen foreign-language releases of the film (up from six in the first film). Sean Gunn provided on-set reference for adolescent Groot in the post-credit sequence.
Reception
Jacob Stolworthy of The Independent praised the character, opining that Groot was "one of the best things about the first Guardians of the Galaxy film, and his camaraderie with Rocket Raccoon [was] a highlight". However, Stolworthy also criticized the subsequent depiction of the character as a baby as "extremely annoying". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, meanwhile, praised the character, likening Groot to "a huge Tolkienian creature".
Following the premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy, Vin Diesel and Bradley Cooper, who voices Rocket, were nominated in the "Best Duo" category at the 2015 MTV Movie Awards. The character has also been the subject of numerous memes on social media. Media outlets expressed excitement at seeing the bigger, bulkier Groot who appeared in The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special.
In other media
Vin Diesel reprises his role as Baby Groot in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet. He is seen in the Oh My Disney world of the Internet answering questions from fans, including his possible connection to Yggdrasil, his relationship with Drax, and what kind of Tree he is. However, as with his vocabulary, the only answer he is able to give is "I am Groot".
Notes
References
External links
Groot on Marvel.com
Avengers (film series)
Animated characters in film
Fictional characters displaced in time
Fictional characters who can stretch themselves
Fictional characters with plant abilities
Fictional mercenaries
Fictional outlaws
Fictional prison escapees
Fictional trees
Film characters introduced in 2014
Guardians of the Galaxy (film series)
Guardians of the Galaxy characters
Male characters in film
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics plant characters
Space pirates
Vin Diesel |
Thomas W. Parks (born March 16, 1939, in Buffalo, New York, died December 24, 2020, in Ithaca, New York) was an American electrical engineer and Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. He is best known for his contributions to digital signal processing, especially digital filter design and computation of the fast Fourier transform. His last work before retirement was in the area of demosaicing.
Academic career
Tom Parks received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Cornell in 1961. He worked for General Electric for two years, then returned to Cornell to earn his masters and PhD degrees in 1964 and 1967, respectively. Upon graduation he joined the electrical engineering faculty at Rice University in Houston, Texas, where he began teaching and working in the nascent field of digital signal processing. In 1972 he and James McClellan published an influential paper on digital filter design. In 1986 Parks returned to Cornell, where he spent the remainder of his career and retired as emeritus professor. Parks received multiple awards based on his research focused on digital signal processing with its application to signal theory, multirate systems, interpolation, and filter design. He co-authored more than 150 books and papers.
Affiliations and awards
Senior Fulbright fellowship (1973)
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist Award (1973)
IEEE Signal Processing Society's Technical Achievement Award (1980)
Life Fellow, IEEE (1982)
Third Millennium Medal of the IEEE (2000)
IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal (2004), together with James H. McClellan
National Academy of Engineering (2010)
References
American electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE
2020 deaths
1939 births
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Cornell University faculty
General Electric people
Rice University faculty
People from Buffalo, New York
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Engineers from New York (state)
Fulbright alumni |
Group rights, also known as collective rights, are rights held by a group as a whole rather than individually by its members; in contrast, individual rights are rights held by individual people; even if they are group-differentiated, which most rights are, they remain individual rights if the right-holders are the individuals themselves. Historically, group rights have been used both to infringe upon and to facilitate individual rights, and the concept remains controversial.
Organizational group rights
Besides the rights of groups based upon the immutable characteristics of their individual members, other group rights cater toward organizational persons, including nation-states, trade unions, corporations, trade associations, chambers of commerce, specific ethnic groups, and political parties. Such organizations are accorded rights that are particular to their specifically stated functions and their capacities to speak on behalf of their members, i.e. the capacity of the corporation to speak to the government on behalf of all individual customers or employees or the capacity of the trade union to negotiate for benefits with employers on behalf of all workers in a company.
Philosophies
In the political views of classical liberals and some right-libertarians, the role of the government is solely to identify, protect, and enforce the natural rights of the individual while attempting to assure just remedies for transgressions. Liberal governments that respect individual rights often provide for systemic controls that protect individual rights such as a system of due process in criminal justice. Certain collective rights, for example, the right of "self-determination of peoples," enshrined in Chapter I Article I of the United Nations Charter, enable the establishment to assert these individual rights. If people are unable to determine their collective future, they are certainly unable to assert or ensure their individual rights, future and freedoms. Critics suggest that both are necessarily connected and intertwined, rejecting the assertion that they exist in a mutually exclusive relationship.
Adam Smith, in 1776 in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, describes the right of each successive generation, as a group, collectively, to the earth and all the earth possesses. The United States Declaration of Independence states several group, or collective, rights of the people as well as the states, for example the Right of the People: "whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it" and the right of the States: "... as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do."
Dutch legal philosopher Hugo Krabbe (1908) outlined the difference between the community and individual perspectives:
See also
Affirmative
Collective identity
Collectivism and individualism
Common good
Constitutional economics
Corporate personhood
Critical pedagogy
Ethnic interest group
Freedom of movement
Identity politics
Identity (social science)
Indigenism
Institutionalized discrimination
Interest group liberalism
Liberation psychology
Minority rights
Popular front
Primordialism
Protected group
Reparations (transitional justice)
Self-determination
Special rights
Three generations of human rights
Voting bloc
Further reading
Barzilai, Gad (2003), Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. The University of Michigan Press, 2003. Second print 2005. .
References
Bibliography
External links
Ayn Rand on Individual Rights
Common Rights vs. Collective Rights
SEP
Rights
Human rights concepts
Identity politics
Affirmative action
Individualism
Collective rights |
An adoption detective is an individual who researches biological and genetic connections between individuals. They conduct searches of public and private records, research historical documents, and interview persons of interest for the purpose of uncovering genealogical information linking biologically related individuals, persons related by marriage, foster parents, or other key contacts. Informally, a detective is any licensed or unlicensed person who solves crimes, including historical crimes, or looks into records. Also known as private investigators, police detectives must pass written tests after completion of the requirements for being a police officer.
Investigations
Investigations conducted by adoption detectives have potential to result in lengthy arduous or convoluted worldwide investigations across international borders and geographic regions. They may create unexpected adventures reminiscent of classic mystery novels leading to the discovery of previously hidden information, sometimes leading in directions not originally anticipated, or what the genealogist, detective, mystery writer, or client originally had in mind. Exposure of information intentionally concealed may lead to unintended consequences or produce negative emotional outcomes. Adoption detectives need to retain a perspicacious mind to master the elegant art of detection, and remain ever vigilant to the potential for psychological trauma that may be caused by exposing unwilling individuals. This type of information is often difficult to obtain, especially in cases where birth certificates and baptismal certificates were intentionally falsified; legal documents are filed as concealed records not readily available to the public without a search warrant; or when persons of interest are deceased, uncooperative, or desire not to be found.
Clients
The majority of clients are children who were orphaned, fostered, or adopted seeking to learn about, contact even reunite with their biological relatives. Others include parents separated from their biological children; doctors benefiting from family medical histories; attorneys dealing with inheritance or other legal matters; police detectives researching crimes, requesting DNA, or other confidential personal information; historians, genealogists, and social researchers; and other individuals requesting information about ancestral antecedents. Children who suffer from genealogical bewilderment have an inherent desire to learn something about their biological antecedents. They possess a desire to trace their family lineage to be enlightened about their ancestral social and cultural heritage, meet biological parents, and discover the geographical niche from which their ancestral population originated. Knowing that the birth parents discarded the child leaves many adoptees feeling psychologically disturbed, anonymous, and unheralded. The absence of ancestral information is often an unsolvable mystery for many because they do not possess the skills or knowledge needed to produce a positive outcome. These individuals may benefit from the assistance of an adoption detective, or the professional skills and advice of a qualified private investigator.
Medical family history
To help focus attention on the importance of medical family history, the Surgeon General, in cooperation with other agencies with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, has launched a national public health campaign, called the Surgeon General's Family History Initiative, to encourage all American families to learn more about their family health history. The fact that all living things inherit traits from their parents is information that has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The biological science of genetics, which began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century, seeks to understand the process of inheritance and the physical basis for heredity in our DNA.
What is known about human traits inherited through patients' families can save their lives—that is why gathering a person's complete and accurate medical family history is extremely important even as genetic medicine continues to explain more diseases. Many advances in biological medical science are anticipated in the future now that the human genome has been discovered.
Despite the increasing emphasis on diagnostic technology, many physicians perceive the medical family history as the preeminent source of information with a much higher value in diagnosis than either the physical examination or laboratory and radiography information because it is well known that many medical conditions, including heart disease, breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and high blood pressure all have been shown to have links to our past.
Children who are orphaned, fostered or adopted, who do not have access to medical records because their parents are unknown, deceased or uncooperative, may benefit from the comprehensive investigative skills of an adoption detective. The profession's skill set can uncover medical information recorded in death certificates, obituaries, interviews, DNA, genealogy and ancestor websites, and old family letters. Even old family photos can provide visual clues to diseases such as obesity, skin conditions, and osteoporosis.
References
Judith and Martin Land, Adoption Detective: Memoir of an Adopted Child (2011), Wheatmark Publishing,
Sorosky, Arthur D., MD. The Adoption Triangle. Triadoption Publications, 1978.
Lifton, Betty Jean. Twice Born: Memoirs of an Adopted Daughter. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
HHS.gov U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
Notes
Adoption forms and related practices |
Frank John Lobert (November 26, 1883 – May 29, 1932) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League in . Lobert played in several minor leagues from to .
He was the brother of fellow major leaguer Hans Lobert, and cousin of Joe Schultz, Sr., and his son Joe Schultz, Jr.
External links
1883 births
1932 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baltimore Terrapins players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Kalamazoo Kazoos players
Hartford Senators players
Kewanee Boilermakers players
Lancaster Lanks players
Newark Newks players
New Castle Nocks players
Sharon Travelers players |
The 1973 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State University as an independent during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. In its third season under head coach Dave McClain, the team compiled a 5–5–1 record. The team played its home games at Ball State Stadium in Muncie, Indiana.
Schedule
References
Ball State
Ball State Cardinals football seasons
Ball State Cardinals football |
Meta Data Services was an object-oriented repository technology that could be integrated with enterprise information systems or with applications that process metadata.
Meta Data Services was originally named the Microsoft Repository and was delivered as part of Visual Basic 5 in 1997. The original intent was to provide an extensible programmatic interface via Microsoft's OLE automation to metadata describing software artifacts and to facilitate metadata interchange between software tools from multiple vendors. The Repository became part of SQL Server 7 and a number of SQL Server tools took dependencies on the Repository, especially the OLAP features. In 1998, Microsoft joined the Meta Data Coalition and transferred management of the underlying Open Information Model (OIM) of the Repository to the standards body. The Repository was renamed Meta Data Services with the release of SQL Server 2000. Support for Meta Data Services was withdrawn from support with the release of SQL Server 2005.
A number of Microsoft technologies used Meta Data Services as a native store for object definitions or as a platform for deploying metadata. One of the ways in which Microsoft SQL Server 2000 used Meta Data Services was to store versioned DTS Packages. In Microsoft Visual Studio Meta Data Services supported the exchange of model data with other development tools.
Users could use Meta Data Services for their own purposes: as a component of an integrated information system, as a native store for custom applications that process metadata, or as a storage and management service for sharing reusable models. Users could also extend Meta Data Services to provide support for new tools for resale or customize it to satisfy internal tool requirements.
References
External links
Download page of Microsoft Meta Data Services SDK
Metadata
Microsoft server technology |
The Limburg Staurotheke (from Greek, stauros “cross” and theke “container”) is an example of a Byzantine reliquary, one of the best surviving examples of Byzantine enamel, in the cloisonné technique. It was made sometime in the mid to late 10th century in Constantinople. The box measures by and has a depth of . This reliquary design was common in Byzantium beginning in the 9th century. It was probably brought to Germany as loot from the Fourth Crusade, and is now in the diocesan museum of Limburg an der Lahn in Hesse, Germany.
The Limburg Staurotheke consists of two parts that were made at separate times. The removable, double-armed cross was made first and holds seven fragments of the True Cross in the middle of the cross where its main set of arms meets. The cross is made out of sycamore wood and is entirely covered in gilded silver and embellished with gemstones and pearls. Inscribed on the back of the cross is the following verse:
The two emperors mentioned in the inscription are Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos and Romanos II, his son. They ruled jointly from 945 to 959, meaning that the cross would have been constructed during their rule.
The box and its sliding, removable lid were made second and is designed to hold the cross reliquary in the center of the box. Surrounding the cross are ten enamel panels that depict angels wearing court outfits. Next to the angels are 10 more panels that each depict a pair of either cherubim or seraphim. The panels depicting the cherubim and seraphim are the containers that hold ten relics and each compartment has an inscription that identifies the relic housed inside. Six relics are Passion relics and are ascribed to Christ, three to the Virgin Mary, and one to John the Baptist. The relics in the compartments of the theke are:
The swaddling clothes of Jesus
The sponge used to give Christ water during his crucifixion
The crown of thorns worn by Christ during his crucifixion
The winding sheet Christ was wrapped in while in his tomb
The towel used by Christ to wash the feet of his Apostles during the Last Supper
The purple himation worn by Christ during his crucifixion (mentioned in John 19:2)
The belt of the Virgin Mary from Chalkoprateia
The belt of the Virgin Mary brought from Zela
The maphorion of the Virgin Mary
Locks of hair from St. John the Baptist
The lid of the box, like the cross and inner compartments of the theke, is covered in gilded silver and lavishly decorated with gemstones. It features nine enamel panels that portray the Deesis, a scene that depicts Christ in a throne, accompanied by the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist and surrounded by angels. On the lid of the Limburg Staurotheke, Christ is seen in the middle panel, with John the Baptist to his left and the Virgin Mary to his right. The archangels Gabriel and Michael stand next to John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary. The top and bottom panels portray the twelve Apostles. On an outer border framing the panels are the busts of eight unidentified figures, though they are likely images of four military saints and four important church leaders. The theke itself features an inscription on the outer rim that states:
The inscription reveals that Basil Lekapenos was the benefactor of the staurotheke. Basil was the bastard son of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos and was made a eunuch likely as a child. He would become a powerful figure in the imperial court. Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas gave him the title of proedros in 963. The theke was likely made between 963 and 985, when Basil was exiled from the imperial court.
References
Christian reliquaries
Byzantine art
10th-century sculptures
Works looted by the Fourth Crusade
Limburg-Weilburg
Works in vitreous enamel
Cherubim |
Sollerön () is the largest island in Lake Siljan and a locality situated in Mora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden. It had 901 inhabitants in 2010.
History
Sites
The island is home to several notable archaeological and historical sites, including Dalarna's largest Viking-era grave fields, a historic church, restored 18th-19th century farmhouses, the Viking museum has now closed.
Viking Graves
In the northern part of Sollerön, there are two large grave fields from the end of the Viking Age: one major at Bengtsarvet-Häradsarvet-Rothagen and one smaller at Utanmyra. Large Viking age graves have also been found elsewhere in Dalarna, such as in Orsa and on Tunaslätten, but the Sollerön grave site is the largest known site of its kind in Dalarna. Together, the grave sites contain up to as many as 100-150 graves. Eighteen of the graves have been excavated, 11 of which have been investigated.
Sollerögravarna, as the Viking grave area is known in Swedish, is thought to be so well preserved due to it being constructed of stone, rather than only soil. The grave fields consist mainly of the sparsely-placed smoke and piles with a diameter of 6–15 meters. Not all of the mounds are tombs, as many of the rocky areas are also the result of land clearing by farmers over a period of centuries.
In fact, for a long time, it was believed that the mounds of Sollerön were merely remnants from the crops of farmers. However, in 1921 a discovery showed that the mounds concealed graves. The villagers also noted previous findings of "iron scraps" from the village of Utanmyra.
Only when villagers discovered additional graves in 1928, did they begin to realize that the entire area was actually a series of grave fields. Excavations of these fields took place in 1928-29 and also in 1934. Eleven grave sites were examined. In each of these graves, the bodies had been cremated before burial, and coal remnants along with burned bones were discovered in the burial mounds.
Many other artifacts have also been found in the mounds. These include like arrows, glass beads, bronze rings and horse equipment. The objects show similarities to those found in Viking graves around Scandinavia, for example in Mälardalen, Jämtland and Tröndelag.
Origins of the name
"Sol" is the Swedish word for "sun," and "ön" means "the island (of)" in Swedish. Due to its name and the large amount of ancient burial mounds found on the island, historians have speculated that the island may have been a place for sun worship.
Culture
Language
Soldmål is a dialect spoken by inhabitants of the island.
Villages
Sollerön is home to the following villages:
Häradsarvet is Sollerön's central area with a church, a post office, and shops. Within the village a large part of the old city environment is preserved.
The Bengts Heritage area (known as Bengtsarvet in Swedish) consists of loose cohesive farm sites on a slightly sloping hillside. Most of the buildings are red in the traditional Swedish style, and many buildings have been remodeled in recent times.
Utanmyra is located west of the Bengts Heritage area and consists of a large building block and several smaller farms. Several of the farms have also been remodeled.
Rothagen is an elongated city west of the church. The village is old, but has recently received an uptick of villagers.
Gruddbo is a relatively large town located south of the church. The settlement is located on a western slope. The farms are largely restored and located in cliffs at the buildings. In some parts the outbuildings are close to the street and form narrow streets.
Rullbodarna, or The Rollerbars, is located south of Gruddbo and are a small cliff town with farms grouped along the city road. In several places the outbuildings are close to the road. Most farms are recessed or have angular strings. Many of the buildings have been remodeled in recent times.
Kulåra is located on the southwestern part of Sollerön and is a klungby that has direct contact with Siljan. The village is small and dense and the farms are grouped around the road. Circular farms are common. The multi-storey buildings have in some cases been more or less rebuilt in recent times. In the village there is also a swimming area, Kulårabadet, for which the village is responsible.
Bodarna is the southernmost village on the island and lies east of Kulåra. The village is a small terraced village with the buildings grouped along the road. The Bodens were former farms. The village is situated in an open farmland with large pastures. In the village there is also a swimming area, Rävnäsbadet, for which the village is responsible.
Bråmåbo is the easternmost of Sollerön's villages, which consists of a small group of dwellings. In the north of the village, the outbuildings are close to the street and in the south, newer residential buildings have been added. Around the settlement are large open fields and meadows. In the village there is also a swimming area, Bäckstabadet, for which the village is responsible.
Notable people
Karl Lärka, Swedish documentary photographer, was born in Sollerön.
Winona Oak, Swedish singer-songwriter
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Mora Municipality |
Løkta Church () is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Dønna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sandåker on the island of Løkta. It is an annex chapel in the Dønna parish which is part of the Nord-Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, wooden chapel was built in a long church style in 1968. The chapel seats about 90 people.
See also
List of churches in Sør-Hålogaland
References
Dønna
Churches in Nordland
Wooden churches in Norway
20th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1968
1968 establishments in Norway
Long churches in Norway |
Jamia Uloom-I-Sharia (جامعہ علوم شرعیہ) is an Islamic educational institute in Sahiwal, Pakistan.
History
Jamia Uloom-I-Sharia Sahiwal was established in 1984. The campus for male students was founded in 1984, while the campus for female students was founded in 2000. With the establishment of the Sharia Foundation School in 2014, Jamia now offers both Islamic and contemporary education.
Mission and objectives
The mission and objectives of Jamia are:
Understanding Islam from its original sources by learning & teaching Arabic grammar and language.
Preparing competent teachers and preachers of Islam.
Making the student a true practicing Muslim following the steps of the Islamic prophet Muhammad to become a symbol of Islam.
Strive to guide Muslims in their day-to-day activities.
To enable its students to take up leading roles in every walk of life.
Safeguard the core philosophy of Islam from attacks by misguided critics.
Learn different languages and religions to broaden the mind and answer related questions in the correct manner.
Counter misconceptions against Islam & Muslims.
Bring peace to the world by practicing the true religion of Islam.
Departments
Administration Department
Dar-ul-Iftaa
Ders-E-Nazami Course (8 year course for Boys and 6-year course for Girls)
Department of Hifz-ul-Quran
Madrasa-TUL-Banat (Female Section)
Department of Tajweed-ul-Quran
Department of Takhassus Fil Fiqh (Specializing in Islamic Law- Fiqh)
Sharia Foundation School
Courses
The following courses are offered at Jamia:
Hifz Al-Quran
Mutawasita (Equivalent to Middle)
Sanvia Al-Aamah (Equivalent to SSC Matric)
Sanvia Al-Khasa (Equivalent to HSSC Intermediate)
Al-Aliah (Equivalent to B.A.)
Al-Almiah (Equivalent to M.A. (Masters) Arabic/Islamiat)
Takhassus Fil Fiqh (Specializing in Islamic Law- Fiqh)
Examination
There are three examinations in the academic year of the Jamia which are as follows:
1st Quarter (In the first week of Safar)
Half Term (In the first week of Jumada Al-Awwal)
Annual (In the first week of Sha' ban)
Branches
There are many branches of Jamia running in Sahiwal and other cities:
Jamia Anwar ul Quraan (Jamia Masjid Allah Wali) Railway Station, Sahiwal
Jamia Masjid Maqbool 82/6R Tariq Bin Ziyad, Sahiwal
Jamia Salihaat (Farid Town), Sahiwal
Jamia Hanfiya Faridiya, Pakpatan
Jamia Masjid Madinah & Jamia Madnia (Noor Pur), Pakpatan
Jamia Masjid Abu Haneefa (Noor Shah), Sahiwal
Jamia Masjid Tuheedi (90/9L Arif Wala Road), Sahiwal
Jamia Masjid Al Qasim Shadaab Town, Sahiwal
Jamia Masjid Usman Wali (Rajpura Muhalla Sahiwal)
Jamia Masjid Bait ul Mukarram (Sikander Town Sahiwal)
References
Islamic schools in Pakistan
Barelvi Islamic universities and colleges |
```objective-c
/*
*
*/
#pragma once
#include "esp_err.h"
#include "esp_intr_alloc.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#define DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR 0x01
#define DAC_DMA_TEOF_INTR 0x02
/**
* @brief Initialize DAC DMA peripheral
*
* @param[in] freq_hz DAC data frequency per channel
* @param[in] is_alternate Transmit data alternate between two channels or simultaneously
* @param[in] is_apll Whether use APLL as DAC digital controller clock source
* @return
* - ESP_ERR_NOT_FOUND The DMA peripheral has been occupied
* - ESP_ERR_NO_MEM No memory for the DMA peripheral struct
* - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG The frequency is out of range
* - ESP_OK Initialize DAC DMA peripheral success
*/
esp_err_t dac_dma_periph_init(uint32_t freq_hz, bool is_alternate, bool is_apll);
/**
* @brief Deinitialize DAC DMA peripheral
*
* @return
* - ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE The DAC DMA has been de-initialized already
* or the interrupt has not been de-registered
* - ESP_OK Deinitialize DAC DMA peripheral success
*/
esp_err_t dac_dma_periph_deinit(void);
/**
* @brief Get the DMA interrupt signal id
*
* @return
* - int DMA interrupt signal id
*/
int dac_dma_periph_get_intr_signal(void);
/**
* @brief Enable the DMA and interrupt of the DAC DMA peripheral
*
*/
void dac_dma_periph_enable(void);
/**
* @brief Disable the DMA and interrupt of the DAC DMA peripheral
*
*/
void dac_dma_periph_disable(void);
/**
* @brief Whether the TX_EOF interrupt is triggered
*
* @return
* - uint32_t Mask of the triggered interrupt: DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR, DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR
*/
uint32_t dac_dma_periph_intr_is_triggered(void);
/**
* @brief Get the descriptor that just finished sending data
*
* @return
* - uint32_t The address of the EOF descriptor
*/
uint32_t dac_dma_periph_intr_get_eof_desc(void);
/**
* @brief Start a DMA transaction
* @note DMA transaction will stop when reaches the tail of the descriptor link
*
* @param[in] desc_addr Descriptor address
*/
void dac_dma_periph_dma_trans_start(uint32_t desc_addr);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
``` |
Linthicum is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States.
Linthicum may also refer to:
Linthicum station, Baltimore Light Rail station in Linthicum Heights, Maryland, U.S.
Linthicum (surname)
See also |
Herbert F. Geisler (born November 15, 1904) was an American politician who served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives.
References
1904 births
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
People from Chicago
Year of death missing |
Rick Leach and Jim Pugh were the defending champions, but lost in the third round this year.
Wayne Ferreira and Piet Norval won the title, defeating Ken Flach and Robert Seguso 5–7, 7–6, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Main Draw
Men's Doubles
Men's Doubles |
The Hollywood Saxons were a Los Angeles R&B group who recorded under various other names. They were well known on the LA R&B circuit. Their recording history ran from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. Their discography is complex due to the various names they recorded under and labels they recorded on.
Background
The group came about as a result of some basketball playing friends who would sing in the showers after a game. As a result of their singing and liking the activity, they formed a group. The group came to formation around midway through 1956. It consisted of Stan Beverly on lead, Bill Brooks on second tenor, Joe Lewis on Baritone, and Charles Taggart on bass. Bill Brooks left the group after nine months and was replaced by Maudice Giles. The group increased to a five-man group with the addition of bass singer, Nathaniel "Buster" Wilson. Charles Taggart then became first tenor. They were first called The Saxons and it was Joe Lewis who came up with the name for the group. They were also known as The Tuxedos when they recorded for the Forte label and The Capris for their recordings on the Tender label.
Career
1950s to 1960s
In 1958, as The Capris, the group had recorded a slow rocka-ballad "Endless Love" which was released on the Tender label. The song was written by K.C. Reath and Robert Hafner. The B side "Beware" was credited to Jesse Belvin & the Capris. Some years later it was released on the Impact label with "Luau" as the B side recorded by The Charades. This Capris group is sometimes confused with a (white) New York group of the same name.
By December 1962, they had a single "I'm Your Man" bw "It's You" out on Elf label.
At some stage in the 1960s the group broke up. Some of the members, Stan Beverly, Joe Louis and Charles Taggart would later reunite to perform for Doo-Wop Society shows.
1970s to 1980s
As Speed Limit, Stan Beverly and Joe Lewis group recorded "There Goes My Baby" in 1972. Other singers on the recording were Carlton Beck on bass and Richard Botts on baritone.
After the mid-1970s, The Hollywood Saxons performed occasionally with the line up consisting of Stan Beverly, Joe Lewis, Maudice Giles and Bill Brooks. Beverly left at some stage to join one of the Ink Spots lineups. He was replaced by Melvin Ware.
2000s
In 2000, the Hollywood Saxons were still performing with the group featuring original members Stan Beverly and Joe Lewis.
Discography
Hollywood Saxons
The Capris
References
External links
The Hollywood Saxons By Marv Goldberg
ElectricEarl.com The HOLLYWOOD SAXONS
African-American musical groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
American vocal groups
Musical groups from California
Doo-wop groups
Musical groups established in 1956
1956 establishments in California
Impact Records (California) artists
Swingin' Records artists |
Champaknagar is a small town some 30 km away from Agartala, the State capital of Tripur, India on the banks of river Saidra.
Education
Champaknagar H.S School
Tripura Loka Sikshalaya High School
Montfort Higher Secondary School
Market
Champaknagar Bazar
Hospital
Champaknagar Primary Health Center
West Tripura district
Cities and towns in West Tripura district |
The Kazinczy Street Synagogue of Miskolc is the only surviving synagogue in the city of Miskolc, Hungary, and the only still functioning synagogue of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county.
