text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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South Korea competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.
Medalists
Swimming
South Korea qualified 18 swimmers.
Men
Women
Synchronised swimming
South Korea has qualified 2 athletes in synchronised swimming.
Women
References
2011 in South Korean sport
Nations at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships
2011 |
is a 2003 action game developed and released by Asmik Ace Entertainment exclusively in Japan for the GameCube on April 10, 2003. A PlayStation 2 version was released on July 8, 2004.
References
2003 video games
Action games
Asmik Ace Entertainment games
DX
GameCube games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation 2 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
ja:ドカポンシリーズ |
Stogi () is one of the administrative districts (dzielnica administracyjna) of the city of Gdańsk, Poland. The district is the central part of the Port Island (Wyspa Portowa).
Location
The north of the quarter is bordered by the Bay of Gdańsk. From the east, it is bordered by the district of Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie, from the south by Rudniki and from the west by Przeróbka.
From the south it is bordered by the Dead Vistula (one branch of the Vistula river).
History
Heubude became a seaside resort by end of the 19th century. In 1914 it became part of the city of Danzig and in 1927 a tramway was built.
Gdańsk refinery and the shipyard Stocznia Jachtowa are located in the south. The exterior port of Gdańsk is located in the north: Port Północny (northern port since 1970) with coal terminal (1974), Naftoport with oil (1975) and LPG terminal (1998). DCT Gdańsk, the Deepwater Container Terminal was opened in October 2007.
Stogi-Przeróbka (Stogi z Przeróbką) had been an administrative district with a population of 18,614. In 2010 Przeróbka, famous for the Westerplatte, became an independent district.
Tourism
Tourist attractions:
Stogi beach
Gdańsk Port Północny Lighthouse, 61 meters – not open for the public .
References
External links
Podział administracyjny Gdańska (Polish)
gedanopedia.pl: Stogi (Polish)
Districts of Gdańsk |
Lawrence Palmer Taylor (born April 18, 1940) was sworn in as the second U.S. Ambassador to Estonia in July 1995 and took up his posting in Tallinn in August 1995.
Early life and career
Ambassador Taylor was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 18, 1940.
Prior to his ambassadorship, he had served since 1992 as Director of the Foreign Service Institute/National Foreign Affairs Training Center at its new campus in Arlington, Virginia.
Ambassador Taylor joined the Foreign Service in 1969 and was posted as vice consul in Santo Domingo. He then served as staff assistant in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs from 1971–1972, becoming consul in Zagreb, Yugoslavia in 1973. Moving to the embassy in Belgrade, he served there for three years as economic officer. In 1977 he was stationed in Jakarta, Indonesia as energy attaché, moving to the embassy in Ottawa as economic officer from 1980–1984. He then served as economic counselor in London until 1989, returning for a second tour in Ottawa as economic minister from 1989–1992.
Ambassador Taylor graduated from Ohio University and received a master's degree from American University and another from Harvard in addition to spending a year at the National Defense University at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. His foreign languages are Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian. He was awarded the State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1995 and holds two Superior Honor Awards and three senior performance pay awards.
Personal life
Ambassador Taylor is married to Lynda Gorham Taylor and has two daughters and one son. He lives in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Estonia
People from Cleveland
Ohio University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
American expatriates in the Dominican Republic
American expatriates in Yugoslavia
American expatriates in Bulgaria
American expatriates in Indonesia
American expatriates in Canada |
The Douglas XT-30 was a proposed American military advanced trainer. It was never built.
Design and development
Intended to replace the North American T-6 Texan, the XT-30 was designed in 1948 for a United States Air Force competition. The design had an Wright R-1300 radial mounted amidships behind the cockpit (in the fashion of the P-39), in a rather squared-off fuselage. The R-1300 drove a three-bladed propeller by way of an extension shaft (driveshaft). The XT-30 design seated pilot and pupil in tandem, under a framed greenhouse canopy and had a straight low wing.
Competing against the North American T-28 Trojan, the more complex XT-30 was not selected for production and none were built.
Specifications (projected)
See also
North American T-28 Trojan
References
Notes
Bibliography
Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920. London : Putnam, 1979.
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
T-030
Mid-engined aircraft |
Horse of the Year is the most prestigious honor in Thoroughbred horse racing given by racing organizations in a variety of countries around the world.
In Hong Kong, the voting for Horse of the Year is organized by the Hong Kong Jockey Club as part of its annual Hong Kong Jockey Club Champion Awards. The Judging Panel consists of six members from the Hong Kong Jockey Club and the Association of Hong Kong Racing Journalists. Past winners of the award include:
2022-23: Golden Sixty
2021-22: Golden Sixty
2020-21: Golden Sixty
2019-20: Exultant
2018-19: Beauty Generation
2017-18: Beauty Generation
2016-17: Rapper Dragon
2015-16: Werther
2014-15: Able Friend
2013-14: Designs On Rome
2012-13: Military Attack
2011-12: Ambitious Dragon
2010-11: Ambitious Dragon
2009-10: Sacred Kingdom
2008-09: Viva Pataca
2007-08: Good Ba Ba
2006-07: Vengeance of Rain
2005-06: Bullish Luck
2004-05: Silent Witness
2003-04: Silent Witness
2002-03: Grand Delight
2001-02: Electronic Unicorn
2000-01: Fairy King Prawn
1999-00: Fairy King Prawn
1998-99: Indigenous
1997-98: Oriental Express
1996-97: Privilege
1995-96: Mr Vitality
1994-95: Makarpura Star
1993-94: River Verdon
1992-93: Helene Star
1991-92: River Verdon
1990-91: River Verdon
1989-90: Quicken Away
1988-89: Quicken Away
1987-88: Top Grade
1986-87: Flying Dancer
1985-86: Yuno When
1984-85: Mystic
1983-84: Co-Tack
1982-83: Co-Tack
1981-82: Football
1980-81: Silver Lining
1979-80: Top Gain
1978-79: Silver Lining
1977-78: Silver Lining
References
Champion Awards at the Hong Kong Jockey Club website
Horse racing awards |
The inverse care law is the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served. Proposed by Julian Tudor Hart in 1971, the term has since been widely adopted. It is considered a landmark publication in the history of The Lancet. The name is a pun on inverse-square law, a term and concept from physics.
The law states that:
"The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. This ... operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, and less so where such exposure is reduced."
Hart later paraphrased his argument: "To the extent that health care becomes a commodity it becomes distributed just like champagne. That is rich people get lots of it. Poor people don’t get any of it."
The Inverse Care Law is a key issue in debates about the provision of health care and health inequality. As Frank Dobson put it when he was United Kingdom Secretary of State for Health: "Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that you'll die sooner because you're badly off."
See also
Health policy
Inverse benefit law
Patient safety
Public health
References
Further reading
Health economics
Social inequality
Public health
Determinants of health
Adages |
```ruby
class GithubRepo < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :user
serialize :info_hash, Hash
validates :name, :url, :github_id_code, presence: true
validates :url, url: true, uniqueness: true
validates :github_id_code, uniqueness: true
scope :featured, -> { where(featured: true) }
before_destroy :clear_caches
after_save :clear_caches
# Update existing repository or create a new one with given params.
# Repository is searched by either GitHub ID or URL.
def self.upsert(user, **params)
repo = user.github_repos
.where(github_id_code: params[:github_id_code])
.or(where(url: params[:url]))
.first
repo ||= new(params.merge(user_id: user.id))
repo.update(params)
repo
end
def self.update_to_latest
ids = where(updated_at: ...26.hours.ago).ids.map { |id| [id] }
GithubRepos::RepoSyncWorker.perform_bulk(ids)
end
private
def clear_caches
return if user.blank?
user.touch
cache_bust = EdgeCache::Bust.new
cache_bust.call(user.path)
cache_bust.call("#{user.path}?i=i")
cache_bust.call("#{user.path}/?i=i")
end
end
``` |
Bubup, or HD 38283, is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. With an magnitude of 6.70, its invisible to the naked eye but can be seen with binoculars. Bubup is located relatively close at a distance of 124 light-years but is recceding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
Nomelaculture
The star was given the name "Bubup", the Boonwurrung word for "child", by the IAU, chosen by representatives of Australia for the 2019 NameExoWorlds contest.
Properties
Bubup has a stellar classification of F9.5 V, indicating that it is an ordinary late F-type main-sequence star just shy of being a G-type main-sequence star. At present it has 137% the mass of the Sun and 149% the radius of the Sun. It shines at about double the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , which gives it a yellow glow. Unlike most planetary hosts, Bubup is metal-deficient with an iron abundance 66% that of the Sun and is older than the latter with an age of about 7 billion years. Currently, it spins leisurely with a projected rotational velocity of about .
A survey in 2015 has ruled out the existence of any stellar companions at projected distances above .
Planetary system
On April 11, 2011, a Saturnian planet, Yanyan (HD 38283 b), was discovered in an Earth-like 363-day orbit. Yanyan itself turns out to be unable to host habitable exomoons, both because of its significant eccentricity (for the single eccentric planet solution), and because of the overluminosity of its host star compared to the Sun.
See also
List of extrasolar planets detected by radial velocity
References
Mensa (constellation)
038283
026380
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Durchmusterung objects
TIC objects |
Armando Silvestre Carrascosa (born January 28, 1926) is a Mexican-American actor.
Life and career
Silvestre was born on January 28, 1926 in San Diego, California, but he is originally from Tijuana, Mexico. He dropped out of college in order to pursue a career in bullfighting, but turned to acting after being badly gored by a bull.
In 1960, Silvestre starred in Las rosas del milagro, a historical drama set during the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Silvestre was firstly married to Leonor Plaza, a Venezuelan woman, but later divorced. He later married artistic representative Blanca Estela Limon, and as of 2011, was living in California.
Selected filmography
Films
Lola Casanova (1948)
Here Comes Martin Corona (1952)
Hiawatha (1952)
Rossana (1953)
Take Me in Your Arms (1954)
White Orchid (1955)
Invincible Guns (1960)
The Miracle Roses (1960)
Santo Contra los Zombis (1961)
Geronimo (1962)
Kings of the Sun (1963)
The Scalphunters (1968)
Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970)
Midnight Dolls (1979)
Television
References
External links
1926 births
Living people
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican male television actors |
The Nyandeni Local Municipality council consists of sixty-four members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirty-two councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirty-two wards, while the remaining thirty-two are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of fifty-one seats.
Results
The following table shows the composition of the council after past elections.
December 2000 election
The following table shows the results of the 2000 election.
March 2006 election
The following table shows the results of the 2006 election.
May 2011 election
The following table shows the results of the 2011 election.
August 2016 election
The following table shows the results of the 2016 election.
November 2021 election
The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.
References
Nyandeni
Elections in the Eastern Cape
OR Tambo District Municipality |
Ancylonotopsis parvus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1938.
References
Ancylonotini
Beetles described in 1938 |
Portela () is a former civil parish in the municipality of Loures, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Moscavide e Portela.
History
In toponymic terms, Portela gets its name from two Portuguese definitions: portela is derived from a corruption of the Latin or , which means "small door" or "entryway"", since it can be considered the access to Lisbon (and/or south part of the Tagus estuary); the term portela is also, literally "a point where a road or street forms a bend or angle, ordinarily in a bottleneck or tributary"". Geographically, the second statement is also true, since the parish's northern limits are cornered by two important bends (Avenida Infante Dom Henriques-IC17 and IC17-A1).
Portela's masterplan was deeply inspired by Swiss architect Le Corbusier's utopian scheme of "A Contemporary City for 3 Million People" (1922), and its urbanism based on the premise of a modern architecture that was exposed it to the maximum levels of sun, air and nature (as stated in the 1933 Athens Charter of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne).
Similarly, in the early part of the 1960s, a development in Buenos Aires had a comparable effect on the future urbanization of Portela; the development was geometric in design, with composite linear roadways around a central centre. In Lisbon, a similar layout was achieved by a New York architect, who was commissioned to construct a development that centred on a large commercial mall in the 1970s (the first of its type to be completed using urban planning concepts in the capital). The idea was to organize apartment blocks around a central commercial structure, in order to create a pole of socio-economic activities. Constituted in 1985, the civil parish of Portela has become a Portuguese reference for urban architecture.
In 1965, a draft plan for the future scheme was approved by the Government, implying the expropriation of five farms which were sharing this parcel of land and supplying Lisbon with agricultural goods. The plan, covering an area of 50 hectares, laid out a vision for a future area with 4500 homes and all sort of social equipments, responding to the big demand of housing for the people who were flocking to the Capital in a high number either from the ex-colonies in Africa or from other parts of the country.
The early residents of the modern Portela were young couples with their children, many returning from the Portuguese Colonies, others liberal professionals such as lawyers, engineers, physicians, or judges and some older politicians, ostensibly from middle- to upper-middle class. The growth of the region was influenced by the youth culture, a bohemian collection of punk, metal, anarchist and others on the vanguard of the youth movement, who would spend time in the Bairro Alto district, ending their nights in Cais do Sodré, Jamaica, Tóquio or Shangrila. As time evolved, the Association of Portela Homeowners, the parish Church and the Junta Freguesia became more active in the activities of the residents. By the 1990s, the youth movement had moved on to areas of Alcântara-Mar, the Kapital or the Kremlin. At this time, the Esplanada da Portela (the main strip), with its open-air green-spaces attracted more of the local residents, and slowly the tennis courts and football field were constructed to fix the local population. As the population continued to age, many married and moved away, although some remained in the region while others moved closer to the river's edge, as the Expo 98 lands were repurposed for residential living.
Geography
Bordering the urban parishes of Moscavide, Sacavém, Prior Velho and the municipality of Lisbon (parish of Santa Maria dos Olivais), Portela includes approximately 20,000 inhabitants in an area of about one km². It is located barely two kilometres from Lisbon's International Airport and at the intersection of two of Portugal's main road axisways: the A1 (Lisbon-Oporto motorway) and A12-IC17 CRIL (Circular Regional Interior de Lisboa) inter-urban ring-roadway (linking it directly to the Vasco da Gama bridge and the southern part of the Tagus estuary. The parish is situated on a gentle slope running west to east forming a slight plateau. Starting from the southern edge of the Seminary of Olivais, the southern border extends east to the on/off-ramps of the Vasco da Gama bridge, then follows the motorway northeast until the intersection of the A1-E1 cloverleaf interchange. The border then follows the A1-E1 west until the interchange at Avenida Mal. Craveiro Lopes, where it bypasses the Avenida Dr. Alfredo Bensaúde, instead following the Estrada da Circunvalação until the Largo dos Bombeiros, before returning to the Seminary. It is several blocks north of the Parque das Nações (), which lies in the neighbouring Santa Maria dos Olivais.
Its demographics identify an area that includes 41% youth, while only 5.6% seniors, indicating a relatively young population; infant natality (130) to mortality (63) from 1997 identifies a community that is growing (1997). Portela is a high-density residential neighborhood situated on the northeastern section of Lisbon's city boundary. It is the home of 11809 people, most of whom commute to Lisbon for work and leisure.
The Commercial Centre of Portela (), hosts one of the higher building in Lisbon, Concórdia (80m), the Church of Cristo Rei da Portela, the Parque Desportivo da Associação dos Moradores da Portela, the Seminary of Olivais and the parks of Almeida Garrett and Descobertas, are examples of the urban social and cultural structures that have attracted residents to the area in the past. The Centro Comercial is situated in the heart of the civil parish, at the former-centre of the communities traditional centre. It was remodelled and reinvigorated to include new shops such as computer and technology, spas, clothing/apparel outlets and shoe shops, in addition to banking. The Church of Cristo Rei da Portela is the pride of the Catholic faith community; erected slowly, through local contributions, it is a significant modern architectural design uncommon to the other Portuguese styles. The parish has a Complex with two pools, that is operated by the municipal company GesLoures. One pool of the Complex (25 x 12,5 meters) is used for swim competitions, training and more advanced classes, while the other (12.5 x 8 metres) is used for more basic swimming classes. The facilities were one of the few buildings to the constructed to be energy efficient, recycling energy, utilizing solar panels and reducing the consume of energy and emissions of carbon dioxide. The Parque Desportivo has three tennis courts and field, an esplanade and a swimming pool. Generally, the parish is a linear alignment of roads, comprising a hundred 10- to 12-storey buildings, that form a rectangle which has a circular shaped shopping centre and a 20-storey tower at its very middle point.
With a large population density (approximately 12430 inhabitants per square kilometre), the parish is equipped with many collective structures including water supplies, sewage treatment, garbage pickup (with access to landfill in Vila Franca de Xira) and recently the canalization of natural gas.
In the northwest corner of the civil parish, on the corner of Avenida do Ralis and the Estrada da Circunvalação, remains a degraded part of this modern civil parish, consisting of dozens of bungalows, abandoned buildings and ruins.
References
External links
Portela Shopping Centre
Former parishes of Loures |
The Standard Project Hurricane, or SPH, was the initial model used to determine how strong the hurricane protection system should be in order to protect the New Orleans, Louisiana area from flooding due to hurricanes.
History
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began developing the model with the Weather Bureau in 1959.
The standard was developed before the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale came into use, and the features of the Standard Project fit poorly with the scale. The wind speed for the project hurricane was just 100 miles per hour, which falls into Category 2; other features more closely resemble a much more severe Category 4. The United States Army Corps of Engineers generally calls it the equivalent of a fast-moving Category 3.
The standard project hurricane became "enshrined within the corps," according to an investigation of the levee failures in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, who noted that "the corps saw little need to go back and reanalyze "the true risks of catastrophic flooding" in New Orleans. Even when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the successor agency to the Weather Bureau, recommended increasing the strength of the model, the corps did not change its construction plans."
Shortcomings
Dr. David Daniel, the chairman of a panel reviewing the corps' investigation, said in an interview, "It was not a terribly sophisticated or detailed analysis by today's standards."
The creators of the standard project hurricane, in an attempt to find a representative storm, actually excluded the fiercest storms from the database.
"Storms like Hurricane Camille in 1969 were taken out of the data set as lying too far out of the norm; the Berkeley researchers noted that 'excluding outlier data is not appropriate in the context of dealing with extreme hazards.' Also, the calculations of the cost-benefit ratio did not take into account the costs of failure, both economic and social, far greater in an urban area like New Orleans than a rural one."
See also
Flood Control Act of 1965
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)
2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
When the Levees Broke (film)
London Avenue Canal
17th Street Canal
Industrial Canal
Reconstruction of New Orleans
Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina
Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina
Political effects of Hurricane Katrina
Levees.org - Non profit in New Orleans holding the Army Corps accountable for their flood protection nationwide
References
Hurricanes in Louisiana |
Ana María Abello (Bogotá, October 4, 1979) is a Colombian actress, recognized mainly for having played Fabiana in the Colombian television series, the popular: Padres e hijos, where her television debut was, on that series in 1998, in the Padres e hijos. Since then, she has participated in well-known television series in her native country such as La Baby Sister, María Madrugada, Francisco el Matemático and La magia de Sofía.
Television
Padres e hijos (1998) — Fabiana
La Baby Sister (2000) — Catalina
María Madrugada (2002) — Judy
El precio del silencio (2002) — Catalina
La venganza (2002 TV series) (2002) — Adoración
Francisco el Matemático (2004) — Mariana
La sucursal del cielo (2007) — Judy
La Magia de Sofia (2010) — Leonor
Infiltrados (2011)
¿Quién mató a Patricia Soler? (2015) —
Films
In Marilyn y un Par de Ases (2000) as Connie.
References
Living people
Colombian actresses
Colombian television actresses
1979 births
Actors from Bogotá |
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" is a song by Neil Sedaka.
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do may also refer to:
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do (film), a 2010 American romantic comedy
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do (musical), a 2006 jukebox musical
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do (in 22 Minutes)", a 1989 episode of Full House |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
namespace AssetBundleBrowser.AssetBundleDataSource
{
internal class ABDataSourceProviderUtility {
private static List<Type> s_customNodes;
internal static List<Type> CustomABDataSourceTypes {
get {
if(s_customNodes == null) {
s_customNodes = BuildCustomABDataSourceList();
}
return s_customNodes;
}
}
private static List<Type> BuildCustomABDataSourceList()
{
var properList = new List<Type>();
properList.Add(null); //empty spot for "default"
var x = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
foreach (var assembly in x)
{
try
{
var list = new List<Type>(
assembly
.GetTypes()
.Where(t => t != typeof(ABDataSource))
.Where(t => typeof(ABDataSource).IsAssignableFrom(t)));
for (int count = 0; count < list.Count; count++)
{
if (list[count].Name == "AssetDatabaseABDataSource")
properList[0] = list[count];
else if (list[count] != null)
properList.Add(list[count]);
}
}
catch (System.Exception)
{
//assembly which raises exception on the GetTypes() call - ignore it
}
}
return properList;
}
}
}
``` |
Archibald Edward Wones Compston (1893 – 8 August 1962) was an English professional golfer. Through the 1920s he built a reputation as a formidable match play golfer, in an era when many professionals made more money from "challenge" matches against fellow pros, or wealthy amateurs, than from tournament golf.
Compston was born in Wolverhampton.
Famously, in 1928, Compston - who had won the British PGA Matchplay Championship in 1925 and 1927 - faced Walter Hagen, who had won the American PGA Championship at match play in the previous four years, in a 72-hole challenge match, and defeated the American 18 & 17. However, when the two met again shortly afterward at The Open Championship at Royal St George's, Hagen prevailed, with Compston placing third.
In 1930, Compston nearly derailed Bobby Jones's bid for the Grand Slam at Hoylake - his third round of 68 took the lead from Jones, but inexplicably his form deserted him in the final round, and Compston shot 82 to finish down the field.
Compston played in the Ryder Cup in 1927, 1929 and 1931, defeating Gene Sarazen on one occasion.
Compston also became notable as perhaps Britain's first "celebrity" professional golfer, becoming a coach to the future Edward VIII. He was the professional at the Wentworth Club from 1945 to 1948, and later at the Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda.
Tournament wins (11)
This list may be incomplete
1925 Leeds Cup, Glasgow Herald Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship
1926 Leeds Cup
1927 Ifield Tournament, British PGA Matchplay Championship
1928 Eastern Open Championship
1929 Roehampton Invitation
1930 Daily Dispatch Southport Tournament
1935 Roehampton Invitation
1945 Yorkshire Evening News Tournament
Results in major championships
Note: Compston only played in The Open Championship and the U.S. Open.
NT = No tournament
DQ = disqualified
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Team appearances
Great Britain vs USA (representing Great Britain): 1926 (winners)
Ryder Cup (representing Great Britain): 1927, 1929 (winners), 1931
France–Great Britain Professional Match (representing Great Britain): 1929 (winners, captain)
England–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners), 1935 (winners)
England–Ireland Professional Match (representing England): 1932 (winners)
References
English male golfers
Ryder Cup competitors for Europe
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
1893 births
1962 deaths |
A civil list is a list of individuals to whom money is paid by the government, typically for service to the state or as honorary pensions. It is a term especially associated with the United Kingdom and its former colonies of Canada, India, New Zealand, Singapore and many more. It was originally defined as expenses supporting the monarch.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Civil List was, until 2011, the annual grant that covered some expenses associated with the Sovereign performing their official duties, including those for staff salaries, state visits, public engagements, ceremonial functions and the upkeep of the Royal Households. The cost of transport and security for the Royal Family, together with property maintenance and other sundry expenses, were covered by separate grants from individual government departments. The Civil List was abolished under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.
History
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the expenses relating to the support of the monarch were largely separated from the ordinary expenses of the state managed by the Exchequer.
In 1697, Parliament under William III fixed the Crown's peacetime revenue at £1,200,000 per year; of this about £700,000 was appropriated towards the Civil List. The sovereigns were expected to use this to defray some of the costs of running the civil government (such as the Civil Service, judges' and ambassadors' salaries) and the payment of pensions, as well as the expenses of the Royal Household and the sovereign's personal expenses. It was from this that the term "Civil List" arose, to distinguish it from the statement of military and naval expenses which were funded through special taxation.
The 1760 accession of George III marked a significant change in royal finances. As his predecessor, George II, had failed to meet all of the specific costs of the civil government in accordance with the previous arrangement, it was decided by the Civil List Act 1760 that George III would surrender the hereditary revenues from the Crown Estate to Parliament for the duration of his reign, and in return Parliament would assume responsibility for most of the costs of the civil government. Parliament would continue to pay the Civil List, which would defray the expenses of the Royal Household and some of the costs of the civil government. George III, however, retained the income from the Duchy of Lancaster.
On the 1830 accession of William IV the sum voted for the Civil List was restricted to the expenses of the Royal Household, removing any residual responsibilities associated with the cost of the civil government. This finally removed any links between the sovereign and the cost of the civil government. On the accession of Queen Victoria, the Civil List Act 1837—which reiterated the principles of the civil list system and specified all prior Acts as in force—was passed. Upon the accession of subsequent monarchs down to Queen Elizabeth II, this constitutional arrangement was confirmed, but the historical term "Civil List" remained even though the grant had nothing to do with the expenses of the civil government.
In 1931 George V decided to eschew the £50,000 due to him from the Civil List as a result of the Great Depression. As Keeper of the Privy Purse, Sir Frederick Ponsonby wrote to Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to say that George had felt it was possible to reject the grant by "exercise of the most rigid economy" and that Queen Mary and other royal family members were "desirous that reductions in these grants should be made during this time of national crisis".
Elizabeth II
The last British monarch to receive Civil List payments was Elizabeth II. The Civil List for her reign lasted from her accession in 1952 until its abolition in 2012. During this period the Queen, as head of state, used the Civil List to defray some of the official expenditure of the monarchy.
Only the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh and the Queen Mother ever received direct funding from the Civil List. The Prince of Wales and his immediate family (the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and Prince Harry) received their income from the Duchy of Cornwall. The state duties and staff of other members of the Royal Family were funded from a parliamentary annuity, the amount of which was fully refunded by the Queen to the Treasury. The Queen's consort (Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh) received £359,000 per year.
The last two decades of the Civil List were marked by surpluses and deficits. Surpluses in the 1991–2000 Civil List caused by low inflation and the efforts of the Queen and her staff to make the Royal Household more efficient led to the accrual of a £35.3 million reserve by late 2000. Consequently, the Civil List was fixed at £7.9 million annually in 2001, the same amount as in 1991, and remained at that level until its abolition. The reserve was then used to make up the shortfall in the Civil List during the subsequent decade. The Civil List Act 1972 allowed the Treasury to review the level of the payment every ten years, but only allowed for increases and not reductions.
The abolition of the Civil List was announced in the spending review statement to the House of Commons on 20 October 2010 by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne. In its place, he said, "the Royal Household will receive a new Sovereign Support Grant linked to a portion of the revenue of the Crown Estate". The Crown Estate is a statutory corporation, run on commercial lines by the Crown Estate Commissioners and generates revenue for HM Treasury every year (an income surplus of £210.7 million for the year ended 31 March 2010). This income is received by the Crown and given to the state as a result of the agreement reached in 1760 that has been renewed at the beginning of each subsequent reign. The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 received royal assent on 18 October 2011. Under this Act, the Sovereign Grant now funds all of the official expenditure of the monarchy, not just the expenditure previously borne by the Civil List.
Civil List pensions
These are pensions traditionally granted by the Sovereign from the Civil List upon the recommendation of the First Lord of the Treasury. The Civil List Act 1837 applied the condition that any new pensions should be "granted to such persons only as have just claims on the royal beneficence or who by their personal services to the Crown, or by the performance of duties to the public, or by their useful discoveries in science and attainments in literature and the arts, have merited the gracious consideration of their sovereign and the gratitude of their country." Famous recipients include William Wordsworth, William Barnes, Geraldine Jewsbury, Margaret Oliphant, Christopher Logue, and Molly Parkin. (Lord Byron is often said to have received a civil list pension, but his mother was the actual recipient.) As of 1911, a sum of £1,200 was allotted each year from the Civil List, in addition to the pensions already in force. From a Return issued in 1908, the total of Civil List pensions payable in that year amounted to £24,665. In the financial year 2012-13 the annual cost of Civil List pensions paid to 53 people was £126,293. New Civil List pensions continue to be awarded occasionally.
Canada
In Canada the civil list was a common term during the pre-confederation period; it referred to the payment for all officials on the government payroll. There was much controversy as to whether the list would be controlled by the governor or by the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly demanded control of all money matters, while the governors worried that if the Assembly was given this power, then certain positions would be delisted. Eventually under the Baldwin-Lafontaine government, a compromise was reached with Lord Elgin.
The term civil list is no longer commonly used to describe the payment of civil servants in Canada, who are covered in the budgets of executive agencies.