The synagogue was designed by Ludwig Förster and built between 1856 and 1862 in neo-Romanesque style. Its Kazinczy Street facade has a rose window and narrow Gothic windows. The synagogue has three aisles. The women's balcony is supported by slim iron pillars decorated with Gothic Revival and Neo-Byzantine elements. The painting of the walls feature ornamental Eastern design.
When designing the synagogue, Förster made some innovations: he had an organ built and the Torah reader's platform was put before the Ark, not in the centre of the synagogue. These innovations were rejected by the Orthodox majority of the city's Jews, and in the year following the opening of the synagogue a rabbinical assembly in Sátoraljaújhely excommunicated the rabbi of Miskolc. The Jewish citizens of Miskolc decided to remove the organ from the synagogue and put the platform in the centre, in accord with tradition.
This event led to a split in the Jewish community, and the local Hasidim ("Sefardim") separated from the rest, building a small place of worship in Kölcsey street, which no longer survives.
Another synagogue built in 1817, in Pálóczy Street, was demolished in 1963.
According to the 1920 census, Miskolc had about 10,000 Jewish residents (16.5% of the total population) but the majority of them fell victim to The Holocaust. At the Déryné Street entrance to the synagogue are marble tablets commemorating that tragic event. Another commemorative plaque can be seen in János Arany Street, where the ghetto once was.
As of 2001, the city has about 500 Jewish residents.
External links
Picture of the Kazinczy street synagogue
Some information and a picture of the synagogue of Pálóczy street
A picture of the inside of the Kazinczy street synagogue (with a short Hungarian-language article)
Great Synagogue in Miskolc, Hungary in the Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art, Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Miskolc, Synagogue of
Buildings and structures in Miskolc
Miskolc, Synagogue of
Synagogues completed in 1862
1862 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Religious organizations established in 1862 |
Samuel Putnam Avery (1822–1904) was an American connoisseur and dealer in art.
Biography
Samuel Putnam Avery was born on March 17, 1822 in New York City, where he studied wood and copper engraving and was extensively employed by leading publishers. He married the artist-collector Mary Ann Ogden in 1844 and began business as an art dealer in 1865. In 1867 Mr. Avery was appointed commissioner in charge of the American art department of the Exposition Universelle in Paris. He was among the founders, and for a long time a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was a life member of several important scientific, artistic and educational associations. He founded the Avery Architectural Library at Columbia University in memory of his son Henry Ogden Avery, an architect of note who died in 1890. In 1900 he donated his collection of 17,775 etchings and lithographs to the New York Public Library.
Avery died at his home in New York City on August 11, 1904.
In 1912 Avery Hall, in memory of father and son, was erected on the Columbia campus. Its first floor houses the Avery Library, now rated the richest collection in the country of works on architecture and the allied arts.
References
External links
Samuel Putnam Avery papers, 1857-1902 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Samuel Putnam Avery papers from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, including many letters to Putnam
A fully digitized scrapbook of Samuel Putnam Avery paintings from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Samuel Putnam Avery Diaries, 1871-1882 from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
American engravers
Artists from New York City
1822 births
1904 deaths
American art dealers
19th-century American businesspeople |
David Cordley Bradford (1922–2002), was a British general practitioner who founded the first purpose built surgery in Gloucestershire. In 1945, he was one of the volunteer London medical students from St Bartholomew's Hospital sent to assist at Belsen following its liberation by British troops.
See also
List of London medical students who assisted at Belsen
References
External links
Bradford, David Cordley (oral history)
1922 births
2002 deaths
20th-century British medical doctors
London medical students who assisted at Belsen
1945 in medicine |
Maneswar railway station is a railway station on Cuttack–Sambalpur line under the Sambalpur railway division of the East Coast Railway zone. The railway station is situated at Halipali, Maneswar in Sambalpur district of the Indian state of Odisha.
References
Railway stations in India opened in 1998
Railway stations in Sambalpur district
Sambalpur railway division |
Eric Rouleau (1 July 1926, Cairo, Egypt – 25 February 2015, Uzès, France) was a journalist, writer, and diplomat. He served as French ambassador to Tunisia from 1985 to 1986, and to Turkey from 1988 to 1991.
Biography
Rouleau joined The Egyptian Gazette in 1943. His communist convictions led to his being harassed by the police and he went into exile in 1951. He joined the Agence France-Presse, and in 1955 Le Monde, for which he covered the Iranian Revolution. He also contributed pieces to Le Monde diplomatique. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser gave him an interview in 1963 in which he announced the gradual release of communist prisoners.
French President François Mitterrand charged him in 1984 with an informal diplomatic mission to Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi to negotiate the withdrawal of Libyan troops installed in Chad. The mission was successful, and he was appointed as French ambassador to Tunisia from 1985 to 1986. Just before the 1986 legislative elections, he was sent on a confidential mission to Tehran to negotiate – without success – the release of French hostages in Lebanon. Rouleau also served as French ambassador to Turkey from 1988 to 1991 and as a member of the sponsorship committee of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine.
He died on 25 February 2015.
Works
Salah Khalaf, "Palestinien sans patrie : entretiens avec Éric Rouleau", Paris, ed. Fayolle, coll. Voix arabes 1978. (, instructions BNF No. FRBNF34618475)
Eric Rouleau, Dans les coulisses du Proche-Orient: mémoires d'un journaliste diplomate, 1952–2012, Paris, ed. Fayard, 2012. (, notice BNF No. FRBNF42782400)
References
External links
Eric Rouleau at the Jewish Virtual Library
1926 births
2015 deaths
Ambassadors of France to Tunisia
Ambassadors of France to Turkey
20th-century French writers
Writers from Cairo
20th-century French diplomats |
Henri Van Averbeke (born 26 October 1901, date of death unknown) was a Belgian footballer. He played in fourteen matches for the Belgium national football team between 1926 and 1929.
References
External links
1901 births
Year of death missing
Belgian men's footballers
Belgium men's international footballers
Place of birth missing
Men's association football defenders
K. Beerschot V.A.C. players |
Menia (fl. c. 500) was the queen of the Thuringians by marriage and the earliest named ancestor of the Gausian dynasty of the Lombards. She became a legendary figure after her death, strongly associated with gold and wealth.
Only one other person is known by the name Menia, from a 9th-century polyptych of the Abbey of Saint-Remi. In origin it is probably a Germanic name, signifying collar, ring or necklace, and by extension treasure.
Menia's marriage is recorded only in the Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani. According to that source, she was the wife of King Pissa, usually identified as Bisinus, king of the Thuringians. The same source and the other Lombard chronicles make Bisinus the father of Raicunda, first wife of Wacho, king of the Lombards. She may have been the daughter of Menia. Frankish sources, such as Venantius Fortunatus, make Bisinus the father of the three brothers who ruled Thuringia in the 520s: Hermanafrid, Bertachar (father of Saint Radegund) and Baderic. They are sometimes considered as sons of Menia, or else as sons of Basina, who is called a wife of Bisinus by the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours. Many scholars, however, reject Bisinus' marriage to Basina as ahistorical, leaving Menia as his only known wife.
By a relationship with an unnamed man of the Gausian family—a Gausus, perhaps a Geat, according to the Historia Langobardorum—she was the mother of Audoin, king of the Lombards from 546. She also had a daughter from whom the later dukes of Friuli were descended. Audoin was in turn the father of Alboin, who led the Lombards into Italy.
As an ancestor of Lombard royalty, Menia seems to have entered the oral tradition and from there various Germanic epic traditions, such as the Icelandic Poetic Edda. She is a gold-grinding giantess in Grottasöngr and in Sigurðarkviða hin skamma her name is part of a kenning (Meni góð, "Menia's goods") meaning gold. She is also featured in the Byzantine tradition. In the Greek Life of Saint Pankratios of Taormina, she is the wife of the Lombard Rhemaldos who kills the mother of Tauros and then marries him. She learns alchemy and turns base metals into gold. The entire legend is used to explain how the city of Taormina (Tauromenia) got its name.
References
Further reading
Wolfram Brandes: Thüringer/Thüringerinnen in byzantinischen Quellen. In: Helmut Castritius u. a. (Hrsg.): Die Frühzeit der Thüringer (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Ergänzungsband 63). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2009, , S. 316–319.
Jörg Jarnut: Thüringer und Langobarden im 6. und beginnenden 7. Jahrhundert. In: Helmut Castritius u. a. (Hrsg.): Die Frühzeit der Thüringer (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Ergänzungsband 63). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2009, , S. 279–290.
Wilhelm Heizmann, Matthias Springer, Claudia Theune-Vogt, Jürgen Udolph: Thüringer. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2. Auflage. Band 30, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, , S. 519–544.
Jörg Jarnut: Gausus. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2. Auflage. Band 10, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1998, , S. 484–485.
Aleksandr Nikolaeviҫ Veselovskij: Iz istorija romana i povesti, II. Epizod o Tavr i Menii v apokruficekoj jitii sv. Pankratija. In: Sbornik otdelenija russkago jazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk. Band 40. Sankt Petersburg 1886, S. 65–80 (archive.org).
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Gausian dynasty
Lombard women
Queens consort of Thuringia
5th-century queens consort
6th-century women |
A spin label (SL) is an organic molecule which possesses an unpaired electron, usually on a nitrogen atom, and the ability to bind to another molecule. Spin labels are normally used as tools for probing proteins or biological membrane-local dynamics using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) technique allows one to monitor a specific region within a protein. In protein structure examinations, amino acid-specific SLs can be used.
The goal of spin labeling is somewhat similar to that of isotopic substitution in NMR spectroscopy. There one replaces an atom lacking a nuclear spin (and so is NMR-silent) with an isotope having a spin (and so is NMR-active). This technique is useful for tracking the chemical environment around an atom when full substitution with an NMR-active isotope is not feasible. Recently, spin-labelling has also been used to probe chemical local environment in NMR itself, in a technique known as Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement (PRE).
Recent developments in the theory and experimental measurement of PREs have enabled the detection, characterization and visualization of sparsely populated states of proteins and their complexes. Such states, which are invisible to conventional biophysical and structural techniques, play a key role in many biological processes including molecular recognition, allostery, macromolecular assembly and aggregation.
Applications of spin EPR
Spin labelled fatty acids have been extensively used to understand dynamic organization of lipids in bio-membranes and membrane biophysics. For example, stearic acid labelled with aminoxyl spin label moiety at various carbons (5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 16) with respect to first carbon of carbonyl group have been used to study the flexibility gradient of membrane lipids to understand membrane fluidity conditions at different depths of their lipid bilayer organization.
See also
Spin trapping
References
Berliner, L.J. (1976). Spin labeling I : theory and applications, Academic Press, New York.
Berliner, L.J. (1979). Spin labeling II : theory and applications, Academic Press, New York.
Electron paramagnetic resonance
Free radicals |
David McGlashan (born 2 January 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1958 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Melbourne Football Club players |
Rebecca Honig (born July 3, 1981) is an American voice actress, who works on the properties of 4Kids Entertainment and Central Park Media. She is also credited as Becca, Rebecca Miriam, Rebecca Handler, and Margeaux Hartman.
Filmography
Animation roles
12 Tiny Christmas Tales - Veggies
Alien Nine - Additional voices
Arcade Gamer Fubuki - Ruriko Sakuragasaki
DNA^2 - Lulara Kawasaki
Gall Force: New Era - Ruby
Geobreeders: Breakthrough - Namiko
Hammerboy - Angdu's Mother
Ichi the Killer: Episode Zero - Midori
Mask of Zeguy - Sayaka
Sonic X - Cream the Rabbit, Cheese the Chao, Vanilla the Rabbit, Tikal, Maria Robotnik
Tales of Seduction - Sachiko
Winx Club - Undine
Urotsukidoji: New Saga - Akemi
Video games
Sonic the Hedgehog (series) - Cream the Rabbit (2005–2010) Maria Robotnik (2005) Omochao (2007)
Shadow the Hedgehog
Sonic Riders (series)
Sonic Riders
Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity
Sonic Rush
Sonic and the Secret Rings
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (series) - Cream the Rabbit
Beijing 2008
Vancouver 2010
Live-action dubbing
Beautiful Weapon - Woman
Big Boobs Buster - Eriko, Mom
Scorpion's Revenge - Yukiko Kida, Additional Voices
References
External links
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
1981 births
21st-century American women |
In the United States, a Shot Crew, officially known as an Interagency Hotshot Crew (IHC), is a team of 20-22 elite wildland firefighters that mainly respond to large, high-priority fires across the country and abroad. They are assigned to work the most challenging parts of the fire and are considered strategic and tactical wildland fire experts. Hotshots are a national resource and their deployment is controlled at the national level. Hotshot crews are considered the most highly trained, skilled and experienced wildland firefighters, along with smokejumpers. They are qualified to provide leadership for initial-attack and extended-attack on wildland fires. Hotshots are trained and equipped to work in remote areas for extended periods of time with minimal logistical support. They are organized by agencies such as the United States Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, and state/county agencies; the National Interagency Fire Center coordinates hotshot crews on the federal level.
History
Prior to the 1930s, wildland firefighting crews were organized on an "as-needed" basis, hiring firefighters without any formal experience or training. The Civilian Conservation Corps, which operated from 1933 until 1942, was a work relief program that employed young men primarily in natural resource conservation projects. CCC members were also utilized for fire suppression operations, however, marking the first time that standing crews had been established for that purpose.
At least one of the first crews carrying the name of "hotshots" originated out of a former CCC camp in the San Bernardino National Forest in Southern California. Conflicting sources report the first hotshot crews as starting in 1946 (Del Rosa and Los Padres Hotshots) or 1947 (Del Rosa and El Cariso Hotshots). In 1961, the Inter-Regional Fire Suppression (IRFS) program was developed, establishing six 30-man crews across the Western United States. These IRFS crews were stationed near airports for quick transportation to high-priority fires. Due to their effectiveness and value in fire management, the program expanded to 19 IRFS crews by 1974.
In 1980, the term interagency hotshot crew was adopted by IRFS crews. In the mid-1990s, an Interagency Hotshot Crew Operations Guide was developed to standardize the training, qualifications and responsibilities of hotshot crews. As of 2018 there are 113 hotshot crews across the nation.
Operations
A hotshot crew consists of approximately 20–22 members, led by a minimum of one superintendent, one or two assistant superintendents, two or three squad leaders, and two senior firefighters.
Hotshot crews are proficient in a range of fire suppression tactics. Like other handcrews, IHCs are primarily tasked with constructing, firing out and holding firebreaks, through the use of chainsaws, hand tools, ignition devices and water delivery equipment. Hotshot crews can engage in all phases of wildfire response, from initial attack to mop-up. They are also trained in specialized operations, such as hot spotting, spot fire attack, tree felling and structure protection.
In order to effectively perform their duties, hotshot crews must maintain a high level of physical fitness. Aerobic fitness is correlated with the time it takes to reach a safety zone. The minimum physical fitness standards for hotshots set by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group are: a 3-mile hike carrying a 60-pound pack in under 90 minutes, one and a half-mile run in 10:30 or less, 25 push-ups in 60 seconds, 45 sit-ups in 60 seconds and 7 pull-ups. These are the bare minimum requirements prescribed by policy and most operators far exceed these requirements.
While not fighting fires, hotshot crews typically work on their host units to meet resource goals such as thinning, prescribed fire operations, forest improvement, and trail construction projects. Hotshot crews can also respond to other emergency incidents, including search and rescue and disaster response. In 2010, the Cherokee IHC was assigned to clear trees downed by rare tornadoes in Prospect Park and Kissena Park in New York City, their first deployment to an urban setting.
Fatal accidents
On November 1, 1966, the El Cariso hotshot crew were trapped by flames in the Loop Fire as they worked on a steep hillside in Pacoima Canyon in Angeles National Forest. An unanticipated upslope wind came up in the afternoon and a spot fire was fanned and funneled up the steep canyon. The crew were cutting handline downhill and most of the crew were unable to reach safety in the few seconds they had. Ten members of the crew died on the Loop Fire that day, and another two members died from burn injuries in the following days. Most of the 19 El Cariso crew members who survived were critically burned and remained hospitalized for some time. The Downhill Indirect Checklist, improved firefighting equipment and better fire-behavior training all resulted, in part, from the lives lost on this fire.
On July 6, 1994, nine members of a hotshot crew based in Prineville, Oregon, died after being overtaken by the fast-moving South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain west of Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Five other firefighters, three smokejumpers and two helitack firefighters, also died in the incident.
On June 30, 2013, nineteen members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots perished in the Yarnell Hill Fire near Yarnell, Arizona. Nineteen of the twenty members of the crew were killed when their escape route was cut off by an approaching fire. All of the entrapped members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots deployed their fire shelters. The incident was made into a film, Only the Brave.
See also
Fire use module
Smokejumper
Wildland fire engine
Wildland fire suppression
References
External links
Index of all Hotshot Crews
Wildfire Management: Hotshot Crews Congressional Research Service
Forestry occupations
Wildfire suppression |
In mathematics, the Pontryagin product, introduced by , is a product on the homology of a topological space induced by a product on the topological space. Special cases include the Pontryagin product on the homology of an abelian group, the Pontryagin product on an H-space, and the Pontryagin product on a loop space.
Cross product
In order to define the Pontryagin product we first need a map which sends the direct product of the m-th and n-th homology group to the (m+n)-th homology group of a space. We therefore define the cross product, starting on the level of singular chains. Given two topological spaces X and Y and two singular simplices and we can define the product map , the only difficulty is showing that this defines a singular (m+n)-simplex in . To do this one can subdivide into (m+n)-simplices. It is then easy to show that this map induces a map on homology of the form
by proving that if and are cycles then so is and if either or is a boundary then so is the product.
Definition
Given an H-space with multiplication we define the Pontryagin product on homology by the following composition of maps
where the first map is the cross product defined above and the second map is given by the multiplication of the H-space followed by application of the homology functor to obtain a homomorphism on the level of homology. Then .
References
Homology theory
Group theory |
Johnson Barn may refer to:
in the United States
(by state)
Johnson Barn (Fayetteville, Arkansas) listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Arkansas
Louis Johnson Barn, Richfield, Idaho, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Idaho
Thomas Johnson Polygonal Barn, Wellman, Iowa, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Idaho
Johnson Barn (Mobridge, South Dakota), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Walworth County, South Dakota |
The Motorcycle Boy were a Scottish indie pop band formed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1987 by former members of Meat Whiplash and The Shop Assistants.
History
The band consisted of Alex Taylor (vocals, formerly of The Shop Assistants), with Paul McDermott (drums), Michael Kerr (guitar), and Eddy Connelly (bass) (all formerly of Meat Whiplash), and David "Scottie" Scott (guitar). They were signed by Rough Trade Records, who issued their debut single, "Big Rock Candy Mountain", which reached number 2 in the UK Independent Chart. The band were then signed up by Chrysalis Records, with two singles and debut album Scarlet that was never released, but failed to achieve great success despite considerable press attention. The band then split with Chrysalis, with two further singles released on the Nymphaea Pink Sensation label in 1990, before the band themselves split up.
The band made the cover of the NME on September 19, 1987, despite only having a brief half-page feature. This was because the entire contents of a themed issue on censorship (which would have had a painting used on the Dead Kennedys' album Frankenchrist, then the subject of an obscenity trial in the United States, on the cover) had themselves been censored, with Stuart Cosgrove sacked from the paper, and a new cover had to be designed at very short notice.
Forgotten Astronaut Records have procured the licence for the unreleased album Scarlet, and released the album in late 2019. It was released on both CD and vinyl with the CD containing two bonus tracks, the Flood produced "Sweet Dreams Pretty Baby", and the Pat Collier produced "Days Like These".
It was revealed in 2020 that Alex Taylor had died in 2005.
Discography
Singles
"Big Rock Candy Mountain" (7") (1987) Rough Trade RT 210
A. Big Rock Candy Mountain - 3:13
B. Room At The Top - 3:55
"Big Rock Candy Mountain" (12") (1987) Rough Trade RTT 210
A. Big Rock Candy Mountain (Velocity Dance Mix) - 4:40
B1. Room At The Top - 3:55
B2. His Latest Flame - 2:18
B3. Big Rock Candy Mountain (7" Mix) - 3:13
"Hey Mama" (12" white label promo copy) (1988) Blue Guitar / Chrysalis AZURX 10
A. Hey Mama (Born Bad Mix)
B1. Days Like These
B2. Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow
B3. Hey Mama (7" Version)
"Trying To Be Kind" (7") (26 June 1989) Chrysalis CHS 3310
A. Trying To Be Kind
B. World Falls Into Place
"Trying To Be Kind" (12") (26 June 1989) Chrysalis CHS 12 3310
A. Trying To Be Kind (Extended Mix)
B1. World Falls Into Place
B2. Will You Love Me Tomorrow
B3. Trying To Be Kind (1,000cc Version)
"You And Me Against The World" (7") (1989) Chrysalis CHS 3398
A. You And Me Against The World
B. Under The Bridge
"You And Me Against The World" (12″) (1989) Chrysalis CHS 12 3398
A. You And Me Against The World
B1. Under The Bridge
B2. Some Girls
B3. You And Me Against The World (Extended Mix)
"The Road Goes On Forever" (12") (1990) Nymphaea Pink Sensation NPS T001
A1. Starlight - 3:20
A2. Starlight (Paradise A Go-Go Mix) - 5:05
B1. The Road Goes On Forever (Overdrive Karma Mix) - 5:16
B2. Salvation - 3:13
B3. The Road Goes On Forever- 3:26
"Here She Comes" (12") (1990) Nymphaea Pink Sensation NPS T002
A. Here She Comes
B1. Everything I See
B3. The Road Goes On Forever (Live)
Albums
Scarlet (2019) Forgotten Astronaut Records
1. Hey Mama
2. Baby Let Go Of My Heart
3. The World Falls Into Place
4. Valentine
5. No Pain
6. Take Me For A Walk
7. Some Girls
8. Under The Bridge
9. Trying To Be Kind
10. Scarlet
11. Big Rock Candy Mountain
12. Up Here
13. Sweet Dreams Pretty Baby (Bonus track)
14. Days Like These (Bonus track)
Appearance on compilation albums
"Indie Top 20 Volume III - War Of Independents" (2LP) (1988) Beechwood Music TT03
A6. Big Rock Candy Mountain - 3:13
"Indie Top 20 Volume III - War Of Independents" (2Cass) (1988) Beechwood Music, Melody Maker TT03MC
A6. Big Rock Candy Mountain
"Art Of Compilation CD 7" (CD, Promo) (1991) Art Of Mix CD 7
7. Here She Comes (Digi Boy Mix) - 6:51
"Precision Three" (12", Promo) (1991) Art Of Mix AMP-9003
A2. Here She Comes (Digi Boy Mix)
Bibliography
"Shop Assistants, The Fizzbombs, The Motorcycle Boy" chapter in YinPop: Women in Indie and Alternative Rock, Vol. 1: UK Bands (2014), by S. White. Fly-By-Night Books, , pp. 131-148.
References
Scottish pop music groups
Chrysalis Records artists |
The big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE) is a frame of reference model introduced by Herbert W. Marsh and John W. Parker in 1984. According to the model, individuals compare their own self-concept with their peers and equally capable individuals have higher self-concepts when in a less capable group than in a more capable group.
For example, it is better for academic self-concept to be a big fish in a little pond (gifted student in regular reference group) than to be a big fish in a big pond (gifted student in gifted reference group). High achieving and gifted students are just as susceptible to the effect as are less talented students indicating that the effect depends only on the achievement of the reference group. Malcolm Gladwell publicized the BFLPE in his 2013 book David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants.
Higher academic self-concept (ASC) has been shown to predict future performance and achievement. Marsh and O'Mara (2008) demonstrated that academic self-concept among 10th graders was a better predictor of their educational attainments five years after high school graduation than their school grades, standardized test scores, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Liem, Marsh, Martin, McInerney, and Yeung (2004) showed that positive academic self concepts were associated with better educational outcomes 10 years later—evidence that ASC can have long lasting effects. ASC has also been tied to decision-making in educational settings. It is a predictor of course choice in high schools, major choice in college, and career path after school. In other words, ASC plays a crucial role in both educational outcomes and career aspirations. As such, the question of how self-perceptions develop and change is a genuinely important research question that has serious implications for education systems.
Theory
According to the BFLPE it is better for academic self-concept (ASC) to be a high achiever in a reference group of relative low achievers than it is to be a high achiever in a reference group of high achievers. The BFLPE is thought to be produced by two opposing social comparison effects, assimilation and contrast effects. An assimilation effect is when the individual's self-concept is pulled toward the comparison target, leading to a positive relationship between self-concept and the comparison group. A contrast effect is when the individual's self-concept is pushed away from the comparison target, leading to a negative relationship between self-concept and the comparison group. According to Schwarz and Bless's (1992) inclusion/exclusion model of judgment, assimilation effects occur when the target of comparison is included in the mental representation of the self or viewed as similar to the self. Conversely, contrast effects occur when the target of comparison is excluded from the mental representation of the self or viewed as distinct from the self. Since academic self-concept tends to be negatively related with group achievement, it is assumed that the contrast process is stronger than the assimilation process.
Class average achievement vs. friend average achievement
When forming academic self-concept (ASC), the question arises of classroom friend achievement or class achievement having a larger effect. One hypothesis suggests that friend average achievement has the larger effect. This is known as the friend dominance hypothesis and is consistent with the local dominance effect model. The local dominance effect model posits that people tend to rely on the most local comparison source when there are multiple comparison sources available. Friends are considered a more local source for comparison than classmates, so this indicates that friends should have a larger effect on ASC than classmates.
An alternative hypothesis suggests that class-average achievement has a larger effect on ASC than friend-average achievement. Several studies support this hypothesis. The first showed that individuals showed stronger assimilation effects toward their comparison target when they were part of a group or when they focused on emotional bonding. Huguet et al. (2009) supported the idea that friends may induce smaller contrast effects than classmates in addition to inducing larger assimilation effects than classmates.
The hypothesis that class-average achievement has the larger effect has garnered the most support. Wouters, Colpin, Van Damme, De Laet, and Verschueren (2013) compared the effects of friend-average achievement and class-average achievement on global academic, math, and language self-concept. The study found that the negative effect of class-average achievement was always greater than the negative effect of friend-average achievement. In some cases, the effect of friend average achievement was not even statistically significant. These findings do not support the local dominance effect model.
Moderators
Personality factors
The BFLPE is moderated by several personality factors. Students who are higher in narcissism or lower in neuroticism experienced a weaker BFLPE on their math self-concept. This suggests that the assimilation process might be stronger for these individuals. Jonkmann (2013) also found that students who are engaged academically experience stronger BFLPE, regardless of whether they were mastery or performance oriented.
Motivation
Motivation moderates the BFLPE. More highly motivated students typically experience stronger BFLPE. Whether the student's motivation was extrinsic or intrinsic does not matter. The BFLPE is typically more pronounced for students who are more intelligent, who are more highly anxious, who have a cooperative orientation, or who use memorization as a learning strategy. However, the moderating effects of these variables are relatively small.
Goal setting
Goal setting moderates the BFLPE. Individuals who set higher achievement goals, regardless of the specific nature of the goals, typically experience a stronger BFLPE.
Classroom practices
Several classroom practices were explored as possible moderators of the BFLPE, including the use of individualized assessment tasks, criterion and self-referenced feedback, and reinforcement of peer identification. The size of the effect of each of these moderators was found to be either small or non-significant across many studies. Chang and Lam (2007) manipulated students so that they were either in direct competition with each other or working together in groups to accomplish a common task. Direct competition with classmates increased the BFLPE while working with other classmates in a group to achieve a goal attenuated the BFLPE.
Another experiment found that the big-fish-little-pond phenomenon has a moderator of the students age. BFLPE is stronger in those in high school and weaker in those who are in middle school and college. The weakest BFLPE are in those who are in elementary or primary school. It is argued that this is because in high school, academic tracking leads to breaking up students into classes ranked on competency. It is also because the students in high school are in a time in their life that they are gaining the most self-awareness.
Self-construal
Self-construal has been shown to have moderating effects on social comparison. Researchers hypothesized that individuals with highly independent self-construals would experience accentuated contrast effects while individuals with highly interdependent self-construals would experience strengthened assimilation effects. This hypothesis was based on Schwarz and Bless's 1992 inclusion/exclusion model of judgment. The results of the experiment supported Kemmelmeier and Oyserman's hypothesis, demonstrating that self-construal moderates social comparison effects like the BFLPE.
Emotional and social integration
Emotional and social integration have been shown to moderate the BFLPE. The BFLPE is stronger in individuals who are well integrated into their school but not well integrated with their peers. Such students have high emotional integration and low social integration. This result was replicated in students with mild intellectual disability attending segregated and non-segregated schools.
Summary
Overall, there are few moderators of the BFLPE, and they mostly have small effect sizes. They have only been shown to alter the strength of the BFLPE, not to reverse its direction. However, moderators of the BFLPE continue to be an active area of research because of their theoretical implications. Identifying moderators may help to discover the psychological mechanism underlying the BFLPE. From a practical perspective, a more thorough understanding of the moderators of the BFLPE could lead to the development and implementation of educational policies that less the negative impacts or enhance the positive effects of the BFLPE.
Generalizability
The BFLPE has been intensely studied across different countries, cultural contexts, and school systems, and it appears to be generalizable across each. In fact, it has been so generalizable that Marjorie Seaton referred to it as a panhuman theory. The BFLPE appears to be generalizable across most age groups too. Roy, Guy, and Valois (2015) showed the BFLPE in a group of 8 to 12-year-old students. Marsh and Hau (2003) found the effect in 26 different countries, thus demonstrating the cross-cultural generalizability of the effect. The countries were: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States.
Seaton, Marsh, and Craven (2009) expanded this list to 41 countries, including both collectivist and individualist cultures.
The effects of academic self-concept (ASC) on career aspirations appear to generalize across many countries as well. Nagengast and Marsh (2011) showed that science career aspirations were significantly affected by science self-concept in 57 countries. In this study there was also some evidence that the effect might be larger in more economically and socially developed countries.
Researchers initially hypothesized that the BFLPE would be moderated by socioeconomic status. However, SES does not appear to moderate the BFLPE despite students from higher SES backgrounds having slightly higher math self-concepts in a 2010 study conducted by Seaton, Marsh, and Craven. The association found was relatively weak considering the large sample size used in the study. Overall, the study provided evidence that the BFLPE generalizes broadly over different levels of SES and is not moderated by SES. In other words, the BFLPE affects students from all economic backgrounds.
Limitations
Few longitudinal studies have focused on the BFLPE. Becker and Neumann (2016) examined contextual effects on the BFLPE. A group of fourth grade students was studied during their transition into their first year middle school, here defined as fifth grade. The investigators found that the BFLPE was present both in elementary school and middle school. However, one year after the transition to middle school they found that the elementary school BFLPE had diminished and was no longer discernible.
Marsh and O'Mara (2008) demonstrated that once within a stable educational setting, BFLPEs persist or even increase over time. This supports the idea that current academic context has the most influence over academic self-concept (ASC), although past academic environments can have effects on a student's ASC that could last up to a year. Despite potentially lingering effects of past environments, this study was encouraging because it showed that simply changing contexts can drive changes in self-perception.
However, Becker and Neumann (2016) showed that ASC in the senior year of high school had a significant effect on academic adjustment to and success in higher education. This finding highlights the potentially serious affects ASC can have on educational outcomes as those who experience difficulty adjusting to the rigors of higher education are more likely to drop out of school than those who adjust more readily.
Variations
The degree of availability of comparison information influenced the visibility of BFLPEs in different school system structures. The BFLPE was most pronounced in school systems in which students of different ability levels were separated into different school tracks. The German school system is an example. In school systems in which students were grouped by ability within one school, the BFLPE was still present, but increased positive assimilation effects counterbalanced negative contrast effects.
In sports psychology, physical self-concept is considered both a valued outcome variable and a mediating variable that facilitates the attainment of other valued outcomes like physical skills, health-related physical fitness, physical activity, exercise adherence in non-elite settings, and improved performance in elite sports. Marsh, Morin, and Parker (2015) demonstrated that the BFLPE exists with regard to physical concept. The study showed that class-average physical ability in physical fitness was negatively associated with physical self-concept.
Relative year in school effect
The relative year in school effect (RYiSE) is a frame-of-reference effect analogous to the big-fish-little-pond effect. Both the RYiSE and the BFLPE suggest that academic self-concept are formed in relation to those of other students in the school. While the BFLPE demonstrates specifically that class-average achievement is negatively related to academic self-concept (ASC), the RYiSE shows the effects of being one or more years ahead, or one or more years behind same-age classmates. The social comparison theoretical models underlying the BFLPE seem to underlie the RYiSE too. In line with this model the effects of acceleration (starting early or skipping grades) on ASC should be negative while the effects of retention (starting late or repeating grades) on ASC should be positive. Marsh (2016) was the first to provide empirical support for the RYiSE as analogous to the BFLPE, based on the same underlying social comparison theory and frame-of-reference effects. The study showed that the RYiSE seems to be similarly generalizable too, reporting generalizability across 41 countries and across a host of individual student characteristics considered possible moderators of the RYiSE.
Motivation theory
Academic self-concepts (ASCs) are also a factor in motivation theory. Two leading motivation theorists include ASC as one of their principles of motivation. Competence beliefs have been shown to affect the value people assign to tasks. If a person is good at a particular task, he or she is more likely to enjoy it than they would be if they were not competent.
See also
World famous in New Zealand
Big in Japan (phrase)
References
External links
Educational psychology
Pedagogy
School and classroom behaviour |
Cristina Azpeitia Ramírez (born August 29, 1984), known under the ring name Chik Tormenta, is a Mexican luchadora, or female professional wrestler who is primarily known for her work for The Crash Lucha Libre. She is currently a freelancer working for AAA where she is a former AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion along with Arez, as well as on the Mexican and independent circuit. Until 2022, Tormenta's real name was not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.
Professional wrestling career
Independent circuit (2011–present)
Tormenta made her debut on the Desastre Total Ultraviolento (DTU) where defeated La Pantera.
On March 17, Tormenta defeated Keyra, Lady Shani and La Hiedra in a four-way match to win the AULL Women's Championship.
On October 9, 2019, Tormenta announced on her Facebook account that she was retiring indefinitely from professional wrestling due to her pregnancy, and would vacate all championships that she held.
She currently lost her mask near the summer of 2022 in a battle.
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2018–present)
On July 13, 2018, Tormenta made her debut for AAA, one of Mexico's largest wrestling promotions. In her first AAA match she teamed up with Keyra and Arez, where defeated to Dragon Bane, Lady Maravilla and Star Fire. On August 2, Tormenta teaming with La Parka Negra, where defeated to Aero Star and Vanilla. Tormenta made a special appearance on the September 13, 2018 edition of Impact Wrestling Xplosion, which was taped September 13–14, 2018 at Mexico City's Frontón México Entertainment Center, she teamed with Arez and Latigo was defeated by Aramís and Dragon Bane and Star Fire.
On December 25, 2018, teaming with Demus and Toxin as representative of Liga Elite, winning to Team AAA (Chicano, Vanilla and Villano III Jr.). On March 16, 2019, at Rey de Reyes show, Tormenta competed in a Four-way match for the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship against Keira, La Hiedra and Lady Shani, which was won by Shani.
On October 11, 2021, Tormenta and Arez won the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to Tay Conti and Sammy Guevara in a four-way match at Triplemanía XXX: Monterrey on April 30, 2022. On June 18, at Triplemanía XXX: Tijuana, Flammer won the Lucha de Apuestas match and, as a result, Tormenta was forced to unmask and reveal her real name.
Impact Wrestling (2019)
On August 30, 2019, Tormenta made her debut for Impact Wrestling as part of the promotion's partnership with teaming with Jordynne Grace and Rosemary where they defeated Kiera Hogan, Madison Rayne and Vanilla.
Championships and accomplishments
Alianza Universal De Lucha Libre
AULL Women's Championship (1 time)
Generación XXI
G21 Women's Championship (1 time)
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Arez
Copa Antonio Peña (2023)
Martinez Entertainment
Metroplex Womens Championship (1 time)
New Wrestling Generation
NWG Divas Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 146 of the top 150 female wrestlers in the PWI Women's 150 in 2021
Luchas de Apuestas record
References
1984 births
Living people
21st-century female professional wrestlers
Mexican female professional wrestlers
Masked wrestlers
People from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Professional wrestlers from Jalisco
AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champions |
"When Love Cries" is a song by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer, released on August 12, 1991 as the first single from her fifteenth studio album, Mistaken Identity (1991). The song was written by Summer, Keith Diamond, Paul Chiten, Anthony Smith, Neil Thomas and Larry Henley, and produced by Diamond. It was released by Atlantic Records in the United States and by Warner Bros. in Europe. The song peaked at number 77 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 18 on the Billboard R&B chart. It would also turn out to be Summer's final single to reach the R&B chart in the United States. Despite being the lead single for her new album and its relative success, there was no music video made for the song.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Fans of legendary disco diva's signature club sound had better brace themselves. Summer not only unveils a new blond look, but also a surprisingly low-key, down-tempo R&B tune. Though not an immediate grabber, slinky nouveau soul/swing sound ultimately scores thanks to her incomparable vocals." Another editor stated that the song, with the other tunes of the album, "showcase Summer's strongest vocals to date."
Henderson and DeVaney from Cashbox described it as a "smooth R&B/pop single". Marisa Fox from Entertainment Weekly called it a "lushly orchestrated" single, noting that Summer's "fiery vocals sizzle over a seductive, down-tempo club beat". Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "The grande dame of disco in the '70s has always updated her style, and again she keeps up with the trend. This new effort with a fashionable '90s' beat-selected from the album Mistaken Identity—deserves a chance on EHR."
Charts
References
Donna Summer songs
1991 songs
1991 singles
New jack swing songs
Songs written by Donna Summer
Songs written by Keith Diamond (songwriter)
Atlantic Records singles
Warner Records singles |
7543 Prylis is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1973, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory, California. The dark Jovian asteroid is possibly spherical in shape and has a rotation period of 17.8 hours. It was named after Prylis, son of Hermes from Greek mythology.
Orbit and classification
Prylis is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance . It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,320 days; semi-major axis of 5.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Palomar in May 1956, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation.
Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
While the discovery date aligns with the second Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, Prylis has not received a prefixed survey designation, which was assigned to the discoveries made by the fruitful collaboration between the Palomar and Leiden observatories in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.
Naming
This minor planet was named after Prylis, one of many sons of the Olympian god Hermes. He suggested that entry to Troy could be gained by means of the Trojan Horse, which was eventually built by the carpenter Epeius (also see 2148 Epeios). The subterfuge of the wooden horse was later claimed by Odysseus. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 August 1997 ().
Physical characteristics
Prylis is an assumed C-type asteroid.
Rotation period
In June 2016, a first rotational lightcurve of Prylis was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Prylis measures 42.89 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.055. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and a diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.
Notes
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
Asteroid 7543 Prylis at the Small Bodies Data Ferret
007543
Discoveries by Cornelis Johannes van Houten
Discoveries by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
Discoveries by Tom Gehrels
Named minor planets
19730919 |
Aldo Finzi may refer to:
Aldo Finzi (composer) (1897–1945), Italian classical music composer
Aldo Finzi (politician) (1891–1944), Italian politician |
The 2021–22 Ukrainian Women's Cup was the 29th season of Ukrainian knockout competitions among women teams. The tournament lasted for over a year from November 2021 to December 2022 due to the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Competition schedule
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
See also
2021–22 Ukrainian Women's League
2022–23 Ukrainian Women's League
2021–22 Ukrainian Cup
References
External links
Official website of the All-Ukrainian Association of Women Football
КУБОК УКРАЇНИ 2021-2022 (Calendar). womensfootball.com.ua
Ukraine - List of Women Cup Finals. RSSSF
Cup, Women's
Cup, Women's
2021–22 European domestic association football cups
2022–23 European domestic association football cups |
Saving General Yang is a 2013 Hong Kong film directed by Ronny Yu. The story is based on the legendary Generals of the Yang Family. The film was selected as part of the 2013 Hong Kong International Film Festival.
Plot
The film is set in the early Northern Song dynasty, AD 986, of northeastern China. Former Northern Han general and the patriarch of the Yang clan Yang Ye pledges allegiance to the new Han Chinese-ruled Song regime after Northern Han's fall. Years later Yang's seventh son, Yang Yansi, participated in a martial arts tournament with his father's rival Pan Renmei's son Pan Bao in his sixth brother Yang Yanzhao's place to win Later Zhou's former princess Chai Meirong's (who is Yang Yanzhao's childhood sweetheart) hand in marriage, which ended in the latter's death. The following morning Yang and Pan meet with the emperor about the issue; Yang executes 30 whiplashes to his young sons as punishment. Later, Song's border stations are burned, signaling an invasion from the Khitan-ruled Liao regime.
The Khitan army hopes to take its revenge on the Yang Clan and their followers for a past defeat that killed a Khitan general ten years previously. It was noted that the leader of the invading Khitan army is Yelü Yuan, son of the deceased Khitan general. Due to politics and Pan Bao's death, Pan Renmei is awarded with 50,000 troops to repel the Khitan army. As punishment, Gen. Yang is given a lesser task—to lead the charge and be the scout. When the two armies meet, Pan Renmei's lack of experience and inept leadership causes chaos among the Song army, and the Khitan forces emerge with a decisive victory. All the while Gen. Yang is trapped behind enemy lines in an abandoned town in front of Wolf Mountain. The Khitan army surrounds the town, allowing no one to leave. Pan, however, refuses to send troops to rescue Yang as revenge. This leaves Yang Ye's wife, She Saihua, devastated as she sends her seven sons to rescue him. It is later revealed that this is exactly what Yelü Yuan wanted, and the sons fall into his deadly trap.
Led by the eldest son, Yang Yanping, the seven brothers—including the two youngest, who unlike their brothers have never seen combat—set out with a small band of Yang Clan's elite soldiers to fight through an army of thousands to reach to the Wolf Mountain. When they finally arrive in the town, the Khitan army starts bombarding it with catapults and unleashes a fierce attack. The seven escape with their father, but are the only ones of the clan to survive; all the soldiers with them are killed. In the escape the father is wounded with a poisoned arrow (actually wounded in the previous battle). and he ultimately kills himself. The sons decide to bring their father's body home for a proper burial and to allow their mother to see her beloved husband one last time.
Before sending off the seven sons, She Saihua visits a fortune teller, who gives her a slip of paper saying: "Seven will set off, six will return". By the end of the film, Yang Yansi dies after Pan's archers fill him full of arrows under his orders after he escaped from Wolf Mountain, and Yelü Yuan personally hunts Yang Ye's surviving sons and kills five of them. However, Yang Yanzhao alone defeats and kills Yelü in combat, seemingly proving the prediction wrong. It turns out, though, that the message was correct; what it actually meant was that Yang Yanzhao, who was son #6, was the one who would return and have a greater destiny than his siblings. He returned with his father's body, the brothers' weapons and Yelü Yuan's severed head. Although four of Yang Ye's sons' bodies were recovered, two had never been found. After his father's and brothers' funerals, Yang Yanzhao marries Chai Meirong. His victory over Yelü Yuan redeemed his father's failure to stop the Khitan army, and the Khitan empress had to halt her assault on the Song empire due to the loss of her general. Because of the sons' courageous actions, Yang Yanzhao rises to his late father's position as general and the Yang Clan developed a legendary reputation in China.
Cast
Adam Cheng as Yang Ye - Gen. Yang
Xu Fan as She Saihua - Gen. Yang's wife and mother of their children
Ekin Cheng as Yang Yanping - Yang's first son
Yu Bo as Yang Yanding - Yang's second son
Vic Chou as Yang Yan'an - Yang's third son
Li Chen as Yang Yanhui - Yang's fourth son
Raymond Lam as Yang Yande - Yang's fifth son
Wu Chun as Yang Yanzhao - Yang's sixth son
Fu Xinbo as Yang Yansi - Yang's seventh son
Ady An as Chai Meirong - Later Zhou kingdom's former princess
Shao Bing as Yelü Yuan - Liao regime's general
Bryan Leung as Pan Renmei
Chen Zhihui as Huyan Zan
Li Qian as Yang Paifeng
References
External links
Saving General Yang at Hong Kong Cinemagic
2013 films
Hong Kong action war films
Hong Kong martial arts films
2010s action war films
2010s Cantonese-language films
Works based on The Generals of the Yang Family
Films set in 10th-century Song dynasty
Films set in the Liao dynasty
Films directed by Ronny Yu
Hong Kong films about revenge
2013 martial arts films
2010s Hong Kong films |
The 1993–94 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented University of Kentucky. The head coach was Rick Pitino. The team was a member of the Southeastern Conference and played their home games at Rupp Arena.
Roster
Schedule and results
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!colspan=12 style=| SEC regular season
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!colspan=9 style=| SEC tournament
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!colspan=9 style=| NCAA tournament
NCAA tournament
Seeding in brackets
Southeast
Kentucky (3) 83, Tennessee State (14) 70
Marquette (6) 75, Kentucky 63
Awards and honors
Travis Ford, Second Team, 1994-1995 All-SEC (AP and Coaches)
Tony Delk, Second Team, 1994-1995 All-SEC (Coaches, Third Team AP)
Rodrick Rhodes, Third Team, 1994-1995 All-SEC (AP and Coaches)
Team players drafted into the NBA
References
Kentucky Wildcats
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball seasons
Wild
Wild
Kentucky |
James Aitken Wylie (9 August 1808 – 1 May 1890) was a Scottish historian of religion and Presbyterian minister. He was a prolific writer and is most famous for writing The History of Protestantism.
Life
Wylie was born on 9 August 1808 in Kirriemuir to James Wylie and Margaret Forrest. His name-father, Rev James Aitken, was an Auld Licht Anti-burgher minister in the Secession Church. Wylie was educated at Marischal College, University of Aberdeen, where he studied for three years before transferring to St Andrews University to study under Rev Dr Thomas Chalmers. He followed his name-father's example, entering the Original Secession Divinity Hall, Edinburgh in 1827.
He was ordained at the Secessionist Church in Dollar, Clackmannanshire, in 1831.
In 1846 he left Dollar to become sub-editor of the Edinburgh religious newspaper the Witness, under Hugh Miller. In 1852, after he had (with the majority of the United Original Secession Church) joined the Free Church of Scotland, Wylie edited their Free Church Record, a role which he continued until 1860.
He published his book The Papacy: its History, Dogmas, Genius, and Prospects in 1851, winning a prize of a hundred guineas from the Evangelical Alliance. The Protestant Institute appointed him Lecturer on Popery in 1860. He continued in this role until his death in 1890, publishing in 1888 his work The Papacy is the Antichrist. He died with his History of the Scottish Nation taken forward to 1286.
Aberdeen University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) in 1856.
Wylie's classic work, The History of Protestantism (1878), went out of print in the 1920s, although it was briefly reprinted in Northern Ireland in a two-volume reproduction in the late 20th century. It has received praise from a number of influential figures, including Ian Paisley. The History of Protestantism was also reprinted by Hartland Publications, Rapidan, Virginia, USA in 2002 in four volumes. . It has now been re-published, as a 3-volume hardback set, by Reformation Heritage Books.
He died at 12 Archibald Place (next to the old Edinburgh Royal Infirmary on 1 May 1890. He is buried with his wife, Euphemia Gray (1808–1845) and their children, in East Preston Street Burial Ground. The grave lies in the eastern part of the south-east section.
Publications
The Seventh Vial, (1848) online ebook
History of the Waldenses, (1880) , online ebook
Rome and civil liberty: or, The papal aggression in its relation to the sovereignty of the Queen and the independence of the nation, (1865), online ebook
The Awakening of Italy and the Crisis of Rome. Religious Tract Society: London, (1866) Octavo.
A Popish University for Ireland. The Irish Chief Secretary and the working classes. (1889). pp. 8. 22 cm.
Character-its paramount influence on the happiness of individuals, and the destinies of society. In : Course. A Course of Lectures to young men ... delivered in Glasgow ... Second Series. Lect. 4. 1842. 12º.
The Papacy: Its History, Dogmas, Genius, and Prospects — which was awarded a prize by the Evangelical Alliance in 1851. online pdf
The rise, progress, and insidious workings of Jesuitism, (1877), online ebook
The Jesuits: Their Moral Maxims and Plots Against Kings, Nations, and Churches, (1881).
The History of Protestantism (1878). 3 vol. Cassell & Co.: London, 1899. Physical description: 8º. Shelfmark at British Library: 4650.g.2., online ebook
The History of Protestantism (2018). 3 vol Inheritance Publications, Neerlandia AB Canada / Pella IA USA newly typeset Hard Cover edition http://www.inhpubl.net/ip/refo500.htm
The History of The Scottish Nation in 3 volumes (1886) online pdf
The Papacy is the Antichrist - A Demonstration (1888) online pdf
Historical Sketch of the Free Church of Scotland
References
Sources
External links
James A. Wylie: bio and books
Additional titles are listed at the British Library catalogue at http://catalogue.bl.uk
1808 births
British historians of religion
1890 deaths
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People from Kirriemuir
Ministers of Secession Churches in Scotland
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland |
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Cody Walker may refer to:
Cody Walker (poet) (born 1967), American poet
Cody Walker (actor) (born 1988), American actor
Cody Walker (rugby league) (born 1990), Australian rugby league player
Cody Walker (rugby union) (born 1997), Australian rugby union player |
Wayne Kelvin Forrest Brown (born 22 August 1946) is a New Zealand politician and the mayor of Auckland since the 2022 Auckland mayoral election. He has worked in leadership roles in several large New Zealand businesses and public infrastructure organisations. He was mayor of the Far North District Council from 2007 to 2013.
Born in Auckland in 1946, Brown studied engineering at the University of Auckland before becoming a property developer in the Bay of Islands. He has also served as a director of TVNZ, Māori TV, Transpower, Vector Ltd, and was once chair of the Land Transport Safety Authority. He entered politics in 2007, winning the mayoralty of the Far North District in a landslide. After criticism for the collusion of his business and personal interests, a third term was denied to him almost as emphatically in 2013. In 2022, Brown launched a campaign for the mayoralty of Auckland, a city he had few business ties to. In the election he gained 45% of the votes cast on a turnout of 35%, compared to the 31% given to the runner up, Efeso Collins.
Early life and family
Brown was born in Auckland on 22 August 1946, and was educated at Auckland Grammar School. He went on to study engineering at the University of Auckland from 1964 to 1967, and graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree. He then spent several years overseas.
After returning to New Zealand, Brown established an engineering consulting practice in Auckland. In 1974, he married his wife, Toni, and the couple went on to have two children. Two years after marrying, they moved to Kerikeri in the Bay of Islands.
Business career
An engineer by training, Brown is a property developer. He has served as a director of many New Zealand organisations, both public and private. These include TVNZ, Māori TV, Transpower, Vector Ltd, and was chair of the Land Transport Safety Authority. In the 2000s he chaired the Government-owned telecommunications firm Kordia.
In 2019, he led a review for the New Zealand Government which recommended shifting the Port of Auckland to Marsden Point in the country's north. There was some controversy around this idea, with other reports suggesting it would be more expensive or that the port should be shifted to Manukau harbour. In 2020 the government deferred its decision until 2021.
, his business interests include a public bar in Ōtāhuhu (the Milestone Bar), where he is a member of the Business Association, and at least one company directorship and shareholding.
Public service career
District health boards
Brown was appointed chairman of the Northland District Health Board and Tairāwhiti District Health Board in January 2001 when district health boards were established; he had previously chaired the respective Hospital and Health Service (HHS) boards. In December 2001, Brown was appointed to chairman of the Auckland District Health Board and remained chair of Tairāwhiti DHB. During the 2001–2004 local government term, Brown was forced to resign from Tairāwhiti DHB, where he had been elected, due to an administrative error by the Ministry of Health. The underlying legislation, the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000, did not allow a person elected to a district health board to also be a member of a second board, but this had been overlooked. Brown remained the appointed chair of the Auckland DHB. Brown was reappointed by the Health Minister Annette King for another term in October 2004, but the new Health Minister, David Cunliffe, chose a new chair for Auckland from December 2007, appointing Patrick Snedden. Brown describes his performance as chair of these boards as a successful "fixer". However, several anonymous senior medical staff have been reported to dispute this.
Mayor of the Far North District, 2007–2013
In the October 2007 local elections, Brown challenged the three-term mayor of Far NorthDistrict, Yvonne Sharp, and had a "landslide victory". Brown received 10,081 votes, almost twice as many as Sharp, from the total Far North population of 55,000. He appointed Sally Macauley as deputy mayor. For the October 2010 local elections, Brown, at 64, delayed announcing his candidacy "just in case someone younger and brighter came forward" to continue his work, but when this did not happen, he put his nomination forward in August. He narrowly defeated John Goulter, and appointed Ann Court as deputy mayor. In the October 2013 local elections, Brown was decisively defeated by John Carter (8521 votes to Brown's 2502), who had represented the area in parliament until 2011.
As mayor, Brown received some criticism in an enquiry by the auditor general for blurring roles and was advised "to separate his personal and official roles more carefully in future". In September 2022, Brown stated that he had "learnt a lesson" and this was unlikely to be a problem in Auckland as most of his current business interests are outside Auckland.
2022 Auckland mayoral campaign
On 29 March, Brown launched his Auckland mayoral campaign at an event hosted by the Avondale Business Association, with a plan to "Fix Auckland". His team included National Party strategist and lobbyist and political commentator Matthew Hooton and National Party-aligned strategist Tim Hurdle. Near the end of his campaign Brown said on camera that if successful he wanted to glue pictures of a certain journalist on urinals so people could "pee on him". This drew widespread criticism in the news media.
In the 2022 Auckland mayoral election, Brown gained 45% of the votes cast on a turnout of 35%, compared to the 31% given to the Labour Party's candidate Efeso Collins. Collins announced his concession immediately through Twitter, giving support and congratulating Brown on his victory. Collins offered Brown his full support but stepped down from local politics, pointing out issues in the current voting system and particularly low voter turnout in South Auckland. As only the third Mayor of the Auckland "super-city", his election marked a change from the previous 12 years of centre-left leadership of the city.