India
Civil Services of India civil servant bureaucrats, in a personal capacity, are paid from the Civil List. Senior civil servants may be called to account by Parliament. The civil service system in India is rank-based and does not follow the tenets of the position-based civil services.
Morocco
Article 45 of the 2011 Amended Moroccan Constitution states that the King shall have a civil list. A similar provision was contained in Article 22 of the 1996 Amended Moroccan Constitution.
New Zealand
The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (an enactment of the Parliament of the United Kingdom) granted self-government to the Colony of New Zealand and made provision for sums payable to the monarch. Various Civil List enactments were passed, repealed and replaced over the next hundred years which provided for permanent appropriations of Parliament to fund to the Governor-General, Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers, Members of Parliament and the judiciary. The Civil List Act 1950 provided for salaries and allowances of members of Parliament to be fixed by Order in Council on the recommendation of a royal commission, where previously they had been set at intervals by legislation, and also codified the convention that a Minister of the Crown must be a member of Parliament. It was amended in 1964 to provide for an annuity for former prime ministers and the widows of former prime ministers.
The Civil List Act 1979, succeeding the 1950 Act, was the final enactment of that name. It provided for a Higher Salaries Commission (now known as the Remuneration Authority), an independent salary-setting body for public offices including judges. A standalone Higher Salaries Commission Act 1977 extracted the commission from the Civil List Act. Some parts of the Act were also rehomed into the Constitution Act 1986. A review of the Civil List Act 1979 was undertaken by the Law Commission from 2007 to 2010; eventually the Act was repealed in two stages. The provisions relating to the Governor-General were repealed and replaced by the Governor-General Act 2010 and the remaining provisions were repealed and replaced by the Members of Parliament (Remuneration and Services) Act 2013.
Singapore
The Civil List and Gratuity Act provides a civil list and gratuity for the maintenance of the President of Singapore.
See also
Privy Purse
Privy Purse in India
References
Citations
Further reading
President of Singapore's Salary and Entitlements President of Singapore#Salary and entitlements
External links
BBC Royal Accounts 2002
The price of monarchy: two pints of milk (Stephen Bates, Guardian, 25 June 2004)
Royal financial reports 2003/2004 (royal.gov.uk)
Civil List (royal.gov.uk)
British monarchy
Government finances
Monarchy and money |
Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Overview
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 214 Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bhagabanpur, Kajlagarh, Kotbarh and Shimulia gram panchayats of Bhagabanpur I community development block, Arjunnagar, Basudevberia, Baroj, Itaberia, Jukhia, Mugberia and Radhapur gram panchayats of Bhagabanpur II community development block, and Argoyal and Mathura gram panchayats of Patashpur II community development block.
Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 31 Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency).
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
2021
In the 2021 election, Rabindranath Maity of BJP defeated his nearest rival, Ardhendu Maity of Trinamool Congress.
2016
In the 2016 election, Ardhendu Maity of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Hemangshu Shekhar Mahapatra of Indian National Congress.
2011
In the 2011 election, Ardhendu Maity of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ranajit Manna of SP.
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
1977-2006
In the 2006 and 2001 state assembly elections, Ardhendu Maity of Trinamool Congress won the Bhagabanpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Gour Kanti Bal and Prasanta Pradhan, both of CPI(M), in respective years. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ajit Khanra of Congress defeated Prasanta Pradhan of CPI(M) in 1996. Prasanta Pradhan of CPI(M) defeated Asoktaru Panda of Congress in 1991, Haripada Jana of Congress in 1987 and Ramkrishna Sarkar of Congress in 1982. Haripada Jana of Janata Party defeated Prasanta Pradhan of CPI(M) in 1977.
1957-1972
Amales Jana of Congress won in 1972. Prasanta Kumar Pradhan of CPI(M) won in 1971. Abha Maiti of Congress won in 1969, 1967 and 1962. In 1957 Bhagabanpur had a dual seat. It was won by Basanta Kumar Panda of PSP and Bhikhari Mondal of Congress.
References
Assembly constituencies of West Bengal
Politics of Purba Medinipur district |
Greatest Hits 2.0 is the first compilation album by English pop punk band Busted. It consists of re-recordings of tracks from their first two albums, Busted (2002) and A Present for Everyone (2003), as well as new song "Good One". It was released on 15 September 2023 through Absolute Label Services.
The deluxe version of the album, Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition), features duets of their hits with other pop punk and pop rock artists and bands, as well as a duet with Hanson on "MMMBop 2.0".
Background
Busted released their fourth studio album, Half Way There on 1 February 2019, accompanied by the Half Way There tour. After this, each member of the band pursued solo projects for the next few years: James Bourne released his first solo albums, Safe Journey Home (2020) and Sugar Beach (2022), while Simpson brought out his fourth solo effort, Hope Is a Drug. Willis, meanwhile, continued his acting career, appearing in stage productions such as Waitress and 2:22 A Ghost Story.
On 21 March 2023, the band posted a teaser on their social media platforms for an announcement to be unveiled on 23 March, putting an end to their hiatus. That morning, they announced a 15-date UK tour for September 2023. A single was also announced alongside the tour announcement: "Loser Kid 2.0", a re-recording of a song from their debut album featuring Simple Plan, set to release 14 April. An album of other re-recorded Busted classics featuring other artists, including McFly, All Time Low and Neck Deep, is set to be released as well. After selling out the initial 15-date tour, the band announced 11 additional dates in the UK and Ireland to meet demand, extending the tour until 10 October, making it the biggest UK arena tour of 2023.
On 14 April 2023, Busted released a version of "Loser Kid", the closing track of their 2002 self-titled debut album, titled "Loser Kid 2.0" featuring Canadian band Simple Plan. This version peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. On 5 May 2023, Busted released "Meet You There 2.0", a pop-punk version of their 2003 album track, featuring Welsh rock band Neck Deep. On 26 May 2023, Busted released a cover version of the 1997 Hanson hit "MMMBop", in collaboration with the latter band, titled "MMMBop 2.0". On 23 June 2023, Busted released a version of their 2003 hit "Crashed the Wedding", titled "Crashed the Wedding 2.0", featuring American band All Time Low.
On 24 July 2023, they released a version of their 2003 hit "Year 3000" titled "Year 3000 2.0", featuring the Jonas Brothers on guest vocals and announced that Greatest Hits 2.0, a collaborative album of rerecordings of songs from Busted's first two albums, would be made available for pre-order on 28 July. The track listing was revealed that same day, featuring collaborations with the likes of You Me at Six, Wheatus, James Arthur and Busted's longtime friends McFly.
The album was produced in early 2023 by Phil Gornell in Los Angeles, mixed by Phil Gornell, Zakk Cervini and mastered by Grant Berry.
Track listing
All lyrics and music are written and composed by Charlie Simpson, James Bourne and Matt Willis, except when noted.
Ahead of its original release, pre-order CD copies of the standard edition were misprinted as the Guest Features edition.
Charts
References
2023 compilation albums
Busted (band) albums |
Norwegian Grove Township is a township in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 349 at the 2000 census.
Norwegian Grove Township was organized in 1873. A large share of the early settlers being natives of Norway caused the name to be selected.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.3 km), of which 33.6 square miles (87.0 km) is land and 2.1 square miles (5.3 km) (5.78%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 349 people, 124 households, and 98 families residing in the township. The population density was 10.4 people per square mile (4.0/km). There were 144 housing units at an average density of 4.3/sq mi (1.7/km). The racial makeup of the township was 99.43% White, 0.29% Native American, and 0.29% from two or more races.
There were 124 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 16.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.16.
In the township the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $28,571, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the township was $12,029. About 20.4% of families and 23.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.9% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Related Reading
Estensen, Gene War Comes to Norwegian Grove (Telelaget of America)
Townships in Otter Tail County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota |
Tang Liang Hong (; born 1935) is a politician and lawyer from Singapore.
Tang stood as a candidate for the opposition Workers' Party in the Cheng San Group Representation Constituency at the 1997 general election. The Workers' Party team in the constituency was defeated by the team from the governing People's Action Party (PAP) by 45.2% to 54.8%.
Education
Tang started his formal education only at the age of 13, when he began attending Yeung Ching Primary School in 1949. He graduated from high school in 1957. He then began studying at Nanyang University in 1962 and moved to the University of Singapore the following year. He graduated in 1967 and joined the bar a year later at the age of 38.
Career
Tang served for several years as the Chairman of the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, and also sat on the board of management of The Chinese High School and Hwa Chong Junior College.
Political career
Tang stood as a candidate for the Workers' Party in a five-member team for Cheng San Group Representation Constituency at the 1997 general election. The party's team in the constituency also included the party's leader, former Member of Parliament J.B. Jeyaretnam.
During the election campaign, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong accused Tang of being a Chinese chauvinist because of comments Tang had made at other public events in the past. Goh stated that he was therefore making himself "a special candidate" in Cheng San GRC (even though it was not his constituency) because he felt that Tang must be kept out of Parliament if Singapore's inter-racial harmony was to be protected. Tang insisted that all he had ever tried to do was to "better represent the Chinese community and ask questions on their behalf". He vigorously denied that he was a Chinese chauvinist and accused the PAP of trying to win votes by sowing fear into the electorate.
Tang also came under fire from the PAP after he raised the issue of the Hotel Properties Ltd case during the election campaign. This issue arose after the Stock Exchange of Singapore had previously criticised Hotel Properties Ltd for its "tardiness" in disclosing details of sales of its condominium units to directors and their family members. Former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, who had purchased one of the units and whose brother was a director of Hotel Properties Ltd, claimed that Tang was trying to smear his name and milk this issue for political capital.
On election day, the Worker's Party's team in Cheng San GRC lost to the PAP's team by 44,132 votes (45.2%) to 53,553 (54.8%). This was the highest percentage of the vote garnered by any opposition losing candidates, and was therefore enough to secure one of the team's members a seat as a Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP). The party selected Jeyaretnam to become its NCMP.
After the election, Tang was sued for defamation by eleven PAP politicians, including Goh, Lee and Deputy Prime Ministers Lee Hsien Loong and Tony Tan, who accused him of making statements during the campaign which falsely questioned their integrity. A total of 13 judgements were entered against Tang for defamation.
Tang also subsequently faced charges from the Inland Revenue Department for evading taxes.
Tang left Singapore for Johor, Malaysia, shortly after the election. His wife's passport was then impounded but later released. Eventually Tang moved to Australia, where he was reunited with his wife.
After Tang left Singapore, the plaintiffs in the lawsuits obtained the Mareva injunction against him to restrain him from disposing of assets and to require him to disclose the whereabouts of his assets. When Tang failed to file an affidavit disclosing his assets, the plaintiffs obtained default judgements against Tang in all their suits. Damages were assessed by a judge of the High Court at a total of S$8,075,000. Tang's appeals against the default judgements were argued by the British Queen's Counsel Charles Gray before the Court of Appeal in September 1997, but was unsuccessful.
Personal life
Tang was born in 1935 to parents who came from agricultural backgrounds. He was one of eight children in his family.
Tang has not returned to Singapore since 1997 and continues to live in Australia.
References
External links
Tang Liang Hong homepage
Workers' Party (Singapore) politicians
Singaporean emigrants to Australia
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
20th-century Singaporean lawyers
1935 births
Living people |
Lewisia columbiana, the Columbian lewisia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae. It is native to the western United States and British Columbia, where it grows in rocky mountain habitats.
Description
This herbaceous perennial grows from a short, thick taproot and caudex unit. It produces a basal rosette of many thick, fleshy, tapering, blunt-tipped or pointed leaves with smooth edges, each 2 to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence arises on several stems up to about 30 centimeters tall, each stem bearing an array of up to 100 flowers each. Just under the flower are small, pointed bracts tipped with shiny spherical resin glands. The flower has 4 to 11 petals, each up to about a centimeter in length and oval in shape with a notched tip. The petals are white to pale pink, usually with sharp dark pink veining.
Habitat
Lewisia columbiana grows on rocks or in gravel or rocky soil, usually in full sun. Though it grows on a variety of rock types, it is tolerant of serpentine rock.
Gallery
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
columbiana |
Wielkopole is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kleczew, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Kleczew, north of Konin, and east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Wielkopole |
John Adam may refer to:
John Adam (architect) (1721–1792), Scottish architect
John Adam (silversmith) (1774–1848), silversmith and painter in Virginia
John Adam (administrator) (1779–1825), British administrator in India
John Adam (legislator) (fl. 1860–1887), Wisconsin populist legislator from Milwaukee
John Adam (sailor) (1875–1946), British sailor, won silver medal at 1908 Summer Olympics
John A. Adam (journalist) (born 1949), American reporter
John A. Adam (mathematician), British-American applied mathematician
John Adam (rugby league) (born 1956), Australian rugby league player
John Adam (actor) (born 1960s), Australian television and theatre actor
John Adam (MP), for New Romney
John Adam (hoax), the name given by Islamic militants to a U.S. soldier they claimed to have captured
John J. Adam (1807–1888), Scottish-American teacher, businessman, and politician
See also
John Adams (disambiguation)
Jonathan Adams (disambiguation) |
Boulders and Bombs is an Atari 8-bit family video game published on cartridge by CBS Software in 1983. It was written by written by Keith Dreyer and Torre Meeder who previously developed the Berzerk-clone K-Razy Shoot-Out. In Boulders and Bombs, the player must dig tunnels so three people can cross from one side of the screen to the other. Bird-like creatures, flying in the upper portion of the screen, launch projectiles into the dirt to thwart the player. While there isn't a separate multiplayer mode, joysticks plugged into each of the remaining 1-3 ports can each control one of the birds. The game generally received poor reviews.
Gameplay
Presented in a side-view, roughly 40% of the vertical screen is dirt and above that, sky. The dirt extends downward through the non-playable area where the score and other information are displayed.
The player controls both an auger—which digs tunnels when moved through dirt—and a spelunker who can only move through clear tunnels. The joystick button switches between control of the auger and spelunker. Boulders slow the auger's drilling. The goal is to clear a path so the spelunker, who starts on the left side of the screen, can exit the right side, then repeat the process for two more spelunkers. All three must be freed over the course of one animated day/night cycle.
The sky is occupied by large and small birds, called alien bird creatures and alien probe birds in the manual. The large birds drop rods which block tunnels. The small birds inject a fungus into the ground which spreads and is deadly to spelunkers. Both obstacles can be cleared with the auger.
When controlling the spelunker, moving the joystick in a circle drops a bomb which removes dirt and fungus. The probe birds can be killed if an exploding bomb hits the fungus injector before the injection process is complete.
Multiplayer
From 1 to 3 other players (depending on the number of joystick ports) can control probe birds, affecting the primary player's game. This can be done at any time without enabling a specific mode.
Reception
In a 2 out of 4 joystick review for Electronic Fun with Computers & Games, Paul Backer complained of the difficulty in planting bombs with a circular joystick motion and also pointed out that a secondary player can easily finish off a spelunker by planting fungus directly in front of it. He concluded, "This is a sound premise upon which to build a game. Unfortunately, the designers failed to provide an exciting challenge."
The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 gave the game a "D" rating: "The game just isn't exciting and can become frustrating, and I think most players will lose interest quickly." In a 1989 retrospective of Atari 8-bit computer software in ANALOG Computing, Arthur Leyenberger wrote, "Boulders and Bombs was another CBS disappointment. It was difficult to play, uninteresting, and not challenging."
References
External links
Boulders and Bombs at Atari Mania
Bug list at Atari Compendium
1983 video games
Action games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari 8-bit family-only games
CBS Software games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
K-Byte games |
Andrea Vyacheslavovich Chukanov (; born 18 December 1995) is an Italian-born Russian football player. He plays for Tyumen.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for FC Tyumen on 30 August 2015 in a game against FC Zenit-2 St. Petersburg.
Personal life
His father, Vyacheslav Chukanov, is the 1980 Olympic champion in equestrian show jumping.
He was born in Italy at the time when his father had been living and working there for six years. His mother is also Russian. As a result, he has an Italian birth certificate but not the passport; his family never applied for citizenship despite being eligible. When Chukanov was 6, his family moved back to Russia, namely St. Petersburg, where he started his youth career. While living in Cosenza, he developed an interest in football and started to support S.S. Lazio ‒ his father's favorite team. He has also cited Hernán Crespo as his childhood footballing idol.
References
External links
Profile by Russian Football National League
1995 births
Sportspeople from Cosenza
Footballers from the Province of Cosenza
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Tyumen players
FC Orenburg players
FC Veles Moscow players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Kuban Krasnodar (2018) players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players |
Joseph James Thorley (7 August 1894 – 26 December 1962) was an English cricketer. Thorley was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium. He was born in Fernham, Berkshire.
Thorley made his debut for Hertfordshire in the 1923 Minor Counties Championship against Bedfordshire. Thorley played Minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire from 1923 to 1924, including 14 Minor Counties Championship matches. In 1925, he made his first-class for Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players at Cheriton Road. He played one further first-class match the following year for L. H. Tennyson's XI against F. S. G. Calthorpe's XI at the same venue.
Thorley died in Marylebone, London on 26 December 1962 aged 68.
References
External links
Joseph Thorley at ESPNcricinfo
Joseph Thorley at CricketArchive
1894 births
1962 deaths
English cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Hertfordshire cricketers
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
People from Vale of White Horse (district) |
Steinemann Island () is an island off the northeast coast of Adelaide Island, about 10 nautical miles (18 km) southwest of Mount Velain. Mapped from air photos taken by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) (1947–48) and Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) (1956–57). Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Samuel Steinemann, Swiss physicist who has made laboratory investigations on the flow of single and polycrystalline ice.
See also
List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands
Islands of Adelaide Island |
```go
package semver
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
const (
numbers string = "0123456789"
alphas = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-"
alphanum = alphas + numbers
)
// SpecVersion is the latest fully supported spec version of semver
var SpecVersion = Version{
Major: 2,
Minor: 0,
Patch: 0,
}
// Version represents a semver compatible version
type Version struct {
Major uint64
Minor uint64
Patch uint64
Pre []PRVersion
Build []string //No Precedence
}
// Version to string
func (v Version) String() string {
b := make([]byte, 0, 5)
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Major, 10)
b = append(b, '.')
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Minor, 10)
b = append(b, '.')
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Patch, 10)
if len(v.Pre) > 0 {
b = append(b, '-')
b = append(b, v.Pre[0].String()...)
for _, pre := range v.Pre[1:] {
b = append(b, '.')
b = append(b, pre.String()...)
}
}
if len(v.Build) > 0 {
b = append(b, '+')
b = append(b, v.Build[0]...)
for _, build := range v.Build[1:] {
b = append(b, '.')
b = append(b, build...)
}
}
return string(b)
}
// FinalizeVersion discards prerelease and build number and only returns
// major, minor and patch number.
func (v Version) FinalizeVersion() string {
b := make([]byte, 0, 5)
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Major, 10)
b = append(b, '.')
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Minor, 10)
b = append(b, '.')
b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Patch, 10)
return string(b)
}
// Equals checks if v is equal to o.
func (v Version) Equals(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) == 0)
}
// EQ checks if v is equal to o.
func (v Version) EQ(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) == 0)
}
// NE checks if v is not equal to o.
func (v Version) NE(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) != 0)
}
// GT checks if v is greater than o.
func (v Version) GT(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) == 1)
}
// GTE checks if v is greater than or equal to o.
func (v Version) GTE(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) >= 0)
}
// GE checks if v is greater than or equal to o.
func (v Version) GE(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) >= 0)
}
// LT checks if v is less than o.
func (v Version) LT(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) == -1)
}
// LTE checks if v is less than or equal to o.
func (v Version) LTE(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) <= 0)
}
// LE checks if v is less than or equal to o.
func (v Version) LE(o Version) bool {
return (v.Compare(o) <= 0)
}
// Compare compares Versions v to o:
// -1 == v is less than o
// 0 == v is equal to o
// 1 == v is greater than o
func (v Version) Compare(o Version) int {
if v.Major != o.Major {
if v.Major > o.Major {
return 1
}
return -1
}
if v.Minor != o.Minor {
if v.Minor > o.Minor {
return 1
}
return -1
}
if v.Patch != o.Patch {
if v.Patch > o.Patch {
return 1
}
return -1
}
// Quick comparison if a version has no prerelease versions
if len(v.Pre) == 0 && len(o.Pre) == 0 {
return 0
} else if len(v.Pre) == 0 && len(o.Pre) > 0 {
return 1
} else if len(v.Pre) > 0 && len(o.Pre) == 0 {
return -1
}
i := 0
for ; i < len(v.Pre) && i < len(o.Pre); i++ {
if comp := v.Pre[i].Compare(o.Pre[i]); comp == 0 {
continue
} else if comp == 1 {
return 1
} else {
return -1
}
}
// If all pr versions are the equal but one has further prversion, this one greater
if i == len(v.Pre) && i == len(o.Pre) {
return 0
} else if i == len(v.Pre) && i < len(o.Pre) {
return -1
} else {
return 1
}
}
// IncrementPatch increments the patch version
func (v *Version) IncrementPatch() error {
v.Patch++
return nil
}
// IncrementMinor increments the minor version
func (v *Version) IncrementMinor() error {
v.Minor++
v.Patch = 0
return nil
}
// IncrementMajor increments the major version
func (v *Version) IncrementMajor() error {
v.Major++
v.Minor = 0
v.Patch = 0
return nil
}
// Validate validates v and returns error in case
func (v Version) Validate() error {
// Major, Minor, Patch already validated using uint64
for _, pre := range v.Pre {
if !pre.IsNum { //Numeric prerelease versions already uint64
if len(pre.VersionStr) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("Prerelease can not be empty %q", pre.VersionStr)
}
if !containsOnly(pre.VersionStr, alphanum) {
return fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in prerelease %q", pre.VersionStr)
}
}
}
for _, build := range v.Build {
if len(build) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("Build meta data can not be empty %q", build)
}
if !containsOnly(build, alphanum) {
return fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in build meta data %q", build)
}
}
return nil
}
// New is an alias for Parse and returns a pointer, parses version string and returns a validated Version or error
func New(s string) (*Version, error) {
v, err := Parse(s)
vp := &v
return vp, err
}
// Make is an alias for Parse, parses version string and returns a validated Version or error
func Make(s string) (Version, error) {
return Parse(s)
}
// ParseTolerant allows for certain version specifications that do not strictly adhere to semver
// specs to be parsed by this library. It does so by normalizing versions before passing them to
// Parse(). It currently trims spaces, removes a "v" prefix, adds a 0 patch number to versions
// with only major and minor components specified, and removes leading 0s.
func ParseTolerant(s string) (Version, error) {
s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
s = strings.TrimPrefix(s, "v")
// Split into major.minor.(patch+pr+meta)
parts := strings.SplitN(s, ".", 3)
// Remove leading zeros.
for i, p := range parts {
if len(p) > 1 {
p = strings.TrimLeft(p, "0")
if len(p) == 0 || !strings.ContainsAny(p[0:1], "0123456789") {
p = "0" + p
}
parts[i] = p
}
}
// Fill up shortened versions.
if len(parts) < 3 {
if strings.ContainsAny(parts[len(parts)-1], "+-") {
return Version{}, errors.New("Short version cannot contain PreRelease/Build meta data")
}
for len(parts) < 3 {
parts = append(parts, "0")
}
}
s = strings.Join(parts, ".")
return Parse(s)
}
// Parse parses version string and returns a validated Version or error
func Parse(s string) (Version, error) {
if len(s) == 0 {
return Version{}, errors.New("Version string empty")
}
// Split into major.minor.(patch+pr+meta)
parts := strings.SplitN(s, ".", 3)
if len(parts) != 3 {
return Version{}, errors.New("No Major.Minor.Patch elements found")
}
// Major
if !containsOnly(parts[0], numbers) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in major number %q", parts[0])
}
if hasLeadingZeroes(parts[0]) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Major number must not contain leading zeroes %q", parts[0])
}
major, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[0], 10, 64)
if err != nil {
return Version{}, err
}
// Minor
if !containsOnly(parts[1], numbers) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in minor number %q", parts[1])
}
if hasLeadingZeroes(parts[1]) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Minor number must not contain leading zeroes %q", parts[1])
}
minor, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[1], 10, 64)
if err != nil {
return Version{}, err
}
v := Version{}
v.Major = major
v.Minor = minor
var build, prerelease []string
patchStr := parts[2]
if buildIndex := strings.IndexRune(patchStr, '+'); buildIndex != -1 {
build = strings.Split(patchStr[buildIndex+1:], ".")
patchStr = patchStr[:buildIndex]
}
if preIndex := strings.IndexRune(patchStr, '-'); preIndex != -1 {
prerelease = strings.Split(patchStr[preIndex+1:], ".")
patchStr = patchStr[:preIndex]
}
if !containsOnly(patchStr, numbers) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in patch number %q", patchStr)
}
if hasLeadingZeroes(patchStr) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Patch number must not contain leading zeroes %q", patchStr)
}
patch, err := strconv.ParseUint(patchStr, 10, 64)
if err != nil {
return Version{}, err
}
v.Patch = patch
// Prerelease
for _, prstr := range prerelease {
parsedPR, err := NewPRVersion(prstr)
if err != nil {
return Version{}, err
}
v.Pre = append(v.Pre, parsedPR)
}
// Build meta data
for _, str := range build {
if len(str) == 0 {
return Version{}, errors.New("Build meta data is empty")
}
if !containsOnly(str, alphanum) {
return Version{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in build meta data %q", str)
}
v.Build = append(v.Build, str)
}
return v, nil
}
// MustParse is like Parse but panics if the version cannot be parsed.
func MustParse(s string) Version {
v, err := Parse(s)
if err != nil {
panic(`semver: Parse(` + s + `): ` + err.Error())
}
return v
}
// PRVersion represents a PreRelease Version
type PRVersion struct {
VersionStr string
VersionNum uint64
IsNum bool
}
// NewPRVersion creates a new valid prerelease version
func NewPRVersion(s string) (PRVersion, error) {
if len(s) == 0 {
return PRVersion{}, errors.New("Prerelease is empty")
}
v := PRVersion{}
if containsOnly(s, numbers) {
if hasLeadingZeroes(s) {
return PRVersion{}, fmt.Errorf("Numeric PreRelease version must not contain leading zeroes %q", s)
}
num, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
// Might never be hit, but just in case
if err != nil {
return PRVersion{}, err
}
v.VersionNum = num
v.IsNum = true
} else if containsOnly(s, alphanum) {
v.VersionStr = s
v.IsNum = false
} else {
return PRVersion{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in prerelease %q", s)
}
return v, nil
}
// IsNumeric checks if prerelease-version is numeric
func (v PRVersion) IsNumeric() bool {
return v.IsNum
}
// Compare compares two PreRelease Versions v and o:
// -1 == v is less than o
// 0 == v is equal to o
// 1 == v is greater than o
func (v PRVersion) Compare(o PRVersion) int {
if v.IsNum && !o.IsNum {
return -1
} else if !v.IsNum && o.IsNum {
return 1
} else if v.IsNum && o.IsNum {
if v.VersionNum == o.VersionNum {
return 0
} else if v.VersionNum > o.VersionNum {
return 1
} else {
return -1
}
} else { // both are Alphas
if v.VersionStr == o.VersionStr {
return 0
} else if v.VersionStr > o.VersionStr {
return 1
} else {
return -1
}
}
}
// PreRelease version to string
func (v PRVersion) String() string {
if v.IsNum {
return strconv.FormatUint(v.VersionNum, 10)
}
return v.VersionStr
}
func containsOnly(s string, set string) bool {
return strings.IndexFunc(s, func(r rune) bool {
return !strings.ContainsRune(set, r)
}) == -1
}
func hasLeadingZeroes(s string) bool {
return len(s) > 1 && s[0] == '0'
}
// NewBuildVersion creates a new valid build version
func NewBuildVersion(s string) (string, error) {
if len(s) == 0 {
return "", errors.New("Buildversion is empty")
}
if !containsOnly(s, alphanum) {
return "", fmt.Errorf("Invalid character(s) found in build meta data %q", s)
}
return s, nil
}
// FinalizeVersion returns the major, minor and patch number only and discards
// prerelease and build number.
func FinalizeVersion(s string) (string, error) {
v, err := Parse(s)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
v.Pre = nil
v.Build = nil
finalVer := v.String()
return finalVer, nil
}
``` |
In the United States, higher education is an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education. It is also referred as post-secondary education, third-stage, third-level, or tertiary education. It covers stages 5 to 8 on the International ISCED 2011 scale. It is delivered at 4,360 Title IV degree-granting institutions, known as colleges or universities. These may be public or private universities, research universities, liberal arts colleges, community colleges, or for-profit colleges. US higher education is loosely regulated by the government and by several third-party organizations.