Mayor of Auckland, 2022–present
Following his election as mayor of Auckland, Brown appointed Hooton as his interim head of policy and communications, economic adviser and campaign strategist Tim Hurdle as his interim chief of staff, and Hurdle's wife Jacinda Lean as interim deputy chief of staff. In mid-October 2022, former New Zealand First Member of Parliament Jenny Marcroft became an adviser to Brown. During his first month as Mayor, Brown called for the heads and board members of several council-controlled organisations including Auckland Transport and the Auckland Council's development arm Eke Panuku to resign as part of a leadership shakeup. Auckland Transport's chair Adrienne Young-Cooper resigned shortly after Brown won the mayoral race. In addition, Brown called on Auckland Transport to prioritise roading and carparking networks. He criticised the council-controlled organisation for using transport policy and services as a tool for changing how Aucklanders lived.
He is known for being uncommonly reluctant to accept interviews, having granted just two from 108 requests within his first month as mayor.
Three Waters
During his mayoral election campaign, Brown had campaigned on stopping the Three Waters reform programme, and on 17 October, Brown instructed Auckland's water management company Watercare to stop working on the programme, describing it as a "doomed proposal". On 31 October 2022, Brown along with the Mayor of Christchurch Phil Mauger and the Mayor of Waimakariri Dan Gordon proposed an alternative Three Waters plan. Key provisions include retaining the national water regulator Taumata Arowai while preserving local ownership over water resources and infrastructure. Other proposed changes have included providing affordable finance to support investments in water infrastructure and encouraging local water services entities to merge into regional water entities.
2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods
In January 2023, Brown oversaw the regional reaction to the 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods, for which he did not declare a state of emergency for twelve hours after flooding began. He was widely criticised for his slow early response to the unprecedented deluge. When questioned on the poor level of preparedness on RNZ by Kim Hill, in a rare public interview, (he has granted just two during the first month of his mayoralty out of 108 requests), he was unable to confirm whether or not text alerts had been sent out to Aucklanders or if tap water was safe to consume, and claimed it was "a bit early" and "not helpful" to ask if the floods were caused by climate change. Hill clarified to Brown that no texts had been sent. When she said that his administration's "level of inability to cope was terrifying", he then claimed it "will be interesting to see just how well prepared Wellington is when the earthquake strikes." Wellington as a city is extremely vulnerable to earthquakes; this prompted condemnation for his mocking remarks. Hill challenged him for what she described as "a low blow under the circumstances."
In mid-April 2023, Bush International Consulting released an independent review of the Auckland Council's emergency management system during the 2023 Auckland floods. The review criticised the failure of leadership and preparations by key members of Auckland Council, civil defence, and Auckland Emergency Management including Mayor Brown. The review also made 17 recommendations to the council for planning and preparation for future extreme weather events in Auckland. Brown accepted the recommendations of the Bush Report, stating that he had "dropped the ball" during the events of 27 January 2023.
2023–24 Auckland Council budget cuts
In early November 2022, Brown ruled out a 12% rates increase for the Auckland region in response to a NZ$270 million shortfall in the Auckland Council's budget for the 2023–24 financial year. Brown blamed the previous mayor Phil Goff for the Auckland Council's budget shortfall. In early December 2022, Brown's proposal to scrap the Auckland Council's ten early childhood centres drew criticism from parents, Kaipātiki Local Board members John and Paula Gillon, and the teachers' union New Zealand Educational Institute.
In late February 2023, Brown unveiled the Auckland Council's proposed 2023–24 budget for public consultation. To address a NZ$295 million funding shortfall, Brown's budget proposed cuts to a range of Council services including early childhood centres, library hours, bus services, homelessness initiatives, and funding for clubs, community groups, events, and environmental initiatives. These cuts are estimated to reduce the council's debt by NZ$125 million. The proposed budget was criticised by the local Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB), Green Party Member of Parliament Chlöe Swarbrick, and First Union, who opposed cuts to Council services and funding. Public consultation on the proposed budget closed on 28 March 2023. By 28 March, the Citizens Advice Bureau had submitted a 20,000-strong submission opposing the council's proposed cuts to the Auckland Council.
On 16 May, The New Zealand Herald reported that 400 jobs at the Auckland Council and its agencies including Auckland Transport, Panuku Development Auckland, and Tātaki Auckland Unlimited would be made redundant as a result of Brown's "cost-cutting" budget. On 17 May, Brown announced that his final budget proposal would include a "significant softening" of planned spending cuts to social services following consulting with the public and fellow councillors. While the Council would continue to fund homelessness initiatives, the Southern Initiative, regional grants, and regional events, arts and culture, Brown defended plans to sell the Council's shares in Auckland International Airport, citing a budget shortfall of NZ$325 million plus NZ$50 million in flood damage. The Council is expected to vote on Wayne's revised budget on 8 June. In addition, Deputy Mayor Desley Simpson said that the Council would lobby for the central government to fund some services including the Citizens Advice Bureau.
On 24 May, Simpson and Auckland Council chief executive Jim Stabback confirmed that Auckland Council would make 500 jobs redundant as a result of Brown's budget cuts. This included 150 jobs at Auckland Council, 200 jobs at Tātaki Auckland Unlimited, 150 jobs at Auckland Transport, and 16 jobs at Panuku Development. Both Simpson and Stabback claimed that these job cuts were part of efforts to make the Council and council-controlled organisations a "leaner" and "more financially-stable" organisation.
On 1 June, Brown offered to reinstate funding for the arts and social services and raise bus drivers' pay by $30 per hour in return for selling off the Council's 18% share in Auckland Airport (worth NZ$2.2 billion) as part of his 2023-24 budget proposal. In justifying his decision, Brown claimed that Auckland Council's airport shares were entirely funded by debt. Brown offered to restore funding to arts and cultural groups, local boards, and the Citizens Advice Bureau. During a media conference promoting his revised budget, Brown criticised several fellow dissenting councillors including Maurice Williamson, Mike Lee, Christine Fletcher, John Watson and Wayne Walker. The press conference drew controversy for excluding several media organisations including TVNZ, Newshub, and Stuff. The Spinoff also reported that Brown had sent the dissenting councilors an angry email calling them "dip shits" following the press conference.
Following two days of debate, the Auckland Council voted to approve an amended version of Brown's budget which involved selling 7% of the council's 18% stake in Auckland Airport and raising home rates by 7% and business rates by 11%. Brown welcomed the amended budget, stating that it would help reduce the Auckland Council's debt while protecting core services and limiting rate increases. Brown's amended budget passed with the support of a majority of Auckland Councillors including the Labour Party Crs Shane Henderson and Richard Hills. Members of Auckland Action Against Poverty voiced opposition to the budget over the partial shares sale and borrowing money to plug the Council's debt.
Local Government New Zealand withdrawal
On 23 March 2023, Brown cast the deciding vote in the Auckland Council's vote to leave Local Government New Zealand (LGNZ), the representative body for local and regional councils in New Zealand. The council had been deadlocked by a margin of 10 to 10. In justifying the council's decision to withdraw from LGNZ, Brown claimed that members of the body got drunk regularly during conference meetings and that the Auckland Council could negotiate with the New Zealand Government on its own. As part of efforts to reduce debt in the 2023–24 Auckland Council budget, Brown also claimed that exiting the LGNZ would save the Council about NZ$640,000 a year. The Auckland Council's decision to leave LGNZ was criticised by fellow councillors Richard Hills, Andy Baker, Julie Fairey, and LGNZ President Stuart Crosby, with the latter claiming that Brown's actions would hurt Auckland ratepayers.
See also
List of chairpersons of district health boards
References
1946 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Auckland
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
University of Auckland alumni
New Zealand civil engineers
Auckland District Health Board members
Tairāwhiti District Health Board members
Northland District Health Board members
Mayors of places in the Northland Region
Mayors of Auckland
21st-century New Zealand politicians |
The book 2 Maccabees contains 15 chapters. It is a deuterocanonical book originally written in Greek that is part of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Christian biblical canons. It is still considered an important source on the Maccabean Revolt by Jews, Protestants, and secular historians of the period who do not necessarily hold the book as part of a scriptural canon. The chapters chronicle events in Judea from around 178–161 BCE during the Second Temple Period. Judea was at the time ruled by the Seleucid Empire, one of the Greek successor states that resulted from the conquests of Alexander the Great. 2 Maccabees was written by an unknown Egyptian Jew. The account is distinct from the book 1 Maccabees, which was written by someone in the Hasmonean kingdom that was formed after the success of the revolt. In general, 2 Maccabees has a more directly religious perspective than 1 Maccabees, frequently directly crediting prayers, miraculous interventions, and divine will for events.
The most influential chapters of the book are likely Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 which deal with the martyrdom of the woman with seven sons and Eleazar the scribe during the persecution of Judaism under King Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Chapter 7 and Chapter 12 both discuss a coming bodily resurrection of the righteous; 2 Maccabees is one of the earliest pieces of literature to advocate for this belief. Chapter 15 is also one of the earliest references to the Jewish festival of Purim. While 2 Maccabees was originally written for an audience of Hellenistic Jews, verses in its chapters have been used in some branches of Christianity as scriptural backing for indulgences, prayers for the dead, and the intercession of saints. These became controversial during the Protestant Reformation, and was one of the factors that led to Protestant denominations considering the book as non-canonical.
Like other books of the Bible, the division of the text into chapters and verses was not in its original form, and was instead added later.
Chapters 1 and 2
The first two chapters are an introduction and not part of the main narrative, which begins in Chapter 3. They consist of two letters to the Jews of Ptolemaic Egypt, followed by the epitomist's preface. Some earlier scholars such as Benedikt Niese interpreted it as one long letter, although this position finds little support since the work of Elias Bickerman in the 1930s in favor of seeing the text as two letters.
Many scholars question whether these letters were truly authentic, especially the second one which appears to have, if based on an authentic letter at some point, been affected by manuscript interpolations over time. There are also questions of whether the epitomist who wrote the main narrative was who attached these letters to the beginning of the narrative, or if some other compiler did so. Arguments against the epitomist being the one who prepended the letters include that the epitomist's preface appears to be written as if it was an introduction already, with the two letters detracting from this literarily; that the account of King Antiochus's death in 1:13-16 differs from the account in Chapter 9; and that the epitomist's narrative builds toward Nicanor's Day as the finale and most important lesson, while the letters instead focus on Hanukkah and the cleansing of the Temple.
First letter
The first letter, from 1:1-1:10a, is an invitation to celebrate the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem: the festival of Hanukkah. It opens with a salutation and stylized expressions of good will. It then segues into a brief summary of how the troubles began with High Priest Jason (described in Chapter 4), a reminder of how the Jews of Judea called out for aid from the Jews of Egypt in the past, and closes with the encouragement of Hanukkah celebration for diaspora Jews (1:9-1:10a): "And now see that you keep the festival of booths in the month of Chislev, in the one hundred and eighty-eighth year." The year 188 of the Seleucid era (SE) is equivalent to 124–123 BCE. If interpreted as a reference to the letter originally being sent then, it would suggest that the form of 2 Maccabees we have today was arranged in that year or later.
Another date of interest is found in verse 7, that "In the reign of Demetrius, in the one hundred and sixty-ninth year, we Jews wrote to you," suggesting that the letter is referencing an earlier letter. 169 SE would correspond to 143 BCE, which was indeed during the reign of a Demetrius: King Demetrius II Nicator. According to , the nascent Hasmonean state was dealing with the hostile Diodotus Tryphon at the time, and allied with Demetrius II against him. The letter suggests that perhaps the Jews of Judea had also reached out to the Jews of Egypt for support against Tryphon.
Second letter
The second letter, from 1:10b to 2:18, is purportedly a letter from the gerusia (Council of Elders) of Jerusalem and Judas Maccabeus upon receiving news of the death of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes but before the celebration of the first feast of the Dedication of the Temple (Hanukkah), and thus an earlier letter than the first one. It seems to be addressed to Aristobulus of Alexandria, a figure mentioned by Clement of Alexandria and Eusebius. The letter describes the death of Antiochus while attacking a temple dedicated to the goddess Nanaya in Persia and how God saved Jerusalem by expelling "those who drew themselves up to war".
The letter then continues an extended analogy going backward in time tying Judas's Temple to figures in the Jewish past. The priest Nehemiah (5th century BCE) is said to have found a special liquid used to kindle the altar's holy fire called nephthar or nephthai (perhaps related to naphtha or petroleum). The liquid was then poured into rocks. The story continues with how the prophet Jeremiah (6th–7th century BCE) hid both the liquid and various other Temple appurtenances for Nehemiah to find later. It also includes a brief story that King Solomon (10th century BCE) prayed for fire from heaven in a manner similar to Moses, which consumed a sacrifice. He then proceeded to celebrate for eight days. The letter writes that Nehemiah also established a library of writings and books, and that Judas has followed his example and done likewise, compiling a library of Jewish histories. The story of Nehemiah pouring the mysterious liquid into the rocks is possibly related to 10:3 which states that after purifying the Temple, Judas "ignited rocks and extracted fire from them". This would establish a direct link between the altar of Nehemiah and Judas's temple. The theological intent is to tie Judas's cleansed temple to the original First Temple and establish it as equally legitimate. The altar fire came from heaven to Solomon; Jeremiah hid the Temple items and the fire as a way of ensuring the survival of the Temple for the future in a way beyond the reach of foreign rule during the Babylonian exile; Nehemiah rediscovered it; and now Judas had reignited this same fire reaching all the way back to heaven.
Similar to the first letter, it concludes with an invitation for the Jews of Egypt to join the Jews in Judea in simultaneously celebrating Hanukkah, an eight-day celebration of purification and fire, akin to Solomon's claimed celebration. Presumably, Egyptian Jews needed convincing, as the feast of Hanukkah was a new invention not described in the Hebrew Bible.
While some sort of letter from Judas to Egypt existing cannot be ruled out, scholars generally consider large parts of the letter forged or interpolated at a much later date than when Judas was alive. Jonathan A. Goldstein finds signs that the letter's claimed chronology is questionable, and that the letter makes more sense as a later writing than the first epistle. Many of the stories in the letter appear in no other piece of earlier literature—Nehemiah and the sacred fire, the quotes attributed to Moses, and so on. Robert Doran suggests that the concerns in the letter suggest a more settled state of affairs for when it was authored, perhaps during the reign of later Hasmonean kings such as John Hyrcanus or Alexander Jannaeus.
One aspect of note is the location of the temple of Nanaya. The letter indicates that it was in Persia, but Elymais is where the wealthy temple was according to 1 Maccabees, Josephus, and Appian. It is unclear whether the author considered Elymais part of Persia or simply made a geographical error.
In later Jewish theology, Abraham Geiger, the founder of Reform Judaism, believed that verse 2:17 ("It is God who has saved all his people, and has returned the inheritance to all, and the kingship and the priesthood and the consecration") indicated the author had a belief in a universal priesthood shared by all Jews, and that the author of the letter had an anti-Sadducee bent.
Epitomist's preface
In 2:19-32, the anonymous writer, referred to variously as the epitomist, the epitomator, the author, and the abridger, introduces himself and his work to the readers. He discusses his effort in making an abridgment, or epitome, of Jason of Cyrene's five-volume history and compares himself to a decorator who adds beauty to an existing structure. He is clearly someone possessed of a strong education in both Greek literature and Judaism.
One minor point of curiosity is that 2:19 refers to the exploits of "Judas Maccabeus and his brothers", yet the main history pays little attention to Judas's brothers, focusing on Judas personally instead. This is in contrast to 1 Maccabees, which often discussed and referred to the rest of the Hasmonean family. Whether the epitomist wanted to discuss and highlight the brothers but Jason's work simply discussed them little, or he played down the brothers in the main history but felt obligated to mention them in the preface due to their fame, is unclear.
Another aspect that comes across as odd to modern readers are the complaints of "sweat and sleepless nights" in composing the epitome in 2:26. While reading strangely today, such a statement of the author proclaiming how hard they worked was common in ancient prefaces of the era. A similar passage is also seen in .
Chapter 3
The third chapter recounts the story of Heliodorus's attempt to tax the Temple. It is a self-contained story and a prelude to the main history of the revolt, but establishes that God protects the Second Temple when his people and their leaders are faithful. During the term of Onias III as High Priest and Seleucus IV Philopator as king (reigned from 187–175 BCE), a Jewish supervisor named Simon has a falling out with Onias. He tells the governor (ethnarch) that the Temple had a gigantic stockpile of illegal treasure that could be lawfully taken, as revenge on Onias. The king sends Heliodorus to investigate. Upon Heliodorus's arrival in Jerusalem, Onias denies Simon's claim; Heliodorus says that the money the Temple did have must nevertheless be impounded. All Jerusalem prays for deliverance by God. On the day that Heliodorus and his entourage visit the temple's treasury, a fearful apparition of a horseman wearing golden armor appears. Two mysterious handsome and strong youths also appear, wearing splendid raiment, and standing on either side of Heliodorus , deliver a barrage of blows and floggings to him. Heliodorus , near death, is carried off in a litter; his entourage begs Onias III for help. Not wishing for trouble with the king, Onias III performs a sacrifice for Heliodorus's salvation and healing. The youths, presumably angels, tell Heliodorus that he should be grateful to Onias, and that his new mission is to proclaim the greatness and power of God to all. After he returns to Antioch, Heliodorus testifies to the power of God, and wryly suggests that Seleucus IV send some enemy of his to Jerusalem next, as he'll have him back flogged, if alive at all.
The basic historicity of such a tax dispute is uncontested. The Book of Daniel seems to allude to the incident in . The Heliodorus stele documents an order from Seleucus IV to Heliodorus in 178 BCE to attend to the temples of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and the appointment of a person named Olympiodorus to supervise the province's temples. While this perhaps suggests that it is more likely Olympiodorus was who visited Jerusalem's temple rather than Heliodorus personally, the basic memory of an attempt to interfere with the temple that was rebuffed is probably accurate, even if the more miraculous elements such as the heavenly horseman and handsome men are legendary.
Onias III reports that the temple contained deposits belonging to widows and orphans, as well as the treasure of Hyrcanus son of Tobias totalling 400 silver talents and 200 gold talents. In the era, gold talents were worth about 10 times silver talents, so this would be equivalent to 2400 talents—a large sum for the era, but not quite the incalculable treasure described by Simon. For comparison, the Seleucids owed an annual tribute of 1,000 silver talents to Rome under the terms of the Treaty of Apamea. Hyrcanus has usually been considered the same person as a Hyrcanus described in Josephus's work, a patriarch of the Tobiads. One of his best-known traits was that he was wealthy, having grown rich during Ptolemaic rule of the region, although much of what is known of him is colored by folklore-style exaggerations. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues the reference to him was added later by a follower of Onias IV; Robert Doran suggests it might be original, and the author was attempting to emphasize the unity of all Jews despite the known animosity against the Tobiads.
Theologically, the author emphasizes that the inviolability and holiness of the Temple stems from the people and their leaders, a theme also seen in earlier Jewish writing. The prelude thus serves as a positive counterpart to the troubles later. The author also writes as a diaspora Jew living under Greek rule in Ptolemaic Egypt. Thus, the return to the status quo ante of Jews living under tolerant Greek rule is not portrayed as problematic, but rather God's will and a suitably happy ending. This contrasts with the more absolutist stance of the author of 1 Maccabees, who considers the only honorable peace one with Jewish autonomy and preferably independence.
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 is where the main history begins. It depicts the turbulent temple politics of 175–168 BCE that saw the succession of Onias III, Jason, and Menelaus as High Priest. Simon, from Chapter 3, continues his dispute with Onias III; Onias complains to the king about him. After Seleucus IV's death, Antiochus IV Epiphanes comes to the throne (~175 BCE). Jason, a brother of Onias III, offers a larger tribute to Antiochus than what Onias was paying, and is appointed the new High Priest. He additionally acquires permission to reform parts of the city along Greek lines and to found a gymnasium for the education of the young in the Greek style. The author accuses High Priest Jason of treating lightly the ancestral rights and guarantees of autonomy to the Jews with his innovations, and being impious and unpriestly. Three years into Jason's rule, Menelaus, the brother of Simon who had disputed with Onias III earlier, was sent to the king to bring the temple's tribute. Menelaus betrayed Jason, however, and offered Antiochus IV an even higher tribute if he was given the office of High Priest instead. His gambit successful, Menelaus returned to Jerusalem with the king's orders to make him the new High Priest. Jason was forced into exile to live among the Ammonites. While Jason was an impious "Hellenizer", the author depicts Menelaus as both a Hellenizer and an outright criminal. Menelaus embezzles golden artifacts from the Temple to sell.
Back in Antioch, the king is away with the army to stabilize the discontent cities of Tarsus and Mallus in Cilicia, in the Anatolian peninsula. He appoints a regent named Andronicus to be in charge during his absence. Menelaus bribes Andronicus with such stolen treasure as well. Onias III accuses Menelaus of the crime, then seeks sanctuary at a Greek shrine in Daphne. Menelaus and Andronicus plot to get rid of Onias III, and Andronicus lures him outside the shrine to murder him. Jews and righteous Greeks alike petition the king for justice for Andronicus's murder of Onias; Antiochus IV agrees and executes Andronicus on the same spot he killed Onias. Back in Jerusalem, Menelaus is deeply unpopular for his continuing sale of golden vessels from the Temple. He appoints a man named Lysimachus, one of his temple-robbers, to form a private police force to defend his rule. Protesters and Lysimachus's force fight it out; the protesters prevail, and Lysimachus is defeated poetically near the treasury he had stolen from. The Jews send a delegation to Tyre where the king is traveling to accuse Menelaus of his crimes. Menelaus, however, sends a bribe to Ptolemy, son of Dorymenes, a Seleucid official who advocates on his behalf to Antiochus IV. Menelaus is acquitted of the accusations, and the accusers themselves are executed. As the chapter concludes, Menelaus continues in office thanks to Ptolemy's greed.
The depiction in Chapter 4 of the internal temple politics is found nowhere else in ancient sources; while 1 Maccabees and Josephus vaguely allude to disputes over the High Priesthood, they are bare-bones mentions. 2 Maccabees thus is generally allowed to stand on its own, undisputed, by most scholars. The one area where sources differ is on the death of Onias III. 2 Maccabees says he was murdered by Andronicus at Menelaus's behest, and Andronicus was subsequently executed for the crime. However, Josephus seems to indicate Onias III was still active in Egypt at a later date in his The Jewish War; and Diodorus Siculus gives a different reason for Andronicus's execution: that he had murdered a young son of Seleucus IV. Most scholars consider both these accounts to be less reliable than 2 Maccabees: they are written much later; Josephus appears to contradict and correct his own history of the high priests in his Jewish Antiquities; and Diodorus's account is not strictly contradictory to the version in 2 Maccabees, if Andronicus was executed for multiple accumulated crimes over time and the author of 2 Maccabees chose to emphasize the one he cared about. Another part considered questionable by some scholars is the story of Menelaus bribing one of the king's courtiers in Tyre rather than the king directly. This is largely because it is exceptionally common in ancient literature to blame problems on a king's bad advisors rather than the king directly, as a less radical statement more likely to evade censorship, and the king is not portrayed as unhinged yet in this chapter. However, the narrative directly blames Antiochus IV for evil acts later, so it is difficult to know for sure. Another aspect seen as an exaggeration is the author depicting the street mob of protesters as armed with trash, yet defeating 3,000 armed men. Some sort of civil disorder is plausible, but this is presumably an "improvement" on the actual incident to emphasize Lysimachus's just punishment by God.
The death of Onias III can be loosely dated to 170 BCE based on archaeological evidence, such as a cuneiform Babylonian kings list that seem to mention the death of the young son of Seleucus IV that Diodorus referenced as the reason of Andronicus's execution in 170 BCE.
2 Maccabees puts the blame for events spirally downward squarely on impious Jews such as Jason and Menelaus in its theology. Similar to Chapter 3, it directly calls out the potential support from righteous Gentiles in its story of how Andronicus was considered a murderer even by the Seleucids, and how the inhabitants of Tyre fund a proper funeral for the Jews who accused Menelaus. This is again in contrast to 1 Maccabees, which has little interest in portraying the possibility of peaceful coexistence or non-hostile Gentiles. Verses 18-22 also discusses a story of Jews who participate in the Hellenistic world while still safeguarding their faith, another message that would resonate with diaspora Jews.
Chapter 5
With Menelaus firmly entrenched in his position as High Priest, the fifth chapter discusses more matters of international politics. Jason returns to stir up more trouble. After hearing a rumor that Antiochus IV had perished in his second expedition to Egypt (part of the Sixth Syrian War), he attempts to overthrow Menelaus and retake his position as High Priest. The text leaves unclear the degree of his success in this manner, although Menelaus is apparently forced to retreat. However, Antiochus was not dead, and he attacks Jerusalem upon his return from Egypt, incorrectly inferring that a full-scale revolt against his rule had taken the town. While this does cause Jason's downfall, it also leads to mass misery as Jews are robbed, enslaved, and killed in the resulting sack of the city. Menelaus is restored to his position as High Priest, and he helps Antiochus rob the temple of 1800 talents and other offerings. New officials are appointed to oversee the city, including an epistates named Philip. Another occupying army of Mysians, led by a commander named Apollonius, instigates a slaughter of Jews on the Sabbath when they are abstaining from labor (and presumably combat) via trickery. The chapter ends with a single sentence establishing that Judas Maccabeus and his initial band headed into the wilderness to avoid defilement and where Jewish law could be kept.
The author is intent on showing that God is in control of history in his theology. The attack on Jerusalem is explained as punishment for the Jerusalemites' own sins in 5:17-20, with Antiochus merely acting as an instrument for God's will.
The history found here largely matches what is described in 1 Maccabees, with two notable departures. 2 Maccabees offers a somewhat different motive to Antiochus, saying he was responding to Jason's coup; 1 Maccabees merely portrays him as an evil ruler who hated Jews. Also, 1 Maccabees places the attack on Jerusalem slightly earlier, after Antiochus's first expedition to Egypt in 170/169 BCE rather than after the second expedition in 168 BCE. By comparison, the historian Josephus implies he visited the city after both excursions, raiding the city in the first visit and the Temple in the second one. Scholars differ on which version is the most reliable between 2 Maccabees, 1 Maccabees, and Josephus. The detail that Antiochus personally entered the Jewish temple is corroborated in the non-Jewish history of Diodorus Siculus, suggesting that his profaning of the Temple was notable even to pagan audiences.
One historical possibility extracted from the text—against the intent of the author if so—is the hypothesis that another rebellion against Antiochus occurred, led not by Jason but rather by Jewish traditionalists. The scholar Victor Tcherikover is generally credited with raising this idea, on the basis that a mere dispute over which official held the position of High Priest would be unlikely to lead to the havoc described. Jason's conspiracy is described as "coming to a shameful end", but that end is not directly attributed to either Menelaus's allies or to Antiochus's invading army. While it is possible that this statement was merely out of chronological order as describing what would happen when Antiochus arrived to expel Jason, Tcherikover believes this third force was who defeated Jason. If they existed at all, directly acknowledging these earlier, unsuccessful rebels would be unpalatable for the authors of both books of Maccabees, hence explaining the lack of direct reference to scholars who favor the theory.