There is a clear hierarchy of colleges and universities in the US, with the most selective institutions (e.g., Ivy League schools) at the top and the least selective institutions (e.g., community colleges) at the bottom. White supremacy and academic profit-seeking have played major roles in this stratification.
Attending college has been thought of as "a rite of passage" to which the American Dream is deeply embedded. However, there is a growing skepticism of higher education in the US and its value to consumers.
In 2022, about 16 million students—9.6 million women and 6.6 million men—enrolled in degree-granting colleges and universities in the US. Of the enrolled students, 45.8% enrolled in a four-year public institution, 27.8% in a four-year private institution, and 26.4% in a two-year public institution. College enrollment has declined every year since a peak in 2010–2011 and is projected to continue declining or be stagnant for the next two decades.
Strong research funding helped elite American universities dominate global rankings in the early 21st century, making them attractive to international students, professors and researchers. The US higher education system is also unique in its investment in highly competitive NCAA sports, particularly in American football and basketball, with large sports stadiums and arenas adorning its campuses and bringing in billions in revenue.
History
Colonial era to 19th century
Religious denominations established early colleges in order to train white, male ministers. Between 1636 and 1776, nine colleges were chartered in Colonial America; today, these institutions are known as the colonial colleges. According to historian John Thelin, most instructors at these institutions were lowly paid 'tutors'. As objects of the slavocracy, African slaves and their descendants also served as free labor for more than a century and a half.
Besides slavery, land theft was an important aspect of higher education growth. This theft involved more than 200 indigenous nations, nearly 160 violent treaties and the taking of 11 million acres of land.
Protestants and Catholics opened over hundreds of small denominational colleges in the 19th century. In 1899 they enrolled 46 percent of all US undergraduates. Many closed or merged but in 1905 there were over 500 in operation. Catholics opened several women's colleges in the early 20th century. Schools were small, with a limited undergraduate curriculum based on the liberal arts. Students were drilled in Greek, Latin, geometry, ancient history, logic, ethics and rhetoric, with few discussions and no lab sessions. Originality and creativity were not prized, but exact repetition was rewarded. College presidents typically enforced strict discipline, and upperclassman enjoyed hazing freshman. Many students were younger than 17, and most colleges also operated a preparatory school. There were no organized sports, or Greek-letter fraternities, but literary societies were active. Tuition was low and scholarships were few. Many of their students were sons of clergymen; most planned professional careers as ministers, lawyers or teachers.
The nation's small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations. These schools promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers and providing towns with a core of community leaders. Elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed little upward social mobility. By concentrating on ministers and the offspring of wealthy families, elite Eastern colleges such as Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton played a role in the formation of a Northeastern elite.
In some areas, public institutions of higher education were slow to take hold. For instance, although there was general support for expanding access to higher education through public institutions, private colleges and universities successfully hindered the establishment of a public university in Boston, Massachusetts until the 1860s. The competition between private and public institutions shaped the development of the mixed public-private character of higher education in the United States.
Catholic colleges and universities
The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in 1899 and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods. Vigorous debate in recent decades has focused on how to balance Catholic and academic roles, with conservatives arguing that bishops should exert more control to guarantee orthodoxy.
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs)
Most Historically Black Colleges and Universities were established in the South after the American Civil War, often with the assistance of religious missionary organizations based in the northern United States. HBCUs established prior to the American Civil War include Cheyney University of Pennsylvania in 1837, University of the District of Columbia then known as Miner School for Colored Girls in 1851 and Lincoln University in 1854.
The second Morrill Act (1890) required that states consider black students equally or found separate land-grant schools for them.
Timeline of key federal legislation
Morrill Act (1862 and 1890)
Smith–Hughes Act or National Vocational Education Act (1917)
Federal Student Aid Program (1934–1943)
G.I. Bill (1944)
National Defense Education Act (1958)
Higher Education Act (1965)
Education Amendments (1972)
CARES Act, Coronavirus Relief packages, and American Rescue Plan (2020-2021)
20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, less than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the US. The number of colleges skyrocketed in waves, during the early and mid-20th century. State universities grew from small institutions of fewer than 1,000 students to campuses with 40,000 more students, with networks of regional campuses around the state. In turn, regional campuses broke away and became separate universities.
To handle the explosive growth of K–12 education, every state set up a network of teachers' colleges, beginning with Massachusetts in the 1830s. After 1950, they became state colleges and then state universities with a broad curriculum.
Major new trends included the development of the junior colleges. They were usually set up by city school systems starting in the 1920s. By the 1960s they were renamed as "community colleges".
Junior colleges grew from 20 in number In 1909, to 170 in 1919. By 1922, 37 states had set up 70 junior colleges, enrolling about 150 students each. Meanwhile, another 137 were privately operated, with about 60 students each. Rapid expansion continued in the 1920s, with 440 junior colleges in 1930 enrolling about 70,000 students. The peak year for private institutions came in 1949, when there were 322 junior colleges in all; 180 were affiliated with churches, 108 were independent non-profit, and 34 were private schools run for-profit.
Many factors contributed to rapid growth of community colleges. Students parents and businessmen wanted nearby, low-cost schools to provide training for the growing white-collar labor force, as well as for more advanced technical jobs in the blue-collar sphere. Four-year colleges were also growing, albeit not as fast; however, many of them were located in rural or small-town areas away from the fast-growing metropolis. Community colleges continue as open-enrollment, low-cost institutions with a strong component of vocational education, as well as a low-cost preparation for transfer students into four-year schools. They appeal to a poorer, older, less prepared element.
College students were involved in social movements long before the 20th century, but the most dramatic student movements rose in the 1960s. In the 1960s, students organized for civil rights and against the Vietnam War. In the 1970s, students led movements for women's rights and gay rights, as well as protests against South African apartheid.
Privatization of US higher education increased in the 1980s and during economic recessions and austerity in the 20th and 21st century.
While for-profit colleges originated during Colonial times, growth in these schools was most apparent from the 1980s to about 2011. For-profit college enrollment, however, has declined significantly since 2011, after several federal investigations. For-profit colleges were criticized for predatory marketing and sales practices. The failures of Corinthian Colleges and ITT Technical Institute were the most remarkable closings. In 2018, the documentary Fail State chronicled the boom and bust of for-profit colleges, highlighting the abuses that led to their downfall.
21st century
Changing technology, mergers and closings, and politics have resulted in dramatic changes in US higher education during the 21st century.
In 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic upended regular campus life forcing students to take online classes at home, more than 100 colleges, both public and private have been sued for tuition refunds, making many of them to reopen their campuses.
Online education: MOOCs and OPMs
Online education has grown in the early 21st century. More than 6.3 million students in the US took at least one online course in fall 2016. While online attendance has increased, confidence among chief academic officers has decreased from 70.8 percent in 2015 to 63.3 percent in 2016. In 2017, about 15% of all students attended exclusively online, and competition for online students has been increasing
By 2018, more than one hundred short-term coding bootcamps existed in the US. Programs were available at Harvard University's extension school and the extension schools at Georgia Tech, University of Pennsylvania, Cal Berkeley, Northwestern, UCLA, University of North Carolina, University of Texas, George Washington, Vanderbilt University, and Rutgers through Trilogy Education Services.
In 2019, researchers employed by George Mason University claimed that online education had "contributed to increasing gaps in educational success across socioeconomic groups while failing to improve affordability".
A MOOC is a massive open online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web. It became popular in 2010–14. In addition to traditional course materials such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support community interactions between students, professors, and teaching assistants. Robert Zemsky (2014), of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education notes that they at first seemed to be an extremely inexpensive method of bringing top teachers at low cost directly to students. However, very few students—usually under 5%—were able to finish a MOOC course. He argues that they have passed their peak: "They came; they conquered very little; and now they face substantially diminished prospects." In 2019, researchers at MIT found that MOOCs had completion rates of 3 percent and that the number of people taking these courses has been declining since 2012–13.
Online programs for many universities are often managed by privately owned companies called online program managers or OPMs. The OPMs include 2U, Academic Partnerships, Noodle, and iDesign. Trace Urdan, managing director at Tyton Partners, "estimates that the market for OPMs and related services will be worth nearly $8 billion by 2020."
In 2023, the US Department of Education announced that OPMs would be subject to greater oversight, to include audits. Higher education institutions would be required to report details about their agreements with OPMs by May 1, 2023.
Edtech expert Phil Hill recently said that the OPM model is now "on life support."
Financial difficulties, mergers and downsizing
Hundreds of colleges are expected to close or merge, according to research from Ernst & Young. The US Department of Education publishes a monthly list of campus and learning site closings. Typically there are 300 to 1000 closings per year. Notable college closings include for-profit Corinthian Colleges (2015), ITT Technical Institute (2016), Brightwood College and Virginia College (2018). Private college closings include Wheelock College (2018) and Green Mountain College (2019).
In December 2017, Moody's credit rating agency downgraded the US higher education outlook from stable to negative, "citing financial strains at both public and private four-year institutions." In June 2018, Moody's released data on declining college enrollments and constraints, noting that tuition pricing would suppress tuition revenue growth.
Other businesses related to higher education have also had financial difficulties. In May 2019, two academic publishers, Cengage and McGraw Hill, merged.
In 2020, higher education lost 650,000 jobs or about 13 percent of the workforce amid the COVID-19 pandemic, despite an infusion of federal funds. The number of US postsecondary institutions receiving Title IV funding has dropped from 7,253 in 2012–2013 to 5,916 in 2020–2021.
Class privilege and the growth of the educated underclass
Social class has a profound influence on higher education. Undergraduates at elite universities have a substantial advantage if their parents also went to a particular college. Educator Gary Roth, a left wing writer, has argued that with fewer good jobs for graduates, the US has been producing an "educated underclass." While upward social mobility continues to be available for immigrants and first generation people, the route to upward social mobility is more complicated for people from families that have been in the US longer.
Protests, political clashes, and the growth of right wing politics
The growth of power among right wing groups has been apparent since the mid-2010s. Turning Point USA (TPUS), now the most dominant conservative presence on US campuses, has clubs at more than 2500 college campuses. Charlie Kirk, its founder, also took over Students for Trump in 2019.
The Chronicle of Higher Education has documented groups such as the Groypers who have infiltrated conservative organizations on campus.
Student protests and clashes between left and right appeared on several US campuses in 2017. On August 11, 2017, white nationalists and members of the alt-right rallied at the University of Virginia, protesting the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee. The following day, one person died during protests in Charlottesville. Following this event, speaking engagements by Richard Spencer were canceled at Texas A&M University and the University of Florida.
Functions
U.S. higher education functions as an institution of knowledge but has several secondary functions. According to Marcus Ford, the primary function went through four phases in American history: preserving Christian civilization, advancing the national interest, research, and growing the global economy.
Higher education has also served as a source for professional credentials, as a vehicle for social mobility, and as a social sorter. The college functions as a 'status marker', "signaling membership in the educated class, and a place to meet spouses of similar status." Especially among students who move away from their families to attend residential four-year colleges, the experience of going away to college is seen as a rite of passage that produces young adults, irrespective of what they might learn in a classroom. The loss of these non-classroom experiences was the basis for some lawsuits filed after most campuses closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The desire for those experiences was also one reason why schools were pressured to re-open campus life in the fall of 2020.
Many of the world's top universities, as ranked by mainly British and American ranking organizations, are in the United States. The U.S. also has the most Nobel Prize winners in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards). Strong research funding helped 'elite American universities' dominate global rankings in the early 21st century, making them attractive to international students, professors and researchers. Other countries, though, are offering incentives to compete for researchers as funding is threatened in the U.S. and U.S. dominance of international rankings has lessened.
The U.S. higher education system has also been blighted by fly-by-night schools, diploma mills, visa mills, and predatory for-profit colleges. There have been some attempts to reform the system through federal policy such as gainful employment regulations and the Department of Education's College Scorecard, which publishes data on the socio-economic diversity, SAT/ACT scores, graduation rates, and average earnings and debt of graduates at all colleges.
According to Pew Research Center, public opinion about colleges has been declining, especially among Republicans. The higher education industry has been criticized for being unnecessarily expensive, providing a difficult-to-measure service which is seen as vital but in which providers are paid for inputs instead of outputs, which is beset with federal regulations that drive up costs, and payments coming from third parties, not users. In a 2018 Pew survey, 61 percent of those polled said that U.S. higher education was headed in the wrong direction. A 2019 Gallup survey found that, among graduates who strongly felt a purpose in life was important, "only 40 percent said they had found a meaningful career after college."
Types of colleges and universities
US colleges and universities offer diverse educational venues: some emphasize a vocational, business, engineering, or technical curriculum (like polytechnic universities and land-grant universities) and others emphasize a liberal arts curriculum. Many combine some or all of the above, as comprehensive universities.
The education and training that takes place in a university, college, or Institute of technology usually includes significant theoretical and abstract elements, as well as applied aspects (although limited offerings of internships or SURF programs attempt to provide practical applications). In contrast, the vocational higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications, with very little theory.
In the US, professional schools such as those for law, medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine are graduate schools which a student enters after completing a bachelor's degree. Despite teaching skills necessary for a specific profession and often ending in a licensing exam, these programs are not typically perceived as vocational schools. Admission to professional schools is often highly competitive and requires strong performance on standardized tests.
Employers hiring college graduates consider the average graduate to be more or less deficient in many skill areas, including critical thinking, analytical reasoning, team work, and communication skills.
There are significant differences in the economic outcomes of different fields of study. Students with undergraduate degrees in the STEM fields, health, and business are generally the highest paid at the entry-level. According to the US Department of Education, education and nursing majors had the lowest average unemployment rates among 25–29 year old degree-holders, while English and computer science majors had some of the highest.
Terminology
The term "college" can refer to one of several key types of educational institutions:
Stand-alone higher-level education institutions that are not components of a university
Community colleges
Liberal arts colleges
Academic units within a larger university or educational institution
Almost all colleges and universities are coeducational. A dramatic transition occurred in the 1970s, when most men's colleges started to accept women. Over 80% of the women's colleges of the 1960s have closed or merged, leaving fewer than 50. Over 100 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) operate, both private and public.
Some US states offer higher education at two year "colleges" formerly called "community colleges". The change requires cooperation between community colleges and local universities.
Four-year colleges often provide the bachelor's degree, most commonly the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.S.). They are primarily either undergraduate only institutions (e.g. liberal arts colleges), or the undergraduate institution of a university (such as Harvard College, Yale College, and Columbia College).
Higher education has led to the creation of accreditation organizations, independent of the government, to vouch for the quality of degrees. These voluntary member organizations establish and maintain standards at participating institutions. Accrediting agencies have been criticized for possible conflicts of interest that lead to favorable results. Non-accredited institutions exist, but their students are not eligible for federal loans.
Universities
Universities are educational institutions with undergraduate and graduate programs. For historical or cultural reasons, some universities have retained the term college instead of "university" for their name. Graduate programs grant a variety of master's degrees (like the Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) or Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.)) in addition to doctorates such as the Ph.D. The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education distinguishes among institutions on the basis of the prevalence of degrees they grant and considers the granting of master's degrees necessary, although not sufficient, for an institution to be classified as a university.
Some universities have professional schools. Examples include journalism school, business school, medical schools, pharmacy schools (Pharm.D.), and dental schools. A common practice is to refer to these disparate faculties within universities as colleges or schools.
The American university system is largely decentralized. Public universities are administered by the individual states and territories, usually as part of a state university system. Except for the United States service academies and staff colleges, the federal government does not directly regulate universities. However, it can offer federal grants and any institution that receives federal funds must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program that meets federal regulations.
Each state supports at least one state university and many support several. At one extreme, California has three public higher education systems: the 10-campus University of California, the 23-campus California State University, and the 112-campus California Community Colleges System. In contrast, Wyoming supports a single state university. Public universities often have large student bodies, with introductory classes numbering in the hundreds, with some undergraduate classes taught by graduate students. Tribal colleges operated on Indian reservations by some federally recognized tribes are also public institutions.
Many private universities exist. Some are secular and others are involved in religious education. Some are non-denominational, and some are affiliated with a certain sect or church, such as Roman Catholicism (with different institutions often sponsored by particular religious institutes such as the Jesuits) or religions such as Lutheranism or Mormonism. Seminaries are private institutions for those preparing to become members of the clergy. Most private schools (like all public schools) are non-profit, although some are for-profit.
Community colleges
Community colleges are often two-year colleges. They have open admissions, usually with lower tuition fees than other state or private schools. Graduates earn associate degrees, such as an Associate of Arts (AA).
According to National Student Clearinghouse data, community college enrollment has dropped by 2.2 million students since its peak year of 2010–11. In 2017, 88% of community colleges surveyed were facing declining enrollments. A New York Times report in 2017 suggested that of the nation's 18 million undergraduates, 40% were attending community college; of these students, 62% were attending community college full-time, 40% of them worked at least 30 hours a week or more, and more than half lived at home to save money.
The College Promise program, which exists in several forms in 47 states, is an effort to encourage community college enrollment.
Liberal arts colleges
Four-year institutions emphasizing the liberal arts are liberal arts colleges. They traditionally emphasize interactive instruction. They are known for being residential and for having smaller enrollment and lower student-to-faculty ratios than universities. Most are private, although there are public liberal arts colleges. Some offer experimental curricula. Academic areas that are included within the liberal arts include great books, history, languages including English, linguistics, literature, mathematics, music, philosophy, political science, psychology, religious studies, science, environmental science, sociology and theater.
For-profit colleges
For-profit higher education (known as for-profit college or proprietary education) refers to higher education institutions operated by private, profit-seeking businesses. Students were "attracted to the programs for their ease of enrollment and help obtaining financial aid," but "disappointed with the poor quality of education...." University of Phoenix has been the largest for-profit college in the US. Since 2010, for-profit colleges have received greater scrutiny from the US government, state Attorneys General, the media, and scholars. Notable business failures include Corinthian Colleges (2015), ITT Educational Services (2016), Education Management Corporation also known as EDMC (2017), and Education Corporation of America (2018). Two large schools, Kaplan University and Ashford University were sold to public universities with for-profit online program managers and rebranded as Purdue University Global and University of Arizona Global Campus.
Engineering
Teaching engineering is teaching the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design, build, maintain, and improve structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application. Engineering disciplines include aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial and mechanical.
Performing arts
The performing arts differ from the plastic arts or visual arts, insofar as the former uses the artist's own body, face and presence as a medium; the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint, which can be molded or transformed to create a work of art.
Performing arts institutions include circus schools, dance schools, drama schools and music schools.
Plastic or visual arts
The plastic arts or visual arts are a class of art forms, that involve the use of materials, that can be moulded or modulated in some way, often in three dimensions. Examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing.
Higher educational institutions in these arts include film schools and art schools.
Vocational
Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education, which are more colloquially known as trade schools. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge.
Professional higher education
This describes a distinct form of higher education that offers a particularly intense integration with the world of work in all its aspects (including teaching, learning, research and governance) and at all levels of the overarching Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area. Its function is to diversify learning opportunities, enhance employability, offer qualifications and stimulate innovation, for the benefit of learners and society.
The intensity of integration with the world of work (which includes enterprise, civil society and the public sector) is manifested by a strong focus on application of learning. This approach involves combining phases of work and study, a concern for employability, cooperation with employers, the use of practice-relevant knowledge and use-inspired research.
Examples of providers of professional higher education include graduate colleges of architecture, business, journalism, law, library science, optometry, pharmacy, public policy, human medicine, professional engineering, podiatric medicine, scientific dentistry, K-12 education, and veterinary medicine.
Funding of universities and colleges
Sources of funds
US colleges and universities receive their funds from many sources, including tuition, federal Title IV funds, state funds, and endowments.
State government
The major source of funding for public institutions of higher education is direct support from the state. The levels of state support roughly correlate with the population of the state. For example, with a population nearly 40 million, the state of California allocates more than $15 billion on higher education. At the other extreme, Wyoming allocates $384 million for its 570,000 citizens.
Institutional donors and endowments
Private giving supports both private and public institutions. Gifts come in two forms, current use and endowment. Both types of gifts are usually constrained according to a contract between the donor and the institution. Private institutions tend to be more reliant on private giving.
Universities with some of the largest endowments include:
Harvard University $40.9 billion
University of Texas $30.88 billion
Princeton University $25.9 billion
Private philanthropy can be controversial. At the University of Maryland, Northrop Grumman has funded a cybersecurity concentration, designs the curriculum in cybersecurity, provides computers and pays some cost of a new dorm. At Ohio State, IBM partnered to teach big data analytics. Murray State University's engineering program was supported by computer companies. The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at State University of New York in Albany, received billions of dollars in private sector investment.
Student costs and funding
In 2016, average estimated annual student costs (excluding books) were $16,757 at public institutions, $43,065 at private nonprofit institutions, and $23,776 at private for-profit institutions. Between 2006 and 2016, prices at public colleges and universities rose 34 percent above inflation, and prices at private nonprofit institutions rose 26 percent above inflation.
Students receive scholarships, student loans, or grants to offset costs out-of-pocket. Several states offer scholarships that allow students to attend free of tuition or at lower cost, for example the HOPE Scholarship in Georgia and the Bright Futures Scholarship Program in Florida. Some private colleges and universities offer full need-based financial aid, so that admitted students only have to pay as much as their families can afford (based on the university's assessment of their income). In most cases, the barrier of entry for students who require financial aid is set higher, a practice called need-aware admissions. Universities with exceptionally large endowments may combine need-based financial aid with need-blind admission, in which students who require financial aid have equal chances to those who do not.
Financial assistance comes in two major forms: grant programs and loan programs. Grant programs consist of money the student receives to pay for higher education that does not need to be paid back; loan programs consist of money the student receives to pay for school that must be paid back. Public higher education institutions (which are partially funded through state government appropriation) and private higher education institutions (which are funded exclusively through tuition and private donations) offer grant and loan financial assistance programs. Grants to attend public schools are distributed through federal and state governments, and through the schools themselves; grants to attend private schools are distributed through the school itself (independent organizations, such as charities or corporations also offer grants that can be applied to both public and private higher education institutions). Loans can be obtained publicly through government sponsored loan programs or privately through independent lending institutions.
Financial aid at US institutions has shifted from needs based to merit based, leaving many low-income students with more debt and fewer opportunities.
Grants, scholarships, loans and work study programs
Grant programs and work study programs are divided into two major categories: Need-based financial awards and merit-based financial awards. Most state governments provide need-based scholarship programs, while a few also offer merit-based aid. Several need-based grants are provided through the federal government based on information provided on a student's Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA. The federal Pell Grant is a need-based grant available from the federal government. The federal government had two other grants that were a combination of need-based and merit-based: the Academic Competitiveness Grant, and the National SMART Grant, but the SMART grant was abolished in 2011 with the last grant awarded in June 2011. In order to receive one of these grants a student must be eligible for the Pell Grant, meet specific academic requirements, and be a US citizen.
Eligibility for work study programs is also determined by information collected on the student's FAFSA.
Many companies offer tuition reimbursement plans for their employees, to make benefits package more attractive, to upgrade the skill levels and to increase retention.
In 2012, total student loans exceeded consumer credit card debt for the first time in history. In late 2016, the total estimated US student loan debt exceeded $1.4 trillion.
Student loans can be divided into two categories: federal student loans and private student loans.
Federal student loans may be:
subsidized Stafford Loans
unsubsidized Stafford Loans
Direct Loans
PLUS Loans
A student's eligibility for any of these loans, as well as the amount of the loan itself is determined by information on the student's FAFSA.
The former Federal Perkins Loan program expired in 2017.
Statistics
US educational statistics are provided by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), part of the Department of Education. The number of Title IV-eligible, degree-granting institutions peaked at 4,726 in 2012, with 4-year institutions numbering at 3,026 and 2-year institutions at 1,700. Enrollment at postsecondary institutions, participating in Title IV, peaked at just over 21 million students in 2010. Demographic wise, on average, whites constitute the highest percentage of enrollments in US higher educational institutions. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and the National Student Clearinghouse show that college enrollment has declined since a peak in 2010–11, and is projected to continue declining or be stagnant for the next two decades.
A US Department of Education longitudinal survey of 15,000 high school students in 2002 and 2012, found that 84% of the 27-year-old students had some college education, but only 34% achieved a bachelor's degree or higher; 79% owe some money for college and 55% owe more than $10,000; college dropouts were three times more likely to be unemployed than those who finished college; 40% spent some time unemployed and 23% were unemployed for six months or more; and 79% earned less than $40,000 per year.
Admission process
Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application. With a few exceptions, most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to (or rejected from) the entire college, not to a particular department or major. (This is unlike college admissions in many European countries, as well as graduate admissions.) Some students, rather than being rejected, are "wait-listed" for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university. The five major parts of admission are ACT/SAT scores, grade point average, college application, essay, and letters of recommendation. The SAT's usefulness in the admissions process is controversial.
Each state has its own set of residency laws and requirements that dictate educational benefits as a reward for state residence. As a result, public colleges and universities in many states charge out-of-state applicants a higher rate of tuition than resident students must pay.
Legacies and large donors
Admissions at elite schools include preferences to alumni and large investors. Legislators have asked for transparency with donors and college admissions, but there are several groups that oppose it. Inside Higher Ed 2018 survey of college admissions directors found that 42 percent of private colleges and universities used legacy status as a factor in admissions decisions.
International study and student exchange
In 2016–17, 332,727 US students studied abroad for credit. Most took place in Europe, with 40 percent of students studying in five countries: the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, France, and Germany.
The US is the most popular country in the world for attracting students from other countries, according to UNESCO, with 16% of all international students going to the US (the next highest is the UK with 11%). 671,616 foreign students enrolled in American colleges in 2008–09. This figure rose to 723,277 in 2010–11. The largest number, 157,558, came from China. According to Uni in the USA, despite "exorbitant" costs of US universities, higher education in America remains attractive to international students due to "generous subsidies and financial aid packages that enable students from even the most disadvantaged backgrounds to attend the college of their dreams".
Government coordination
Most states have an entity designed to promote coordination and collaboration between higher education institutions. Examples include the Alabama Commission on Higher Education, California Postsecondary Education Commission, Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board, and The Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education.
Academic labor
Until the mid-1970s, when federal expenditures for higher education fell, there were routinely more tenure-track jobs than Ph.D. graduates. In the 1980s and 1990s there were significant changes in the economics of academic life.
Despite rising tuition rates and growing university revenues, professorial positions were replaced with poorly paid adjunct positions and graduate-student labor. Community colleges and for-profit colleges rely almost exclusively on adjuncts for instruction.
With academic institutions producing Ph.D.s in greater numbers than the number of tenure-track positions they intended to create, administrators were cognizant of the economic effects of this arrangement. Sociologist Stanley Aronowitz wrote: "Basking in the plenitude of qualified and credentialed instructors, many university administrators see the time when they can once again make tenure a rare privilege, awarded only to the most faithful and to those whose services are in great demand". Aggravating the problem, those few academics who do achieve tenure are often determined to stay put as long as possible, refusing lucrative incentives to retire early.
Labor unions and labor conditions
The following unions represent higher education faculty and staff:
American Association of University Professors
American Federation of Teachers
Service Employees International Union
United Auto Workers
Adjunctification
In 2017, 17% of faculty were tenured. 89% of adjunct professors worked at more than one job. An adjunct was paid an average of $2,700 for a single course. While student-faculty ratios remained the same since 1975, administrator-student ratio went from 1–84 to 1–68. In 2018, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) reported that 73 percent of all faculty positions were filled by adjuncts.
According to the American Federation of Teachers, "nearly 25 percent of adjunct faculty members rely on public assistance, and 40 percent struggle to cover basic household expenses" and just 15 percent of adjuncts said they are able to comfortably cover basic expenses from month to month."
Adjunct organizations include the Coalition for Contingent (COCAL), the New Faculty Majority, and SEIU Faculty Forward.
The American Federation of Teachers and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters have also organized contingent academic labor.
Unionizing and labor actions
2022 and 2023 were record years for academic labor strikes in the United States.
Sports
College athletics in the US is a three-tiered system. The first tier consists of elite sports that make a profit. The second tier includes sports sanctioned by one of the collegiate sport governing bodies that break even or lose money. Some of these collegiate sports governing organizations like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are umbrella non-profit organizations that govern multiple sports. Additionally, the first and second tiers are characterized by selective participation; some colleges offer athletic scholarships to intercollegiate sports competitors. The third tier includes intramural and recreational sports clubs, which are available to more of the student body. Competition between student clubs from different colleges, not organized by and therefore not representing the institutions or their faculties, may also be called "intercollegiate" athletics or simply college sports.
The most competitive collegiate sport governing body in the first and second tiers is the NCAA, which regulates athletes of 1,268 institutions across the US and Canada. The NCAA uses a three-division system of Division I, Division II, and Division III. Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport, while Division III schools cannot offer any athletic scholarships. Division I schools, which generally are larger than either Division II or III institutions, must further meet additional requirements: among them, they must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Each division is then further divided into several conferences for regional league play. The names of these conferences, such as the Ivy League, are also metonyms for their respective schools.
College sports are popular on regional and national scales, at times competing with professional championships for prime broadcast, print coverage. In most states, the person with the highest taxpayer-provided base salary is a public college football or basketball coach. This does not include coaches at private colleges. The average university sponsors at least 20 different sports and offers a wide variety of intramural sports. There are approximately 400,000 men and women student-athletes that participate in sanctioned athletics each year.
Varsity esports have been growing since the 2010s. As of 2019, there were 125 esports teams at colleges and universities in North America.
Issues confronting higher education in the United States
Entrance routes and procedures for choosing a college or university, their rankings and the financial value of degrees are being discussed. This leads to discussions on socioeconomic status and race ethnicity and gender.
From the student perspective, issues include colleges failing to teach soft skills such as critical thinking, the wide ranges of remuneration and underemployment among the various degrees, rising tuition and increasing student loan debt, austerity in state and local spending, the adjunctification of academic labor, student poverty and hunger, along with educational inflation.
Strong research funding helped elite American universities dominate global rankings in the early 21st century, making them attractive to international students, professors and researchers. Other countries, though, are offering incentives to compete for researchers as funding is threatened in the US and US dominance of international tables has lessened. The system has also been blighted by fly-by-night schools, diploma mills, visa mills, and predatory for-profit colleges. There have been some attempts to reform the system through federal policy such as gainful employment regulations, but they have been met by resistance.
Public opinion about colleges has been declining, especially among Republicans and the white working class. The higher education industry has been criticized for being unnecessarily expensive, providing a difficult-to-measure service which is seen as vital but in which providers are paid for inputs instead of outputs, which is beset with federal regulations that drive up costs, and payments coming from third parties, not users. In a 2018 Pew survey, 61 percent of those polled said that US higher education was headed in the wrong direction. A 2019 Gallup survey found that, among graduates who strongly felt a purpose in life was important, "only 40 percent said they had found a meaningful career after college." In 2023, the Wall Street Journal reported that 56 percent of Americans thought a bachelor's degree was a bad bet.
In 2021, US student loan debt amounted to more than $1.7 trillion.
Declining enrollment, mergers, and campus closures
Falling birth rates result in fewer people graduating from high school. The number of high school graduates grew 30% from 1995 to 2013, then peaked at 3.5 million. Liberal arts programs have been declining for decades. From 1967 to 2018, college students majoring in the liberal arts declined from 20 percent to 5 percent.
Since 2011, enrollment in postsecondary education in the United States has declined by more than 2 million people. Researchers hypothesize that the primary factors leading to this drop in enrollment are low birth rates over the last couple decades, a more successful economy, and the increasing cost of postsecondary education coupled with a decrease in financial aid and student debt. Some potential students are also questioning the cost-benefit ratio of a college education and if it is necessary to gain employment, opting instead for vocational education. In 2018, the National Center for Education Statistics projected stagnant enrollment patterns until at least 2027. Demographer Nathan Grawe projected that lower birth rates following the Great Recession of 2008 would result in a 15 percent enrollment loss, beginning in 2026.
In 2019, the National Center for Education Statistics continued to project that higher education enrollment would remain stagnant, but white enrollment would drop 8 percent from 2016 to 2027. The report projected black enrollment to increase by 6 percent, Hispanic enrollment to increase 14 percent, Asian/Pacific Islander enrollment to increase 7 percent, and American Indian/Alaska Native enrollment to decrease 9 percent during the same period. In March 2019, Moody's warned that enrollment declines could lead to more financial problems for the higher education industry. In a 2019 survey by Inside Higher Ed, nearly one in seven college presidents said their campus could close or merge within five years. The total number of degree granting colleges in the US peaked in 2012 and has decreased every year since then.
In "The Higher Education Apocalypse", U.S. News & World Report education reporter Lauren Camera speculated that recent closings of schools in New England might be the beginning of a rash of college closures. An analysis of federal data from The Chronicle of Higher Education shows "about half a million students have been displaced by college closures, which together shuttered more than 1,200 campuses." In a 2021 Wall Street Journal article titled "Hobbled for Life," Melissa Korn and Andrea Fuller found that many master's degrees at elite schools did not pay off.
See also
Association of American Universities
Hispanic-serving institution
Historically black colleges and universities
List of Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
History of Catholic education in the United States
Tribal colleges and universities
Women's colleges in the United States
Men's colleges in the United States
Political views of American academics
Postgraduate year
Intellectual disability and higher education in the United States
References
Further reading
Adams-Johnson, Susan, et al. "Higher education recruitment in the United States: A chronology of significant literature." Journal of Educational Administration and History 51.3 (2019): 213–238. online
Baum, Sandy, Charles Kurose, and Michael McPherson. "An overview of American higher education." in The future of children (2013): 17–39; reviews changes since 1960s. online
Betts, Kristen, et al. "Historical review of distance and online education from 1700s to 2021 in the United States: Instructional design and pivotal pedagogy in higher education." Journal of Online Learning Research and Practice 8.1 (2021) pp 3–55 online.
Cahalan, Margaret W., et al. "Indicators of Higher Education Equity in the United States: 2021 Historical Trend Report." (Pell institute for the study of opportunity in higher education, 2021). online
MacLeod, W. Bentley, and Miguel Urquiola. 2021. "Why Does the United States Have the Best Research Universities? Incentives, Resources, and Virtuous Circles." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 35 (1): 185–206.
Renn, Kristen A., and Robert D. Reason. (2021) College students in the United States: Characteristics, experiences, and outcomes (2nd ed. 2021) reviews.
Taylor, Barrett J., and Brendan Cantwell. "Unequal higher education in the United States: Growing participation and shrinking opportunities." Social Sciences 7.9 (2018): 167+ online
External links
US Department of Education – College Affordability and Transparency Center
Guide to US higher education for international students
United States of America |
The Bloody Letter () is a letter written by Bulgarian revolutionary Todor Kableshkov which is symbolically accepted to be the start of the anti-Ottoman April Uprising of 1876.
Kableshkov writes this letter upon proclaiming the revolt in his home city of Koprivshtitsa and addresses it to the revolutionary committee of Panagyurishte and specifically to Georgi Benkovski. The letter's name comes from the fact that it is signed with the blood of a local Ottoman governor (müdür), shortly after he was killed by revolutionary Georgi Tihanek. It was transported by 19-year-old Georgi Salchev for a record time of 2 hours, having his horse passing out just before reaching Panagyurishte because of the strain.
According to Memoirs of the Bulgarian Uprisings by Zahari Stoyanov, the letter's contents were:
Brothers!
Yesterday Neceb Aga arrived in our village from Plovdiv, and asked to imprison some people, including me. When I heard about your decision, made at the Council of Oborishte, I called up some brave men and after we got armed, we headed towards the konak and attacked it, killing the müdür and some policemen... Now, as I am writing this letter, the flag is waving before the konak, rifles shoot and the church bells echo simultaneously with them, men are kissing one another on the streets... If you, brothers, happen to be true patriots and apostles of Freedom, then do follow our example in Panagyurishte...
Koprivshtitsa, 20th April (old style) 1876
T. Kableshkov
I was witness as all events mentioned above in Todor's letter happened. Leaving for Klisura, to do the same.
N. Karadzhov
See also
National awakening of Bulgaria
Ottoman rule of Bulgaria
Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria
April Uprising of 1876
Letters (message)
1876 documents |
The 1937 Phillip Island Trophy was a motor race held at the then-new 3.3 mile Phillip Island "triangular" circuit, in Victoria, Australia on 15 March 1937. It was contested over 45 laps, a distance of 150 miles. Organised by the Victorian Sporting Car Club, it was staged on a handicap basis with the limit starter commencing the race 30 minutes before the scratch starter.
The race was won by Bob Lea-Wright driving a Terraplane Special. Lea-Wright also set the fastest race time.
Results
Notes
Race distance: 45 laps, 150 miles
Format: Handicap start (Limit starter commenced 30 minutes before scratch starter)
Limit starter: H.R Syme (MG J3) (Syme was to start his supercharged MG off 21 minutes but pre-race mechanical problems resulted in him starting, without the supercharger fitted, from a revised handicap of 30 minutes.)
Scratch starter: Lyster Jackson (MG K3)
Starters: 19
Fastest Time: R.A. Lea-Wright (Terraplane)
Average speed of winning car: Approximately 66 mph
Race name
Some sources refer to the race as the Philip Island Trophy, whilst others use various names including Victorian Sporting Car Club's 150 miles race.
Notes & References
External links
Lea Wright Wins 150-Miles Road Race, The Advertiser, Tuesday 16 March 1937, page 14, as archived at trove.nla.gov.au
Phillip Island Trophy
Motorsport at Phillip Island |
Jewel Franklin Guy (July 26, 1926 – April 6, 2015), known professionally as James Best, was an American television, film, stage, and voice actor, as well as a writer, director, acting coach, artist, college professor, and musician. During a career that spanned more than 60 years, he performed not only in feature films but also in scores of television series, as well as appearing on various country music programs and talk shows. Television audiences, however, perhaps most closely associate Best with his role as the bumbling Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the action-comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard, which originally aired on CBS between 1979 and 1985. He reprised the role in 1997 and 2000 for the made-for-television movies The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! and The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000).
Early years
Best was born on July 26, 1926, in Powderly, Kentucky, to Lark and Lena (née Everly) Guy. Lena Guy's brother was Ike Everly, the father of the pop duo the Everly Brothers.
Best served in the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, training in 1944 in Biloxi, Mississippi as a gunner on a B-17 bomber; but by the time he completed his training the war had almost ended, so he was assigned to the army's law enforcement section. In the military police, Best served in war-torn Germany immediately after the Nazi government's surrender in May 1945. While stationed in Germany, he transferred from the military police to an army unit of actors, who traveled around Europe performing plays for troops. Those experiences formed the beginning of his acting career.
Film career
Best began his contract career in 1949 at Universal Studios, where he met fellow actors Julie Adams, Piper Laurie, Tony Curtis, Mamie Van Doren and Rock Hudson. Initially, he performed in several uncredited roles for Universal, such as in the 1950 film One Way Street, but credited performances soon followed that same year in the Westerns Comanche Territory, Winchester '73, and Kansas Raiders. Work in that genre continued to be an important part of his ongoing film career, including roles in The Cimarron Kid (1952), Seven Angry Men (1955) in which he portrays one of the sons of abolitionist John Brown, Last of the Badmen (1957), Cole Younger Gunfighter (1958), Ride Lonesome (1959), The Quick Gun (1964), and Firecreek (1968).
Best's film roles were not limited to Westerns. He also starred in the 1959 science fiction cult movie The Killer Shrews and in its 2012 sequel Return of the Killer Shrews, as army medic Rhidges in the 1958 film adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead, as escaped POW Carter in the James Stewart classic Shenandoah, as Dr. Ben Mizer in the 1966 comedy Three on a Couch, and as the cross-dressing Dewey Barksdale in the 1976 drama Ode to Billy Joe. He also played Burt Reynolds's partner Cully in the 1978 movie “Hooper”.
Television
Best guest-starred more than 280 times in various television series. In 1954, he played outlaw Dave Ridley in an episode of Stories of the Century. In 1954, Best appeared twice on the syndicated Annie Oakley series. In 1955, he played Jim Blake on The Lone Ranger, Season 4, Episode 47. He was cast in the religion anthology series Crossroads, in its 1956 episode "The White Carnation." He was also cast on an episode of the NBC sitcom The People's Choice and in the crime drama Richard Diamond, Private Detective.
Best made four appearances on the syndicated anthology series Death Valley Days. His first role was as miner "Tiny" Stoker in the 1955 episode "Million Dollar Wedding".
In 1960, Best appeared in the episode "Love on Credit" of CBS's anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson. The same year, he guest-starred on The Andy Griffith Show as "The Guitar Player" (Season 1, Episode 3 and 31). He starred in three episodes of The Twilight Zone including "The Grave" (Season 3, Episode 7), "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank" (Season 3, Episode 23), and "Jess-Belle" (Season 4, Episode 7).
In 1961, he guest-starred in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "Make My Death Bed". In 1963, he was cast as the courageous Wisconsin game warden Ernie Swift in the episode "Open Season" of another CBS anthology series, GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the story line, Swift's character faces the reprisal of organized crime after he tickets a gangster for illegal fishing.
In 1962, he played the part of Art Fuller in the episode "Incident of El Toro" on CBS's Rawhide; and in 1963, he returned to play Willie Cain in the episode "Incident at Spider Rock." Best made two guest appearances on Perry Mason. In 1963, he played title character Martin Potter in "The Case of the Surplus Suitor," and in 1966 he played defendant and oilman Allan Winford in "The Case of the Unwelcome Well." He appeared on a long list of other television series in the 1950s and 1960s, including Wagon Train (three times), Laramie (three times), The Adventures of Kit Carson, The Rebel, Bonanza, Sheriff of Cochise, Pony Express, Rescue 8, The Texan, Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Tombstone Territory, Whispering Smith, Trackdown, The Rifleman, Cheyenne, Stagecoach West, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Overland Trail, Bat Masterson, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Combat!, The Green Hornet ("Deadline For Death"), The Mod Squad, I Spy, The Fugitive, and Flipper. He made a guest appearance on former costar Anne Francis's series Honey West in the 1965 episode "A Matter of Wife and Death".
The Dukes of Hazzard
Best's highest-profile role was as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on CBS's The Dukes of Hazzard. He appeared during the entire run of the program, from 1979 until the end of the series in 1985. He later revealed that the caricature-like persona of Sheriff Coltrane was developed from a voice he used when playing with his young children. On set, Best was particularly close to Sorrell Booke, who played the character of Boss Hogg, who was both the boss and the brother-in-law of Rosco. The two actors became close friends; and according to interviews by the series' creators, the two often improvised their scenes together, making up their own dialogue as they went along. Until his death, he remained close to actress Catherine Bach, who played the character of Daisy Duke; and long after the show's cancellation, she was a regular visitor to the website dedicated to Best's painting.
Later television career
In 1991, Best appeared in an episode of the NBC crime drama In the Heat of the Night. He portrayed retired sheriff and repentant killer Nathan Bedford in the episode "Sweet, Sweet Blues."
In August 2008, Best was presented the Florida Motion Picture and Television Association's Lifetime Achievement Award.
Artist, teacher, writer, and other activities
Best later moved to Florida and taught at the University of Central Florida (Orlando). After semi-retiring, he administered a production company and accepted occasional acting roles. He also developed a reputation as an artist for his paintings of landscapes, scenes from The Dukes of Hazzard in collaboration with Scott Romine, and other subjects. Later, after residing for a while on Lake Murray near Columbia, South Carolina, he moved once again, this time to Hickory, North Carolina.
An acting coach too, Best taught drama and acting techniques for more than 25 years in Los Angeles. He also served as artist-in-residence and taught drama at the University of Mississippi (Oxford) for two years prior to his stint on The Dukes of Hazzard.
On November 9, 2014, Best and fellow actor Robert Fuller (along with their wives) attended the 100th birthday celebration of lifelong friend and fellow actor Norman Lloyd. Best said, "I had the honor to have been directed by Norman in a Hitchcock episode called 'The Jar.' Having worked with hundreds of directors in my career, I found very few that had Norman's qualities. He was most kind, gracious and patient with his actors. He is in all respects a complete gentleman in his personal life and I found it a genuine pleasure just to be in the presence of such a talented man. I am also doubly honored to consider him my friend. We are so blessed to have such a man among us for so long."
Personal life
Best had a son, Gary, with his first wife. In 1959, Best married his second wife, Jobee Ayers. The couple had two daughters, Janeen and JoJami, before divorcing in 1977. Best married his third wife, Dorothy Collier, in 1986. He had three grandchildren.
Best's daughter Janeen is an actress, screenwriter and producer. She was first credited as Janeen Best then as Janeen Damian, after her 1998 marriage to actor and producer Michael Damian.
Best enjoyed a wide range of hobbies and interests. He was an accomplished painter, a guitarist, and a black belt in karate; enjoyed writing; and ran his own acting school. His students included Lindsay Wagner, Roger Miller, Glen Campbell, Quentin Tarantino, and Regis Philbin. He was also an animal rights advocate.
Death
Best died on April 6, 2015, at the age of 88, in Hickory, North Carolina, from complications of pneumonia.
Prior to his death, Best's former Dukes of Hazzard co-star and longtime friend John Schneider said: "I laughed and learned more from Jimmie in one hour than from anyone else in a whole year." He also added that, when asked to cry for the camera, "(Best) would say, 'sure thing, which eye?' I'm forever thankful to have cut my teeth in the company of such a fine man." Nearly one year after Best's death, Schneider said about his working relationship with Best:
Filmography
One Way Street (1950) as Driver (uncredited)
Comanche Territory (1950) as Sam
I Was a Shoplifter (1950) as Police Broadcaster in Surveillance Plane (uncredited)
Winchester '73 (1950) as Crater
Peggy (1950) as Frank Addison
Kansas Raiders (1950) as Cole Younger
Target Unknown (1951) as Sgt. Ralph Phelps
Air Cadet (1951) as Jerry Connell
Apache Drums (1951) as Bert Keon
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951) as Tommy Nelson (Arthur Franz's stand-in)
The Cimarron Kid (1952) as Bitter Creek Dalton
About Face (1952) as Joe – Hal's Roommate
Steel Town (1952) as Joe Rakich
The Battle at Apache Pass (1952) as Cpl. Hassett
Ma and Pa Kettle at the Fair (1952) as Marvin Johnson
Francis Goes to West Point (1952) as Cpl. Ransom
Flat Top (1952) as Radio Operator (uncredited)
Seminole (1953) as Corp. Gerard
Column South (1953) as Primrose
The President's Lady (1953) as Samuel Donelson (uncredited)
The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953) as Charlie – Radar Man (uncredited)
City of Bad Men (1953) as Deputy Gig (uncredited)
Riders to the Stars (1954) as Sidney K. Fuller
The Yellow Tomahawk (1954) as Private Bliss
The Caine Mutiny (1954) as Lieutenant Jorgensen (uncredited)
Return from the Sea (1954) as Barr
The Raid (1954) as Lt. Robinson
They Rode West (1954) as Lt. Finlay (uncredited)
Seven Angry Men (1955) as Jason Brown
A Man Called Peter (1955) as Man with Jane at Youth Rally (uncredited)
The Eternal Sea (1955) as Student
Death Valley Days (TV Series, 4 episodes, 1955–1964) as Tiny Stoker / Ruel Gridley / Jimmy Burns / Jim Campbell
Top of the World (1955) as Col. French's Orderly (uncredited)
Come Next Spring (1956) as Bill Jackson
The Adventures of Champion (1955–1956, TV Series) as Mace Kincaid / Paul Kenyon
When Gangland Strikes (1956) as Jerry Ames (uncredited)
Forbidden Planet (1956) as Crewman (uncredited)
Gaby (1956) as Jim
Calling Homicide (1956) as Arnie Arnholf
The Rack (1956) as Millard Chilson Cassidy
Last of the Badmen (1957) as Ted Hamilton
Hot Summer Night (1957) as Kermit
I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957) as Kid at party who gets slapped (uncredited)
Man on the Prowl (1957) as Doug Gerhardt
Have Gun – Will Travel (1957–1961, TV Series) as Roy Smith / Andy Fisher, one of three parties in danger of being hanged, along with Richard Boone and guest star Richard Schallert
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 30: "Death Sentence") as Norman Frayne
Cole Younger, Gunfighter (1958) as Kit Caswell
The Restless Gun (1958) in Episode "Jebediah Bonner"
The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Tom Folliard
Bat Masterson (1958) as Joe Best (murderer)
The Naked and the Dead (1958) as Pvt. Rhidges
Trackdown (1957–1958, TV Series) as Joe Sunday / Bud Ehlers / Rand Marple
Ride Lonesome (1959) as Billy John
Verboten! (1959) as Sgt. David Brent
The Killer Shrews (1959) as Thorne Sherman
Cast a Long Shadow (1959) as Sam Mullen
Wagon Train (1959–1960, TV Series) as Art Bernard / Bowman Lewis / Garth English
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 34: "Cell 227") as Hennessy
The Mountain Road (1960) as Niergaard
The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1961, TV Series) as Jim Lindsey
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 37: "Make My Death Bed") as Bish Darby
The Rifleman (1962, TV Series) as Bob Barrett
Bronco (1962, TV Series) as Frankie Banton
Cheyenne (1962, TV Series) as Ernie Riggins
Black Gold (1962) as Jericho Larkin
The Twilight Zone (1961–1963, TV Series) as Billy Ben Turner / Jeff Myrtlebank / Johnny Rob
Shock Corridor (1963) as Stuart Couter
The Fugitive (1963, TV Series) as Dan Murray
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 17: "The Jar") as Tom Carmody
Combat! (1964, TV Series) as Trenton
The Quick Gun (1964) as Sheriff Scotty Grant
Flipper (1965, TV Series) as Dr. Peter Kellwin
Black Spurs (1965) as Sheriff Ralph Elkins
Shenandoah (1965) as Carter
The Virginian (1965, TV series) as Curt Westley
Daniel Boone (1965) as Wyatt in S1/E21 "The Devil's Four"
Three on a Couch (1966) as Dr. Ben Mizer
Perry Mason (1963–1966, TV Series) as Allan Winford / Martin Potter
First to Fight (1967) as Gunnery Sgt. Ed Carnavan
Firecreek (1968) as Drew
Bonanza (1961–1968, TV Series, three episodes) as Sheriff Vern Schaler / Page / Carl Reagan
The Guns of Will Sonnett (1967–1969, TV Series) as Harley Bass / Rake Hanley
Gunsmoke (1963–1969, TV Series) as Charlie Noon / Beal / Dal Creed
Sounder (1972) as Sheriff Charlie Young
Hawkins (1973, TV Series)
Savages (1974, TV Movie) as Sheriff Bert Hamilton
Ode to Billy Joe (1976) as Dewey Barksdale
Gator (1976)
Nickelodeon (1976) as Jim
Rolling Thunder (1977) as Texan
The Brain Machine (1977) as Rev. Emory Neill
The End (1978) as Pacemaker Patient
Hooper (1978) as Cully
Centennial (1978, TV Mini-Series) as Hank Garvey
The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985, TV Series) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Enos (1981, TV series) (Horse Cops) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
The Dukes (1983, TV Series) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
In the Heat of the Night (1991, TV Series) as retired Sheriff Nathan Bedford – Crystal Reel Award, Best Actor
The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! (1997, TV Movie) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Raney (1997) as Uncle Nate
Death Mask (1998) as Wilbur Johnson
The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000, TV Movie) as Rosco P. Coltrane
Hot Tamale (2006) as Hank Larson
Moondance Alexander (2007) as a friend and storekeeper of the Alexanders (based on the life of real-life daughter Janeen)
Return of the Killer Shrews (2012) as Thorne Sherman
The Sweeter Side of Life (2013, TV Movie) as the father of the protagonist (final film role)
Further reading
Best, James; Clark, Jim (2009). Best in Hollywood: The Good, The Bad, And The Beautiful. Albany, New York: BearManor Media, 2009; .
References
External links
James Best Bio at HazzardNet.com
James Best Crystal Reel Awards
Obituary – Legacy
1926 births
2015 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
20th-century American male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Kentucky
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Universal Pictures contract players
University of Central Florida faculty
University of Mississippi faculty
People from Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
People from Corydon, Indiana
Male actors from Orlando, Florida
Military personnel from Kentucky
Deaths from pneumonia in North Carolina
Western (genre) television actors
American military police officers |
Carmelo Samonà (17 March 1926 – 17 March 1990) was an Italian academic and writer, as well one of the most important Italian Hispanists.
Biography
He came from the Sicilian aristocratic family Samonà, and was the son of the architect Giuseppe Samonà. In 1936 he settled in Rome.
From 1961 he taught Spanish literature at the La Sapienza of Rome. Among his works as a Hispanist are, among others, his La letteratura spagnola dal Cid ai Re Cattolici (with , 1972). He was an Academic of the Lincei since 1987, and in 1984 was awarded the Juan Carlos Prize of the Spanish Academy. From 1976 he collaborated with the newspaper la Repubblica with articles on modern Spanish and Hispano-American literature.
Samonà is also remembered as a writer, having published two successful novels with : Fratelli (his 1978 debut novel, partially autobiographical) and Il custode (1983). Fratelli tells the story of the narrator's relationship with his brother suffering from a mental illness (in reality, it is Samonà's relationship with his son); he was the winner of the and finalist of the Strega Prize in 1978, finalist of the in 1985 and winner of the in 2002. The novel was subsequently republished by Garzanti, included in the series Gli elefanti, and in 2002 published by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, in the complete works entitled "Fratelli" e tutta l'opera narrativa edited and with a preface by Francesco Orlando. In addition to the two novels, Samonà wrote the short story Casa Landau (Garzanti, 1990) and the theatrical text Ultimo seminario.
Works
Essays
Profilo di storia della letteratura spagnola, Veschi, Roma, 1960.
Calderon nella critica italiana, Feltrinelli, Milano 1960
Studi sul romanzo sentimentale e cortese nella letteratura spagnola del Quattrocento, vol. I, Carucci editore, Università di Roma, Roma, 1960.
La letteratura spagnola dal Cid ai Re cattolici, in collaboration with Alberto Varvaro, Sansoni-Accademia, Firenze-Milano, 1972.
Della letteratura spagnola degli Secoli d'Oro, in collaboration with Guido Mancini, Francesco Guazzelli, Alessandro Martinengo, Sansoni-Accademia, Firenze-Milano, 1973.
Ippogrifo violento (Studi su Calderòn, Lope e Tirso), preface by Mario Socrate, Garzanti, Milano, 1990.
Narrative
Fratelli, Einaudi, Torino 1978; Garzanti, Milano 1991; UTET, Torino 2006, with preface by Domenico Starnone
Il custode, Einaudi, Torino 1983; Garzanti, Milano 1993
Casa Landau, with editorial note by Francesco Orlando, Garzanti, Milano 1990
Fratelli e tutta l'opera narrativa, edited by Francesco Orlando, Mondadori, Milano 2002 [includes Fratelli, Il custode, Casa Landau, the short story L'esitazione, the theatrical text Ultimo seminario and the prose of Cinque sogni]
Fratelli, with an essay by Francesco Orlando, Sellerio, Palermo 2008
References
1926 births
1990 deaths
Italian Hispanists
20th-century Italian historians
Writers from Palermo
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome |
Stephenson Campus, one of the three campuses of the SMB College Group, is located at Thornborough Way, Coalville, Leicestershire, England. It was created as a new build when the former college in Bridge Road, Coalville, closed in 2005.
This campus is known for its Technical and Trade aspects including construction courses and facilities. In 2022, the Stephenson Campus was awarded Construction Apprenticeship Provider of the Year for its partnership with Barratt Developments.
Part of the campus is used by the Stephenson Studio School, however the school is due to close in 2024.
References
External links
College website
Further education colleges in Leicestershire
Coalville |
Demba Kamara (born 4 May 2003) is a Sierra Leonean footballer.
Club career
Kamara signed for Serie D side Rimini in August 2021.
International career
He made his international debut for Sierra Leone in a 1–0 win over Liberia in March 2022.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
International
References
2003 births
Living people
Footballers from Freetown
Men's association football midfielders
Sierra Leonean men's footballers
Sierra Leone men's international footballers
Serie D players
ASD Licata Calcio players
ASD Giarre Calcio 1946 players
Rimini FC 1912 players
ASD Victor San Marino players
Sierra Leonean expatriate men's footballers
Sierra Leonean expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy |
Montreuil-sur-Lozon () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Montreuilsurlozon |
Madge Allan is a former English international lawn bowler.
Bowls career
Allan won a bronze medal in the Women's fours at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh with Barbara Fuller, Brenda Atherton and Mary Price.
References
English female bowls players
Living people
Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Bowls players at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games |
Gordon Alexander Thomas Bagier (7 July 1924 – 8 April 2012) was a British Labour Party politician.