Chapter 6
The situation continues to deteriorate in Chapter 6. The king issues decrees forbidding the practice of traditional Judaism. He dispatches Geron the Athenian to enforce this. Geron adds the worship of Zeus to the Temple in Jerusalem in his role as Zeus Olympios (Zeus as King of the Gods), and to the Temple in Argarizin (that is, the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim) worship of Zeus Xenios (Zeus as patron of strangers and travelers). The altar of the temple was defiled, and Jews were forced to celebrate the festival of Dionysus. Horrific punishments are imposed on those who refuse. Women who circumcise their sons are flung from the city walls, and two men caught observing the Sabbath are burnt to death.
The narrative goes into some detail about the martyr Eleazar, described as a prominent scribe of advanced age. It seems a rule had been imposed for public performances of pork-eating, at least for prominent community members such as Eleazar. The Jews enforcing this edict arrange for validly prepared kosher meat to be available for him to eat instead, so that he might appear to comply and avoid punishment, while actually maintaining Jewish law. Eleazar declines the offer, however, saying he did not wish for the young to get the wrong impression and think he had abandoned the law. He is tortured to death and dies, but as an exemplar of virtue.
"Geron the Athenian" is only mentioned in the book of 2 Maccabees, and the phrasing is somewhat unclear; it could also be read as "the elderly Athenaeus". While Athens was not part of the Seleucid Empire, Antiochus IV had spent part of his life in exile there, where he presumably made friends and allies. As part of mainland Greece, it would have had legitimacy and prestige in the eyes of the ethnically Greek aristocrats of the Seleucid Empire, so sending an Athenian to oversee religious reforms is plausible.
In general, the historicity of the persecutions described in 2 Maccabees is uncontested. Various other sources agree a persecution happened (e.g. 1 Maccabees, Daniel, the Testament of Moses, Josephus, Tacitus, Diodorus), and 2 Maccabees is considered a valuable source of details. Antiochus banning circumcision and Sabbath observance makes sense, as these were the most well-known Jewish practices in pagan sources, and thus would have drawn his attention. One claim on the nature of the persecution that is contested is in verse 7, which says that Jews were forced to worship Dionysus as well as celebrate the king's birthday monthly. 1 Maccabees does write that monthly sacrifices were required, but the suspicion is that the Egyptian epitomist is attempting to explain these sacrifices using customs in Ptolemaic Egypt that they were familiar with. Monthly celebrations of the king's birthday were indeed a Ptolemaic custom, but are less well-attested in the wider Hellenistic world outside the mention here in 2 Maccabees; it is disputed whether this is merely due to evidence being lost or the epitomist erring. Similarly, while the cult of Dionysus was popular in Ptolemaic Egypt and among its rulers, the Seleucids considered Zeus their patron divinity. Records of Seleucid worship of Dionysus are rare and minor. To the extent Antiochus IV worshiped gods other than Zeus, Apollo seems to have been his favorite. While it is possible that Geron the Athenian brought worship of Dionysus from Athens, where Dionysus was also popular, the simpler explanation is that the compiler was unfamiliar that Dionysus was substantially more popular locally in Egypt than in the Seleucid Empire.
Martyrs are clearly revered by the author of 2 Maccabees, as befitting diaspora Judaism and later early Christianity where martyrdom was the highest display of devotion and loyalty possible. This differs from 1 Maccabees, which is substantially more dismissive of martyrs, considering them part of the problem. For 2 Maccabees, martyrs are a way of showing God that Jews are still loyal, and are ready to be reconciled with God. Eleazar can be compared in role to Mattathias in 1 Maccabees: an elderly man who makes a public stand against the Seleucids, whether by dying to uphold God's law as in this book, or via killing those who stand against him as Mattathias does in 1 Maccabees.
The scene has been compared to the death of Socrates as both being exemplars of Hellenistic ideals of a noble and proper death. Eleazar makes a final statement of his principles, as if he is a defendant at a trial and calling on God as a witness.
Chapter 7
Antiochus IV personally oversees the torture of the woman and her seven sons, who had been arrested. The group are whipped and told to violate Jewish law by eating pork, which they refuse to do. A red-hot cauldron is prepared, and the first brother has his hands and feet cut off, before the rest of his body is thrown into the cauldron to be burned to death. The second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth brother are similarly tortured; they are scalped and their limbs cut off before being thrown into the cauldron to burn to death, although not before they declare their devotion to God, declare that Antiochus and his descendants will suffer similarly, and say that God will resurrect them some day. The mother encourages her sons to continue to defy Antiochus during this. The youngest is saved for last; Antiochus encourages the mother to convince him at least to comply, but the pair continue in their defiance. Enraged, Antiochus treats the youngest worse than all the others, and the final son and the mother die.
Chapter 7, and the martyrdom of Eleazar that immediately precedes it, is easily the most famous section of 2 Maccabees, featuring in much later devotion, literature, art, and theology. It provided an archetype for both Jewish and Christian martyrs for centuries later who would stand by their beliefs even at the cost of their lives. Secondary versions have appeared in works such as 4 Maccabees or independent renditions in the Jewish midrashim. Eleazar said that he would not want to provide a poor example to the youth by appearing to comply with the decrees; this chapter is an immediate "answer" to this statement, showing the youth remaining firm in their Judaism despite the threat of awful torture. The inclusion of the mother shows that martyrdom was available not merely to the young and old, but also both sexes. It functions as a fulcrum of the dramatic structure of the book: while before God was punishing the Jews, after the resoluteness of the martyrs, the Jews are now reconciled with God, and God will switch to aiding the Jews in reclaiming their religion, as he had before in the story of Heliodorus and the Temple in Chapter 3.
Similar to the epitomist's comment in Chapter 6 that God is showing mercy to Jews by punishing them briefly and sharply for straying, the youngest son says as much directly: that "if our living Lord is angry for a little while, to rebuke and discipline us, he will again be reconciled with his own servants." It again emphasizes the view of the epitomist that God controls the world and even the sufferings of Jews are his will, with Antiochus only serving as God's instrument. The attitude of the epitomist toward Antiochus, while obviously hostile, is complex. The epitomist describes Antiochus more as enraged and in thrall to his emotions, rather than being cold-blooded in his evil. While the brothers threaten Antiochus with future tortures imposed by God as punishment for his impious actions, the youngest brother also expresses a wish that Antiochus will some day, after suffering his own afflictions imposed as divine punishment, confess that the Jewish god alone is God.
The chapter is one of the earliest pieces of Jewish literature to directly suggest a future resurrection of righteous individuals. The Book of Isaiah discussed the resurrection of the "suffering servant" before and was an influential precursor, although this was often taken as a reference to the resurrection of the nation of Israel as an entity at the time. 2 Maccabees as well as the Book of Daniel reframe resurrection on a more personal level: the righteous, even if they suffer during the persecution, will be brought back by God, and their unjust deaths reversed. This was likely a way to update the Deuteronomist view of history, which suggested the righteous would be rewarded and the wicked punished; a future resurrection would ensure that the righteous would eventually be properly justified, even if delayed.
A less important and possibly unintended theological issue is that the mother tells her remaining son that God did not make the heavens and the earth "out of things that existed". In context, the intent is to show that all life comes from and returns to God; some later Christian theologians cited the passage as backing for the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo, the stance that God created the entire universe.
While the basic historicity of martyrs being killed during the persecution is uncontested, the details of the story are not considered likely to be particularly accurate. Antiochus probably did not personally oversee tortures nor engage in conversation with those about to be tortured, and even if he had, then the dialogue recorded was surely improved to be more eloquent, as was common with histories of the era that would routinely invent appropriate dialogue for a scene. Having the king feature directly rather than some lackey executing the king's will is typical of such stories as well, to better emphasize his culpability. The details may be a callback to , which mentions the death of a woman who bore seven children.
Chapter 8
This is the first chapter in the book that describes the military struggle against the Seleucids led by Judas Maccabeus. Judas forms an army out of hatred of evil, backed by the will of God. Philip, the Seleucid governor of Jerusalem, asks for reinforcements to defeat Judas's army. Seleucid generals Nicanor and Gorgias respond and lead an expedition to attack Judea. They also seek to enslave Jews, sell them, and use the funds to pay off the debt owed to the Romans (presumably a reference to the tribute required by the Treaty of Apamea). Before the battle with Nicanor, Judas gives a speech where he cites other cases of God enabling smaller forces to triumph over larger ones. He cites a battle in the era of Sennacherib where 185,000 soldiers fell, along with a story of a battle in Babylonia against Galatians where 6,000 soldiers defeated 120,000 Galatians, each soldier killing 20 people. Judas and his brothers form into four divisions and cut down 9,000 Seleucid soldiers during the battle (presumably a reference to the Battle of Emmaus in 165 BCE). The only reason the rout is not more complete is that it is the day before the Sabbath, and the Jews do not wish to continue their pursuit into the day of rest. They ironically take treasure from those who had come to enslave Jews for money, and distribute the first portion as charity to the mistreated, widows, and orphans before splitting the rest among themselves. Nicanor retreats to Antioch, humiliated.
The focus of the book differs from the same events related in 1 Maccabees; it relegates the details of the fighting to a few short verses, and instead fills out the text with more religious matters, such as a speech citing biblical precedent, a reading of the Torah prior to battle, and the distribution of charity after the battle. It also notably includes no mention of Mattathias, the father of Judas. 1 Maccabees was interested in building up the Hasmonean dynasty, which makes Mattathias important as its patriarch; 2 Maccabees has little interest in dynastic politics and does not mention him at all. The author smooths over the fact that Judas was probably fighting fellow Jews early in the revolt by not being clear on who exactly he was attacking or what towns he was setting fire to. 1 Maccabees calls the foes Judas fought early "sinners", "lawless", and "impious", suggesting he was fighting hostile Jews considered insufficiently traditionalist to the Maccabees. Also, 2 Maccabees places the focus on Nicanor at the Battle of Emmaus; Nicanor plays a major role as an antagonist throughout 2 Maccabees. 1 Maccabees discusses the role of Gorgias more for this battle. The claim of 9,000 soldiers being defeated is presumed to be an exaggeration, a technique that the author repeatedly uses throughout the military history portion of the story, which routinely feature much larger enemy casualty counts than 1 Maccabees. Ancient authors of all nationalities routinely exaggerated the size of enemy armies in their work for rhetorical effect.
The author directly shows God answering the prayer of the mother and her seven sons in 7:38, writing that as they had hoped, God's anger at the Jews has turned to mercy (8:5). With God's aid, Judas will defeat all in his path no matter the odds.
A person named Ptolemy is mentioned in verse 8 as the governor of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, probably the same person as Ptolemy Macron mentioned in 10:12-13. There was also a "Ptolemy son of Dorymenes" mentioned in 4:45 and 1 Maccabees 3:38; it is disputed whether those are different names for the same person or two separate people.
Judas mentions earlier battles in his speech; the allusion to Sennacherib is a reference to the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem, mentioned in both 2 Kings 19 and Isaiah 37. It is unknown what battle is being referred to in Judas's speech about an earlier fight against Galatians in Babylonia, if there is any historical precedent for it at all. Galatians were concentrated in Asia Minor (modern Anatolia), so it is not obvious what they would have been doing in Babylonia—serving as mercenaries? Part of a past Seleucid civil war? Galatians had a reputation as hardy fighters in the era, so defeating them (by some Jewish army that had also ended up in Babylonia? By noble Gentiles?) would have been an impressive feat, even if the claim of precisely 20 enemies killed by each soldier seems more numerological than historical.
Verses 30-33 are a story of how soldiers under Timothy and Bacchides were killed, along with Timothy's phylarch (literally "tribal leader", although perhaps meaning more a subcommander here). Timothy is forced into a humiliating retreat similar to Nicanor's retreat. This is before Timothy has been introduced into the narrative; it seems to have been placed here because of the similar division of spoils and weapons as to the story of Emmaus, or because the author saw Timothy's fate as similar to Nicanor and a useful way to emphasize the point. It is probably a "flash-forward" to the events described in Chapter 12 and should not be taken as happening directly after Emmaus, despite the mention in Chapter 9. It is contested by scholars whether there is one Timothy or two. Bezalel Bar-Kochva argues there is just a single Timothy; Jonathan Goldstein argues that the Timothy in Chapter 8 and 12 is one person, while the one slain at Gazara in Chapter 10 is separate; Robert Doran argues there are two Timothys in the text of 2 Maccabees but does not opine on which one is referred to by Chapter 8.
A person named Bacchides is mentioned as working with Timothy. This was a reasonably common name in the era, so it is unclear if this Bacchides is the same Bacchides mentioned in 1 Maccabees.
Chapter 9
The ninth chapter discusses the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, gleefully detailing his defeats, illness, and suffering as a form of divine punishment. He is defeated by a Persian mob while attempting to rob another temple in Persepolis and forced into a shameful retreat. While in Ecbatana, Antiochus hears the bad news of Nicanor's defeat at Emmaus, and resolves to punish the Jews. He is struck by divine disease of the entrails after blaspheming a threat to turn Jerusalem into a vast Jewish cemetery. Further calamities befall him: he falls out of a chariot and suffers massive injuries; worms crawl out of his eyes; and his flesh disintegrates while he is still alive, creating an awful stench. Antiochus repents and vows to set Jerusalem free, raise the Jews to the status of Greeks, restore the plundered treasures of the Temple, and to become a Jew himself. He writes a letter to the Jews guaranteeing their rights and privileges. He then dies, in a foreign land amid the mountains. His assistant Philip takes the body back to Syria, but then flees to Ptolemaic Egypt.
The basic historicity of what is described is plausible enough: that Antiochus went on a campaign in the east, was involved in the plunder of a temple, became sick, and died. Non-Jewish sources confirm these elements. Additionally, historians generally agree with the timing implied in 2 Maccabees of Antiochus's death occurring before the cleansing of the temple, which archaeological evidence seems to support, against the chronology given in 1 Maccabees of this happening afterward. The specific details and quotes are generally assumed to be literary rather than historical, however. The section where Antiochus writes a deathbed epistle granting rights to the Jews is considered very unlikely to be historical, as it is exactly what Jews of the era would most want to fabricate—a document declaring that their rights and privileges were protected by royal decree. The reference to Persepolis may also be muddled or in error, as Greek sources do not connect Persepolis with the expedition. Persepolis had been looted and mostly destroyed by Alexander the Great centuries earlier, leading to the question of if there was anything still worth taking in the ruins. Additionally, Persepolis is hundreds of kilometers away from Elymais, where Antiochus is usually thought to have done his looting. It may have been the author choosing a famous Persian city if he knew Antiochus was in Persia without further details, or a scribal error where "Persis" was misread as a city rather than a region. Ecbatana, the capital of Media, is closer to Elymais, though, and thus considered more likely to be historical.
The genre of detailing the sorrows and demises of villains who thought they could defy God would continue in later works, with Chapter 9 one of the earliest (or even first) examples. De mortibus persecutorum is a famous Christian example of the genre from the 4th century. Having worms afflict an evil ruler became a common motif in the genre among writers of all religions: Sulla (by a pagan source, Plutarch), Queen Pheretima of Cyrene (by a pagan source, Herodotus, but perhaps known to Jason of Cyrene), Herod the Great (by a Jewish source, Josephus), Herod Agrippa (by a Christian source, the Book of Acts), and others are all described as suffering from worms on their way to a miserable end. Among precedents in Hebrew scripture, Isaiah 14 mentions that the villainous King of Babylon will be infested by worms, albeit after he is already dead. The reference to a disease of the entrails may be a reference to King Jehoram of Judah, another evil tyrant struck by divine disease, although it may also be a roundabout reference to the martyrs in Chapter 7—that forcing Jews to eat pork would corrupt their entrails, so it is fair for Antiochus's own entrails to be corrupted.
Jonathan Goldstein argues that the epitomist adjusted the account to attempt to support the Book of Daniel's prophecy where he could. The Book of Daniel describes the King of the North's end in 11:44-45: "...he shall go out with great fury to bring ruin and complete destruction to many. He shall pitch his palatial tents between the sea and the beautiful holy mountain. Yet he shall come to his end, with no one to help him." The epitomist depicts Antiochus as a person in thrall to his emotions, with a similar "great fury" in 9:4, and that the stench of his decaying flesh had repelled even his retainers, leaving him alone. Additionally, Antiochus's acknowledgment of the power of God mirrors Daniel's depictions of various kings, even antagonistic ones, being ultimately forced to admit God's superior sovereignty.
Antiochus's death fulfills the prediction made by the youngest brother of the martyrs in 7:35-37, that Antiochus would suffer just punishment for his arrogance, and that trials and plagues would make him confess the power of the Jewish God.
Chapter 10
Chapter 10 opens with the purification of the Temple by Judas Maccabeus after he takes control of Jerusalem. This would be the origin of what is now called the festival of Hanukkah, an eight-day celebration of the reclamation of the Temple. Returning to Seleucid politics, Antiochus's young son Antiochus V Eupator is now king, and Lysias is appointed regent. Governor Ptolemy Macron (a former Ptolemaic official who defected and handed over Cyprus to the Seleucids in the Sixth Syrian War) tries to mend relationships with the Jews, but he is accused and undermined by the king's philoi ("friends"), and forced to commit suicide. He is replaced by Gorgias, who is hostile to the Jews, and hires mercenaries to attack them. The Jews also struggle with the Idumaeans to the south. Judas leads an expedition to attack them and defeats them, killing over 20,000 Idumeans. The struggle is interrupted by some Jewish commanders who take payments to allow some Idumeans to escape; when Judas discovers this, he orders the Jews executed as traitors, then conquers two towers held by the Idumeans and kills another 20,000 of them. Judas then fights a commander named Timothy (possibly Timothy of Ammon?) who invades Judea, backed by foreign mercenaries. Judas's force defeats him in battle, aided by five heavenly cavalrymen with golden horse bridles. 20,500 enemy soldiers and 600 cavalrymen are slain. Timothy retreats to the stronghold of Gazara (Gezer?). Judas's army besieges Gazara. After five days, some Jewish youths distract the defenders with a direct assault, which allows other soldiers to climb the walls, set fire to the towers, and open the gate for a Jewish assault. Timothy is found hiding and is slain, as well as two commanders named Chaereas and Apollophanes. The Jews sing hymns of gratitude to God for granting them the victory.
The chapter is vague in its chronology and does not directly specify dates for the events it describes. Antiochus IV Epiphanes died in late 164 BCE. When exactly the battles described afterward occurred is unclear, although they seem likely to be part of the Maccabee campaigns of 163 BCE. Another chronology issue is that verses 2-3 seem to indicate that sacrifices had stopped at the temple for a period of two years before Judas reinstated them. If that is what is meant, it goes against 1 Maccabees and Josephus, which seem to indicate that sacrifices were paused for a period of three or three and a half years.
The somewhat vague account of the re-lighting of the temple fire is likely due to Jewish belief and expectation that the altar fire would be somehow blessed, and should ideally come directly from God himself. Leviticus 10 describes Nadab and Abihu being incinerated by God for improperly lighting fire for a sacrifice as an example of how serious this was. The passage is somewhat unclear, with a literal reading being of "igniting rocks", but seems to hint at sparks flying from stones to re-light the fire to add the expected miraculous element. The second letter to the Jews of Egypt in Chapter 2 expands on the theology of this re-lighting.
The chapter includes an unusual amount of military history for the book, discussing battles and troop movements. However, as per the habit of the epitomist, these accounts are bracketed with prayers, and there is a divine intervention. As throughout the volume, the casualty counts are considered wildly exaggerated. It is unclear what exact role Gorgias played in the struggle; 1 Maccabees places him in the coastal Greek towns of the time, rather than Idumea. The mention of the hated Gorgias could be part of the diasporan author's tendency to explain Jewish struggles with Gentiles as the result of malicious leaders. The Timothy here is described as leading an invasion of Judea, and Gezer is indeed in western Judea near the coastal plain. Such an invasion is not described in any other source, notably not appearing in 1 Maccabees which is eager to celebrate Judas's victories. 1 Maccabees does chronicle a campaign against a commander named Timothy in Ammon, including a battle at a fortress named Jazer (albeit not one where Timothy is described as dying). Several scholars believe that this story is in fact a distorted retelling of the campaign in Ammon: either the diasporan author did not recognize Jazer and replaced it with Gezer, a translation error in moving from Hebrew to Greek caused similar confusion, or that he intentionally moved the Maccabee invasion of Ammon into a more defensive and dramatic defense of Judea against an invasion. It is also possible that both accounts are correct, and the issue is more of 2 Maccabees describing events out-of-order. A similar issue is raised with the fact that Timothy is described as dying, despite appearing in Chapter 12; whether this is out-of-order sequencing of events, two separate Timothys, or an outright error is not easily resolved.
Among scholars who argue that the book of 2 Maccabees was written as a response to 1 Maccabees or by a Pharisee enemy of the Hasmonean dynasty, the story in Idumea, where Simon Thassi's men take an astronomical bribe (70,000 drachmas was gigantic in the era), Judas returns, executes the leaders that took the bribe, then conquers the towers himself, is cited as evidence. Other scholars disagree that this was meant as an implicit criticism of Simon (and by extension, his descendants that ruled the Hasmonean kingdom) and just see the passage as glorifying Judas. Regardless of whether the account was intended to smear Simon or not, it is consistent with the epitomist's overall view of Judas as an unstoppable commander. His setbacks are always due to malfeasance from others.
Chapter 11
Chapter 11 describes an expedition to Judea led by the regent Lysias, the guardian of young king Antiochus V. Lysias leads an army of 80,000 men, all of his cavalry, and 80 war elephants to restore Seleucid control of Jerusalem. Judas and the Jews pray to God for deliverance and for him to send an angel to defend Israel. A mysterious horseman in white garments and golden weapons appears near Jerusalem to aid Judas's army. The Battle of Beth-Zur results; the Maccabees and their heavenly ally win a resounding victory, killing 11,000 soldiers and 1,600 cavalrymen. Lysias and his expedition are forced to shamefully retreat. Lysias, not being a fool, realizes that the Hebrews are invincible, and negotiates to end hostilities. Several documents are then provided of negotiations conducted by the Jews in this period after Lysias's defeat. They show promises to end Antiochus IV's decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices and the offer of a conditional amnesty. The final document is of negotiations with the Roman Republic for a possible alliance.
Chapter 11 describes an expedition by Lysias to Judea it after the cleansing of the Temple. It is possibly the same expedition that is described in Chapter 13. In contrast, 1 Maccabees includes two separate expeditions by Lysias that both stop by Beth-Zur, but one before the cleansing of the Temple in 164 BCE, and the other is after the cleansing of the Temple in 162 BCE. Whether the epitomist is claiming there was only one expedition, or if he is claiming that there were two expeditions that both took place after the cleansing of the Temple, there is out-of-order sequencing going on where this passage describes the pre-cleansing campaign despite being placed later, or the epitomist simply made mistakes and conflated separate events across both campaigns into one narrative, is disputed. The mention of 80 war elephants matches what Josephus said of Lysias's second expedition, suggesting that this account is perhaps mostly based on the second expedition. However, several of the later documents make more sense for happening after the first expedition.
As usual, the depiction of the battle at Beth-Zur is not given much credence, and the troop numbers are wildly exaggerated—feeding such a gigantic group would have been impossible. Daniel R. Schwartz suggests that Chapters 10 and 11 might have come from some secondary source other than Jason of Cyrene's history, explaining why they seemingly duplicate material seen elsewhere.
The letters are considered to be genuine and among the most useful parts of 2 Maccabees to historians. They match the style of what such negotiations would be, including phrases seen by other Hellenistic kings in their correspondences. They also include several "admissions against interest" that suggest the epitomist included even aspects that might be seen as embarrassing to his message. For example, the third document credits Menelaus with also appealing for a conditional amnesty. As the epitomist clearly thinks of Menelaus as an evil villain, the most likely reason to include a passage of even Menelaus pleading for the Jews would presumably be out of respect for accuracy. The fourth document is also one of the earliest pieces of evidence for Roman intervention in Seleucid affairs. The historian Polybius describes in his Histories how the Roman Senate sought to make the Seleucid government weak and compliant, and Rome encouraging splinter groups with promises fits what is known of Roman foreign policy in the period.
The four documents in this chapter do not appear to be in chronological order. The first, third, and fourth documents are dated to 148 SE, equivalent to Fall 165 BCE–Fall 164 BCE. The months, however, have been contested as possibly confusion between the Attic calendar months and the Ancient Macedonian calendar months. Notably, the first document references an otherwise unknown month of "Dios Corinthos" (a renamed month of Dios?), and the third and fourth document have identical dates, suggesting the possibility of an early scribal error by a copyist of the document incorrectly writing the same date twice. The second document is undated but is on Antiochus V's behalf, suggesting a date of 163–161 BCE. Various reconstructions of the dates have been made.
Chapter 12
Chapter 12 discusses struggles between the Jews and their neighbors in the greater Palestine region. The coastal city of Joppa lures local Jews onto boats, then sink them, killing 200 people. Judas infiltrates the city at night, sets fire to the port and its boats, and kills some locals to take revenge for the atrocity. He then burns the boats at Jamnia too as a reprisal for a similar anti-Jewish incident. Judas fights a commander named Timothy who has an army of Arabs (Nabateans). After defeating them, Judas makes an informal treaty with the Arabs for them to provide cattle. Judas next attacks the city of Caspin (modern Haspin?). With God's aid, he takes the city and slaughters the inhabitants. Judas next sets out for lands controlled by the Tobiad Jews in Ammon. Timothy's local fortresses are conquered by Judas's men. Timothy himself encamps at the city Karnion with a gigantic army of 120,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry; however, God's power makes them flee and stumble into each other, wounding themselves with their own swords. Judas's forces kill 30,000 fleeing soldiers of Timothy, and Timothy is himself captured. However, he is paroled in exchange for promises to release Jewish hostages. After capturing Karnion, Judas's forces cut down 25,000 corpses at the Temple of Atergatis (a Syrian version of the goddess Astarte, and a loose analogue to Artemis in Hellenistic culture), presumably a reference to fleeing civilians killed while seeking refuge in the temple. Judas then attacks the city of Ephron, takes it, and kills 25,000 inhabitants. He next moves to Scythopolis, but the Jews there testify that they are well-treated by the inhabitants. Judas's men thank them and peaceably proceed back to Jerusalem in time for the Festival of Weeks, also known as Pentecost in Greek.
After the festival is finished, the Maccabees fight Gorgias in Idumea, who has an army of 3,000 soldiers and 400 cavalry. While the Maccabees eventually win thanks to Judas's prayer and intervention, some of their soldiers die in the fight. The Maccabees first ritually purify themselves after coming into contact with dead bodies. Upon investigation, it is found that all of the dead soldiers had forbidden idols looted from Jamnia in their tunics (rather than destroying them as they should have), and this was the reason God had allowed them to fall. Judas takes up a sin offering for the fallen from his men of around 2,000 silver drachmas, which is donated in Jerusalem. The chapter closes by stating that prayers for the dead are still useful due to the coming resurrection.
The narrative mostly mirrors the version of these events told in 1 Maccabees 5. There are a few differences, however. The raids on Joppa and Jamnia are unique to this version, and not considered particularly historically plausible as they were fortified towns. Some sort of Jewish pogrom is plausible, but a raid that somehow penetrated the port without also conquering the town is considered unlikely. They do, however, fit the epitomist's diasporan Jewish perspective of how the Jews only wanted peace, and only engaged outside their territory out of necessity to punish evil and perfidy. This reciprocity is emphasized by the differing treatment Judas gives to the cities of Caspin and Ephron (which are destroyed) against the city of Scythopolis and the Arabs (which are allowed to continue on in peace). Another notable difference was the explanation for why some Jewish soldiers died in the fighting in Idumea. For the epitomist, it was because of theological impropriety and idols; for the author of 1 Maccabees, it was that they were not led by Hasmoneans. This book also has Judas involved in the fight against Gorgias from the start, while in 1 Maccabees it was managed by others at first. This account also omits the story of Simon's campaign in western Galilee.
One minor shift in the narrative suggested by Daniel Schwartz and others is that the story in verses 17-19 of visiting the land of the Tobiads in Ammon would make more sense to chronologically come in between verses 1-9 (fighting in coastal cities) and verses 10-12 (a brief battle and then peace with some Arabs), which makes the geography of the travels line up better. Robert Doran suggests that the epitomist might have rearranged the stories to better provide moral parallels; Bezalel Bar-Kochva, more skeptically, proposes that the epitomist was simply in error and unreliable due to their unfamiliarity with the geography of the region.
A commander named Timothy appears again in this chapter; per the earlier chapters, scholars disagree on whether this Timothy should be identified as the same as all, some, or none of the other references to a Seleucid official named Timothy.
The insistence on the importance of the resurrection suggests that the matter may have been a relevant theological dispute in the era. According to both Josephus and Acts 23, Sadducees denied resurrection, while Pharisees supported it. The passages discussing the resurrection here, as well as in the martyrs, has caused some scholars to see 2 Maccabees as a Pharisaic work, or at least influenced by them; other scholars doubt this, however, and suggest that Jewish belief in the resurrection was wider than just the Pharisees.
The Catholic practice of prayers for the dead cites the story as scriptural backing. It seems that a theological difference in the era was whether the fates of the dead were entirely sealed or could be modified after their death; 2 Maccabees, as well as 1 Corinthians 15 and The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity, believe they can be, while the Book of Enoch and the Gospel of Luke suggest that they cannot be. More controversially, Judas's sin offering would be cited as an example of the efficacy of monetary indulgences paid to the Catholic Church in the 15th and 16th centuries. The practice of selling indulgences, among other factors, provoked Martin Luther and other reformers into the Protestant Reformation. Luther decried the practice and sought to banish 2 Maccabees, and other deuterocanonical works, into non-canonical Apocrypha.
Chapter 13
High Priest Menelaus has worn out Lysias's patience and earned the condemnation of God. Lysias and Eupator arrange for his execution at Beroea (modern Aleppo) by tipping him into a tower filled with ashes, such that his body will not find rest in the earth. Lysias launches an expedition in Judea on behalf of the young King Antiochus V Eupator, backed by a gigantic force of 110,000 infantry, 5,300 cavalry, 22 war elephants, and 300 scythed chariots. Camping near Modein, Judas leads a "picked force" on a daring early morning raid, attacking and killing 2,000 men of the Seleucid force, as well as an elephant and rider, before retreating. Lysias attacks more carefully, this time near Beth-Zur, and is forced to retreat after several inconclusive battles. A Jewish traitor named Rhodocus is exposed as a spy and imprisoned. Lysias receives word that Philip, a political rival back in the capital Antioch, has disavowed Lysias's authority and revolted. He hurriedly moves to make peace with the Jews so that he can return and address the problem, and gives the temple its proper honor. A new governor is appointed over the region; the citizens of Ptolemais are deeply unhappy with the treaty, but Lysias convinces them the treaty is for the best before returning to Antioch.
The story of Menelaus's execution is possibly influenced by the Book of Esther, where Haman prepares a gallows 50 cubits high, the same height as the tower of ashes. Verse 4 calls God the "King of Kings", a term rare in Hellenistic Judaism, but common in Persian-era stories ("Shahanshah") such as Esther. Additionally, Esther describes three days of fasting, as does verse 12. The style of execution described is known to be used by Persian kings as well. Menelaus being killed without a burial place in the ground would have been considered a terrible fate to both Jewish and Hellenistic audiences of the era. It was a punishment inflicted on those who committed temple robbery and treason.
The introduction to the chapter suggests that Antiochus V Eupator would personally be leading the expedition and that "each" of Lysias and Eupator had a Greek force. As Eupator was only nine years old, it is generally considered that this passage was somehow garbled, whether via a scribal error, miswriting, or the epitomist exaggerating for impact. Later passages do not mention Eupator being personally present.
Lysias's expedition to Beth-Zur is once again mentioned, dated to 149 SE (Fall 164–Fall 163 BCE). The narrative does not make clear whether it is describing the same expedition as in Chapter 11 that also went to Beth-Zur, which is curious, as the book features good cross-referencing to earlier events in other places. Nevertheless, the epitomist does not write "again" or "despite his previous failure" or the like. This causes most scholars to believe that Chapter 11 and Chapter 13 are two separate accounts of what the epitomist considered the same campaign. The general assessment is to treat the account here as of events from the second expedition of Lysias described in 1 Maccabees Chapter 6. However, there are major differences between these accounts. No motive is given for the campaign here; according to 1 Maccabees, the Seleucids were trying to relieve a Maccabee siege of the Acra in Jerusalem. The Battle of Beth Zechariah, a Jewish defeat, is not mentioned by the epitomist; he does mention an incident involving killing a war elephant in a raid, possibly a distorted reference to Judas's brother Eleazar attacking an elephant at Beth Zechariah. Another disparity is that 1 Maccabees dates the second campaign to 150 SE, or 163/162 BCE. The epitomist describes the return of the Seleucid forces from Judea as due to political concerns with Philip rather than a military defeat, suggesting he knew about the Seleucid success but did not wish to bring it up; in 1 Maccabees, the Seleucids do retake Jerusalem and tear down the Temple wall, while this account implies the Seleucids never got that far. The mention of Modein is also considered unreliable; it is a famous location as where the Hasmoneans were living at the start of the revolt, but it is on the northwestern side of Jerusalem, while the rest of the account as well as 1 Maccabees suggests that the Seleucids approached from the southern route. One theory about the staccato nature of this chapter's version of the campaign is that if the epitomist or later editor acquired some separate source which became Chapter 10 and 11, he chopped out parts he considered duplicative from Jason of Cyrene's work, hence the story of the campaign in Chapter 13 seeming incomplete.
Just as in Chapter 11, an implausibly large Seleucid army is reported, with the 80,000 there growing to 110,000 infantry here (or even 220,000 if "each" is interpreted as there being two such armies!). Scholars of Hellenistic armies such as Israel Shatzman consider deploying, managing, and feeding such a vast army "impossible". The number of war elephants has shrunk to a more reasonable amount, with 22 compared to the 32 in 1 Maccabees 6 or the 80 mentioned in Chapter 11 and Josephus. Polybius reports that the Seleucids had 40 war elephants in a military parade at Daphne in 165 BCE. Bezalel Bar-Kochva speculates this was all they had, and that further around half were sent east to Babylonia and Persia, which would indeed leave around 20 war elephants for the Western half of the Empire. The mention of scythed chariots is also considered unreliable; if the Seleucids even still maintained any and had brought them, they would probably not have been taken into Judea's hilly interior, as they were a weapon that only functioned on flat lowlands such as the coast where they could get to a high enough speed.
The story of Rhodocus the traitor and the battles around Beth-Zur is extremely abbreviated and murky. Given its placement immediately after a statement that Judas sent "whatever was necessary" (supplies?) to Beth-Zur, perhaps Rhodocus was passing information on supply routes into Beth-Zur to the Seleucids. However, the narrative describes the Seleucids in short succession making a deal, attacking, being ultimately repulsed from Beth-Zur, then making a new deal with Judas, leaving unclear the impact of Rhodocus's treachery—allowing the Seleucids to cut supply lines, perhaps? 1 Maccabees seems to indicate that in the second campaign, the Seleucids did indeed successfully occupy Beth-Zur, rather than the account here. The series of battles around Beth-Zur, the attack on Judas's forces, and a new treaty between the king and the Jews are compressed into a mere 6 verses. Whether the epitomist was simply very uninterested in questions of provisions and cut the account down to a stub, or the epitomist was intentionally clouding what was an overall Jewish defeat by only including positive aspects, is disputed.
The story of Philip's rebellion is considered a useful secondary account, but has some issues and contradictions with other sources. Chapter 9 reported that he had already gone into exile in Egypt, but that is more likely to be a case of out-of-order sequencing. According to 1 Maccabees, Philip had claimed that Antiochus IV Epiphanes had appointed him regent and successor while on his campaign in the East. If the 1 Maccabees account is trusted, it is unlikely that Philip would have been actually appointed to a position by Lysias before his rebellion; rather, it is describing Philip returning to Syria and attempting to rally support for his claim over Lysias's.
The account of Hegemonides being appointed new governor of Coele-Syria has some backing archaeological evidence of such a person indeed being active at the time. An inscription found in Dyme in Greece records a Hegemonides, son of Zephyros making a dedication to Antiochus Epiphanes; an inscription in Laodicea in Syria honors a Hegemonides of Dyne. The city of Ptolemais, which apparently resisted the more Jewish-friendly policy of Hegemonides, is described in 1 Maccabees 5 as being known for their hostility to Jews.
Chapter 14
Chapter 14 largely focuses on the rise of High Priest Alcimus, a new villain. In the capital of Antioch, Lysias and Antiochus V are overthrown by Demetrius I. In the year 151 SE (equivalent to Fall 162 – Fall 161 BCE), Alcimus arrives to criticize Judas Maccabeus and to petition to be installed as High Priest. Demetrius agrees. Alcimus is appointed High Priest, while Nicanor is given the governorship of Judea. While there is a brief clash at Dessau between Simon's forces and Nicanor's army where Nicanor wins, he is hesitant to immediately resort to renewed war. He sets out entreaties to Judas and the two meet. Surprisingly, the two become friends, and the situation calms in Jerusalem. Judas is appointed Nicanor's deputy as part of the peace deal, marries, and enjoys life. Alcimus is upset with this turn of events, and complains to King Demetrius. Demetrius sends Nicanor new orders to arrest Judas. Judas realizes something is wrong and begins avoiding Nicanor. Nicanor goes to the Temple and demands that the priests there arrange for Judas to be handed over, lest he level the Temple and replace it with one to Dionysus. The priests pray to God to protect the Temple in response. Nicanor orders the arrest of Razis, a respected elder of Jerusalem who has a good reputation. Razis attempts to commit suicide rather than be captured, but misaims his sword, and only wounds himself. He flings himself off the tower he is in, lands amidst the mob of soldiers, runs on top of a large rock while bleeding out, and takes his own innards out of his wound to throw at Nicanor's soldiers to ensure his death.
The opening of the chapter describes Demetrius arriving in Tripolis with a "strong force and fleet". Presumably the author wanted to build up Demetrius as a threat equivalent of Antiochus IV, but other sources including 1 Maccabees indicate he arrived with just a few close followers. Polybius, who personally knew Demetrius and was directly involved in the plot to smuggle him back to the Seleucid Empire, reports he chartered a normal, commercial ship to better lay low, hardly a fleet.
The chapter calls Alcimus a "former" high priest and writes he needed Demetrius's approval to establish his authority. This implies that Alcimus had been appointed high priest after Menelaus's execution, perhaps on some sort of temporary basis, by Lysias and Eupator. However, he apparently needed to get confirmation to stay in his role from the new king. The chapter is also vague on how exactly Alcimus "defiled himself" earlier. Various scholars, noting how Alcimus was apparently able to command the loyalty of many Jews and the lack of any apparent Hellenizing changes to Jewish worship during his tenure, doubt the veracity of this statement. While Alcimus clearly did become a Seleucid collaborator, it would make more sense for the government to have picked a Jew in good standing for the role; conversely, Maccabee-friendly sources would have wanted to discredit Alcimus to make his decision to serve the government as the choice of someone already untrustworthy and corrupt.
The installation of Alcimus and Nicanor's governorship are also covered in 1 Maccabees Chapter 7, although there are differences. 2 Maccabees is careful to spread the blame at the capital for the selection of Alcimus rather than accuse the king too directly, suggesting the king was misled by bad advice. The location of Dessau (or Caphar-Dessau) is unknown, nor is the battle there by Simon's forces described in 1 Maccabees. Judas is described here by Alcimus as the leader of the Asidaioi (or, if Hebraized, Hasideans), but the usage of the term seems to differ from how 1 Maccabees uses it. 1 Maccabees uses the term to describe a group of faithful Jews who did not follow Judas and were betrayed by Alcimus; 2 Maccabees seems to use the term to describe faithful or traditionalist Jews in general, from the root Hebrew/Aramic hysd, seen in hasidim (pious). Both this account and 1 Maccabees agree that Alcimus helped re-ignite hostilities after a truce. The versions of the story of Nicanor and Judas in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees vary over the motives involved in a way that is consistent with the stance the authors respectively held. 1 Maccabees insists that the lull in relations was merely a ruse from the start, and that non-Jews cannot be trusted; 2 Maccabees, as a diaspora work, is willing to suggest peaceful coexistence and friendship with Gentiles was possible until a villain in Alcimus disrupted it. 2 Maccabees also depicts some of its villains as neutral at first who then choose to become evil before being punished by God; both Antiochus IV and Nicanor follow such a story arc. This account omits the expeditions of Bacchides, who served as Alcimus's escort in 1 Maccabees. Presumably this is because the epitomist found the overall success of Bacchides embarrassing and against the theme of the work; according to 1 Maccabees, Bacchides' first expedition was uncontested, and he later killed Judas at Elasa.
The threat of dedicating a new temple to Dionysus at the site of the Second Temple has the same issue as in Chapter 5; Dionysus was far more popular in Egypt than Syria, and was potentially a case of an Egyptian writer inventing dialogue that fit Egyptian culture closer than Seleucid culture.
The chapter sets up a contrast between Alcimus, who "defiled himself" during times of strife, and Razis, who remained "steadfast" during the earlier period and is now willing to gruesomely martyr himself rather than submit. Razis is described as an "elder"; this presumably means that he was a member of the gerusia or governing council, not that he was particularly old. The overall account is rather abrupt without much setup, possibly due to the epitomist omitting text as part of the abridgment; it does not explain if Nicanor had a more specific reason than distaste for the Jews to order the arrest Razis, if Razis knew of Judas's location, why 500 men were necessary, or how Razis ended up in a fortified tower. His extended death scene was possibly influenced by the death of Menoeceus, who is described as having a similar fate of a failed sword stroke followed by throwing himself into the enemy in Euripides' Phoenician Women. Theologically, the epitomist clearly approves of Razis's suicide. This stance was not uncommon in Judaism, which allowed suicide in certain dire situations, and certain branches of early Christianity; the 4th-5th century Donatists are reported as being famous for resorting to suicide rather than dishonor. However, the writer's endorsement of Razis's action was awkward in the Catholic Church, which both considered the book inspired but also sharply disapproved of direct suicide.
Chapter 15
Nicanor's defeat
With the treaty in tatters, Nicanor moves out of Jerusalem toward Samaria to attack Judas's troops. He intends to attack on the Sabbath, knowing that the Jews will be unprepared to fight then. Conscripted Jews in his army complain about the plan. Preparing for battle, Judas relates to his troops a dream vision he says he had. While asleep, he saw the deceased High Priest Onias III and the prophet Jeremiah. Onias III says that Jeremiah is praying for all the people of Israel and Jeremiah gives Judas a golden sword. The Maccabee army resolves to attack first, seeing the enemy prepared with war elephants and cavalry on their flanks. Judas prays to God and invokes the dramatic past defeat of Sennacherib again. The Jews win the battle and slay 35,000 soldiers, including Nicanor himself. Nicanor's body is desecrated and his head is hung from the citadel in Jerusalem. The Jews resolve to celebrate 13 Adar as Nicanor's Day.
The chapter is something of an echo of Chapter 8, which too featured Judas fighting Nicanor immediately after an account of martyrdom; the lead-up to the battle and the battle itself are described similarly in both chapters, and Nicanor is once again called "thrice-accursed".
It is not entirely clear whether Nicanor is successfully able to time the encounter to the Sabbath; it is immediately followed by a statement that "he did not succeed in carrying out his abominable design," but it is unclear whether this statement foretells the coming ultimate defeat of Nicanor or merely means that he failed to time the attack on Judas's forces to the Sabbath day. Some interpreters of 2 Maccabees believe that the author holds that even defensive warfare on the Sabbath is forbidden; others believe that the references to enemies attempting to attack on the Sabbath (including Nicanor here and Apollonius in 5:25-27) were merely showing how villainous they were in violating a holy day in an attempt to gain an advantage. The later Hasmoneans certainly considered defensive warfare on the Sabbath permissible, as seen in 1 Maccabees.
In Judas's dream he relates to his troops, Jeremiah is said to pray for all the people. This may simply be a reference to Jeremiah's popularity in the era, but also is a literary echo to the Book of Jeremiah. In that work, Jeremiah is specifically urged by God not to pray for the people in the first half so that the prophesied destruction can take place. It is only much later in Jeremiah 42 that he is allowed to pray for the people; a reference to Jeremiah himself praying for Judea suggests a powerful support and a turning point for those familiar with the work. These verses were also used later in Catholic theology to support the doctrine of the intercession of saints who pray for the welfare of Christians on Earth.
The author is not particularly interested in the details of battle strategy and tactics, and instead emphasizes that it is a battle between the pious who trust in God and the impious. As with similar figures in the book, the recorded casualty count of 35,000 is greatly inflated and considered entirely implausible. Demetrius would presumably have concentrated most of his forces to oppose Timarchus during this time period, and the narrative itself already recounts that Nicanor was reduced to conscripting local Jews, suggesting that there were not even close to 35,000 Seleucid soldiers at the battle, let alone casualties. The mention of war elephants is also considered unlikely to be accurate, as Polybius records that the Romans hamstrung all of the Seleucid's remaining elephants in 162 BCE. While it is possible the Romans might have missed a few elephants, 1 Maccabees makes no reference to elephants appearing at this battle.
The new holiday of Nicanor's Day on 13 Adar is described as being "the day before Mordecai's day". 14 Adar is Purim; this account is one of the oldest pieces of surviving literature to refer to its commemoration. It is unique in suggesting the holiday may have been called Mordecai's Day in the Hasmonean period; this appellation is not found in other surviving literature. The writer is also aware that "Adar" is not a term originally from Hebrew, referring to it as a loanword.
Epilogue
Verses 37-39 are a brief epilogue from the epitomist concluding the history, expressing his hope that the reader enjoyed the work, and apologizing if the reader did not.
Verse 37's confident declaration on the safety of Jerusalem suggests that the author apparently did not consider whatever happened in Jerusalem after Judas's defeat at Elasa as sufficiently bad to contradict this statement, was referring only to the Temple Sanctuary rather than the city as a whole, or else did not intend to extend the claim beyond Nicanor's defeat. It could also be taken as a tacit admission that High Priest Alcimus, whose term would last until May 159 BCE, still qualified as a "Hebrew". Verse 37 has also been used to argue for a later bound on the date of authorship. It suggests that 2 Maccabees was unlikely to have been written after 63 BCE, when the Hasmonean kingdom was reduced to client state status to the Roman Republic. That said, there are different ways to interpret the tense of the statement in Greek, leaving some ambiguity.
One of the unknowns of the study of 2 Maccabees is if Jason of Cyrene's history also ended with Nicanor's defeat, or if it continued further and the later parts were omitted in the abridgment. Jonathan A. Goldstein makes an argument that the epilogue suggests that Jason's history indeed went further, as the epitomist declines to say that Jason's history stopped hence his abridgment stopping as well. To the extent that 2 Maccabees was intended as a "festal book" to be used as reading material during Nicanor's Day or Hanukkah, the establishment of the festival itself may have been a logical stopping point.
Jean Calvin was unimpressed with the epilogue's casual tone in apologizing if the reader disliked the work, and used it to argue in favor of the de-canonicalization of the book during the Protestant Reformation. Calvin wrote "He who confesses that his writings stand in need of pardon, certainly proclaims that they are not oracles of the Holy Spirit."
The epilogue makes an analogy to how water alone and wine alone are worse than drinking water mixed with wine, the common practice in the era when wine was stored in a very potent form for more efficient transit. There was a Greek cultural belief that only Dionysus himself could drink unmixed wine without going crazy. What exactly the water and wine correspond to is less clear; the original history of Jason of Cyrene being the wine and the epitomist's editing being the water to make it more palatable, perhaps?
One passage's phrasing can also be surprising to modern readers: the hope that the "story delights the ears of those who read the work". In antiquity, "silent reading" was not common, and readers spoke aloud as they read, even if reading alone.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
NRSV text of 2 Maccabees: , ,
Books of the Maccabees
Chapters of deuterocanonical books |
Doro AB, known as Doro, is a Swedish consumer electronics and assistive technology company focused on the elderly and improving the lives of seniors. Founded in 1974 in Sweden as a challenger to the state run telecoms monopoly, the company develops communications products and services designed primarily for the elderly, such as mobile phones and telecare systems. Doro operates a number of Alarm Receiving Centres in Sweden, Norway and UK.
Products
Doro produce both clam and bar type feature phones which run Doro's own operating system, such as the Doro 6820 and the Doro 7060, and smartphones such as Doro 8080 and Doro 8100, which run on Android. Its devices are designed with loud and clear sound, large separated keys and an assistance button that alerts emergency contacts if the user needs help.
Mobile phones are named according to 'generations', starting with the simplest 1000 range bar-type mobiles, which have capabilities limited to texting, calling and a 0.3 MP (VGA) camera, progressing through 6000 and 5000 range clamshell and bar mobiles with email, video camera, calling, texting, Bluetooth and radio capabilities.
7000 range mobiles are made in both form factors, are mobile phones based on versions of Android and KaiOs and have most smartphone capabilities while still retaining more classic style form factors. The 8000 range are fully fledged smartphones, with modern versions of Android.
Older mobile phones were put into similar three-digit generation groupings, with more subcategories such as mini (stylized in all lowercase), used for smaller phones.
Other Doro products
Doro HandleEasy 321rc: A seven-button basic remote control for Radios and Television sets
Doro 3500 alarm trigger: An alarm trigger wristband/lanyard pairable with all Doro mobile phones with texting ability.
Doro Tablet: An Android tablet based on EVA, a simple senior-friendly Android interface.
Doro Watch: A smartwatch not unlike Motorola smartwatches, compatible with all Android Touchscreen phones.
Doro HearingBuds: Sound Enhancement devices compatible with all Android touchscreen smartphones.
Telecare
In August 2020 it acquired Eldercare UK, a domiciliary care service provider in the North of England, for about £2.2 million. It had 109 full-time equivalent staff and monitored around 50,000 telecare connections.
In Dec 2021, Doro listed its Care assets in a separate company called Careium AB by distributing all shares in the wholly-owned subsidiary Careium AB to the shareholders of
Doro.
After the spin-off of the care assets into Careium AB, Doro AB is once again a consumer technology company focused on developing services and products for seniors to live independent and fulfilling lives.
References
External links
Doro at OMX Nasdaq Nordic
Telecommunications companies of Sweden
Mobile phone manufacturers
Old age
Swedish brands
Companies based in Malmö
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm |
Aurica may refer to:
People
Aurica Bărăscu (born 1974), a Romanian female Olympic gold medal winner in rowing
Aurica Bojescu, Ukrainian Romanian lawyer, minority rights activist and politician
Aurica Buia (born 1970), a Romanian retired female long-distance runner
Aurica Valeria Motogna-Beșe (born 1979), a Romanian handball player
Fictional characters
Aurica Nestmile, a fictional character from Ar Tonelico: Melody of Elemia and Cross Edge
Other
Aurica Motors, a U.S. electric powertrains automotive company
Aurica (supercontinent), one of several proposed supercontinents predicted to form in around 200 million years from now
See also
Phalanta aurica (P. aurica), another name for the Phalanta alcippe butterfly
Arica (disambiguation)
Orica |
Mecynorhina (frequently misspelled as Mecynorrhina; the original spelling used a single "r" and the misspelling is not in prevailing usage, therefore not valid under the ICZN) are beetles from the subfamily Cetoniinae, tribe Goliathini. The genus was created by Frederick William Hope, in 1837.
According to the last work of De Palma & Frantz, the type species of the genus is Scarabaeus polyphemus Fabricius, 1781.
The genus is spread throughout the tropical African region.
Taxonomy
Former classification
Formerly there were three species in the genus Mecynorhina:
Mecynorhina oberthueri (Fairmaire, 1903)
Mecynorhina torquata (Drury, 1782)
Mecynorhina ugandensis (Moser, 1907)
Some authors designated ugandensis as a subspecies of torquata.
Mecynorhina oberthuri was long thought to be the rarest species in its genus, however, Jean-Pierre Lequeux discovered that it is common in the forests of Tanzania. This species is now reared by many amateurs.
The most variable species is Mecynorhina ugandensis where rarely two specimens are of the same aspect. Many variations have been illustrated by Allard.
Current classification
Following De Palma & Frantz (l.c.), the genus is now divided in five subgenera:
Mecynorhina Hope, 1837
Mecynorhina polyphemus (Fabricius, 1781)
Mecynorrhinella Marais & Holm, 1992
Mecynorhina oberthueri Fairmaire, 1903
Mecynorhina torquata (Drury, 1782)
Mecynorhina ugandensis (Moser, 1907) (often treated as a subspecies of Mecynorhina torquata)
Chelorhinella De Palma & Frantz, 2010
Mecynorhina kraatzi (Moser, 1905)
Mecynorhina savagei Harris, 1844
Megalorhina Westwood, 1847
Mecynorhina harrisi (Westwood, 1847)
Mecynorhina mukengiana (Kolbe, 1884)
Mecynorhina taverniersi Allard, 1990
Amaurodes Westwood, 1844 (Synonym = Chelorrhina Burmeister, 1842)
Mecynorhina passerinii (Westwood, 1844)
References
Chelorrhina
Cetoniinae |
Back to Basics is a 1987 collection of Billy Bragg's first three releases: The albums Life's a Riot with Spy Vs. Spy and Brewing Up with Billy Bragg, and the EP Between the Wars—all of which make their debut in the United States here. This collection did not contain any new material, but did document Billy Bragg's early "one man and his guitar" approach. The songs collected on this release demonstrate major recurrent themes in Bragg's work: highly critical commentary on Thatcherite Britain, laced with poetic love songs. The collection was re-released in November 1993 on the Cooking Vinyl label.
Track listing
"The Milkman of Human Kindness" (Life's a Riot)
"To Have and To Have Not" (Life's a Riot)
"Richard" (Life's a Riot)
"Lovers Town Revisited" (Life's a Riot)
"A New England" (Life's a Riot)
"The Man in the Iron Mask" (Life's a Riot)
"The Busy Girl Buys Beauty" (Life's a Riot)
"It Says Here" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"Love Gets Dangerous" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"The Myth of Trust" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"From a Vauxhall Velox" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"The Saturday Boy" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"Island of No Return" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"St Swithin's Day" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"Like Soldiers Do" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"This Guitar Says Sorry" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"Strange Things Happen" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"A Lover Sings" (Brewing Up With Billy Bragg)
"Between the Wars" (Between The Wars)
"World Turned Upside Down" (Between The Wars)
"Which Side Are You On?" (Between The Wars)
References
1988 greatest hits albums
Billy Bragg compilation albums
Cooking Vinyl compilation albums |
The Mirovo mine is a large salt mine located in eastern Bulgaria in Veliko Tarnovo Province. Mirovo represents one of the largest salt reserves in Bulgaria having estimated reserves of 4,357 million tonnes of NaCl.