Early life
Bagier was educated at Pendower Secondary Technical School (merged with neighbouring St Cuthbert's Grammar School to become its lower school in 1977) on Fox and Hounds Lane (off the A186) in Benwell, Newcastle upon Tyne. He served in the Royal Marines from 1941 to 1945, as a gunner aboard the light cruiser , and later played a part in her preservation. He was a signals inspector on British Railways. He served as a councillor on Keighley Borough Council 1956–60 and Sowerby Bridge Urban Council from 1962, and as President of the Yorkshire District Council of the National Union of Railwaymen.
Parliamentary career
At the 1964 general election, Bagier stood in the Sunderland South constituency, where he defeated the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament, Paul Williams. He held the seat until his retirement at the 1987 general election, when his successor was the left-wing journalist Chris Mullin.
Personal life
He married Violet Sinclair in 1949. They had two sons and two daughters. He died on 8 April 2012.
References
The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1966 & 1983
Notes
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
National Union of Railwaymen-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
Councillors in West Yorkshire
1924 births
2012 deaths
Politicians from Newcastle upon Tyne
British Rail people
Royal Marines ranks
Royal Marines personnel of World War II |
Arthromyces is a genus of fungi in the Lyophyllaceae family. The genus contain two species found in Central America.
See also
References
External links
Agaricales genera |
Ibrahima Cissé (born 28 February 1994) is a professional footballer who plays for Russian club Ural Yekaterinburg. Born in Belgium, Cissé represents the Guinea national football team internationally.
Career
Fulham
Fulham tried to sign Cissé from Belgium side Standard Liège in January 2017, but it took until 7 July 2017 that Fulham finally signed him for an undisclosed fee. Cissé was released by mutual consent from Fulham on 1 February 2020.
Ural Yekaterinburg
On 8 September 2022, Cissé signed with Ural Yekaterinburg in Russia.
International career
Cissé was born in Belgium and is Guinean by descent. He was formerly a youth international for Belgium. However, he pledged his international allegiance to Guinea in March 2018.
On 25 April 2018, Cissé accepted an invitation to represent the Guinea national football team. He made his professional debut for Guinea in a 1–0 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification win over Central African Republic on 9 September 2018.
Career statistics
Club
International
International goals
Scores and results list Guinea's goal tally first.
References
External links
1994 births
Belgian people of Guinean descent
Citizens of Guinea through descent
Living people
Footballers from Liège
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Belgian men's footballers
Belgium men's youth international footballers
Belgium men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks
Standard Liège players
K.V. Mechelen players
Fulham F.C. players
R.F.C. Seraing (1922) players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Russian Premier League players
Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in England
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players |
Michael Maluntsian ( Mikael Movsesi Maluntsyan; , , Baku, Russian Empire – 20 February 1973, Yerevan, Armenian SSR) was an Armenian conductor, cellist and pedagogue. People's Artist of Armenia. He worked with Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra as its artistic director and principal conductor in 1945–1960 and 1966–1967.
Maluntsyan was trained as a cellist at the Tbilisi Conservatory, and subsequently also graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in 1935, where he studied conducting. He was the conductor of the opera studio of Moscow conservatory from 1934 to 1945. In 1945 he led the chair of orchestra instruments of the Yerevan Conservatory.
References
Armenian musicians
1903 births
Armenian conductors (music)
1973 deaths
Soviet conductors (music)
Moscow Conservatory alumni |
Rok Mašina (; trans. Rock Machine) was a short-lasting Yugoslav hard rock and heavy metal band formed in Belgrade in 1980. Formed by former members of the progressive/hard rock band Pop Mašina Robert Nemeček (vocals and bass guitar) and brothers Zoran and Vidoja Božinović (guitars), Rok Mašina released only one studio album, Rok Mašina, before disbanding in 1982, while in the midst of recording of their second album. Part of the material recorded for their second album appeared in 1983 on the influential mini-album Izrod na granici.
Band history
1980–1982
The band was formed in 1980 by former Pop Mašina members Robert Nemeček (vocals and bass guitar) and brothers Zoran and Vidoja Božinović (guitars), with Vladan Dokić (drums). With Rok Mašina, Nemeček and the Božinović brothers turned towards heavier, less complex sound than Pop Mašina's progressive/hard rock sound with blues, psychedelic and acid rock elements.
The band had its debut live appearance in 1980 in Zagreb, as a part of the event named Pozdrav iz Beograda (Greetings from Belgrade). Later that year, the band released the 7-inch single with the songs "Vatra" ("Fire") and "Bilo mi je bolje" ("I Felt Better"). In 1981, the band released their only studio album, Rok Mašina, through Jugodisk record label. Part of the album lyrics were written by Dragana Stanaćev and Koviljka Milić, actresses of the Teatar Levo (Left Theatre) theatre, and the album featured Ljuba Ninković (formerly of S Vremena Na Vreme) and Dragan Popović (formerly of DAG) on backing vocals. The album was produced by Nemeček and featured, beside new tracks, new versions of previously released "Vatra" and "Bilo mi je bolje". After the album release, Dragan Đorđević, a former member of Generacija 5, replaced Dokić. However, as at the time of the great popularity of new wave bands in Yugoslavia the future for the band did not seem very promising, they disbanded in 1982, in the midst of recording their second studio album. They had their last performance on the Belgrade Rock Festival held in Pionir Hall in September 1982.
Post-breakup
Part of the material recorded for the band's second studio album was released by Jugodisk in 1983 on the mini-album Izrod na granici (Bastard on the Border). The album featured a live version of the song "Bilo mi je bolje", recorded at the 1982 Belgrade Rock Festival, on the band's last live performance. The song "Promašen san" ("Failed Dream") featured a recording of Aleister Crowley's voice. The album cover was designed by Jugoslav Vlahović. The original cover, also designed by Vlahović, should have featured two hands with feathers thrust through them and the bands logo and album title written in red, but was, as Robert Nemeček stated in 1983, refused by the Jugodisk as "politically problematic".
After Rok Mašina disbanded, Zoran Božinović retired from music. In the late 1990s, he returned to performing, starting to perform with the blues rock band Zona B. He died on 12 July 2004. Vidoja Božinović dedicated himself to his studies of architecture at the Belgrade Faculty of Architecture. He would occasionally perform in blues clubs and with the jazz band Interaction, before joining the highly popular band Riblja Čorba in 1985. Robert Nemeček became the film program editor at TV Politika. He later worked as program editor on TV Pink and Radio Television of Serbia.
In 1994, the band's song "Nulti čas" ("Zero Hour") was released on Komuna compilation album Pakleni vozači: Jugoslovenski hard rock (Hell Riders: Yugoslav Hard Rock). In 2001, One Records released the compilation album entitled Rok Mašina, which featured all the tracks from both their self-titled debut and Izrod na granici.
In 2008, Nemeček released a collection of Pop Mašina recordings on the box set Antologija 1972 – 1976 (Anthology 1972 – 1976). During the following years, Vidoja Božinović tried to persuade him to do the similar thing with Rok Mašina recordings. Finally, in 2015, the compilation album Antologija 1980 – 1983 was released through Multimedia Music. The songs released on the album were remastered by Nemeček himself and his son Jan. The compilation featured all the material officially released by Rok Mašina, previously unreleased recordings and a book about the band. The previously unreleased recordings included the song "Umbra Zonule" (Latin for "Twilight Zone"), originally performed by Nemeček's 1960s band Dogovor iz 1804. and later recorded by Rok Mašina.
Legacy
In 2012, Serbian alternative rock band Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša recorded a cover of Rok Mašina's song "Granica" ("Border") for the New Year's Eve edition of Radio Television of Serbia show Bunt (Rebellion). In 2016, the same song was covered by Serbian blues rock band Texas Flood in Radio Television of Serbia show Tri boje zvuka (Three Colors of Sound).
Discography
Studio albums
Rok Mašina (1981)
Izrod na granici (1983)
Compilations
Rok Mašina (2001)
Antologija 1980 - 1983 (2015)
Singles
"Vatra" / "Bilo mi je bolje" (1980)
See also
Pop Mašina
References
External links
Rok Mašina at Discogs
Serbian hard rock musical groups
Serbian heavy metal musical groups
Yugoslav hard rock musical groups
Yugoslav heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups from Belgrade
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1982 |
This is a list of National Cycle Routes in Zone 8 of the numbering scheme. Known as the Lôn Las Cymru, fully open and signed between Cardiff and Holyhead (Anglesey) via Brecon, Builth Wells, Machynlleth, Porthmadog and Bangor.
Single- and double-digits
Triple-digits
References
National Cycle Network |
Juego de mentiras (English: Game of Lies) is an American television series that aired on Telemundo from 7 March 2023 to 4 July 2023. It is an original story created by Sebastián Arrau. It stars Arap Bethke, Altair Jarabo and María Elisa Camargo.
Plot
The series revolves around the disappearance of Adriana Molina (María Elisa Camargo). Her husband, César Ferrer (Arap Bethke), is the prime suspect in the possible murder. To avoid losing his eight-year-old daughter, César investigates his wife's disappearance on his own. His search for clues to Adriana's disappearance leads him to discover that she had been living a double life and had a lover from a wealthy and powerful family.
Cast
Main
Arap Bethke as César Ferrer
Altaír Jarabo as Camila del Río
María Elisa Camargo as Adriana Molina
Rodrigo Guirao as Francisco Javier del Río
Cynthia Klitbo as Renata del Río
Eduardo Yáñez as Pascual del Río
Pepe Gámez as Jesús "Chuy" Marín
Alberto Casanova as Elvis Barros
Alicia Machado as Alejandra Edwards
Beatriz Valdés as Elvira Gomez
Gabriela Vergara as Eva Rojas
Patricio Gallardo as Tomás del Río
Bárbara Garofalo as Inés Urrutia
María Laura Quintero as Linda Marquez
Camila Nuñez as Noelia Ferrer
Recurring
Eneida Mascetti as Doña Gracia
Manuela Corzo as Estela Montoya
Jesús Nasser as Manuel "El Mono"
Angelo Jamaica as Moisés Alto
Chela Arias as Olga
Francisco Porras as Pluto
Karla Peniche as Yvonne González
Denisse Novoa as Jacinta Zamora
José Mizrahi as Escobar
José Alberto Torres as Federico
Ezequiel Montalt as Raymundo Edwards
Camila Arteche as Verónica Baeza
Argelia García as Luisa Ullola
Vanessa Lyon as Paola
Carolina Perpetuo as Nicole
Neher Jacqueline Briceño as Nun
Guest stars
Aylín Mújica as Rocío Jimenez
Production
Development
On 15 February 2022, the series was announced at Telemundo's virtual screening event with the working title Culpable o inocente. In May 2022, the series was presented during Telemundo's upfront for the 2022–2023 television season. On 13 August 2022, it was announced that the official title of the series would be Juego de mentiras. Filming of the series began on 15 August 2022 in Miami, United States, and concluded on 3 December 2022. On 26 January 2023, Telemundo released the first official trailer for the series.
Casting
On 28 July 2022, Alicia Machado announced that she would be part of the main cast. On 13 August 2022, Arap Bethke, Altair Jarabo and María Elisa Camargo were announced in the lead roles, and an extensive cast list was published in a press release.
Episodes
Reception
Ratings
}}
Awards and nominations
Music
Juego de mentiras (Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the series. It was released by Discos Telemundo on 16 May 2023. It features 16 score cues composed by Jorge Avendaño Lührs, and the theme song of series performed by Aleks Syntek.
References
External links
2023 telenovelas
2023 American television series debuts
2023 American television series endings
Spanish-language American telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Telemundo telenovelas
Telemundo original programming |
The Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis, also known as the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis, was the first key scientific test of the seafloor spreading theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. Its key impact was that it allowed the rates of plate motions at mid-ocean ridges to be computed. It states that the Earth's oceanic crust acts as a recorder of reversals in the geomagnetic field direction as seafloor spreading takes place.
History
Harry Hess proposed the seafloor spreading hypothesis in 1960 (published in 1962); the term "spreading of the seafloor" was introduced by geophysicist Robert S. Dietz in 1961. According to Hess, seafloor was created at mid-oceanic ridges by the convection of the earth's mantle, pushing and spreading the older crust away from the ridge. Geophysicist Frederick John Vine and the Canadian geologist Lawrence W. Morley independently realized that if Hess's seafloor spreading theory was correct, then the rocks surrounding the mid-oceanic ridges should show symmetric patterns of magnetization reversals using newly collected magnetic surveys. Both of Morley's letters to Nature (February 1963) and Journal of Geophysical Research (April 1963) were rejected, hence Vine and his PhD adviser at Cambridge University, Drummond Hoyle Matthews, were first to publish the theory in September 1963. Some colleagues were skeptical of the hypothesis because of the numerous assumptions made—seafloor spreading, geomagnetic reversals, and remanent magnetism—all hypotheses that were still not widely accepted. The Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis describes the magnetic reversals of oceanic crust. Further evidence for this hypothesis came from Allan V. Cox and colleagues (1964) when they measured the remanent magnetization of lavas from land sites. Walter C. Pitman and J. R. Heirtzler offered further evidence with a remarkably symmetric magnetic anomaly profile from the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge.
Marine magnetic anomalies
The Vine–Matthews-Morley hypothesis correlates the symmetric magnetic patterns seen on the seafloor with geomagnetic field reversals. At mid-ocean ridges, new crust is created by the injection, extrusion, and solidification of magma. After the magma has cooled through the Curie point, ferromagnetism becomes possible and the magnetization direction of magnetic minerals in the newly formed crust orients parallel to the current background geomagnetic field vector. Once fully cooled, these directions are locked into the crust and it becomes permanently magnetized. Lithospheric creation at the ridge is considered continuous and symmetrical as the new crust intrudes into the diverging plate boundary. The old crust moves laterally and equally on either side of the ridge. Therefore, as geomagnetic reversals occur, the crust on either side of the ridge will contain a record of remanent normal (parallel) or reversed (antiparallel) magnetizations in comparison to the current geomagnetic field. A magnetometer towed above (near bottom, sea surface, or airborne) the seafloor will record positive (high) or negative (low) magnetic anomalies when over crust magnetized in the normal or reversed direction. The ridge crest is analogous to “twin-headed tape recorder”, recording the Earth's magnetic history.
Typically there are positive magnetic anomalies over normally magnetized crust and negative anomalies over reversed crust. Local anomalies with a short wavelength also exist, but are considered to be correlated with bathymetry. Magnetic anomalies over mid-ocean ridges are most apparent at high magnetic latitudes, over north-south trending ridges at all latitudes away from the magnetic equator, and east-west trending spreading ridges at the magnetic equator.
The intensity of the remanent magnetization in the crust is greater than the induced magnetization. Consequently, the shape and amplitude of the magnetic anomaly is controlled predominately by the primary remanent vector in the crust. In addition, where the anomaly is measured on Earth affects its shape when measured with a magnetometer. This is because the field vector generated by the magnetized crust and the direction of the Earth's magnetic field vector are both measured by the magnetometers used in marine surveys. Because the Earth's field vector is much stronger than the anomaly field, a modern magnetometer measures the sum of the Earth's field and the component of the anomaly field in the direction of the Earth's field.
Sections of crust magnetized at high latitudes have magnetic vectors that dip steeply downward in a normal geomagnetic field. However, close to the magnetic south pole, magnetic vectors are inclined steeply upwards in a normal geomagnetic field. Therefore, in both these cases the anomalies are positive. At the equator the Earth's field vector is horizontal so that crust magnetized there will also align horizontal. Here, the orientation of the spreading ridge affects the anomaly shape and amplitude. The component of the vector that effects the anomaly is at a maximum when the ridge is aligned east-west and the magnetic profile crossing is north-south.
Impact
The hypothesis links seafloor spreading and geomagnetic reversals in a powerful manner, with each expanding knowledge of the other. Early in the history of investigating the hypothesis only a short record of geomagnetic field reversals was available for studies of rocks on land. This was sufficient to allow computing of spreading rates over the last 700,000 years on many mid-ocean ridges by locating the closest reversed crust boundary to the crest of a mid-ocean ridge. Marine magnetic anomalies were found later to span the vast flanks of the ridges. Drillcores into the crust on these ridge flanks allowed dating of the early and of the older anomalies. This in turn allowed design of a predicted geomagnetic time scale. With time, investigations married land and marine data to produce an accurate geomagnetic reversal time scale for almost 200 million years.
See also
Edward Bullard
Drummond Matthews
Walter C. Pitman III
Fredrick Vine
Geodynamo
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
References
Geophysics
History of Earth science
Plate tectonics
Geology theories |
John Joseph O'Neill (June 25, 1846 – February 19, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, O'Neill attended the common schools.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practice in St. Louis.
He engaged in the manufacture of gold pens.
He served as member of the State house of representatives from 1872 to 1878.
He served as member of the municipal assembly from 1879 to 1881.
O'Neill was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, and Fiftieth Congresses (March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1889).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings (Forty-ninth Congress), Committee on Labor (Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888 to the Fifty-first Congress.
O'Neill was elected to the Fifty-second Congress (March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893).
He successfully contested the election of Charles F. Joy to the Fifty-third Congress (April 3, 1894 – March 3, 1895).
He was not a candidate for renomination in 1894.
He resumed the practice of law.
He died in St. Louis, Missouri, February 19, 1898.
He was interred in Calvary Cemetery.
References
1846 births
1898 deaths
Politicians from St. Louis
Democratic Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
19th-century American politicians |
was a after Chōryaku and before Kantoku. This period spanned the years from November 1040 through November 1044. The reigning emperor was .
Change of era
1040 : The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Chōryaku 4, on the 10th day of the 11th month of 1040.
Events of the Chōkyū era
1040 (Chōkyū 1, 1st day of the 1st month): a partial eclipse of the sun, predicted for midday, occurred in mid-afternoon, causing complaints about the astronomers' lack of accuracy.
1040 (Chōkyū 1, 9th month): The Sacred Mirror was burned in a fire.
1041 (Chōkyū 2): The Sanjo Palace burned; and it was reconstructed.
Notes
References
Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ; OCLC 7574544
Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 6042764
External links
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras |
Joseph Docteur House is a historic home and farm complex located at Cape Vincent in Jefferson County, New York. The limestone farmhouse was built about 1847 and has two sections: a -storey main block and a 1-storey wooden rear wing. Also on the property are a 19th-century barn and three sheds.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Jefferson County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, New York |
Santa Teresa is a village and rural locality (municipality) in La Pampa Province in Argentina.
References
Populated places in La Pampa Province
Volga German diaspora |
The 2008 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The State of Washington was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama by a 17.1% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. No Republican presidential nominee had won the State of Washington since Ronald Reagan won the state in 1984. Continuing on that trend, Washington stayed in the Democratic column as Obama carried the state with over 57% of the vote.
, this is the last election in which Skamania County, Klickitat County, and Wahkiakum County voted for the Democratic candidate. This is also the last time the Democrat carried more counties than the Republican. Obama became the first ever Democrat to win the White House without carrying Ferry County, as well as the first to do so without carrying Asotin County since Woodrow Wilson in 1912.
Primaries
Democratic primary
The Democratic caucuses were a series of events held by the Washington State Democratic Party to determine the delegates that the Party sent to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Delegates were selected in a four-tier process that began with precinct caucuses, was further refined in legislative district caucuses and/or county conventions, concluded for some delegates in the congressional district caucuses, and finally concluded for the remaining delegates at the state convention.
Washington also held a Democratic primary on February 19, 2008, but the Washington State Democratic Party did not use the results of the primary to determine its delegates.
Delegate breakdown
The Washington State Democratic Party sent a total of 97 delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Of those delegates, 78 were pledged and 19 were unpledged. The 78 pledged delegates were allocated (pledged) to vote for a particular candidate at the National Convention according to the results of Washington's four-step caucus process. The 19 unpledged delegates were popularly called "superdelegates" because their vote represented their personal decisions, whereas the regular delegates' votes represented the collective decision of many voters. The superdelegates were free to vote for any candidate at the National Convention and were selected by the Washington State Democratic Party's officials and the pledged delegates.
The 78 pledged delegates were further divided into 51 district delegates and 27 statewide delegates. The 51 district delegates were divided among Washington's 9 Congressional Districts and were allocated to the presidential candidates based on the caucus results in each District. The 27 statewide delegates were divided into 17 at-large delegates and 10 Party Leaders and Elected Officials (abbreviated PLEOs). They were allocated to the presidential candidates at the State Convention based on the preference of the 51 district delegates on June 13–15.
Of the 19 unpledged delegates, 17 were selected in advance and 2 were selected at the State Convention. The delegates selected in advance were 7 Democratic National Committee members, the 2 Democratic U.S. Senators from Washington, Maria Cantwell and Patty Murray, the 6 Democratic U.S. Representatives from Washington, and the Democratic Governor of Washington, Christine Gregoire.
Delegate selection process
Precinct caucuses
The precinct caucuses took place on February 9, 2008. Washington's two senators, Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, endorsed Senator Hillary Clinton earlier in the nomination season. The week before the caucuses, Washington's governor, Christine Gregoire, endorsed Senator Barack Obama.
The caucuses were open to all voters who would be 18 years old by November 4, 2008. To vote, participants completed a form with their contact information and candidate preference. The form also asked voters to sign an oath stating: "I declare that I consider myself to be a DEMOCRAT and I will not participate in the nomination process of any other political party for the 2008 Presidential election." In some caucus groups, members split into smaller groups according to the candidate they supported. Voters supporting non-viable candidates had the option of moving into viable groups, and voters in viable groups could change their preference. Unlike other state Democratic Party caucuses, Washington does not require a 15% threshold for allocation of delegates at the precinct level. Rules state that any fractional delegates remaining are awarded to the candidate with the most votes that do not have delegates.
Legislative District caucuses and County conventions
The second tier of the delegate selection process involved choosing 2,000 Legislative District delegates (and 1,000 alternates) to send to the Congressional District conventions on May 17 and the State Convention on June 13–15. There are 49 Legislative Districts in Washington State. Each district was allocated a certain number of delegates. Delegates were elected at either Legislative District caucuses or County conventions. Each of Washington's 39 counties has a local Democratic Party organization that determined the event at which delegate selection would take place. Most counties chose to select delegates at Legislative District caucuses on April 5. The remaining counties selected delegates at sub-caucuses during their County Conventions, most of which were held on either April 12 or April 19. The breakdown of events by date is listed below.
April 5
Legislative District caucuses:
1st through 6th
8th
11th
12th
16th (Benton County portion only, held at the 8th LD caucus)
21st
25th through 34th
36th through 39th
40th (San Juan County portion only)
41st through 48th
County Convention:
Whatcom (40th LD)
April 12
County Conventions:
Clallam (24th LD)
Franklin (9th & 16th LDs)
Grays Harbor (19th, 24th & 35th LDs)
Kitsap (23rd & 35th LDs)
Kittitas (13th LD)
Pend Oreille (7th LD)
Skagit (10th & 40th LDs)
April 13
County Convention:
Snohomish (10th LD)
April 19
County Conventions:
Asotin (9th LD)
Chelan (13th LD)
Clark (15th, 17th, 18th & 49th LDs)
Cowlitz (18th & 19th LDs)
Ferry (7th LD)
Grant (13th LD)
Island (10th LD)
Klickitat (15th LD)
Lewis (20th LD)
Lincoln (7th LD)
Mason (35th LD)
Okanogan (7th LD)
Pacific (19th LD)
Skamania (15th LD)
Spokane (7th & 9th LDs)
Stevens (7th LD)
Thurston (20th, 22nd & 35th LDs)
Wahkiakum (19th LD)
Whitman (9th LD)
Yakima (13th, 14th & 15th LDs)
April 20
County Convention:
Walla Walla (16th LD)
April 26
County Convention:
Jefferson (24th LD)
Unknown date
County Conventions:
Adams (9th LD)
Garfield (9th LD)
Columbia (16th LD)
Congressional district caucuses
Fifty-one delegates were chosen at the nine congressional district caucuses. Each district was allotted a different number of delegates:
CD 1: 6
CD 2: 6
CD 3: 5
CD 4: 3
CD 5: 5
CD 6: 6
CD 7: 9
CD 8: 6
CD 9: 5
State convention
Twenty-nine delegates were chosen at the state convention, twenty-seven of which were pledged to vote for a particular candidate. Seventeen of these pledged delegates were "at-large" delegates that did not represent a specific Washington congressional district, and ten were party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs).
Polls
Results
Precinct caucuses
Caucus date: February 9, 2008
National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)
Primary
The Washington State Democratic Party did not use the results of the primary to determine its delegates.
Primary date: February 19, 2008
National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)
Legislative district caucuses and county conventions
Dashes indicate districts for which results are unavailable.
Caucus/Convention dates: April 5–26, 2008
National pledged delegates determined: 0 (of 78)
Congressional district caucuses
Caucus date: May 17, 2008
National pledged delegates determined: 51 (of 78)
State convention
Convention date: June 13–15, 2008
National pledged delegates determined: 27 (of 78)
Republican caucuses and primary
The Republican caucuses were held on Saturday February 9 and the primary on February 19, 2008, to compete 40 total delegates, of which 18 tied to the caucuses, 19 tied to the primary, and 3 unpledged RNC member delegates.
Candidates
All following candidates appeared on the ballot for voters in Washington:
Mike Huckabee
John McCain
Ron Paul
Mitt Romney (candidate suspended his campaign)
Caucuses
Voting in Washington's caucuses closed at 9:00 pm EST February 9.
The Washington Republican Party declared John McCain the winner on the night of the election, after 87% of the votes were counted. Mike Huckabee disputed the results and accused the state party of calling the election prematurely. He demanded a statewide caucus recount. However, by Tuesday, February 12, the Washington Republicans again declared McCain the winner after 96% of the votes were tallied, and never counted the rest of the votes.
Primary
The primary took place on February 19, 2008.
* Candidate stopped campaign before primary
Money raised
The following table shows the amount of money each Republican Party candidate raised in the state of Washington.
Campaign
Predictions
Since February 28, Obama won every pre-election poll. Since September 22, he won each poll with a double-digit margin of victory. The final 3 polls averaged Obama leading 54% to 40%.
Fundraising
McCain raised a total of $2,697,999 in the state. Obama raised $16,518,208.
Advertising and visits
Obama and his interest groups spent $312,869. McCain and his interest groups spent just $2,264. The Democratic ticket visited the state once, while the Republican ticket did not visit at all.
Analysis
Washington once leaned Republican, like most of the Pacific Northwest. From 1952 to 1984, it only went Democratic twice—in 1964 and 1968. However, it has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in every presidential election since 1988. Neither candidate seriously contested the state as it was viewed as a safe blue state. Like Oregon, the state is divided politically by the urban/rural divide and geographically by the Cascade Mountains. The two are related in that nearly all of the major cities lie west of the Cascades. Most of the state's population resides in Western Washington along the Pacific Coast and in highly urbanized areas like Seattle. The Seattle area, home to almost two-thirds of the state's population, is overwhelmingly Democratic. The rest of Western Washington leans Democratic as well, though the lean is not as pronounced as in the greater Seattle area. In contrast, Eastern Washington is very rural, and in many ways more similar to Idaho than Seattle. Republicans have had an edge here for many years, in part to its strong tinge of social conservatism. As a result, while Republicans typically win more counties, the overwhelming Democratic trend in the more-heavily populated western portion is enough to swing the whole state to the Democrats.
On Election Day, Obama won the state by 17.18%. Washington was called for Obama as soon as the polls in the state closed. He swept the more urban counties along the Western Seaboard, which compose the Democratic base. More than two-thirds of the state's population lives in this area; this makes it very difficult for a Republican to win the state because of this region's liberal tilt. Obama would have been assured a victory in any event due to his performance in the Seattle area. He carried King County, home to Seattle itself and its close suburbs and just over a third of the state's population, with 69.97 percent of the vote—almost three-fifths of his statewide majority. Obama also swept the two other big counties in Western Washington, Pierce (home to Tacoma) and Snohomish (home to Everett) by decisive margins. His combined majority in King, Pierce and Snohomish counties would have been more than enough to carry the state. McCain only won one county in the western part of the state, Lewis County, traditionally the most socially conservative county west of the Cascades.
On the other hand, McCain did extremely well in Eastern Washington. Neither Al Gore or John Kerry was able to take a single county in Eastern Washington; in 2008, Obama only won one small county, Whitman County, home to Washington State University in Pullman. Nevertheless, as with Oregon, McCain's margins in the eastern part of the state were far outweighed by Obama's landslides in the more populated coastal regions and cities in the western part of the state. Obama did, however, improve substantially in Eastern Washington, especially in the region's largest county, Spokane County, home to the city of Spokane.