References
Salt mines in Bulgaria |
The Heartland Light Rail System was a proposed light rail system for Kansas City, Missouri. It was defeated by voters in November 2008, there are some planning in the Kansas City Smart Moves Plan.
Proposed route
The line would have run on a north and south route from Vivion Road and North Oak Trafficway to Bruce R. Watkins Roadway and 63rd Street . This route would have crossed into Jackson County, Clay County, and over the Missouri River.
See also
KC Streetcar
References
External links
Kansas City Light Rail Page
Kansas City Light Rail
Kansas City Light Rail Blog
North/South Corridor Analysis
North/South Assessment
Kansas City Area Transportation Authority
Light rail in Missouri
Proposed railway lines in Missouri
Public transportation in Kansas City, Missouri |
Snyders is an unincorporated community in West Penn Township, Pennsylvania, United States, located at the junction of Routes 309 and 895. The Lizard Creek flows eastward through the village to the Lehigh River. Snyders lies at the northern foot of Blue Mountain and is split between the Andreas ZIP Code 18211 and the New Ringgold ZIP Code 17960. Snyders is served by the Mantzville (386) exchange in Area Code 570.
References
Unincorporated communities in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania |
Robin Gammell (born September 22, 1936) is a Canadian film, television and stage actor.
Career
Gammell began acting as a junior ensemble member at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, playing roles including Robin Starveling in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Octavius in Julius Caesar, Ariel in The Tempest, and Malcolm in Macbeth; he later reprised this role for the 1961 television film Macbeth opposite Sean Connery in the title role. He later moved on to film and television work, including the films The Pyx (1973), Lipstick (1976), Raid on Entebbe (1977), Rituals (1977), Full Circle (1977), The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979), Murder by Phone (1982), The Star Chamber (1983), Project X (1987) and Striker's Mountain (1987), recurring or starring roles in Wiseguy, WIOU, Street Legal, Amazing Grace, Millennium, Manhattan, AZ and Judging Amy, and guest appearances in The Blue and the Gray, Hill Street Blues, L.A. Law, The Commish, Murder, She Wrote, Matlock, Nip/Tuck, Star Trek: The Next Generation, and How to Get Away With Murder. He received a Genie Award nomination for Best Actor, at the 1st Genie Awards in 1980, for Klondike Fever.
Gammell has also portrayed several noted historical figures in docudrama films and television series, including Walter Moberly in The National Dream: Building the Impossible Railway, American espionage chief William J. Donovan in the television miniseries A Man Called Intrepid, and Adolf Hitler in an episode of Witness to Yesterday.
Personal life
Gammell was in a relationship with Gretchen Corbett. They had one child, Winslow Corbett, in 1979.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1936 births
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male stage actors
Anglophone Quebec people
Male actors from Montreal
Living people
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors |
The following is a list of the monastic houses in South Yorkshire, England.
See also
List of monastic houses in England
Notes
References
History of South Yorkshire
England in the High Middle Ages
Medieval sites in England
Lists of buildings and structures in South Yorkshire
Yorkshire South
Yorkshire, South |
Bretejovce () is a village and municipality in Prešov District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia.
History
The village was first mentioned in historical records in 1289. Before 1918, it was part of Sáros county in Austria-Hungary.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 239 metres and covers an area of (2020-06-30/-07-01). It lies on the western bank of the Torysa (river).
Demographics
In 1787, the village had 37 houses and 323 inhabitants. In 1828, 50 houses and 383 inhabitants. In 1900, there were 351 residents. As of 31 December 2011, the village had a population of 384 people.
Landmarks
Bretejovce's Roman Catholic church, The Seven Sorrows of Mary or, Our Lady of Sorrows, (), was built in the baroque style in 1785, and sits at the top of a hill at the end of the main side street in the village. The church is part of the Budimir parish, and part of the Košice archdiocese. The village's coat of arms incorporates the symbol for the Seven Sorrows of Mary, seven swords piercing a heart.
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
References
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1747-1896 (parish B)
Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1819-1898 (parish B)
Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1787-1895 (parish B)
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110226112651/http://app.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Surnames of living people in Bretejovce
Villages and municipalities in Prešov District
Šariš |
Copacabana, also known as Barry Manilow's Copacabana, is a 1994 stage musical with music by Barry Manilow, lyrics by Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and book by Manilow, Sussman and Feldman. The show had its roots in an hour-long stage show, Barry Manilow Presents Copacabana, which played in Atlantic City in 1990 and 1991. The stage show was based on the 1985 musical TV film of the same name, in turn based on Manilow's 1978 hit song of the same title, which was co-written by Manilow, Sussman and Feldman. The full-length musical, which added a present-day framing device and many additional songs, premiered in the United Kingdom in 1994 and later toured the United States. A cast album of the musical was released in 1994, titled Copacabana: Original London Cast Recording.
Atlantic City stage show (1990–1991)
Barry Manilow Presents Copacabana was an hour-long show for Caesars Circus Maximus Theatre in Atlantic City. It starred Sean Sullivan as Tony/Stephen and Hillary Turk as Lola. It ran from September 1990 to June 1991 and had a cast of 20 singers and dancers which Manilow directed, with a script and song score created by Manilow and his longtime collaborators Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman. The song list and plot closely matched that of the 1985 TV movie. The show played to over 100,000 people in its first six months and received rave reviews as the "must-see casino show" in Atlantic City. Though in the TV movie the character of Lola was stated as being from Chicago, from this adaptation on forward Lola was instead from Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Unreleased Barry Manilow Presents Copacabana Cast Recording
Side One
"Overture" (from 1985 movie)
"Mandy" (1978 Barry Manilow version)
"Just Arrived" – Lola
"Dancin Fool" – Copa Girls
"Let's Go Steppin" – Copa Girls
"Man Wanted" – Lola
"Lola/Who Needs To Dream" – Tony
"Copa Writing Rico" – Stephen
"!Aye Caramba!" – Copa Girls
Side Two
"Bolero de Amor" – Rico
"Sweet Heaven (I'm In Love Again)" – Tony
"Welcome To Havana" – Conchita
"Mermaids Tale"
"El Bravo" – Lola and Tropicana cast
"Who Needs To Dream" (reprise)
"Copa Finale"
"Copacabana 1985"
Stage musical UK (1994–1996)
In 1994, the one-hour show was expanded into a three million dollar full-length musical, with book by Manilow, Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, lyrics by Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and music by Manilow. It premiered on March 21, 1994, at Theatre Royal in Plymouth, England. It also played Manchester, Edinburgh and then London's West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre from June 23, 1994 to September 9, 1996. It followed with a UK tour for an additional year.
This adaptation originally starred Gary Wilmot as Tony/Stephen and Nicola Dawn as Lola. It was Executive Produced by Adrian Leggett with Direction by Roger Redfarn, Choreography by Dorian Sanchez, Music Direction by Andy Rumble, Costumes Designed by Hugh Durrant, Scenic Design by Martin Grant, Projection Design by Chris Slingsby and Jon Turner, Sound Design by John Del Nero, Lighting Design by Hugh Vanstone with a Design Concept by Gary Withers/Imagination.
An original cast album of this production was released, titled Copacabana: Original London Cast Recording.
Stage musical US (2000)
The UK stage musical adaptation, also known as Barry Manilow's Copacabana: A New Musical Comedy, had its American premiere at Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (Pittsburgh CLO) in 2000, followed by a run as part of the Dallas Summer Musical season. Direction was by David Warren with choreography by Wayne Cilento. Pittsburgh and Dallas were the first two engagements of a US national that ran from June 2000 through May 2001. The cast included Franc D'Ambrosio as Tony, Darcie Roberts as Lola, Terry Burrell as Conchita, Philip Hernandez as Rico, Beth McVey as Gladys and Gavin MacLeod (followed by Dale Radunz) as Sam.
Other productions
The show was translated to Swedish and performed at Linneateatern in Växjö, Sweden in Autumn 2005. The songs were translated to Swedish by actor John Martin Bengtsson, who played Stephen/Tony in the show.
A new UK Tour began on October 2, 2014, but closed a month later after encountering financial difficulties. Directed by Thom Southerland, this production starred Jon Lee as Tony and Jennifer Harding as Lola.
The German version premiered in February 2016 at Landestheater Coburg with Andreas Langsch as Tony, Gero Wendorf as Stephen, Marcus G. Kulp as Rico and Julia Harneit as Lola. The songs were mostly kept in their original English version while all the dialogue was translated into German. In May 2017 this production also had a limited run at the Pfalzbau in Ludwigshafen.
Original principal casts
Synopsis
The story follows Stephen, a young aspiring songwriter, as he composes what he hopes will become a hit musical.
His imagination takes him back to 1947 as he creates a story surrounding an ambitious young singer Lola la Mar who arrives in New York City from Tulsa hoping to become a star. Meanwhile, Tony Forte, a 1947 incarnation of Stephen, is attempting to make it as a songwriter while tending bar at the famous Copacabana Nightclub. Tony instantly falls for Lola as she wanders into the Copacabana. He, along with former "Copa Girl" Gladys, introduce her to the owner of the club Sam Silver, to get her a job as a new Copa Girl. The two try to make it in New York in their respective fields, but do not find it easy. After Tony helps Lola improve a song written by her former music teacher, Sam gives her a job as a Copa Girl at his club. The two fall in love, as Tony writes a song for Lola as she listens.
Stephen's voice can be heard narrating the events as Rico Castelli, an Italian gangster from Cuba, enters the Copacabana with the now-waning star Conchita Alvarez. Sam confronts Rico about the disappearance of Copa Girls each time he comes to the club, and demands he leave. However, Rico, armed with thugs, is able to stay long enough to meet and develop an interest in Lola la Mar. He drugs her and flies her back to Havana, Cuba, to star in his own nightclub -the Tropicana.
In Havana, Rico informs Conchita that she will be replaced by a new, younger actress: Lola. Conchita, frustrated and upset, goes to Lola in order to "welcome" her. Back at the Copacabana, Tony, Sam, and Gladys learn that Lola was kidnapped and taken to Cuba. Tony immediately heads to save her, and Sam, after some convincing from Gladys, agrees to help him. Conchita, initially intending to threaten Lola, finds that she is truly a victim, and instead treats her with sympathy. Stephen can be seen again, this time expressing his love for the troubled Lola, while also sharing his lament for she is merely a figment of his imagination.
Tony and Sam, now in Cuba, find Conchita and asks her for her help. She agrees, and pretends to guide Lola to become her replacement, while telling her to play along. Near the end of the Tropicana performance of "El Bravo", Tony runs on stage, reunited with Lola once again. However, Rico is close behind, waving a gun, and points the barrel at Tony. A single gunshot is heard, and Rico falls to the floor. Conchita, saving Tony and Lola from the perils she faced for years, shot her love Rico to his death.
Tony and Lola are finally reunited and go back happily to the Copacabana.
Back in the present, Stephen has finished his song. His wife, Samantha, is urging him to dress for their anniversary dinner. Stephen realizes that Lola was simply an incarnation of his wife, and finds he has a new sense of love for her. Her parents, who were the base for the characters Sam and Gladys, also appear, and he realizes his imagination had simply morphed reality into something a bit more elaborate.
Characters
The Present Day
Stephen – A young songwriter, who doubles as Tony Forte in 1947
Samantha – Stephen's wife, who doubles as Lola Lamar in 1947
1947
Tony Forte – Young, good-looking and talented. A struggling songwriter by day, by night he works at the Copacabana.
Lola Lamar – A young, pretty girl with misguided ambitions to become a Broadway star.
Gladys Murphy – A cheeky, warm-hearted cigarette girl at the Copacabana.
Sam Silver – The gruff but kind manager of the Copacabana.
Rico Castelli – An elegant but dangerous gangster who manages The Tropicana in Havana.
Conchita Alvarez – A Latina bombshell of the first order and Rico's long-suffering partner/girlfriend.
McManus – A New York cop of Irish descent.
Willie – A waiter at the Copacabana.
Carlos – A Tropicana performer
Luis – Rico's enforcer and bodyguard
Skip – The house choreographer at the Copacabana.
Maitre D' – The Snooty Headwaiter/host of the Copacabana.
Coat Check Girl – Works at the Copacabana.
Piano Accompanist
Messers Hammerstein, Rodgers, Lerner, Lowe – Audition Lola for musicals
A Back-of-the-House Voice – Plays various show writers, producers, a record producer
Mr. Brill – A music publisher
Another Music Publisher – Non-speaking
Announcer – At The Tropicana
Pirate Captain – At The Tropicana, in El Bravo
Veronica Lake – Non-speaking
Her Escort – Non-speaking
x3 Bolero Couples
Chorus – Show Girls, Show Boys, Copa Girls, Copa Boys, Tropicana Boys, Tropicana Girls, Copa Guests, Tropicana Guests, Mermaids, Pirates, Pirettes, Cops, Waiters, Busboys, Sailors, Fancy Gents, Thugs, Auditioners, Commuters, Porters, Rosie the Riveter, a Nurse, a WAC, a WAVE, a Salvation Army Sergeant
Musical numbers
1994 London version
Act I
"Overture" — Orchestra
Scene 1: Somewhere in Stephen's Imagination, Present Day
"Copa Opening" — Stephen, Company
Scene 2: Stephen's Studio, New York City, Present Day
Scene 3: Grand Central Station and Times Square, New York City, 1947
"Just Arrived" — Lola, Women Hopefuls
Scene 4: Stephen's Studio, Present Day
Scene 5: The Copacabana, 1947, Evening
"Dancing Fool" — Tony, Copa Boys
"Night on the Town" – The Copa Girls
Scene 6: The Copacabana, Later that Night
Scene 7: Various Audition Rooms Around New York City, The Next Day
"Audition Sequence" † — Lola, Tony, Male Auditioner, Jingle Singers
Scene 8: The Copacabana, Later that Day
"Man Wanted" — Lola
"Who Needs to Dream" — Tony, Women
Scene 9: Stephen's Studio, Present Day
Scene 10: The Copacabana, Several Nights Later / Havana, Later that Night
"Ay Caramba" – Lola, Copa Girls
"Just Arrived (Reprise)" † — Lola
"Bolero De Amor" — Rico, Chorus
Act II
"Entr'acte" † — Orchestra
Scene 1: The Copacabana, The Following Night
"Sweet Heaven" ‡ – Tony, Copa Girls
Scene 2: Backstage at the Copa, Immediately Following
Scene 3: Backstage at the Copa, Immediately Following
"Who Am I Kidding?" — Sam, Gladys, Doormen and Ensemble
Scene 4: A Bedroom in Rico's HavanaCompound, The Next Day / Stephen's Studio, Present Day
"This Can't Be Real" — Lola, Stephen
Scene 5: The Tropicana Club in Havana, Later That Day
"Welcome to Havana" – Conchita, Trop Boys
Scene 6: The Tropicana, Several Nights Later
"The Mermaid's Tale" – The Mermaids
"El Bravo" — Lola, Mermaids, Pirates and Pirettes
Scene 7: A beach on the outskirts of Havana, Later That Night
Scene 8: Stephen's Studio, Present Day
"Who Needs To Dream? (Reprise)" – Stephen
Scene 9: The Copacabana, Finale Ultimo
"Copacabana" – Company
† Does not appear on the Original London Cast Recording
‡ In previews, Act 2 opened with "Jump, Shout, Boogie" and "Sweet Heaven" took place in Act 2, Scene 7 with Tony, Lola and the Ensemble
2000 United States version
Act I
"Overture" — Orchestra
Scene 1: Somewhere in Stephen's Imagination / Stephen's Studio, Present Day
"Copa Opening" — Stephen, Company
Scene 2: Grand Central Station, New York City, 1947
"Just Arrived" — Lola, Women
Scene 3: The Copacabana, 1947, Evening
"Dancing Fool" — Tony, Copa Boys
"Sweet Heaven" — Tony, Copa Girls & Boys
Scene 4: Various Audition Rooms In New York, The Next Day
"Audition Sequence" — Lola, Tony, Male Auditioner, Jingle Singers
Scene 5: Outside The Copa, Late Afternoon
"Copa Girl" — Gladys
Scene 6: The Copacabana, Late Afternoon
"Man Wanted" — Lola
"Who Needs to Dream" — Tony, Women
Scene 7: The Copacabana, Several Weeks Later
"Rico's Entrance" – Stephen
"I Gotta Be Bad" — Lola, Copa Girls
"Drunk Scene" — Lola
"Bolero D'Amore" — Rico, Chorus
Act II
"Entr'acte" — Orchestra
Scene 1: The Tropicana Nightclub, Havana
"Havana/Caramba" — Conchita, Trop Boys & Girls
Scene 2: Backstage, The Copacabana
"Kidding Preview" – Gladys, McManus, Willie, Sam, Tony
"Who Am I Kidding?" — Sam, Willie, McManus, Gladys, Two Showgirls
"Who Am I Kidding (Reprise)" — Gladys, Two Showgirls, Willie, McManus
Scene 3: A Bedroom in Rico's Compound, Havana
"This Can't Be Real" — Lola, Stephen
Scene 4: The Stage of the Tropicana, Rehearsal, A Few Hours Later
Scene 5: The Tropicana Stage, Several Nights Later
"El Bravo" — Lola, Trop Boys & Girls
Scene 6: The Tropicana Stage, Minutes Later / The Copa, A Few Days Later
"Sweet Heaven (Reprise)" — Tony, Lola, Copa Girls & Boys
"This Can't Be Real (Reprise)" — Tony
Scene 7: Stephen's Studio, Present Day
"Finale Act Two" — Stephen, Company
Curtain Calls
"Bows: Copacabana Finale" — Full Company
Orchestration
Copacabana was orchestrated by Barry Manilow and Andy Rumble, with additional orchestrations by Artie Butler for the US production.
The London production features an orchestra of 12 – 2 reeds, 2 trumpets, trombone, 3 keyboards, drum set, percussion, guitar and bass.
The US production features an orchestra of 15 – 3 reeds, horn, 3 trumpets, 2 trombones, 3 keyboards, drum set, percussion, guitar and bass.
In both orchestrations, the conductor also plays one of the keyboard books.
References
External links
NODANW productions and plot
Copacabana – The musical
Photographs from Edinburgh Music Theatre's 2006 production of Copacabana
Photographs from Theatre Guild, Glasgow's 2008 production of Copacabana
1994 musicals
Barry Manilow
Musicals based on works
American musicals
Musicals set in the 1940s
Musicals set in New York City
West End musicals
Culture of Atlantic City, New Jersey |
Mising or Mishing may refer to:
Mising people, of northeastern India
Mising language, their Sino Tibetan language
See also
Miri (disambiguation), another name of the people and language
Missing (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
The bleeding shiner (Luxilus zonatus) is a freshwater ray-finned minnow in the family Leuciscidae, which was recently changed to distinguish between North American and Asian minnows. It occurs in tributaries of Ozark-draining tributaries of the Missouri, and Mississippi rivers in southern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. Its preferred habitat is rocky and sandy pools and runs of headwaters, creeks and small rivers.
Taxonomy
Class: Actinopterygii, Order: Cypriniformes, Family: Leuciscidae, Genus: Luxilus, Species: L. zonatus.
The bleeding shiner was originally known to be classified as the Alburnus zonatus by Agassiz in 1863. Formerly known to be in the genus Notropis, but removed and added to the genus Luxilus in 1989. Originally the now distinct species of L. zonatus and N. Pilsbryi were considered to be synonymous, but after carefully observing the morphological evidence they were added to the Luxilus genus.
Description
The bleeding shiner has an olive brown back with a broad dark stripe along its midline. It has metallic sides and has two black stripes that are separated with a golden stripe. One of these black strips extends to the tip of the snout, while another less obvious black stripe parallels it. The gill opening has a crescent-bar shape and the fish has a silvery white underside. A key difference between this fish and similar minnows is the stripe on the side of the bleeding shiner abruptly narrows directly after the operculum, then widens again down the length of the body to the caudal fin. This fish holds many similarities with the L. pilsbryi, but is distinguishable with a few characteristics. L. zonatus has 9 anal rays, 7 gill rakers, 38-43 lateral line scales, and 26 circumferential scales. The origin of the dorsal fin is closer to the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal. The bleeding shiner has a slightly compressed body with relatively large fins for its body size.
Breeding males have bright red markings on their head, body, and fins, and the rest of their markings appear darker.
The bleeding shiner has an average total length of about 4 in (10 cm) and has a maximum total length of 4.75 in (12 cm).
Distribution and habitat
The Bleeding Shiner is endemic to Missouri and Arkansas where it is restricted to the Ozark Plateau of Missouri and northeast Arkansas. Bleeding shiner inhabits Ozark-draining tributaries of the Missouri River and the St. Francis, Black, Little, and Meramec Rivers.
Bleeding shiners inhabit temperate climate regions.
Bleeding shiners prefer clear, gravel-bottomed streams and rivers. They have (very rarely) been found in streams with beds of mud, however. They are a demersal fish, they prefer to live close to the bed of the rivers and steams they inhabit. The young tend to inhabit waters that are quieter and flow more gently than the adult shiners.
See sidebar
Diet
The bleeding shiner feeds upon insects and small invertebrates that can be found upon the water's surface or that are being carried by the current. Bleeding shiners have terminal oblique mouths that allow for them to easily eat food from the surface of the water.
It is thought that the bleeding shiner searches for food primarily by sight because of its large eyes.
Behaviors
Reproduction
Spawning usually occurs over gravel nests and pits that have been made by other fish, namely those of other minnows. Anywhere from a few to a hundred gather in these locations while spawning. Spawning in Missouri occurs from late April to early July, but hits a peak in late May and June. During breeding season, the males present with breeding tubercles that are largest on the head, but also present on the fins and the front of the fish’s body.
Bleeding shiners are oviparous, meaning that the eggs are laid by the mother and then unattended afterwards.
Schooling behavior
Bleeding Shiners are found in communities, in the midwater. They swim together in schools along with other types of minnows for protection and safety. The bleeding shiner prefers to reside in slow flowing streams and rivers that are less than 8 inches deep.
Life history
Bleeding shiners rarely live through three summers. The lifespan of this fish is three years.
Human interest
They are not dangerous to humans. Can be used as bait fish for catching larger, carnivorous sport fish. Since the bleeding shiner has vibrant red fins during breeding season they are commonly used in freshwater aquariums.
Conservation
Trends over the last three generations (10 years) indicates that the population may be slowly declining. This is uncertain, however. It is abundant throughout its range.
Bleeding shiners have been known to invade some areas, such as the Clear Creek system.
References
Luxilus
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish described in 1863
Endemic fish of the United States
Ozarks |
Juliet Bashore (born 31 December 1956) is an American filmmaker. She is best known for her award-winning feature film Kamikaze Hearts (1986), a pseudo-documentary set in the Golden Age of Porn in San Francisco.
Life
Bashore studied English literature and film at the University of California, Santa Cruz and received a Master's degree in directing at the American Film Institute’s Center for Advanced Film and Television Studies. She has been nominated for a Guggenheim Fellowship.
After her studies, Bashore worked as an intern on George Csicsery’s film Television, The Enchanted Mirror (1981). She also worked as a producer and associate producer in San Francisco at Target Video, Videowest and video collective Optic Nerve.
Her film Kamikaze Hearts was shot in 1983 and released in 1986. It was based on the lives of two women lovers, Sharon Mitchell and Tigr Mennett, working in the pornography industry in San Francisco’s Golden Age. Bashore met Mennett while working as a crew member on a pornographic film. Jonathan Rosenbaum called the film "alternately distressing, instructive, contestable, and fascinating".
In 1990 she made The Battle of Tuntenhaus, a documentary film about the radical queer squat Tuntenhaus in (then) East Berlin and its conflict with both Neo-Nazis and the German state. In 1992 she made a film that followed the events of the squat since the Battle of Mainzer Straße. The films became an important document about the autonomous scene in Berlin at the time.
Her production company, Modern Cartoons, based in Venice, Los Angeles, was concentrated on the development of virtual reality hardware and software, and produced a number of groundbreaking works utilizing motion sensor technology including in 1998 the first virtual character (a cartoon doll based on Truman Capote) to appear live in real-time before a television audience, followed by a series for PBS Television, as well as a feature for Miramax Films.
Filmography
Kamikaze Hearts (1986)
The Battle of Tuntenhaus, Part 1 (1990)
The Battle of Tuntenhaus, Part 2 (1992)
The Nervous Breakdown of Philip K. Dick (1996, as “Judy Bee”)
The Seller (1998, associate producer)
References
External links
American women film directors
Living people
American LGBT film directors
1956 births
21st-century American women
20th-century American women
21st-century American LGBT people
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni |
Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 899 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LINC00899 gene.
References
Human proteins |
The Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007 Pro-democracy primary was a primary election held to select a single candidate to represent all the Pan-democrat parties, also referred to as the "pro-democracy camp", in the Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007.
Scope of Pan-democrats
The pro-democracy parties and organisations participating in the coordination were Democratic Party, Civic Party, League of Social Democrats, The Frontier, Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions, Neighbourhood and Workers Service Centre, Civic Act-up, Civil Human Rights Front, Women's Alliance (婦盟) and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood. The selection mechanism was organized by Frederick Fung, Emily Lau, Ronny Tong and Joseph Lee (李國麟).
Selection mechanism
The selection mechanism for the Democrat candidate consisted of a public debate, an opinion poll and primary elections. The weightings were: 50% from the opinion poll, 30% from the 300 delegates, 10% from Legislative Councillors and 10% from District Councillors.
a debate was held at the University of Hong Kong on 24 September.
after the debate, the 25 pro-democracy Legislative Councilors, the 28 pro-democracy Hong Kong Island District Councillors and 300 delegates (30 each from the 10 organisations) participated in a primary election.
an opinion poll of at least 1000 eligible voters was carried out by HKU POP between 25 and 29 September.
The debate format is based on those held for the 2007 Chief Executive election. University professors Ma Ngok (馬嶽), Chan Kin-man (陳健民) and Benny Tai (戴耀廷) questioned the candidates while culture critic Leung Man-tao (梁文道) acted as moderator. One hundred members of the public participated and asked questions. The debate was broadcast live on television and radio. Rev. Chu Yiu-ming (朱耀明) acted as the returning officer for the voting.
The selection mechanism cost an estimated HK$140,000, with the result announced on 30 September.
Chan won the primary by a clear margin, with 77.3 points compared with Lo's 22.7 points.
References
Primary elections in Hong Kong
2007 elections in China
2007 in Hong Kong |
Abdulrahman Mussa is a Kuwaiti football midfielder who played for Kuwait in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup.
References
Living people
Kuwaiti men's footballers
Kuwait men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
1981 births
Kuwait Premier League players
Al-Nasr SC (Kuwait) players
Al-Salmiya SC players
Qadsia SC players |
The Peña Capeña is a French aerobatic amateur-built aircraft that was designed by competitive aerobatic pilot Louis Peña of Dax, Landes and made available in the form of plans for amateur construction.
Design and development
The Capeña features a cantilever low-wing, a single seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.
The Capeña is made from wood. Its span wing has an area of and mounts flaps. The standard recommended engines is the Lycoming AEIO-360 four-stroke powerplant.