During the same election, incumbent Democratic Governor Christine Gregoire was reelected to a second term with 53.00% of the vote over Republican Dino Rossi who took 46.55% in a rematch of their controversial race from four years earlier. At the state level, Democrats picked up one seat in the Washington House of Representatives while Republicans picked up a seat in the Washington Senate.
Results
By county
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Clallam (largest community: Port Angeles)
Clark (largest community: Vancouver)
Island (largest city: Coupeville)
Klickitat (largest city: Goldendale)
Skagit (largest city: Mount Vernon)
Skamania (largest community: Carson)
Wahkhiakum (largest community: Puget Island)
Whitman (largest city: Pullman)
By congressional district
Barack Obama carried 7 of the state's 9 congressional districts, including one district held by a Republican.
Electors
Technically the voters of Washington cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Washington is allocated 11 electors because it has 9 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 11 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and their running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 11 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than their candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 11 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden:
Jeff Siddiqui
Maggie Hanson
Jane Buchanan‐Banks
Pat M. Notter
Marcus Riccelli
Bradford Donovan
Lesley Ahmed
Di A. Irons
Calvin Edwards
Kristine Fallstone
John Daniels
See also
United States presidential elections in Washington (state)
Presidency of Barack Obama
References
External links
Official Washington Presidential election results
2008 Washington (state) elections
United States presidential elections in Washington (state)
Washington |
Myanmar Now () is a news agency based in Myanmar (Burma). Myanmar Now journalists publish bilingual Burmese and English articles on an eponymous online news portal. The agency provides free syndication throughout the country, with a distribution network of over 50 national and local media outlets that regularly republish its stories. , Myanmar Now had a readership of over 350,000, and a team of 30 journalists. The news service is noted for its in-depth reporting on high-impact issues, including corruption, child labor, human rights, and social justice.
History
Myanmar Now was established by the Thomson Reuters Foundation in 2015 to support in-depth independent journalism, in the lead-up to the 2015 Myanmar general election. The news service officially launched in August of that year. The agency is led by Swe Win, its chief correspondent and editor-in-chief. Its founding chief correspondent was Thin Lei Win, a Reuters journalist. Since the inception of the news service, several Myanmar Now journalists, including Swe Win, have been threatened and assaulted by military and legal authorities for their work.
After the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the military junta cracked down on independent journalism in the country. Authorities detained Myanmar Now journalists, including Kay Zone Nwe. On 8 March 2021, soldiers raided the Myanmar Now headquarters, before the military junta revoked operating licenses of Myanmar Now and four other media outlets, namely Mizzima, Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), Khit Thit Media, and 7Day News, amidst the ongoing protests.
Awards
In 2016, Htet Khaung Lin, a Myanmar Now journalist, was awarded the European Commission's Lorenzo Natali Media Prize, for a piece on underage sex workers in Myanmar.
That same year, it received an honorable mention in the Society of Publishers in Asia Awards for investigative reporting, namely a piece on the 969 Movement.
In 2019, Swe Win won the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership, for his leadership in fostering journalistic integrity and quality in Myanmar as Myanmar Now's editor-in-chief.
In a group with other collaborating news organizations, Myanmar Now was awarded an Online Journalism Award for "2020 Excellence in Collaboration and Partnerships", specifically for reporting on pangolins.
In June 2022, Frontier Myanmar won the SOPA Award for Excellence in Human Rights Reporting for "Human responses to the junta’s cruelty.’’
See also
Myanmar Times
Frontier Myanmar
The Irrawaddy
References
External links
Burmese news websites
News agencies based in Myanmar
2015 establishments in Myanmar
Mass media in Yangon |
Scopula pseudophema is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and Sudan.
The wingspan is 20–21 mm. The head and body are concolorous with the wings. The forewings are whitish ochreous, in places tinged with rather deeper ochreous.
References
Moths described in 1920
pseudophema
Moths of Africa
Insects of West Africa |
St. Theresita's Academy, informally referred to by the acronym STA, is the only private, Catholic secondary school in Silay City, Negros Occidental, Philippines. Its students and alumni are called Theresians.
History
The school was established in a house rented from Don Jose "Pepe" R. Ledesma in 1932 with pioneer Siervas de San Jose, sisters Mother Amancia Bautista Milagros Sarmiento, Anunciation Marco, and Olivio Moreno. It initially provided for the educational needs of kindergarten and primary pupils. The school adopted the original name of the parochial school in the city, calling itself Colegio de Sta. Teresita.
During the feast of the Immaculate Concepcion in 1949, the cornerstone of the new school building was laid in its present location at Rizal Street. Upon completion of the new building, operations commenced transfer to the new location on October 3, 1950. The school then offered services for pre-school, primary and secondary pupils.
The secondary, or high school department initially catered exclusively to female students. This was changed in 1984 when the school began accepting male students into that department, effectively becoming a co-educational institution under the guidance of Sister Anita Bago, SSJ. The pioneer batch of Theresianos graduated in 1988.
Patron saint
The school's patron saint is Thérèse de Lisieux. Saint Thérèse de Lisieux (January 2, 1873 – September 30, 1897), or more properly Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et de la Sainte Face ("Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and of the Holy Face"), born Marie-Françoise-Thérèse Martin, was a Roman Catholic nun who was canonized as a saint, and is recognized as a Doctor of the Church. She is also known by many as "The Little Flower of Jesus".
The school's student publication, the Therestic Circle, pays homage to the saint.
See also
Siervas de San Jose
Silay Institute, Inc.
Doña Montserrat Lopez Memorial High School
Footnotes
External links
Web site about the life, writings, spirituality, and mission of St. Therese of Lisieux, patroness of St. Theresita's Academy
Catholic secondary schools in the Philippines
Schools in Silay
Educational institutions established in 1932
1932 establishments in the Philippines
Private schools in the Philippines |
Joel Anell (born 16 January 1986, in Halmstad) is a former Swedish footballer who played as a striker.
Career
Starting his career for Knäreds IK, he moved at the age of 14 to Halmstads BK, he played for the youth team until 2004 and in 2005 he played his first game for the senior team. Following the hard competition for a place in the starting lineup he left Halmstads BK during the summer transfer window for Falkenbergs FF. The 2008 season became a successful year for both Falkenbergs FF and Joel Anell, as the club reached its highest position ever in Superettan, ending up at 6th place, this much due to Anells success in scoring goals, during the season he scored 16 goals in 28 matches, becoming third highest goalscorer in the season. The success in the 2008 season did not go unnoticed as several clubs showed interest in signing him, ending with him returning to Allsvenskan as he signed for IF Elfsborg. However yet again having problem with reaching the starting lineup he was loaned to Allsvenska rivals GAIS in 2010 until the start of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, performing well GAIS decided to extend the loan until the end of the 2010 season.
On 29 July 2011 Halmstads BK announced that Joel Anell would return to the club on loan from Elfsborg for the duration of the 2011 season.
References
External links
Halmstads BK profile
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Halmstad
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's under-21 international footballers
Sweden men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Allsvenskan players
Halmstads BK players
Falkenbergs FF players
IF Elfsborg players
GAIS players |
Anne Mattila (born 31 May 1984 in Karvia) is a Finnish singer and painter. Active since 1999, she has released sixteen albums, six of which were certified platinum in Finland.
References
External links
Official Website
Anne Mattila on Discogs
Living people
1984 births
21st-century Finnish women singers
Finnish painters |
Intraguild predation, or IGP, is the killing and sometimes eating of a potential competitor of a different species. This interaction represents a combination of predation and competition, because both species rely on the same prey resources and also benefit from preying upon one another. Intraguild predation is common in nature and can be asymmetrical, in which one species feeds upon the other, or symmetrical, in which both species prey upon each other. Because the dominant intraguild predator gains the dual benefits of feeding and eliminating a potential competitor, IGP interactions can have considerable effects on the structure of ecological communities.
Types
Intraguild predation can be classified as asymmetrical or symmetrical. In asymmetrical interactions one species consistently preys upon the other, while in symmetrical interactions both species prey equally upon each other. Intraguild predation can also be age structured, in which case the vulnerability of a species to predation is dependent on age and size, so only juveniles or smaller individuals of one of the predators are fed upon by the other. A wide variety of predatory relationships are possible depending on the symmetry of the interaction and the importance of age structure. IGP interactions can range from predators incidentally eating parasites attached to their prey to direct predation between two apex predators.
Ecology of intraguild predation
Intraguild predation is common in nature and widespread across communities and ecosystems. Intraguild predators must share at least one prey species and usually occupy the same trophic guild, and the degree of IGP depends on factors such as the size, growth, and population density of the predators, as well as the population density and behavior of their shared prey. When creating theoretical models for intraguild predation, the competing species are classified as the "top predator" or the "intermediate predator," (the species more likely to be preyed upon). In theory, intraguild predation is most stable if the top predator benefits strongly from killing off or feeding on the intermediate predator, and if the intermediate predator is a better competitor for the shared prey resource.
The ecological effects of intraguild predation include direct effects on the survival and distribution of the competing predators, as well as indirect effects on the abundance and distribution of prey species and other species within the community. Because they are so common, IGP interactions are important in structuring communities. Intraguild predation may actually benefit the shared prey species by lowering overall predation pressure, particularly if the intermediate predator consumes more of the shared prey. Intraguild predation can also dampen the effects of trophic cascades by providing redundancy in predation: if one predator is removed from the ecosystem, the other is still consuming the same prey species. Asymmetrical IGP can be a particularly strong influence on habitat selection. Often, intermediate predators will avoid otherwise optimal habitat because of the presence of the top predator. Behavioral changes in intermediate predator distribution due to increased risk of predation can influence community structure more than direct mortality caused by the top predators.
Examples
Terrestrial
Intraguild predation is well documented in terrestrial arthropods such as insects and arachnids. Hemipteran insects and larval lacewings both prey upon aphids, but the competing predators can cause high enough mortality among the lacewings to effectively relieve predation upon the aphids. Several species of centipede are considered to be intraguild predators.
Among the most dramatic examples of intraguild predation are those between large mammalian carnivores. Large canines and felines are the mammal groups most often involved in IGP, with larger species such as lions and gray wolves preying upon smaller species such as foxes and cheetah. In North America, coyotes function as intraguild predators of gray foxes and bobcats, and may exert a strong influence over the population and distribution of gray foxes. However, in areas where wolves have been reintroduced, coyotes become an intermediate predator and experience increased mortality and a more restricted range.
Aquatic and marine
Intraguild predation is also important in aquatic and marine ecosystems. As top predators in most marine environments, sharks show strong IGP interactions, both between species of sharks and with other top predators like toothed whales. In tropical areas where multiple species of sharks may have significantly overlapping diets, the risk of injury or predation can determine the local range and available prey resources for different species. Large pelagic species such as blue and mako sharks are rarely observed feeding in the same areas as great white sharks, and the presence of white sharks will prevent other species from scavenging on whale carcasses. Intraguild predation between sharks and toothed whales usually involves large sharks preying upon dolphins and porpoises while also competing with them for fish prey, but orcas reverse this trend by preying upon large sharks while competing for large fish and seal prey. Intraguild predation can occur in freshwater systems as well. For example, invertebrate predators such as insect larvae and predatory copepods and cladocerans can act as intraguild prey, with planktivorous fish the interguild predator and herbivorous zooplankton acting as the basal resource.
Importance to management and conservation
The presence and intensity of intraguild predation is important to both management and conservation of species. Human influence on communities and ecosystems can affect the balance of these interactions, and the direct and indirect effects of IGP may have economic consequences.
Fisheries managers have only recently begun to understand the importance of intraguild predation on the availability of fish stocks as they attempt to move towards ecosystem-based management. IGP interactions between sharks and seals may prevent seals from feeding in areas where commercially important fish species are abundant, which may indirectly make more of these fish available to fishermen. However, IGP may also negatively influence fisheries. Intraguild predation by spiny dogfish and various skate species on economically important fishes like cod and haddock have been cited as a possible reason for the slow recovery of the groundfish fishery in the western North Atlantic.
Intraguild predation is also an important consideration for restoring ecosystems. Because the presence of top predators can so strongly affect the distribution and abundance of both intermediate predator and prey species, efforts to either restore or control predator populations can have significant and often unintended ecological consequences. In Yellowstone National Park, the reintroduction of wolves caused them to become intraguild predators of coyotes, which had far-reaching effects on both the animal and plant communities in the park. Intraguild predation is an important ecological interaction, and conservation and management measures will need to take it into consideration.
References
Biological interactions
Carnivory
Conservation biology
Ecosystems
Eating behaviors |
Barber-Say syndrome (BSS) is a very rare congenital disorder associated with excessive hair growth (hypertrichosis), fragile (atrophic) skin, eyelid deformities (ectropion), and an overly broad mouth (macrostomia).
Barber-Say syndrome is phenotypically similar to Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome, which is also associated with dominant mutations in TWIST2.
Signs and symptoms
Severe hypertrichosis, especially of the back
Skin abnormalities, including hyperlaxity and redundancy
Facial dysmorphism, including macrostomia
Eyelid deformities
Abnormal and low-set ears
Bulbous nasal tip with hypoplastic alae nasi
Low frontal hairline
Genetics
Multiple cases of parent-to-child transmission suggest that Barber-Say syndrome exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. Exome sequencing and expression studies have shown that BSS is caused by mutations in the TWIST2 gene that affect a highly conserved residue of TWIST2 (twist-related protein 2). TWIST2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that binds to E-box DNA motifs (5'-CANNTG-3') as a heterodimer and inhibits transcriptional activation. Because TWIST2 mediates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and prevents premature or ectopic osteoblast differentiation, mutations in TWIST2 that disrupt these functions by altering DNA-binding activity could explain many of the phenotypes of BSS.
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
The prevalence of Barber Say syndrome is less than 1 in 1,000,000. As of 2017, only 15 cases have been reported in the literature.
References
External links
Autosomal dominant disorders
Rare genetic syndromes
Intersex variations |
Rhamphomyia nitidula is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is found in the Palearctic.
References
External links
Images representing Rhamphomyia at BOLD
Rhamphomyia
Insects described in 1842
Asilomorph flies of Europe |
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=head1 NAME
DSA_meth_new, DSA_meth_free, DSA_meth_dup, DSA_meth_get0_name,
DSA_meth_set1_name, DSA_meth_get_flags, DSA_meth_set_flags,
DSA_meth_get0_app_data, DSA_meth_set0_app_data, DSA_meth_get_sign,
DSA_meth_set_sign, DSA_meth_get_sign_setup, DSA_meth_set_sign_setup,
DSA_meth_get_verify, DSA_meth_set_verify, DSA_meth_get_mod_exp,
DSA_meth_set_mod_exp, DSA_meth_get_bn_mod_exp, DSA_meth_set_bn_mod_exp,
DSA_meth_get_init, DSA_meth_set_init, DSA_meth_get_finish, DSA_meth_set_finish,
DSA_meth_get_paramgen, DSA_meth_set_paramgen, DSA_meth_get_keygen,
DSA_meth_set_keygen - Routines to build up DSA methods
=head1 SYNOPSIS
#include <openssl/dsa.h>
DSA_METHOD *DSA_meth_new(const char *name, int flags);
void DSA_meth_free(DSA_METHOD *dsam);
DSA_METHOD *DSA_meth_dup(const DSA_METHOD *meth);
const char *DSA_meth_get0_name(const DSA_METHOD *dsam);
int DSA_meth_set1_name(DSA_METHOD *dsam, const char *name);
int DSA_meth_get_flags(const DSA_METHOD *dsam);
int DSA_meth_set_flags(DSA_METHOD *dsam, int flags);
void *DSA_meth_get0_app_data(const DSA_METHOD *dsam);
int DSA_meth_set0_app_data(DSA_METHOD *dsam, void *app_data);
DSA_SIG *(*DSA_meth_get_sign(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(const unsigned char *, int, DSA *);
int DSA_meth_set_sign(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
DSA_SIG *(*sign) (const unsigned char *, int, DSA *));
int (*DSA_meth_get_sign_setup(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(DSA *, BN_CTX *, BIGNUM **, BIGNUM **);
int DSA_meth_set_sign_setup(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
int (*sign_setup) (DSA *, BN_CTX *, BIGNUM **, BIGNUM **));
int (*DSA_meth_get_verify(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(const unsigned char *, int , DSA_SIG *, DSA *);
int DSA_meth_set_verify(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
int (*verify) (const unsigned char *, int, DSA_SIG *, DSA *));
int (*DSA_meth_get_mod_exp(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(DSA *dsa, BIGNUM *rr, BIGNUM *a1, BIGNUM *p1, BIGNUM *a2, BIGNUM *p2,
BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx, BN_MONT_CTX *in_mont);
int DSA_meth_set_mod_exp(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
int (*mod_exp) (DSA *dsa, BIGNUM *rr, BIGNUM *a1, BIGNUM *p1, BIGNUM *a2,
BIGNUM *p2, BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx, BN_MONT_CTX *mont));
int (*DSA_meth_get_bn_mod_exp(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(DSA *dsa, BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p, const BIGNUM *m,
BN_CTX *ctx, BN_MONT_CTX *mont);
int DSA_meth_set_bn_mod_exp(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
int (*bn_mod_exp) (DSA *dsa, BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, const BIGNUM *p,
const BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx, BN_MONT_CTX *mont));
int (*DSA_meth_get_init(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))(DSA *);
int DSA_meth_set_init(DSA_METHOD *dsam, int (*init)(DSA *));
int (*DSA_meth_get_finish(const DSA_METHOD *dsam)) (DSA *);
int DSA_meth_set_finish(DSA_METHOD *dsam, int (*finish) (DSA *));
int (*DSA_meth_get_paramgen(const DSA_METHOD *dsam))
(DSA *, int, const unsigned char *, int, int *, unsigned long *,
BN_GENCB *);
int DSA_meth_set_paramgen(DSA_METHOD *dsam,
int (*paramgen) (DSA *, int, const unsigned char *, int, int *,
unsigned long *, BN_GENCB *));
int (*DSA_meth_get_keygen(const DSA_METHOD *dsam)) (DSA *);
int DSA_meth_set_keygen(DSA_METHOD *dsam, int (*keygen) (DSA *));
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The B<DSA_METHOD> type is a structure used for the provision of custom DSA
implementations. It provides a set of of functions used by OpenSSL for the
implementation of the various DSA capabilities. See the L<dsa> page for more
information.
DSA_meth_new() creates a new B<DSA_METHOD> structure. It should be given a
unique B<name> and a set of B<flags>. The B<name> should be a NULL terminated
string, which will be duplicated and stored in the B<DSA_METHOD> object. It is
the callers responsibility to free the original string. The flags will be used
during the construction of a new B<DSA> object based on this B<DSA_METHOD>. Any
new B<DSA> object will have those flags set by default.
DSA_meth_dup() creates a duplicate copy of the B<DSA_METHOD> object passed as a
parameter. This might be useful for creating a new B<DSA_METHOD> based on an
existing one, but with some differences.
DSA_meth_free() destroys a B<DSA_METHOD> structure and frees up any memory
associated with it.
DSA_meth_get0_name() will return a pointer to the name of this DSA_METHOD. This
is a pointer to the internal name string and so should not be freed by the
caller. DSA_meth_set1_name() sets the name of the DSA_METHOD to B<name>. The
string is duplicated and the copy is stored in the DSA_METHOD structure, so the
caller remains responsible for freeing the memory associated with the name.
DSA_meth_get_flags() returns the current value of the flags associated with this
DSA_METHOD. DSA_meth_set_flags() provides the ability to set these flags.
The functions DSA_meth_get0_app_data() and DSA_meth_set0_app_data() provide the
ability to associate implementation specific data with the DSA_METHOD. It is
the application's responsibility to free this data before the DSA_METHOD is
freed via a call to DSA_meth_free().
DSA_meth_get_sign() and DSA_meth_set_sign() get and set the function used for
creating a DSA signature respectively. This function will be
called in response to the application calling DSA_do_sign() (or DSA_sign()). The
parameters for the function have the same meaning as for DSA_do_sign().
DSA_meth_get_sign_setup() and DSA_meth_set_sign_setup() get and set the function
used for precalculating the DSA signature values B<k^-1> and B<r>. This function
will be called in response to the application calling DSA_sign_setup(). The
parameters for the function have the same meaning as for DSA_sign_setup().
DSA_meth_get_verify() and DSA_meth_set_verify() get and set the function used
for verifying a DSA signature respectively. This function will be called in
response to the application calling DSA_do_verify() (or DSA_verify()). The
parameters for the function have the same meaning as for DSA_do_verify().
DSA_meth_get_mod_exp() and DSA_meth_set_mod_exp() get and set the function used
for computing the following value:
rr = a1^p1 * a2^p2 mod m
This function will be called by the default OpenSSL method during verification
of a DSA signature. The result is stored in the B<rr> parameter. This function
may be NULL.
DSA_meth_get_bn_mod_exp() and DSA_meth_set_bn_mod_exp() get and set the function
used for computing the following value:
r = a ^ p mod m
This function will be called by the default OpenSSL function for
DSA_sign_setup(). The result is stored in the B<r> parameter. This function
may be NULL.
DSA_meth_get_init() and DSA_meth_set_init() get and set the function used
for creating a new DSA instance respectively. This function will be
called in response to the application calling DSA_new() (if the current default
DSA_METHOD is this one) or DSA_new_method(). The DSA_new() and DSA_new_method()
functions will allocate the memory for the new DSA object, and a pointer to this
newly allocated structure will be passed as a parameter to the function. This
function may be NULL.
DSA_meth_get_finish() and DSA_meth_set_finish() get and set the function used
for destroying an instance of a DSA object respectively. This function will be
called in response to the application calling DSA_free(). A pointer to the DSA
to be destroyed is passed as a parameter. The destroy function should be used
for DSA implementation specific clean up. The memory for the DSA itself should
not be freed by this function. This function may be NULL.
DSA_meth_get_paramgen() and DSA_meth_set_paramgen() get and set the function
used for generating DSA parameters respectively. This function will be called in
response to the application calling DSA_generate_parameters_ex() (or
DSA_generate_parameters()). The parameters for the function have the same
meaning as for DSA_generate_parameters_ex().
DSA_meth_get_keygen() and DSA_meth_set_keygen() get and set the function
used for generating a new DSA key pair respectively. This function will be
called in response to the application calling DSA_generate_key(). The parameter
for the function has the same meaning as for DSA_generate_key().
=head1 RETURN VALUES
DSA_meth_new() and DSA_meth_dup() return the newly allocated DSA_METHOD object
or NULL on failure.
DSA_meth_get0_name() and DSA_meth_get_flags() return the name and flags
associated with the DSA_METHOD respectively.
All other DSA_meth_get_*() functions return the appropriate function pointer
that has been set in the DSA_METHOD, or NULL if no such pointer has yet been
set.
DSA_meth_set1_name() and all DSA_meth_set_*() functions return 1 on success or
0 on failure.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<dsa(3)>, L<DSA_new(3)>, L<DSA_generate_parameters(3)>, L<DSA_generate_key(3)>,
L<DSA_dup_DH(3)>, L<DSA_do_sign(3)>, L<DSA_set_method(3)>, L<DSA_SIG_new(3)>,
L<DSA_sign(3)>, L<DSA_size(3)>, L<DSA_get0_pqg(3)>
=head1 HISTORY
The functions described here were added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
=head1 COPYRIGHT
in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
L<path_to_url
=cut
``` |
Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation Ltd, or SPIC, (, ) is an Indian company that manufactures fertilizer products. The company, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, was incorporated on 18 December 1969 and became a joint venture between the M. A. Chidambaram Group and TIDCO (a part of the Government of Tamil Nadu) in 1975. SPIC has been the pioneer in providing need-based solutions for the farming community throughout the country and commands an exceptional brand image recognised by its quality agro-inputs. Besides a strong brand image, SPIC enjoys a very strong dealer network of around 3740 (as of June 2023) outlets across the country, which is catered by well-established regional offices located in prominent locations.
The company has a strategic stake/or has promoted companies like Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals and Fertilizers, a company that produces Soda Ash and co-produces Ammonium Chloride, Tamilnadu Petroproducts, a company that produces Lineal Alkyl Benzene and Manali Petrochemicals, a company that produces Propylene Oxide, Propylene Glycols and Polyols.
References
External links
https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/fertilisers/southernpetrochemicalindustriescorporation/SPI01
https://spic.in
Fertilizer companies of India
Companies based in Chennai
Petrochemical companies of India
1969 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Manufacturing companies established in 1969
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange |
Soledad Salamé (born 1954) is a Chilean artist, known for her multimedia installations, which focus on the connection between art, science, nature, and technology.
Salamé lives in Baltimore, Maryland, where she is the managing director and founder of Sol Print Studios.
Early life and education
Soledad Salamé was born in Santiago, Chile in 1954. She attended Santiago College where she received her B.A. in Fine Arts in 1972. Salamé continued her education in 1973 at the Sucre Technological Institute for Industrial and Graphic Design and in 1975-76 attended the Neumann Foundation Design Institute in Caracas, Venezuela. After receiving a Certificate in Making Paper by Hand from the Center for Education in Graphic Arts in 1978, Salamé obtained a M.A., from the Graphic Arts Institute for Graphic Instruction at CONAC, in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1979.
Career
Soledad Salame’s career began in Venezuela where she was influenced by the natural elements of her environment, particularly the Amazon Rainforest. This interest in the natural world can be seen in much of her work spanning the entirety of her career.
Sundials
Salamé’s first major project in 1983 was a comment on the energy of the sun and the movement of time in relation to the environment. This series of three large scale sculptures is made of a variety of found materials. Residing in the Sculpture Park at the Mines of Simon Bolvier, the piece entitled Sundial features a large stone, while Universal Structure, is made up of stacked and layered steel, along with elements of brass and bronze; this sculpture is also placed within a natural environment. In the technological piece entitled Three Eras, Salamé uses brightly-colored rubber, steel, and plexiglass. The sundial is a working piece that moves in relation to the sun and is strategically placed near the El Avila mountain just outside of Caracas, Venezuela.
Baltimore Opera Company
Salamé continued her career once she moved to the United States. In 1990, she embarked on a new project with the Baltimore Opera Company where she became the set designer for a production of Carmen, which received glowing reviews. The Baltimore Sun stated, “Salamé gave the audience a kaleidoscope feast of reds, yellows, browns, and blues in painting and sculptures capturing at different depths, windows or city lights or precipices or buildings. Salamé sent the viewers imagination roaming as the Bizet melodies splashed over them.”
Paintings
The paintings of Salamé have been described as a unique style of abstract expressionism, combining recognizable imagery with dream-like surrealism. These qualities are evident in the series of paintings done in the early to mid-1990s. An example of this technique can be seen in her 1994 painting Interior I. This painting features structural elements of interior spaces such as corridors and stairways combined with a hazy color palette which enhances a viewing experience that transcends time and space. In the 1995 piece, City of Secrets, Salamé once again uses the fragmented, abstract style seen in her earlier work. In each section of this composition the textural components of mixed media enhance its mysterious beauty, along with the strategic use of dark and light colors, adding intensity to the overall emotional expression of the work.
Garden of the Sacred Light
The installation, Garden of the Sacred Light, 1994, constructed of wood and glass, featuring grass, plants, and soil was featured in the traveling exhibition, Latin American Women Artists 1915-1994. The sculptural piece adorned with actual living plants embodies an ecological message of the evolution of art and nature.
Amber
The Amber (resin series), a medium Salamé created herself and began working with in 2001, features Salamé's investigative studies of the natural world. Inspired by her interest in ecology of water systems, this series takes a scientific approach to the smallest elements of the natural world. In these pieces Salamé has embedded small detailed drawings of insects and foliage into the layers of amber. These drawings are frozen in time where the translucent amber allows light to pass through, highlighting the fragile skeletal details of the decomposing life forms.
Growth
The installation, Growth, features two sections of grass emerging from dried hay. The organic materials evolve into handmade paper which is embellished with poetry and drawings of trees. The evolution of time in relation to the natural world are themes featured in this installations.
Labyrinth of Solitude
The 2001 installation Labyrinth of Solitude was created in response to the high levels of mercury found in the Tapojos River, one of the larges tributaries of the Amazon. Located in the atrium of the Museum of Fine Arts in Santiago, Chile, this large scale installation is a cumulation of Salamé's career as an artist thus far. The immensely long architectural piece encourages engagement from the viewer and emulates light, highlighting the detail of small-scale environments with in the piece. Natural elements of insects, hay, resin, and geodes are all incorporated to unify in the installation. The entire piece is a narrative commenting on the evolution of humanity and our impact on nature. Salamé used a multitude of media to create the installation, including her drawings, large floating and illuminated plates of amber, natural elements of light and shadow and a plethora of organic materials.