The aircraft was later developed into the two seat Peña Bilouis.
Specifications (Capeña)
References
External links
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft |
Going on Record is a self-released album by the American vocalist, pianist and songwriter Oleta Adams and was released in 1983. It is her second one after the 1982 Untitled album.
The album was recorded live, from a performance at the Kansas City Music Hall on July 30, 1983. Adams would re-record 3 of her original songs on the album, "Don't Look Too Closely", "I've Gotta Sing My Song" and "You Won't Get Away", on later albums when she signed to major label Fontana Records.
Track listing
Personnel
Oleta Adams - lead vocals, piano
Walter Bryant - piano, synthesizer
Gordon Twist - piano, backing vocals
Carolyn Nelson, Eugene Williams - backing vocals
Lee Jones - bass guitar
John Cushon - drums
Production
Curtis Pickering : Producer
Chris Bauer: Engineer
1983 albums
Oleta Adams albums |
The Swedish wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden, themselves territories immediately beneath the emperor. Sweden was able to gain some territory, but despite forcing a formal oath of allegiance on Bremen, did not gain control of the town.
Background
When in 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War, the parties agreed that the prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden were to become dominions of Sweden. The peace treaty had been prepared at a congress throughout the final years of the war.
During the negotiations, several mostly Hanseatic cities requested that they become Imperial cities, with only Bremen being successful: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor accepted Bremen as a Free imperial city in 1646. A respective document was signed in Linz on 1 June, with the aim of preventing Sweden from gaining the city. In turn Bremen, among other concessions, paid about 100.000 talers. Owing to Swedish diplomatic efforts however, the text of the 1648 treaty did not determine whether or not Bremen was to be included in the future Swedish dominion.
The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, northerly and easterly neighbouring the city's territory, had been occupied by Sweden since 1646/47. Swedish forces had then expelled the forces of Prince-Archbishop Frederick II, Prince of Denmark, officiating from 1637 to 1648. On 18 February 1647, the emperor accepted Sweden's annexation of the prince-archbishopric's territory as a secularized duchy.
After the war a dispute about custom collection between Bremen and the emperor led to the latter imposing an Imperial ban on the city in 1652/53. Sweden, which had never accepted Bremen's Imperial immediacy, attacked in 1654.
First war (1654)
Swedish forces commanded by Hans Kristofer von Königsmark occupied part of the territory held by the city, but did not attack the city itself. Bremen recruited mercenaries and strengthened its defensive works. Without engaging in any major confrontation, the parties agreed on the on 28 November. It was agreed that Sweden kept occupied Bederkesa and Lehe, and Bremen had to pledge allegiance to the Swedish king Charles X Gustav. Bremen did so on 6 December.
Second war (1666)
In 1665, Bremen refused to pledge allegiance to Charles X Gustav's successor, Charles XI of Sweden. In March, the Swedish riksråd decided to wage war. Thereupon, 12,000 Swedish troops were transferred to the Duchy of Bremen by the end of the year. In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army, which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops. By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.
The Swedish chancellor of Bremen-Verden, Esaias von Pufendorf, went to the court in Paris to build an alliance with France. The Swedish position was that France had to intervene on the Swedish side, since Bremen was Swedish according to the Peace of Westphalia, of which France was a guarantor. Pufendorf was, however, told by Hugues de Lionne that France would not hesitate to declare openly that she read the treaty as Bremen being an Imperial city, rather than provoke a new great war with the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic with an assault Sweden and France could hardly win. Lionne said Sweden would be better off waiting for a situation when the Dutch and the neighboring German principalities were weak, and then take the city of Bremen by surprise.
The city of Bremen on the other side was successful in gathering allies, most notably Brunswick-Lüneburg (Celle) and the Electorate of Cologne, who raised a relief army. Brandenburg, Denmark and the Dutch Republic joined the anti-Swedish alliance. Wrangel failed to take the city, and initiated negotiations at his headquarters in Habenhausen. On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed: Swedish Bremen-Verden was obliged to destroy the fortresses built close to the city. Bremen had to dispense with its status as an Imperial city during the contemporary sessions of the Imperial Diet, which were scheduled to last until the end of the 17th century. Bremen was also banned from emitting representatives to the Diet of the Lower Saxon Circle. What could not be foreseen at the time of the peace was that the Imperial Diet was to become the "Perpetual Diet of Regensburg", lasting until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river. However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. When in 1700 Charles XII of Sweden asked Bremen-Verden's General Government what to do about Bremen's independence, the General Government recommended to concede its status as a Free Imperial City.
Aftermath
In 1672, Sweden founded Carlsburg at the confluence of the Weser and Geeste rivers to compete with Bremen, but the settlement did not prosper. Sweden later lost all of Bremen-Verden during the Great Northern War (1700–1721).
Sources
References
Bibliography
Wars involving Sweden
History of Bremen (state) |
"Honey, Do You Think I'm Wrong" is a country music song written by Al Dexter and Frankie Marvin, performed by Al Dexter and His Troopers, and released on the Columbia label (catalog no. 36898). In February 1946, it reached No. 2 on the folk chart. It spent eight weeks on the charts and was ranked as the No. 12 record in Billboard's year-end folk juke box chart. It was the "B-side" to "Guitar Polka" which peaked at No. 1.
See also
Billboard Most-Played Folk Records of 1946
References
American country music songs
1946 songs
Songs written by Al Dexter |
Chugunlu is a village in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan.
It is suspected that this village has undergone a name change or no longer exists, as no Azerbaijani website mentions it under this name.
References
Populated places in Shamkir District |
The Royal Dutch Touring Club ANWB (), known simply as ANWB (), is a travelers' association in the Netherlands, supporting all modes of travel. It provides test reports, travel services and roadside assistance and is comparable to the German Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club (ADAC) and the British Automobile Association (AA).
ANWB has over four million members, and is the largest not-for-profit association in the Netherlands.
History
The ANWB was founded on July 1, 1883 in Utrecht by members of the velocipede clubs in The Hague and Haarlem under the name Nederlandsche Vélocipèdisten-Bond. The club then had 200 members. Two years later the name was changed to Algemene Nederlandsche Wielrijders-Bond, where the abbreviation A.N.W.B. comes from. Since the association was formally called 'tourist association' (1905), the letters ANWB no longer have any meaning.
Since the end of the nineteenth century, the association has been concerned not only with cyclists, but also with motorists, hikers, horse riders, motorcyclists, water sports enthusiasts, winter sports enthusiasts and campers. The ANWB had 4.561.335 members in 2018, making it the largest association in the Netherlands.
In addition to selling insurance, travel and testing, there is also the Wegenwacht (founded in 1946), an emergency center and legal assistance activities of the ANWB. The ANWB publishes twelve magazines, including the association magazine, De Kampioen. In addition, the association is a publisher of travel guides. The ANWB also provides signage on local and provincial roads.
Since the end of the eighties, the ANWB has also provided traffic information for regional and national radio stations. In 1998 the ANWB entered into an agreement with the Dutch Public Broadcasting to provide traffic reports on all national public radio stations. In 2006, the traffic information department was downsized due to a reorganization.
The ANWB is important as a lobby organization for Dutch motorists, due to the association's influence on Dutch politics.
Headquarters
The ANWB headquarters is located on the edge of the Clingendael estate, on the border of Wassenaar and The Hague. It comprises the elongated office building and the lower public center, the Rotonde. The headquarters has been on the National Monuments List since 2014.
Wegenwacht
Following the example of the British Automobile Association, the ANWB wanted to start their own roadside assistance service (in the Netherlands more commonly known as a Wegenwacht) in 1939. However, the Second World War prevented the rapid realization of these plans. After the war the ANWB took over 25 Harley-Davidson Liberator motorcycles from the Canadian liberators. On April 15, 1946, the first seven road guards, or Wegenwachters were active. Roadside assistance was immediately popular, mainly because of the poor quality of the cars after the war. In the first year 10,000 cars were serviced (the Netherlands had 30,000 cars at the time). The number of roadside assistance motorcycles had already grown to 70 in 1948, and the 250,000th member was registered in 1951.
Currently, the ANWB Wegenwacht is the largest car breakdown service in the Netherlands. It is also the only breakdown service provider that is allowed to directly repair, or work on cars along the Dutch highways. Other service providers are only allowed to tow cars.
Current activities of the ANWB
The ANWB offers various services for both members and non-members.
Roadside assistance, breakdown assistance;
Emergency center, a control room for personal or vehicle assistance;
Trauma helicopters, the subsidiary ANWB Medical Air Assistance (MAA) offers medical assistance by helicopter in the event of very serious accidents;
Legal aid in the field of mobility, recreation and tourism;
Advice and information in the field of cars, caravans, camping and water sports;
Publisher of travel guides, books, maps and magazines;
Car sales service;
Traffic information for regional and national public radio stations;
Operation of ANWB shops;
Driver's education for professional drivers and private individuals at the Test and Training Center in Lelystad, and in schools;
Vehicle insurance;
Travel through various subsidiaries;
Travel ticket sales;
ANWB Parking, a provider of mobile parking;
ANWB Charging Service: fast charging for electric cars along the highway and at ANWB locations;
ANWB Golf, (digital) golf club.
References
External links
About the organization
1883 establishments in the Netherlands
Clubs and societies in the Netherlands
Transport organisations based in the Netherlands
Organisations based in the Netherlands with royal patronage
Emergency road services |
Nguyễn Trọng Hùng (born 3 October 1997) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a midfielder for V.League 1 club Thanh Hóa.
International career
International goals
Vietnam U-22
Honours
Club
Đông Á Thanh Hóa
Vietnamese National Cup:
Third place : 2022
Champion : 2023
Vietnamese Super Cup:
Champion : 2023
Vietnam U23
Southeast Asian Games: 2019
References
1997 births
Living people
Vietnamese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
V.League 1 players
Competitors at the 2019 SEA Games
SEA Games medalists in football
SEA Games gold medalists for Vietnam
Thanh Hóa FC players |
Callaphididae is a family of true bugs belonging to the order Hemiptera.
Genera:
Bacillaphis Quednau, 1954
Dataiphis Linnaeus, 1995
Nippocallis Matsumura, 1917
Saruallis
Synthripaphis Quednau, 1954
References
Hemiptera
Hemiptera families |
The following television stations operate on virtual channel 7 in the United States:
K04RX-D in Preston, Idaho
K05CF-D in Weaverville, California
K05DQ-D in Burney, etc., California
K05EM-D in Paradise, California
K05FW-D in Girdwood, Alaska
K05GL-D in Coolin, Idaho
K07GQ-D in Cedar City, Utah
K07JO-D in Chelan Butte, Washington
K07OL-D in Kipnuk, Alaska
K07PF-D in Homer, Alaska
K07PG-D in Seward, Alaska
K07QD-D in Hooper Bay, Alaska
K07QX-D in Golovin, Alaska
K07RB-D in Tanana, Alaska
K07RD-D in Savoonga, Alaska
K07RJ-D in Holy Cross, Alaska
K07RK-D in St. Marys, Alaska
K07RU-D in Dot Lake, Alaska
K07RY-D in Chignik, Alaska
K07SS-D in Angoon, Alaska
K07ST-D in Women's Bay, Alaska
K07TH-D in Lime Village, Alaska
K07TK-D in Marshall, Alaska
K07UY-D in Cortez, Colorado
K07ZU-D in Blanding, Monticello, Utah
K07ZY-D in Beaver, etc., Utah
K07AAL-D in Orogrande, New Mexico
K07AAN-D in Santa Maria, California
K08PQ-D in Big Arm/Elmo, Montana
K08PR-D in Missoula, Montana
K08PW-D in Laketown, etc., Utah
K09AI-D in Las Vegas, New Mexico
K09YP-D in Mink Creek, Idaho
K09ZK-D in Long Valley Junction, Utah
K09ZV-D in Helper, Utah
K10CG-D in Aztec, New Mexico
K10LH-D in West Glacier, etc., Montana
K10OA-D in Terrace Lakes, Idaho
K10PW-D in Gallup, New Mexico
K10QY-D in Silver City, New Mexico
K10RH-D in Salina & Redmond, Utah
K10RI-D in Marysvale, Utah
K10RJ-D in Woodland & Kamas, Utah
K10RL-D in East Price, Utah
K10RO-D in Roosevelt, etc., Utah
K11BM-D in Methow, Washington
K11EV-D in Grants, etc., New Mexico
K11KE-D in Woods Bay, Montana
K11VI-D in Elkton, Oregon
K11XD-D in Rural Juab, etc., Utah
K12CV-D in Riverside, Washington
K12JJ-D in Benbow, etc., California
K12LA-D in Kenai, etc., Alaska
K12NH-D in Hobbs, New Mexico
K12OC-D in Red River, New Mexico
K13BA-D in Winthrop-Twisp, Washington
K13IY-D in Leavenworth, Washington
K13OW-D in Baker, Montana
K13PJ-D in Vallecito, Colorado
K13RK-D in Roswell, New Mexico
K13WT-D in Plevna, Montana
K14QC-D in Mexican Hat, Utah
K14RJ-D in Mayfield, Utah
K14RP-D in Leamington, Utah
K14RU-D in Spring Glen, Utah
K14SE-D in McDermitt, Nevada
K15CX-D in Oroville, California
K15GZ-D in Wendover, Utah
K15IO-D in McCall & New Meadows, Idaho
K15KK-D in Mt. Powell, New Mexico
K15KX-D in Circleville, Utah
K16CH-D in Raton, New Mexico
K16HW-D in Evanston, etc., Wyoming
K16IE-D in Coos Bay, Oregon
K16II-D in Hilldale, Utah
K16JE-D in Glenns Ferry, Idaho
K16LU-D in Caballo, New Mexico
K16LY-D in Childress, Texas
K16MB-D in Hatch, Utah
K17DA-D in Lake Havasu City, Arizona
K17EV-D in Omak, Washington
K17JW-D in Romeo, Colorado
K17KF-D in Cambridge, Idaho
K17KR-D in Winthrop, Washington
K17MU-D in Rural Sevier County, Utah
K17MZ-D in Torrey, Utah
K17NA-D in Panguitch, Utah
K17NB-D in Henrieville, Utah
K17ND-D in Koosharem, Utah
K17NH-D in Sterling, Colorado
K17NL-D in Enterprise, Utah
K17NP-D in Columbia, etc., Utah
K17NY-D in Fruitland, Utah
K18FR-D in Newport, Oregon
K18IT-D in Green River, Utah
K18KI-D in Baker City, Oregon
K18MH-D in Rural Garfield, Utah
K18MO-D in Worthington, Minnesota
K18MX-D in Orangeville, etc., Utah
K18NC-D in Malad, Idaho
K18NH-D in Puyallup, Washington
K18NI-D in Point Pulley, etc., Washington
K19CM-D in Farmington, New Mexico
K19EI-D in Pacific C/Cloverdale, Oregon
K19EU-D in Winnemucca, Nevada
K19HA-D in Navajo Mtn. Sch., etc., Utah
K19HB-D in Oljeto, Utah
K19IG-D in Mexican Hat, etc., Utah
K19JJ-D in Vale, Oregon
K19JZ-D in Carlsbad, New Mexico
K19KE-D in Jolly, Texas
K19LZ-D in Las Cruces & Organ, New Mexico
K19ML-D in Wray, Colorado
K20FS-D in Peetz, Colorado
K20GH-D in Milford, etc., Utah
K20GK-D in Pleasant Valley, Colorado
K20ID-D in Kingman, Arizona
K20NU-D in Tabiona & Myton, Utah
K21AM-D in Ninilchick, etc., Alaska
K21EI-D in Beryl/Modena, etc., Utah
K21FF-D in Holyoke, Colorado
K21IL-D in Apple Valley, Utah
K21IX-D in Montezuma Creek/Aneth, Utah
K21KA-D in Ferndale, Montana
K21KC-D in Bluff, etc., Utah
K21LR-D in Alamogordo, New Mexico
K21MS-D in La Grande, Oregon
K21MU-D in Summit County, Utah
K21OF-D in Tucumcari, New Mexico
K22FW-D in Mount Pleasant, Utah
K22IP-D in Virgin, Utah
K22IX-D in Mayfield, Utah
K22LW-D in Orderville, Utah
K22ME-D in Deming, New Mexico
K23DE-D in Childress, Texas
K23GR-D in Preston, Idaho
K23IS-D in Ridgecrest, etc., California
K23JD-D in Colfax, New Mexico
K23JY-D in Huntington, Utah
K23KP-D in Fishlake Resort, Utah
K23KY-D in Council, Idaho
K23MU-D in Bridgeport, Washington
K23NM-D in Sandpoint, Idaho
K24DK-D in Bullhead City, Arizona
K24IV-D in Farmington, New Mexico
K24IX-D in Turkey, Texas
K24JN-D in Lewiston, Idaho
K24NH-D in Durango, Colorado
K25PI-D in Kasilof, Alaska
K25PT-D in Sargents, Colorado
K26DE-D in Bozeman, Montana
K26FP-D in Idalia, Colorado
K26IC-D in Bremerton, Washington
K26JO-D in Guymon, Oklahoma
K26LJ-D in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
K26NJ-D in Powers, Oregon
K26OZ-D in Everett, Washington
K27JT-D in Fillmore, etc., Utah
K27NH-D in Morgan, etc., Utah
K28ER-D in Dulce & Lumberton, New Mexico
K28JR-D in Wanship, Utah
K28NX-D in Montoya & Newkirk, New Mexico
K28OF-D in Memphis, Texas
K28OT-D in Coalville, Utah
K28OW-D in Parowan/Enoch, etc., Utah
K29EG-D in Milton, etc., Oregon
K29IA-D in Centralia, etc., Washington
K29IT-D in Gateview, Colorado
K29MH-D in Kanab, Utah
K29ML-D in Kanarraville/New Harmony, Utah
K29NB-D in Cascade, Idaho
K29NF-D in Anton, Colorado
K30DT-D in Flagstaff, Arizona
K30JQ-D in Carbondale, Colorado
K30KV-D in Crownpoint, New Mexico
K30MJ-D in Libby, Montana
K30OF-D in Baker Valley, Oregon
K30OL-D in Washington, etc., Utah
K30OX-D in Montpelier, Idaho
K31DS-D in Coolin, Idaho
K31EI-D in Cedar Canyon, Utah
K31HC-D in Quanah, Texas
K31KB-D in Deming, New Mexico
K31KJ-D in Big Springs, Texas
K31LC-D in Nephi, Utah
K31MK-D in Lawton, Oklahoma
K31NK-D in Peoa, Oakley, Utah
K31NU-D in Hanksville, Utah
K31OB-D in Randolph, Utah
K31OC-D in Broken Bow, Nebraska
K31OV-D in Clarendon, Texas
K31PH-D in Crested Butte, Colorado
K32HA-D in Bonners Ferry, Idaho
K32HH-D in Kalispell, Montana
K32IS-D in Henefer, etc., Utah
K32MC-D in Baker Flats Area, Washington
K32MI-D in Delta/Oak City, etc., Utah
K32MW-D in Logan, Utah
K32NC-D in Toquerville, Utah
K32NI-D in Clear Creek, Utah
K33FT-D in Manti/Ephraim, Utah
K33FX-D in Heber/Midway, Utah
K33IY-D in Le Chee, etc., Arizona
K33JW-D in Rockville/Springdale, Utah
K33LA-D in Duchesne, Utah
K33MW-D in Mankato, Minnesota
K33PN-D in Ferron, Utah
K33OL-D in Fremont, Utah
K33OO-D in Antimony, Utah
K33OQ-D in Escalante, Utah
K33PJ-D in Emery, Utah
K33PK-D in Green River, Utah
K34AI-D in La Pine, Oregon
K34CR-D in Alamogordo, etc., New Mexico
K34IY-D in Boulder, Utah
K34JD-D in Manila, etc., Utah
K34MG-D in Garden Valley, Idaho
K34NN-D in Brewster & Pateros, Washington
K34NW-D in Rural Garfield County, Utah
K34OF-D in Caineville, Utah
K34OJ-D in Park City, Utah
K34ON-D in Samak, Utah
K35GD-D in Golconda, Nevada
K35GG-D in Huntsville, etc., Utah
K35IJ-D in Hanna & TAbiona, Utah
K35IQ-D in Vernal, etc., Utah
K35IR-D in Garrison, etc., Utah
K35JJ-D in Scofield, Utah
K35JK-D in Fountain Green, Utah
K35NK-D in Cannonville, Utah
K36CC-D in Tulia, Texas
K36DK-D in Joplin, Montana
K36JX-D in Many Farms, Arizona
K36KD-D in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico
K36LF-D in Taos, New Mexico
K36NO-D in Alton, etc., Utah
K36OY-D in Sterling, Colorado
K36PI-D in Livingston, etc., Montana
K36PS-D in Julesburg, Colorado
K36PT-D in Haxtun, Colorado
K39GH-D in Quanah, Texas
K46KI-D in Woody Creek, Colorado
K49IT-D in Hagerman, Idaho
K49KV-D in Stemilt, etc., Washington
KABC-TV in Los Angeles, California
KAII-TV in Wailuku, Hawaii
KAIL in Fresno, California
KAKM in Anchorage, Alaska
KATV in Little Rock, Arkansas
KAZT-CD in Phoenix, Arizona
KAZT-TV in Prescott, Arizona
KBHO-LD in Richmond, Texas
KBND-LP in Bend, Oregon
KBNZ-LD in Bend, Oregon
KBSH-DT in Hays, Kansas
KBZK in Bozeman, Montana
KDNU-LD in Las Vegas, Nevada
KETV in Omaha, Nebraska
KEVN-LD in Rapid City, South Dakota
KGO-TV in San Francisco, California
KHQA-TV in Hannibal, Missouri
KHXL-LD in Huntsville, Texas
KIRO-TV in Seattle, Washington
KJJC-LD in Helena, Montana
KJRR in Jamestown, North Dakota
KKTM-LD in Altus, Oklahoma
KLTV in Tyler, Texas
KMGH-TV in Denver, Colorado
KMNE-TV in Bassett, Nebraska
KMNF-LD in St. James, Minnesota
KOAC-TV in Corvallis, Oregon
KOAM-TV in Pittsburg, Kansas
KOAT-TV in Albuquerque, New Mexico
KONC in Alexandria, Minnesota
KOSA-TV in Odessa, Texas
KOTA-TV in Rapid City, South Dakota
KOTR-LD in Monterey, California
KPLC in Lake Charles, Louisiana
KPTN-LD in St. Louis, Missouri
KQCD-TV in Dickinson, North Dakota
KRCR-TV in Redding, California
KRMF-LD in Reno, Nevada
KSPS-TV in Spokane, Washington
KSWO-TV in Lawton, Oklahoma
KTBC in Austin, Texas
KTFT-LD in Twin Falls, Idaho
KTNL-TV in Sitka, Alaska
KTTM in Huron, South Dakota
KTTW in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
KTVB in Boise, Idaho
KUED in Salt Lake City, Utah
KVIA-TV in El Paso, Texas
KVII-TV in Amarillo, Texas
KVYE in El Centro, California
KWWL in Waterloo, Iowa
KZCO-LD in Denver, Colorado
KZFC-LD in Windsor, Colorado
KZTC-LD in San Diego, California
W02AT-D in Burnsville, North Carolina
W04AG-D in Garden City, etc., Virginia
W07BP-D in Ocala, Florida
W07DD-D in Champaign, Illinois
W08AT-D in Cherokee, North Carolina
W08BF-D in Spruce Pine, North Carolina
W09AF-D in Sylva, North Carolina
W09AG-D in Franklin, North Carolina
W10AD-D in Montreat, North Carolina
W10AJ-D in Greenville, South Carolina
W11AN-D in Bryson City, North Carolina
W15EL-D in Mars Hill, North Carolina
W18EP-D in Weaverville, North Carolina
W21DS-D in Sayner/Vilas County, Wisconsin
W23ES-D in Marshall, North Carolina
W23EY-D in Canton, North Carolina
W25ED-D in Albany, Georgia
W25EM-D in Columbus, Georgia
W25FW-D in Columbus, Georgia
W32FI-D in Brevard, North Carolina
W35DT-D in Beaver Dam, North Carolina
WABC-TV in New York, New York
WBBJ-TV in Jackson, Tennessee
WCIQ in Mount Cheaha, Alabama
WDAM-TV in Laurel, Mississippi
WDBJ in Roanoke, Virginia
WEFG-LD in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
WGBS-LD in Carrollton, Virginia
WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts
WHIO-TV in Dayton, Ohio
WITN-TV in Washington, North Carolina
WITV in Charleston, South Carolina
WJCT in Jacksonville, Florida
WJHG-TV in Panama City, Florida
WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C.
WKBW-TV in Buffalo, New York
WKNX-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee
WLS-TV in Chicago, Illinois
WPBN-TV in Traverse City, Michigan
WSAW-TV in Wausau, Wisconsin
WSPA-TV in Spartanburg, South Carolina
WSTE-DT in Ponce, Puerto Rico
WSVN in Miami, Florida
WTME-LD in Bruce, Mississippi
WTNG-CD in Lumberton-Pembroke, North Carolina
WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
WTVW in Evansville, Indiana
WVII-TV in Bangor, Maine
WVUA-CD in Tuscaloosa/Northport, Alabama
WWNY-TV in Carthage, New York
WXVO-LD in Pascagoula, Mississippi
WXYZ-TV in Detroit, Michigan
The following stations, which are no longer licensed, formerly operated on virtual channel 7:
K07QU-D in Shaktoolik, Alaska
K07QV-D in Hoonah, Alaska
K07RC-D in Fort Yukon, Alaska
K07RZ-D in Crooked Creek, Alaska
K10BB-D in Ardenvoir, Washington
K11MU-D in Paradise Valley, Nevada
K14OL-D in Granite Falls, Minnesota
K29AA-D in Kalispell/Whitefish, Montana
K30FL-D in Port Angeles, Washington
K31BZ-D in Wellington, Texas
K33CQ-D in Canadian, Texas
K34OG-D in Little America, etc., Wyoming
K39AN-D in New Mobeetie, Texas
K41MX-D in Perryton, Texas
K42CF-D in Gruver, Texas
K42CR-D in Tucumcari, New Mexico
K44CG-D in Capulin, etc., New Mexico
K45AU-D in Follett, Texas
K48JH-D in Capulin, etc., New Mexico
K48MH-D in Roswell, New Mexico
K50NL-D in Lowry, South Dakota
KCCO-TV in Alexandria, Minnesota
KFYF in Fairbanks, Alaska
KJCW in Sheridan, Wyoming
KQFW-LD in Dallas, Texas
KSWX-LD in Duncan, Oklahoma
WNGA-LD in Salisbury, Maryland
References
07 virtual |
The Bloc for Social Democracy (, BSD) was a political party in Benin led by Michel Magnide.
History
In the 1991 parliamentary elections the party ran in an alliance with the Alliance for Social Democracy. The alliance received 3.5% of the vote, winning three seats.
It contested the 1999 elections as part of the UDES Alliance, alongside the Democratic Union for Economic and Social Development, the MCP, the CND and the National Salvation Front. The alliance failed to win a seat.
References
Defunct political parties in Benin |
The Juazeiro River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Bahia
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Bahia |
Albert Newton is the name of:
Albert Newton (footballer) (born 1894), English footballer
Bert Newton (born 1938), Australian media personality
Albert Newton (bowls), Australian lawn bowler |
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