Agua Fluida and Agua Vivas
A reoccurring theme in Salamè’s work is the element of water. She began work studying rivers and water ways by depicting them using a variety of media in an attempt to capture the ever changing movements. The paintings, Amber River Triptych and Rapids, 2004, were the foundational works for her installations featuring the subject of water. In the 2005 exhibit, Agua Fluida, at Goya Contemporary in Baltimore, Maryland, Salamé expands upon the subject of water by adding the element of movement. The project featured large-scale wall sized lenticular light boxes giving these abstract images an element of reality. The illusion of fluidity and movement is achieved by using this new form of visual imagery. In the 2006 exhibit, Aguas Vivas at the Museo Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile, Salamé further explores the subject of water through different media. The most notable installation within the exhibit is Antarctic Reflections which was done in graphite and acrylic on Mylar. The piece is based on the glacial landscapes of Antarctica spanning an entire wall, enhancing the horizontal perspective.
Islands, Atmospheres, Barcodes and Where Do You Live?
Salamé has intently studied the natural world in a variety of places including the Amazon Rainforest, Antarctica, and the Maryland coast near her home. The focus of her ecological research is evident in her artwork and has evolved to include the study of human impact on the environment. The influence of global warming and climate change on the earth’s water sources, lakes, rivers, oceans can be seen in My Precious Island (2009), Atmospheres in Blue (2010), and the installation Where do you live?: Three Thousand Miles of Maryland Coastline (2009) where she uses satellite, infrared, and weather imagery as a visual language to illustrate coastline depletion and changing weather patterns. In the series Barcodes (2010), technology is not only the tool but the focus of the work. These works consist of metal panels silkscreened with images of islands overlaid with digital barcode patterns which distort the images. The islands become an abstracted image and draw attention to the role of technology in our changing environments. The barcode represents readable data and how this form of communication is the technological form of DNA found in natural life forms. The intensity of the electric green color further enhances the contradictory dynamics of the conflicts between nature and technology.
Sol Print Studios
Salamé has continued her work within the art world through Sol Print Studios which she founded in 2009. The studio, located within her home in Baltimore, Maryland, offers weekend- long intensive workshops for small groups teaching the highly detailed printing technique of solar plate etching. The residency workshops are small, giving Salamé an opportunity to work one-on-one with each student. Sol Print Studios has evolved to include workshops in other printing techniques including encaustic, chine collé (a type of printed collage), and embossing.
Publications
Salamé’s work has been represented in many publications including, Contemporary Museum: 20 years, by Irene Hoffman (2011), The St. James Guide to Hispanic Artists, by Thomas Riggs (2002), Latin American Women Artists of the United States, by Robert Henkes (1999), and Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century, by Edward J. Sullivan (1996).
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
20th-century Chilean women artists
21st-century Chilean women artists
Artists from Santiago |
Stefano Ricci () is a private family-owned Italian luxury lifestyle brand with headquarters located in Fiesole. With 60 monobrand boutiques worldwide, the brand produces menswear and accessories, a line for juniors "SR Junior", homeware "SR HOME" and lifestyle products. The brand also offers bespoke and interior design services for both yachts and residences. Stefano Ricci S.p.A. was rated as EE (average) by the London-based Standard Ethics agency for three consecutive years 2015, 2016, and 2017. The New York Times calls Stefano Ricci "clothier to the 0.001 percent".
Stefano Ricci S.p.A. employs over 500 people worldwide, and the 9000 square metre headquarters consist of office and production facilities. By 2010, Stefano Ricci S.p.A. had acquired the Antico Setificio Fiorentino S.r.l., a historic silk-weaving mill located in the Oltrarno area of Florence.
Founding
The Stefano Ricci company was founded in 1972 by Florentine designer and Knight of the Order of Merit for Labour, Stefano Ricci, and his wife Claudia. Their first business location was in the family home on Via dei Niccoli, in Florence; the location remains open as the company's bespoke tailoring atelier. The current CEO is the eponymous Founder's eldest son, Niccolò Ricci, while the Creative Director, Filippo Ricci, is the founder's youngest son.
Boutiques
The brand's first boutique was opened in Shanghai at the Ritz Carlton hotel in 1993, introducing the brand to the Chinese market.
In February 2018 Stefano Ricci inaugurated its 60th monobrand boutique in Hong Kong, located in The Peninsula Hotel. Other flagship stores followed, including Beverly Hills(2001), New York (2005), Florence and Milan(2009), Moscow and Baku (2013), London (2016), and Vancouver (2018). All Stefano Ricci boutiques are characterised by a use of hand-worked materials such as Californian briar-root wood with brown and black variants, Tuscan travertine, pietra serena, and crocodile leather.
Production
The company's original production was based on Italian handmade ties, with the first commercial collection debuting at Pitti Uomo in 1974.
Today, Stefano Ricci S.p.A. produces 100% Made in Italy goods, including the design, manufacture and finishing of merchandise. The company produces couture shirts, handmade ties, suits, casualwear, sportswear, outerwear, skiwear, footwear, leather goods, small leather goods, eyewear, cufflinks, fragrances, wine, writing instruments, porcelain, crystalware, fine linens, and furniture.
The company has a specialized internal workshop for goldsmiths and silversmiths, who create precious belt buckles, hardware for leather goods, and home items, all using traditional Florentine goldsmith traditions.
Unsold merchandise is destroyed each year so that no items are offered to the market at reduced prices or within outlets.
Brand identity
Stefano Ricci S.p.A. makes use of the eagle as an emblematic trait for the brand, which is found on merchandise as well as the store mannequins which display bronze eagle heads.
The company engages philanthropically with the city of Florence; in 2012 it donated lighting for the Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria, in 2013 it funded the restoration of historic volumes on the Art of Silk and the Art of Wool from the Florence State Archive, and in 2014 it donated new lighting for the Ponte Vecchio.
The company has partnered with Florence's museums for fashion events. Stefano Ricci S.p.A. remains the first and only company to have had a fashion show inside of the Galleria degli Uffizi (2012, 40th Anniversary event); the SR Junior line was launched with a fashion show within the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo; and the Sala Bianca within the Palazzo Pitti was reopened to use for fashion during the company's 45th Anniversary event in 2017.
Charity
Stefano Ricci S.p.A. and the Antico Setificio Fiorentino S.r.l have supported the Andrea Bocelli Foundation and the Mohamed Alì Parkinson Center by hosting galas during the annual Celebrity Fight Night event; the most recent were located in the cloisters of Santa Croce, Florence, in 2016, and at the Palazzo Colonna, Rome, in 2017.
See also
Italian fashion
Made in Italy
References
Further reading
External links
Clothing brands of Italy
Fashion accessory brands
High fashion brands
Italian suit makers
Clothing companies established in 1972
Companies based in Florence
Culture in Florence
Italian companies established in 1972
1972 establishments in Italy
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion |
Arend van der Wel (28 March 1933 – 16 September 2013) was a Dutch professional footballer who played for Ajax and SC Enschede; he also worked as a scout and a coach at FC Twente. He also worked with amateur club DOS '19 and the Royal Dutch Football Association, and for his work in football he was made a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau.
References
1933 births
2013 deaths
Dutch men's footballers
AFC Ajax players
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Footballers from Amsterdam
ASC De Volewijckers players
Sportclub Enschede players
SC Cambuur players
Men's association football forwards
HVV Tubantia players |
```smalltalk
Class {
#name : 'CDFluidClassParserTest',
#superclass : 'TestCase',
#category : 'ClassParser-Tests',
#package : 'ClassParser-Tests'
}
{ #category : 'running' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> classDefinitionParserClass [
^ CDFluidClassDefinitionParser
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testClassSideDefinitionIsClassSide [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object class << Point class
slot: { }'.
self assert: def isClassSide
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class side' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testClassSideEmpty [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object class << AlignmentMorph class
'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def class equals: CDMetaclassDefinitionNode
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class side' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testClassSideWithTraits [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object class << AlignmentMorph class
traits: TableRotate classTrait;
slots: { #x . #y}'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def class equals: CDMetaclassDefinitionNode.
self assert: def hasTraitComposition.
self assert: def traitDefinition class equals: CDClassTraitNode.
self assert: def traitDefinition name equals: #TableRotate.
self assert: def slots first name equals: #x
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testComplexClassVariables [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A => ClassVar default: 5 };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first class equals: CDSharedVariableNode.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVar
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testComplexClassVariablesCascae [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A => ClassVar default: 5; default2: 4 };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first class equals: CDSharedVariableNode.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVar
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testComplexSlots [
| parser defString def slot |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { #inst => Slot default: 5 };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
slot := def slots first.
self assert: slot name equals: #inst.
self assert: slot node selector equals: #default:.
self assert: slot variableClassName equals: #Slot
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testComplexSlotsCascade [
| parser defString def slot |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { #inst => Slot default: 5; default2: 4};
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
slot := def slots first.
self assert: slot name equals: #inst.
self assert: slot node messages first selector equals: #default:.
self assert: slot variableClassName equals: #Slot
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testComplexSlotsClass [
| parser defString def slot |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { #inst => Slot };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
slot := def slots first.
self assert: slot name equals: #inst.
self assert: slot variableClassName equals: #Slot
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testEmptyClassVariable [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables isEmpty
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testEmptySlots [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: {};
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def slots isEmpty
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testEphemeronSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: EphemeronLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: EphemeronLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testInstanceDefinitionIsInstanceSide [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object << #Point
package: ''Kernel-BasicObjects'''.
self assert: def isInstanceSide
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testNormalSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: FixedLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: FixedLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) sharedPools' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSharedPools [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedPools: {TextConstants};
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedPools first name equals: 'TextConstants'
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleClassVariableClass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A => ClassVar };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVar.
self assert: def sharedVariables first class equals: CDSharedVariableNode
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleClassVariables [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A . #B };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables second name equals: #B.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVariable.
self assert: def sharedVariables second variableClassName equals: #ClassVariable
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleDefinition [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object << #Point
package: ''Kernel-BasicObjects'''.
self assert: def className equals: #Point
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleDefinitionClassNode [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object << #Point
package: ''Kernel-BasicObjects'''.
self assert: def classNameNode className equals: #Point.
"The following cannot work
self assert: def classNameNode binding value equals: Point.
because binding is defined as
existingBindingIfAbsent: aBlock
| binding |
binding := originalNode methodNode compilationContext environment bindingOf: className.
^ binding ifNil: aBlock
"
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleDefinitionPackageIsCorrect [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object << #Point
package: ''Kernel-BasicObjects'''.
self assert: def packageName equals: 'Kernel-BasicObjects'
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) simple class definition' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleDefinitionSuperclassName [
| def |
def := self classDefinitionParserClass parse: 'Object << #Point
package: ''Kernel-BasicObjects'''.
self assert: def superclassName equals: 'Object'
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testSimpleSlots [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { #a. #b };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def slots size equals: 2.
self assert: def slots first name equals: #a.
self assert: def slots second name equals: #b.
self assert: def slots first variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot.
self assert: def slots second variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) tags' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testTag [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
tag: ''tag1'';
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def tag name equals: 'tag1'
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) traits' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testTraitAlias [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
traits: MyTrait @ {#foo -> #bar};
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def traitDefinition class equals: CDTraitAliasNode.
self assert: (def traitDefinition aliases values) equals: #(bar).
self assert: (def traitDefinition aliases keys) equals: #(foo).
self assert: def traitDefinition subject name equals: #MyTrait
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) traits' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testTraitEmpty [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
uses: {};
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def traitDefinition equals: nil
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) traits' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testTraitPlainSimple [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
traits: MyTrait;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def traitDefinition name equals: #MyTrait
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) traits' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testTraitSequence [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
traits: MyTrait + (AnotherTrait - {#selector} @ {#selector1 -> #selector});
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def traitDefinition class equals: CDTraitCompositionSequenceNode.
self assert: def traitDefinition sequence size equals: 2.
self assert: (def traitDefinition sequence second aliases values) equals: #(selector).
self assert: (def traitDefinition sequence second aliases keys) equals: #(selector1).
self assert: def traitDefinition sequence first name equals: #MyTrait
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testUnrestrictedClassVariable [
| orginalSetting parser defString def |
orginalSetting := CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: true.
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { ClassVariable named: #A };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first class equals: CDSharedVariableNode.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVariable.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: orginalSetting
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) class variables' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testUnrestrictedClassVariableSimple [
| orginalSetting parser defString def |
orginalSetting := CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: true.
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def sharedVariables first class equals: CDSharedVariableNode.
self assert: def sharedVariables first name equals: #A.
self assert: def sharedVariables first variableClassName equals: #ClassVariable.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: orginalSetting
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testUnrestrictedSlot [
| orginalSetting parser defString def |
orginalSetting := CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: true.
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { InstanceVariableSlot named: #a. #b };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def slots size equals: 2.
self assert: def slots first name equals: #a.
self assert: def slots second name equals: #b.
self assert: def slots first variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot.
self assert: def slots second variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: orginalSetting
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) slots' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testUnrestrictedSlotsSimple [
| orginalSetting parser defString def |
orginalSetting := CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: true.
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
slots: { #a. #b };
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def slots size equals: 2.
self assert: def slots first name equals: #a.
self assert: def slots second name equals: #b.
self assert: def slots first variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot.
self assert: def slots second variableClassName equals: #InstanceVariableSlot.
CDFluidClassDefinitionParser unrestrictedVariableDefinitions: orginalSetting
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testVariableByteSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: ByteLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: ByteLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testVariableSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: VariableLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: VariableLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testVariableWordSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: WordLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: WordLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - (r) kinds' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWeakSubclass [
| parser defString def |
parser := self classDefinitionParserClass new.
defString := 'Object << #MyObject
layout: WeakLayout;
package: #MyPackage'.
def := parser parse: defString.
self assert: def layoutClass equals: WeakLayout
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB [
| dict searcher |
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
searcher
matches: '`superklass << `#ClassName
slots: {};
sharedVariables: {};
package: '''''
do: [ :aNode :answer | dict:= searcher context ].
dict := searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: 'Object << #MyClass
slots: {};
sharedVariables: {};
package: ''''')
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB10 [
| searcher kind |
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
searcher
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #traitInstance ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #traitClass ];
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #class ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Trait << TViewModelMock3 classTrait
') .
self assert: kind equals: #traitClass.
"reference to TViewModelMock3 is just in the string, add it here so we can find it"
TViewModelMock3.
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB10WithError [
| searcher kind |
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
searcher
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #traitInstance ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #traitClass ];
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | kind := #class ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Trait << TViewModelMock3 class
') .
self assert: kind isNil.
"reference to TViewModelMock3 is just in the string, add it here so we can find it"
TViewModelMock3.
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB3 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: '^self' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: aNode ];
matches: '^`@anything' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: aNode].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseMethod: 'foo
|tmp|
tmp := 22.
^ 42').
self assert: coll size equals: 1
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB4 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: '`@tm := `@val' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: aNode ];
matches: '^`@anything' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: aNode].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseMethod: 'foo
| tmp |
tmp := 22.
tmp := 55.
^ 42').
self assert: coll size equals: 3
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB5 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #class ];
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitInstance ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitClass ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Object << #Point
slots: { #x . #y };
package: ''Foo''
') .
self assert: coll first equals: #instance.
self assert: coll size equals: 1
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB6 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #class ];
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitInstance ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitClass ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Object class << #Point class
slots: { #x . #y };
package: ''Foo''
') .
self assert: coll first equals: #class.
self assert: coll size equals: 1
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB7 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #class ];
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitInstance ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitClass ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Trait << #TPoint classTrait
slots: { #x . #y };
package: ''Foo''
') .
self assert: coll first equals: #traitClass.
self assert: coll size equals: 1
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB8 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitInstance ];
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #class ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitClass ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Trait << #Point
slots: { #x . #y };
package: ''Foo''
') .
self assert: coll size equals: 1.
self assert: coll first equals: #traitInstance
]
{ #category : 'tests - rb xp' }
CDFluidClassParserTest >> testWithRB9 [
| searcher coll|
searcher := RBParseTreeSearcher new.
coll := OrderedCollection new.
searcher
matches: 'Trait << `#traitSymbol' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitInstance ];
matches: '`@tm << `#symb' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #instance ];
matches: '`@tm class << `@symb class' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #class ];
matches: 'Trait << `@symb classTrait' do: [:aNode :answer | coll add: #traitClass ].
searcher executeTree: (RBParser parseExpression: '
Object << #MyObject
sharedVariables: { #A . #B };
package: ''MyPackage''
') .
self assert: coll size equals: 1.
self assert: coll first equals: #instance
]
``` |
Edgard Nazare (1914–1998) was a French aeronautical engineer and inventor.
He specialized in fluid mechanics, co-founder of the Aeronautical Research Office of Algiers, which became ONERA after the Second World War. Having worked for a long time in the Sahara, he had the opportunity to observe many whirlwinds of sand (dust devil). In 1956 he filed his first patent in Algiers on the artificial cyclone generator, this patent was re-filed later in Paris.
Patents
Artificial cyclone generator – French patent 1439849
Tower construction for solar aero-thermal and aero-cooling stations – has metal framework mounted on central telescopic mast – French patent 8205544
See also
Solar updraft tower
References
Energy conversion
Power station technology
Solar power
Sustainable energy
1914 births
1998 deaths |
A total of ten special routes of U.S. Route 80 exist or did exist in the past.
Arizona
Yuma business route
U.S. Route 80 Business ran from Winterhaven, California, crossed the 1916 Ocean to Ocean Bridge over the Colorado River into Arizona and met up with mainline US 80 again in Yuma. Prior to 1957, this was the mainline route of US 80. The Ocean to Ocean Bridge is still open to traffic as a one lane bridge with traffic lights at either end.
Phoenix alternate routes
The city of Phoenix had at least two alternate routes of US 80
19th Street alternate route
U.S. Route 80 Alternate (US 80 Alt.) was an alternate route of US 80 paralleling the main route in southwestern Phoenix. US 80 Alt. began at US 80 at 19th Avenue and Buckeye Road, traveling north to Van Buren Street, where it turned right before terminating at US 80 at the intersection of 17th Avenue and Van Buren. The highway appeared on a 1937 Map of Phoenix within a set of general highway maps produced by the State of Arizona depicting Maricopa County. By the time the 1948 state highway map had been published, US 80 Alt. was gone.
Washington Street alternate route
U.S. Route 80 Alternate (US 80 Alt.) was a short alternate route of US 80 located entirely within the Phoenix metro area in Maricopa County, Arizona, serving as a parallel alternate routing to mainline US 80 between Phoenix and Tempe. This route was added to the state highway system in 1930. US 80 Alt. ran down Washington Street between 16th Street in Phoenix and an interchange with US 60, US 70, US 80 and US 89 immediately north of Tempe. It paralleled the main route of US 80 which ran down Van Buren Street. US 80 Alt. Was abandoned to the city of Phoenix in 1961. The route did not appear on maps, meaning there is a likelihood US 80 Alt. was never signed.
Tombstone truck route
U.S. Route 80 Truck (US 80 Truck) was a designated truck route in Tombstone, Arizona. US 80 Truck was first designated around 1955. It ran down six blocks of Fremont Street between Sumner Street and 6th Street, both of which were sections of main line US 80. US 80 itself used Allen Street between Sumner and 6th. US 80 Truck was decommissioned when main line US 80 was rerouted onto Fremont Street between Sumner Street and 6th Street. The re-routing of US 80 down US 80 Truck sparked widespread controversy across the state of Arizona, due to the heavy modifications needed to be made to Fremont Street, which was the location of several historic buildings. This was because the modifications included altering the appearance of several historic buildings and structures along Fremont Street to make room for a wider four lane highway. Officials in both the state government and Tombstone city council had to deny several petitions against the re-routing, while a group of 275 Tombstone citizens signed a petition in favor of the new highway.
Texas
El Paso alternate route
U.S. Route 80 (Alternate) in El Paso ran southbound from the junction of Farm To Market Road 260 and U.S. 80, following Doniphan Drive through the former community of White Spur (now part of Northwest El Paso). The route continued southbound until Doniphan Drive ended at Paisano Drive, in Smeltertown. U.S. 80 (Alternate), and Paisano drive then followed the tracks of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway along the eastern bank of the Rio Grande until Union Station in Downtown El Paso. U.S. 80 (Alternate) then rejoined U.S. 80 at Texas Avenue in Downtown El Paso. U.S. Route 85 now follows this routing from Paisano Drive's current junction with Interstate 10.
Abilene–Weatherford alternate route
U.S. Route 80 Alternate (Breckenridge), also known as SH 1 A, U.S. 80 A, and U.S. 80 N, was an alternate route of U.S. 80 that ran between Abilene and Weatherford from 1932 to 1943. An approved amendment to the original route for Texas State Highway 1, the Texarkana-to-El Paso highway first proposed in 1917, the route was included in the re-designation of SH 1 to U.S. Route 80, and was designated as U.S. 80 N in July 1932. Diverging from the El Paso-to-Dallas section of U.S. Route 80 at Abilene, the alternate route ran northeast for 36 miles to Albany, then east for 26 miles to Breckenridge. Continuing east for 35 miles, the route turned southeast, traversing the Metcalf Gap, a pass through the low range of hills and mesas known as the Palo Pinto Mountains, before heading east for 36 miles to Weatherford. From Weatherford the alternate route rejoined the main route and continued east to Fort Worth and the terminus of U.S. 80 in Dallas. Bypassing the main route, which continued east from Abilene through Eastland, Cisco, and Strawn to Weatherford, the alternate route allowed travelers to pass near historic Fort Griffin, traverse the unique topography of the Western Cross Timbers, and take the waters in the town of Mineral Wells, known for its mineral-rich springs.
The entire route of U.S. 80 N was canceled in July 1943, and the section from the intersection with U.S. 80 in Weatherford through Breckenridge to Albany was re-designated as part of U.S. Route 180. This new route would continue west from Albany to the New Mexico state line west of Seminole, before continuing west to El Paso in concurrence with U.S. Route 62. The section of U.S. 80 N between Albany and Abilene would be given its current designation of Texas State Highway 351 in August 1943.
Louisiana
Minden truck route
U.S. Route 80 Truck, cosigned with U.S. Route 79 Truck, is a truck route of U.S. 80 through Minden. The route begins at the intersection of Sheppard Street and Shreveport Road, and heads in an eastern direction towards U.S. 80's current alignment along Union Street. Truck U.S. 80 ends at the intersection with mainline US 80, but Truck U.S. 79 follows U.S. 80's alignment, then turns north at an intersection with LA 531.
Gibsland truck route
U.S. Route 80 Truck, cosigned with Louisiana Highway 799, is a truck route of U.S. 80 through Gibsland. It follows the route of LA 799, allowing truck traffic to avoid the downtown part of Gibsland. It begins at an intersection with US 80, known as South Third Street, where US 80 turns to the north, following South Main Street, which is also LA 154. Truck US 80 follows South Third Street, turning north along Gibbs Street. Truck US 80 ends at an intersection with South First Street.
Arcadia truck route
U.S. Route 80 Truck, cosigned with Louisiana Highway 798-1 and Louisiana Highway 151, is a truck route of U.S. 80 through Arcadia. It follows the route of LA 798-1, allowing truck traffic to avoid the main street of Arcadia. US 80 Truck begins at an intersection with US 80, LA 9, and LA 519. It follows LA 798-1 along Second Street, which is less commercialized than US 80 one block to the south. US 80 Truck then turns south to follow LA 151 until the intersection with US 80.
Alabama
Selma business route
U.S. Route 80 Business (US 80 Bus.) is a former segment of US 80 in Selma, Alabama, with far more significance than a typical business route.
The route begins at US 80 and Alabama State Route 22 (SR 22), in a wrong-way concurrency with SR 22. Both routes travel south along Broad Street. South of Voeglin Avenue, the road crosses a pair of railroad lines then makes a southeast curve just before the intersection with J.L. Chestnut Junior Boulevard. The concurrency with SR 22 ends at Dallas Avenue, when it makes a right turn to head west.
At Water Avenue north of the Alabama River, US 80 Bus. approaches the Edmund Pettus Bridge, the site of the infamous police attack on the Selma to Montgomery marches. After the bridge, frontage roads begin on both sides, and the southeast-bound frontage road immediately leads to the National Voting Rights Museum. The first marked routes that intersect the road on this side of the river are Dallas County Road 56 (CR 56; Old Montgomery Highway) and Dallas CR 77 (King's Bend Road). Shortly after this, the frontage roads gradually diminish. The road curves to the southeast as it crosses a railroad line and serves as the eastern terminus of Roosevelt Avenue at the same time. US 80 Bus. ends at US 80 and SR 41.
Selma truck route
U.S. Route 80 Truck (US 80 Truck) is a special route of US 80 in Selma, Alabama entirely concurrent with part of main line US 80 as well as parts of Alabama State Route 14 (SR 14) and SR 41. Despite being a redundant designation, the existence of the truck route seems to be a way of ensuring insterstate truck traffic utilizes the Selma bypass route rather than taking US 80 Business through downtown.
The Truck route begins at the intersection of Broad Street and Highland Avenue in Selma. The intersection also serves as the beginning of US 80 Business and the SR 14 Truck route. This is also the western end of its concurrency with SR 14 and US 80. US 80 Truck continues east on Highland Avenue, passing a junction with Dallas County Route 65 at Marie Foster Street. At the northern terminus of SR 41, SR 14 continues east on Highland, while US 80 and US 80 Truck turn south onto SR 41. Despite signage, SR 14 Truck ends here as well. There are two freeway grade interchanges at Race Street/J.L. Chestnut Junior Boulevard and Water Street (CR 48). US 80 Truck passes an intersection with SR 140 that also serves as the western terminus of said state highway. US 80 Truck crosses the Alabama River into West Selmont, intersecting with Old Montgomery Highway (CR 56). US 80 Truck ends at the intersection with US 80; US 80 Bus. and SR 41, despite erroneous signage suggesting it continues onto mainline US 80 south of the intersection.
See also
References
External links
United States Route 80: The Dixie Overland Highway - Federal Highway Administration
Selma to Montgomery National Voting Rights Trail - a U.S. National Historic Trail
80
Special routes
80
80
80
80
80 |
USS Tinian (CVE-123) was a of the United States Navy. Ordered and constructed during World War II, Tinian never entered active service and was assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma after being completed. In June 1955, the ship was reclassified a helicopter carrier and in May 1959, a cargo ship and aircraft ferry. The ship remained in reserve for her entire career and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1970 and sold for scrap.
Service history
The escort carrier was laid down on 20 March 1945 at Tacoma, Washington, by Todd-Pacific Shipyards, Inc. Tinian was launched on 5 September 1945; sponsored by Miss Grace L Woods; and accepted by the US Navy on 30 July 1946. Never commissioned, the escort carrier was assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet, 19th Fleet, at Tacoma, Washington. On 12 June 1955, the ship was reclassified as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier and re-designated CVHE-123. In early June 1958 Tinian was taken in tow at Tacoma, Washington, by the US Navy MSTS tugboat USNS Yuma, destined for San Diego, California. While very near the Swiftsure Bank lightship, Neah Bay, Washington; at the entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Yuma developed engine troubles. Yumas distress call brought to her rescue. The crew of the Swiftsure lightship went to general quarters, ready to assist. Fir then escorted Yuma and Tinian to safety. On 9 June 1958, Tinian arrived at San Diego, under tow by Yuma, and was berthed at South Tee Pier. In May 1959, she was again reclassified, this time as a cargo ship and aircraft ferry, AKV-23. Tinian remained with the San Diego Group of the Reserve Fleet until 1 June 1970 when she was struck from the list. Her hulk was sold to Levin Metals Company, San Jose California, on 15 December 1971 for scrap.
References
US Department of Homeland Security. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office
Commencement Bay-class escort carriers
1945 ships
Tinian (CVE-123) |
The Forum of Theodosius (, today Beyazıt Square) was probably the largest square in Constantinople and stood on the Mese, the major road that ran west from Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya). It was originally built by Constantine I, probably on the site of a pre-existing Hellenistic agora called the Strategion, and named the Forum Tauri ("Forum of the Bull"). In 393, however, it was renamed after Emperor Theodosius I, who rebuilt it after the model of Trajan's Forum in Rome, surrounded by civic buildings such as churches and baths and decorated with a triumphal column at its centre.
Column of Theodosius
Somewhere in the forum stood a Roman triumphal column erected in honour of Emperor Theodosius I by his son Arcadius, who ruled as the Eastern Emperor after his father's death in A.D. 395. It probably stood in what is now the grounds of Istanbul University, on the north side of Beyazıt Square.
Its shaft, decorated with relief sculpture depicting this emperor's victory over the barbarians, was surmounted by a marble effigy. An internal spiral staircase allowed technicians to reach the top of the column (a stylite monk lived there towards the end of the mid-Byzantine period). The statue of Theodosius collapsed during the earthquake of 478 although the column remained standing. It had no statue until 506 when a new statue of Anastasius I Dicorus was erected instead. Emperor Alexios V was executed in 1204 by being thrown from the column. The column remained standing until the end of the 15th century, and some pieces of it were re-used in the construction of the Beyazıt Hamamı (Bath of Patrona Halil).
Basilica
Excavations for the foundation trenches of the Faculty of Letters and Sciences of Istanbul University uncovered the remains of three basilicas. Their identities and names are unknown, and so they are called Basilicas "A", "B", and "C".
Basilica A is the only Justinianian-era (527–565) basilica whose plan is known. It had several distinct characteristics. Its central space was nearly square, with two side courtyards. The narthex on the west side connected with the courtyards. The intervals between the columns separating the basilica's naves were closed off by balustrade slabs. The capitals resembled those at Hagia Sophia, also built by Justinian. The large pulpit (ambo) found in Basilica A is one of the few surviving ambos from the early Byzantine period and is kept in the garden of the Hagia Sophia.
Triumphal arch
A marble triumphal arch of Proconnesian marble was erected on the west side of the Forum. The triumphal arch had a vaulted roof with three passageways. The central archway was wider and higher than the other two and flanked by four-column piers carved in the form of Herculean clubs grasped by a fist. Built to mimic triumphal arches in Rome itself, it had a central statue of Theodosius flanked by statues of his sons Arcadius and Honorius on its top. Some assumed pieces of the Arch came to light between 1948 and 1961 when Ordu Street and Beyazıt Square were being redeveloped. They can be seen on the south side of Ordu Street, opposite the hamam.
Today, the main street beginning in Hagia Sophia Square runs to the west along basically the same route as the ancient Mese road, which formed the main artery of the old city. Having passed through Theodosius's triumphal arch, the Mese continued on to Thrace and the Balkan peninsula. The triumphal arch and the ancient buildings around it (to which surviving ruins in the area possibly belong) were destroyed as a result of invasions, earthquakes (the central arch and the statue of Arcadius collapsed in 558; the rest of the arch was destroyed by the Constantinople earthquake of 740) and other natural disasters from the 5th century onwards. They were completely destroyed long before the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
See also
Roman Forum
Imperial fora
Forum of Arcadius
Forum of Constantine
Augustaion
List of ancient spiral stairs
References
External links
Byzantium 1200 | Forum Tauri/Theodosios
Byzantium 1200 | Basilicas A, B and C
Byzantium 1200 | Arch of Theodosios
393 establishments
4th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
Fora of Constantinople
Theodosius I |
The Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy refers to the controversy surrounding the name and logo of the Chicago Blackhawks, a National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team without permissions from or consultations with local Indigenous communities, is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters targeting the more prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Guardians formerly known as the "Indians" of Major League Baseball (MLB) (in particular their "Chief Wahoo" logo) that was officially discontinued in 2016; the Washington Commanders formerly known as the "Redskins" of the National Football League (NFL), the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs and MLB's Atlanta Braves, the latter two attracting criticism of "the tomahawk chop" often performed by their fans. Like other teams with tribal mascots, there are calls from Indigenous activists and organizations to change the Blackhawks' name and logo and eliminate tribal mascots and imagery throughout sports. In contrast to generic names used by other teams, Blackhawks refers to a World War I-era U.S. Army division which was named for prominent Illinois-based Native American chief Black Hawk.
Professional organizations representing psychologists, sociologists, school counselors, anthropologists, and educators have published resolutions opposing the use of Native American mascots as harmful and discriminatory. Psychologist Stephanie Fryberg argues that sports mascots and images, rather than being mere entertainment, are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects. Stereotyping may directly affect the academic performance and self-esteem of Native American youth, whose people face high rates of suicide, unemployment, and poverty. Euro-Americans exposed to mascots may be more likely to believe not only that such stereotypes are true, but that Native Americans have no identity beyond these stereotypes. Research demonstrates the harm of stereotyping, with studies showing that exposure to any stereotypes increased the likelihood of stereotypical thinking with regard to other groups.
The National Congress of American Indians, The American Indian Center of Chicago, The Chi-Nations Youth Council and over 1,500 Native organizations and advocates from over 150 federally recognized tribes across the country, including members of the Sac and Fox Nation, support changing the team name and logo.
Members of Black Hawk's family have spoken out opposing the use of Native-themed mascots. The American Indian Association of Illinois has criticized the logo as a caricature of Black Hawk.
Since July 2020, headdresses have been banned from being worn at Blackhawk home games. The team has stated that they believe that both the name and logo symbolize the importance of Black Hawk's legacy. Chicago is home to the third largest Urban Indian population in the United States with 65,000 Native Americans in the Greater Chicagoland area with over 175 tribes represented.
History
The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Chicago Blackhawks was named in honor of the U.S. 86th Infantry Division, which was nicknamed the "Blackhawk Division" after Black Hawk, a Native American chief who was based in present-day Illinois; the team's founder, Frederic McLaughlin, having served in that division. The first logo was drawn by Irene Castle in 1926, who was white.
Black Hawk was a leader of the Sauk who sided with the British in the War of 1812 and later attempted to regain tribal land in the Black Hawk War of 1832. Opponents of the logo say that adoption of his name for the 86th Infantry, the hockey team, and later for the Blackhawk helicopter are an example of designating certain Native Americans as "worthy adversaries."
Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War
Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk was born in Saukenuk (modern-day Rock Island, Illinois). He was a Sac war leader. He fought with the British in the War of 1812 in hopes it would deter white settlement in his homelands.
He rejected the Treaty of St. Louis of 1804 which took his homelands and called for removal west of the Mississippi River.
In 1832, Black Hawk led an armed party of Sacs, Meskwakis (Foxes), Kickapoos, Ho-Chunk (Winnebagoes), and Potawatomis into his occupied homelands. This was in contrast with Sac Chief Keokuk who did not seek to confront the Americans. Black Hawk did not intend to start a war, but he was prepared to defend his homelands. His intention was to grow corn on his tribal homelands. Eventually, the Black Hawk War began, which was waged in modern-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa.
During the war, his people faced starvation.
The Black Hawk War culminated into what has been described as a massacre and slaughter at the Battle of Bad Axe. US troops shot at Indigenous women, children, and men as they were crossing the river to escape as well as injured Indigenous People as they were drowning. US troops scalped victims and tore skin off the backs of the dead. Jeffrey Ostler writes in the Journal of Genocide Research that “The slaughter at Bad Axe is clearly encompassed by Chalk and Jonassohn’s definition of genocide as ‘a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group.’”
After the war, Black Hawk was taken prisoner of war under Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, who would later become President of the Confederate States of America. In his autobiography, Black Hawk described his imprisonment as torture.
After the war, Andrew Jackson sent Black Hawk on a tour of eastern cities as a trophy of war to show the strength of the United States. Black Hawk attracted large crowds and grew in fame. However, In Detroit crowds hanged and burned an effigy of Black Hawk.
Black Hawk spent the last years of his life in Iowa with his family with the Sacs, where he died.
After his death, his grave was robbed and his head was severed. The rest of his remains were stolen later. One historical account says that his remains were stored at a museum which burned down and were destroyed.
Controversy
Suzan Shown Harjo (Cheyenne and Hodulgee Muscogee), who was awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom for decades of American Indian advocacy and is President of the Morning Star Institute, says the Blackhawks have escaped the scrutiny given to other teams using Native imagery because hockey is not a cultural force on the level of football or baseball. American Indian organizations have called for an end to all Indian-related mascots and that she found the hockey team's name and Indian head symbol to be offensive. "It lacks dignity," she said. "There's dignity in a school being named after a person or a people. There's dignity in a health clinic or hospital. There's nothing dignified in something being so named (that is used for) recreation or entertainment or fun." The National Congress of American Indians also opposes the Blackhawks' logo, as it does all Native American mascots. In 2010, sports columnist Damien Cox called on the franchise to retire the "racially insensitive" logo, saying that: "Clearly, no right-thinking person would name a team after an aboriginal figure these days any more than they would use Muslims or Africans or Chinese or any ethnic group to depict a specific sporting notion."
In 2013, WTTW interviewed Chicagoan Anthony Roy, First Nation Ojibway Tribe, who has called for a new logo and mascot, who said “…You can’t ignore the history of the time and the ideas and the ideology people of color faced during the creation of mascots. There was forced assimilation and cultural destruction. When the [physical] genocide of the Nation was over, cultural genocide starts. So while children were taken from their families, Native children, …this is alongside the history of sports and the births of sports leagues and many mascots. For instance the residential school my father attended that was around the time of the foundation of the Blackhawks.”
In 2015, Mark Chipman, chairman of True North Sports & Entertainment, the owner of the NHL's Winnipeg Jets decided to ban fake Native headdresses at games after meeting with First Nations leaders. The meeting took place in response to a complaint by a Jets fan after seeing a Blackhawks fan in a headdress.
Addressing the controversy
The Blackhawks have worked with the American Indian Center (AIC) to help inform their community and fan base by sharing Native American culture and history. Scott Sypolt, Executive Counsel for the American Indian Center weighed in on the logo and name controversy by stating, "There is a consensus among us that there's a huge distinction between a sports team called the Redskins depicting native people as red, screaming, ignorant savages and a group like the Blackhawks honoring Black Hawk, a true Illinois historical figure."
However, this stance is markedly different from the one previously taken by the American Indian Center, with the shift coming only in the past few years. In 2010, for instance, Joe Podlasek stated that, "The stance is very clear. We want the Chicago Blackhawks logo to change. For us, that's one of our grandfathers. Would you do that with your grandfather's picture? Take it and throw it on a rug? Walk on it and dance on it?" John Blackhawk, Chairman of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, has suggested that the change in position for the AIC may be connected to contributions the Blackhawks organization has recently begun making to the center: "We all do contributions, but we don't do it for the sake of wanting to be forgiven for something we've done that's offensive."
In 2019, the American Indian Center of Chicago ended all ties to the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation, stating they will no longer affiliate "with organizations that perpetuate stereotypes through the use of 'Indian' mascots." The AIC noted in its statement that they "previously held a relationship with the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation with the intention of educating the general public about American Indians and the use of logos and mascots. The AIC, along with members of the community have since decided to end this relationship" and stated that "going forward, AIC will have no professional ties with the Blackhawks, or any other organization that perpetuates harmful stereotypes."
After the Washington Redskins announced that they would be changing their name in July 2020, the Blackhawks confirmed that they would continue to use their team name. However, the team did agree to ban Native American headdresses at home games held in the United Center in recognition of being sacred symbols. Before the ban was enacted, there had in fact been incidents where some Blackhawk fans wore headdresses. After the Cleveland Indians announced in December 2020 that the team would change their name after the 2021 season, new CEO Danny Wirtz reiterated that the Blackhawks would not change.
The Chi-Nations Youth Council (CNYC), an Indigenous youth organization in Chicago, said in 2020, "The Chicago Blackhawks name and logo symbolizes a legacy of imperialism and genocide." "As statues of invaders, slave holders, and white supremacists fall across the nation so too should the images and language of the savage and dead 'Indians'." CNYC also noted "As social consciousness has grown over the past decades so has the Blackhawks performative gestures of buying their reprieve from those willing to sell out the health and humanity of our future generations."
Despite this opposition, as of 2022, the Blackhawks have stated their intent to keep the name and imagery, along with their belief that they "honor and celebrate legacy of Black Hawk" and that the name and logo "symbolizes this important and historic person." Their website states that they are working on "educating our staff, fans and local community on the history of Black Hawk and original peoples of Illinois, as well as on Native American contributions to today's society." The website also lists several Native American groups and individuals they donate money to, or hire to do artwork, and posts stories about various Native Americans who are considered members of the "Blackhawks community."
References
Chicago Blackhawks
National Hockey League team mascots
Anti-indigenous racism in the United States
Native American-related controversies
Ice hockey controversies |
The Rogart Brooch is a large penannular brooch of Pictish origin, dated to the eighth century. Characteristic of contemporary Pictish brooches, it contains three-dimensional bird-head inserts formed with glass.
It was discovered at Rogart, Sutherland, in Scotland in 1868 as part of a hoard of 8th century brooches. The hoard was unearthed during rock-blasting for the construction of the Sutherland Railway. A workman found the collection of brooches in earth uncovered by the removal of a large boulder. He immediately left his work and disappeared southwards, on the way passing two brooches to Mr Macleod, a shopkeeper in Cadboll, who displayed them to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1870. The total number of brooches discovered in the hoard was not recorded at the time.
Both brooches are in the archaeology collection of the National Museum of Scotland. The Rogart Brooch, the larger of the two, is on permanent display in the museum in Edinburgh. A third brooch from the find went to the collection of the then Duke of Sutherland and later to Dunrobin Castle.
Descriptions
Rogart Brooch
The brooch is made from a flat band of silver decorated with carved and alternating interlace patterns some of which are in gold, and a head that is a quarter inch thick. The width of the head is , and the pin is long. The hoop is divided into four quadrants, each of which is decorated with interlace. The bird-heads are rendered in full-relief, all inward-facing, fixed with rivets, lined with gold, with narrow eyes made from green glass. They are placed on both the upper band of the ring and the quadrants of each of the two cloverleaf-shaped terminals. The terminals are about apart, and separated from both the ring-head and each other by raised borders lined with gold.
The brooch is in relatively good condition; some of the settings for decorative studs in the head and terminals, made from red glass and amber, are missing. Its reverse is rather flat and unembellished.
Smaller brooch
The smaller brooch is made from silver and is in poor condition, having lost all its glass studs. The width of the head is , and the pin is long.
References
Sources
"Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland". Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1882
Individual brooches
Celtic brooches
Pictish art
Silver-gilt objects |
Lin Shidong (; born 18 April 2005) is a Chinese table tennis player. He won U-19 boys' singles at the 2022 ITTF World Youth Championships.
Singles titles
References
Chinese male table tennis players
2005 births
Living people
World Table Tennis Championships medalists
21st-century Chinese people |
Mount Amakazari (jp: 雨飾山, Amakazari-yama) is a mountain in the Chūbu region, Central Honshu, Japan. Located between Niigata and Nagano prefectures, the mountain is considered one of the 100 Mountains of Japan. Several hiking paths lead up the mountain, along which can be found a number of natural hot springs.
References
Mountains of Niigata Prefecture
Mountains of Nagano Prefecture |
Bedan is a Biblical figure; and it may also refer to:
Type of woodturning chisel with a special wedge-like section used for cutting beads and for hollowing boxes and for use with the sizing tool
Arabic curse word sometimes used to express anger
Nickname of students from the San Beda College in Manila, Philippines
Bedan, Afghanistan, a place in Afghanistan |
As for the Woman is a 1939 novel by the British writer Anthony Berkeley, written under the pen name of Francis Iles. It was the final novel of Berkeley, a key writer of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, as he concentrated on reviewing after this point. He later told fellow writer John Dickson Carr that he produced the book during a period of great emotional strain and that its poor commercial and critical reception affected him badly. Thereafter he turned down all offers to write further novels. Although two further novels under the Iles name were announced by the publisher, neither of them were ever released.
The poor reception may have been due to the fact that he had written two previous novels under the pseudonym Francis Iles which had pioneered the inverted detective story whereas this novel was not a crime novel and focused on the relationship between a younger man and an older woman.
Synopsis
Alan Littlewood, an Oxford undergraduate with a strong inferiority complex, is treated by Doctor Pawle, who manipulates him into a relationship with his own wife in order to make a fool of him.
References
Bibliography
Edwards, Martin. The Golden Age of Murder. HarperCollins, 2015.
Herbert, Rosemary. Whodunit?: A Who's Who in Crime & Mystery Writing. Oxford University Press, 2003.
Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015.
Turnbull, Malcolm J. Elusion Aforethought: The Life and Writing of Anthony Berkeley Cox. Popular Press, 1996.
1939 British novels
Novels by Anthony Berkeley
Novels set in England
Novels set in London
Jarrold Publishing books |
In Canada, the Copyright Act provides a monopoly right to owners of copyrighted works. This implies no person can use the work without authorization or consent from the copyright owner. However, certain exceptions in the Act govern circumstances where a work will not be held to have been infringed.
Principal Defences
Defendants can, where applicable, argue that copyright infringement could not have taken place, as:
There was no copyright in the work created.
There was no copyright in the copied element.
No substantial part was taken.
The work was in the public domain.
The plaintiff is not the true owner of the copyrighted work.
Substantial similarity and access to the original work may be shown, but the work was not copied.
Other defences may be available to the defendants, in cases where some features of copyrighted work exists, but does not constitute infringement. These include:
Public interest
Fair dealing
Other statutory exceptions
Public Interest
At common law, copyright may be overridden for public interest reasons, albeit in very rare circumstances.
In Lion Laboratories v Evans, the copyrighted information about malfunctioning breathalyser machines was reproduced. Such reproduction was held to be justified, despite the nature of material, being confidential and protected by copyright. Court agreed to the defence of public interest, raised by defendants on ground of investigations made regarding the accuracy of the equipment to avoid incorrect readings when used by the police on motorist. As Griffiths LJ noted in his judgment:
In Beloff v Pressdram Ltd, the defence of public interest has been interwoven with fair dealing. The court observed fair dealing as a statutory defence limited to infringement of copyright. On the other hand, public interest acts as a defence outside, and independent of statutes, which is based on principles of common law.
The public interest defence is identical to that available in cases concerning breach of confidence, and is available when the necessity to publish more than just short extracts is required. It is distinct from the power arising from the inherent jurisdiction of the courts "to refuse to allow their process to be used [to] give effect to contracts which are ... illegal, immoral or prejudicial to family life because they offend against the policy of the law."
Fair Dealing
The Copyright Act states that fair dealing exists when it is done:
for the purpose of research, private study, education, parody or satire;
for the purpose of criticism or review, as long as it mentions the source and, if mentioned, the author, performer, maker or broadcaster
for the purpose of news reporting, as long as it mentions the source and, if mentioned, the author, performer, maker or broadcaster
In Hubbard v Vosper, Lord Denning MR observed, "It is impossible to define what is 'fair dealing.' It must be a question of degree," and "after all is said and done, it must be a matter of impression." He gave several guidelines for analyzing what is fair or not:
The number and extent of the quotations or extracts must be consider. Excess number and length might not be fair.
Use as a basis for comment, criticism or review may be fair dealing, but being used to convey the same information as the author, for a rival purpose, may be unfair.
Taking long extracts and attaching short comments may be unfair, but short extracts and long comments may be fair.
There may be other considerations as well.
Hubbard was adopted in Canadian jurisprudence in 1997 in Allen v Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd, which ousted the 1943 Exchequer Court of Canada case of Zamacois v Douville and Marchand in the area of what constitutes fair dealing in illustrating a current news story. In so holding, Sedgwick J observed:
CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada, expanded upon that, with the Supreme Court of Canada holding that fair dealing, as well as related exceptions, is a user’s right. In order to maintain the proper balance between the rights of copyright owners and user’s interest, it must not be interpreted restrictively. It is also integral to the Act, and the defence is always available. The Court gave a two-stage test for determining whether fair dealing applies:
The effect of CCH has been for Canada becoming less rigid than the UK in interpreting fair dealing, and more flexible than the US approach of fair use in its copyright law. Further expansion of the jurisprudence came in 2012 with SOCAN v Bell Canada and Alberta (Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright).
Regarding other specific matters concerning fair dealing:
With respect to criticism and review, "Criticism of a work need not be limited to criticism of style. It may also extend to the ideas to be found in a work and its social or moral implications." However, it must be done in good faith. As Lord Denning MR noted in Hubbard, "'It is not fair dealing for a rival in the trade to take copyright material and use it for his own benefit."
With respect to news reporting, timeliness may sometimes require the use of copyrighted material without prior permission while the value, importance and interest in the story are still current. It has also been held that "events, such as tragedies in which people are killed, continue to be current events so long as the events themselves continue to feature in the news."
Other statutory exceptions
Sections 29.2132.3 provide other exceptions from copyright infringement in cases concerning:
educational institutions
libraries, archives and museums
single reproduction of computer programs as backup
incidental use
ephemeral recording
pre-recorded works
persons with disabilities
purposes of certain federal Acts, such as the Access to Information Act
the author making certain copies
agriculture fairs
religious purposes
non-commercial user-generated content
certain reproduction for private purposes
fixing signals and recording programs for later listening or viewing
backup copies (of works other than software)
interoperability of computer programs
encryption research
computer systems and network security, and
temporary reproductions for technological processes
Possible defences
Several other arguments have been presented as possible defences for copyright infringement:
Section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, governing freedom of expression, could be said to hold that limiting the use of copyrighted material is unconstitutional, as opposed to asserting that the copyright scheme as a whole is unconstitutional. Canadian courts have not yet definitely rejected or accepted the proposition. In the case of Queen v Lorimer, the Federal Court of Appeal rejected the Charter defence, but left the possibility of it succeeding in future. The Federal Court of Canada - Trial Division considered this defence in Michelin v CAW, but held that the Charter did not confer the right to use private property to express oneself. Thus, the defendants' freedom of expression had not been infringed.
The duty to act in good faith, as noted in Houle v National Bank and Wallace v United Grain Growers Ltd, could be argued to hold that a party may not exercise a right in an unreasonable manner.
The US doctrine of copyright misuse has been argued, but not yet accepted, in Canadian courts.
Further reading
References
Canadian copyright law |
Europium(II) sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula EuSO4. Two polymorphs are known, α and the more stable β. Both are colorless. The β polymorph is isostructural with barium sulfate, hence it is insoluble in water. The salt is generated by addition of soluble europium(II) salts to dilute sulfuric acid.
References
Europium(II) compounds
Sulfates |
The Warsaw Uprising Cross () was a Polish military decoration. It was established by law on 3 July 1981 in order to honor the participants of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. It was discontinued in 1999. It is distinct from Cross of the Warsaw Uprising, which was an informal award instituted during the Uprising itself.
The decoration was awarded to persons who took an active part in the Warsaw Uprising. In particular:
Soldiers of all the formations that fought in the Uprising.
Members of the Military Women's Service, of the Health Care services of the Uprising and other auxiliary insurrectionist services.
Other persons who were somehow directly involved in the uprising.
The cross was awarded to Polish citizens as well as persons who, although they held non-Polish citizenship at the time, also fought on the Polish side in the Uprising. The Cross could also have been awarded to foreigners if they took part in the Uprising or contributed to the fighting in some major way. The Cross could have been awarded post posthumously. Usually the awards were made on the anniversary of the uprising or on Victory Day (9 May) (anniversary of Nazi capitulation).
Until 1989 the Cross was awarded by the Polish Council of State and later by the President of Poland, on the recommendation of:
The Minister of Defense – in regard to persons who actively participated in the Uprising, whether through armed struggle or in civilian support.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs – in regard to persons of Polish citizenship who were living abroad.
The Veterans associations – in regard to other eligible persons.
The first Warsaw Uprising Crosses were awarded on 1 August 1981 to 100 former soldiers of the Uprising, among others Gen. Jan Mazurkiewicz (Radosław) -–commander of the Home Army, Gen. Franciszek Kamiński – commander of the Bataliony Chłopskie, Col. Maria Wittek - commander of Military Women's Service, as well as Mieczysław Fogg and Lesław Bartelski.
On 16 October 1992, a law was passed which ended the awarding of the medal on 8 May 1999.
Recipients
Anna Jakubowska
Stanisław Aronson
Henryk Chmielewski (comics)
Jan Mazurkiewicz
Witold Pilecki
Danuta Przeworska-Rolewicz
Ludomił Rayski
Zbigniew Ścibor-Rylski
Teresa Suchecka-Nowak
Maciej Matthew Szymanski
Samuel Willenberg
Maria Wittek
References
Wanda Bigoszewska: Polskie ordery i odznaczenia. Warszawa: Wyd. Interpress, 1989.
Polish campaign medals
Warsaw Uprising
Awards established in 1981
Awards disestablished in 1999 |
Altınpınar can refer to:
Altınpınar, Düzce
Altınpınar, Hınıs |
A tassel is a finishing feature in fabric and clothing decoration. It is a universal ornament that is seen in varying versions in many cultures around the globe.
History and use
In the Hebrew Bible, the Lord spoke to Moses instructing him to tell the Israelites to make tassels (Hebrew tzitzit) on the corners of their garments, to help them to remember all the commandments of the Lord and to keep them (Numbers 15:37-40), and as a sign of holiness. The religious Hebrew tassel, however, bears little resemblance to the decorative one which appeared and eventually became popular in Europe, especially France and Spain.
In the West, tassels were originally a series of windings of thread or string around a suspending string until the desired curvature was attained. Later, turned wooden moulds, which were either covered in simple wrappings or much more elaborate coverings called satinings, were used. This involved an intricate binding of bands of filament silk vertically around the mould by means of an internal "lacing" in the bore of the mould. During the Middle Ages tassels were widely used in Spain as ornamentation for horses, called borla from the Latin term burrula which means "wool of little value".
These constructions were varied and augmented with extensive ornamentations that were each assigned an idiosyncratic term by their French creators. In sixteenth-century France these individuals were called passementiers, and an apprenticeship of seven years was required to become a master in one of the subdivisions of the guild. The French widely exported their very artistic work, and at such low prices that no other European nation developed a mature "trimmings" industry. Many of the passementiers, however, were among the Protestant Huguenots who fled France in the 1600s to escape persecution, taking their tools and skills with them. Tassels and their associated forms changed style throughout the years, from the small and casual of Renaissance designs (see example), through the medium
sizes and more staid designs of the Empire period to the Victorian Era with the largest and most elaborate decorative flourishes. Some of these designs are returning today from the European and American artisans, who may charge a thousand dollars for a single hand-made tassel. The majority of the world's tassel production, however, takes place in China which mass-produces and exports them globally.
Tassels (also called tufts) were traditionally worn by Oxford and Cambridge University undergraduates on their caps, those wearing gold tassels were those who had paid for the status of gentleman-commoner, thus receiving increased social prestige and more luxurious accommodation than ordinary commoners who wore plain black tassels on their caps. Today, only the Chancellor of Oxford wears a gold tassel.
In the Middle East, tassels were worn as talismans, especially on headwear. In Egypt, Mesopotamia, and throughout the Arab world tassels were worn by children on hoods or caps to protect them from malevolent spirits and ward off demons.
Ceremonial wear
In the U.S., tassels, or liripipes, are also found on mortarboards during university graduation ceremonies and possibly upon the shoes of the graduates at the ceremony. Near the conclusion of the graduation ceremony, the tassel that hangs from the graduate's mortarboard is moved from the right to the left. Typically, the entire graduating class does this in unison.
Structure
A basic key tassel is made by binding or otherwise gathering threads from cord and creating a knot. Tassels are normally decorative elements, and as such one often finds them attached along the bottom hem of garments and curtains. The first Guild of Passementiers was created in France in the 1600s. The tassel was its primary expression, but it also included fringes, ornamental cords, galloons, pompons, rosettes, and gimps. Tassels, pompons and rosettes are point ornaments; the others are linear ornaments.
See also
Passementerie
Tallit
Tzitzit
Izarband
References
Guide to Passementerie. Scalamandre Silks. New York.
Boudet, Pierre and Bernard Gomon, La Passementerie, Dessain et Tolra, 1981. .
Pegler, Martin, The Dictionary of Interior Design, Fairchild Publications, 1983. ASIN B0006ECV48.
External links
Pictures of Tassels on the wikimedia commons
Decorative ropework
Notions (sewing) |
Gmina Strzelce Wielkie is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Strzelce Wielkie, which lies approximately east of Pajęczno and south of the regional capital Łódź.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 4,883.
Villages
Gmina Strzelce Wielkie contains the villages and settlements of Antonina, Dębowiec Mały, Dębowiec Wielki, Górki, Marzęcice, Pomiary, Skąpa, Strzelce Wielkie, Wiewiec, Wistka, Wola Jankowska, Wola Wiewiecka, Zamoście-Kolonia and Zamoście-Wieś.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Strzelce Wielkie is bordered by the gminas of Ładzice, Lgota Wielka, Nowa Brzeźnica, Pajęczno, Rząśnia and Sulmierzyce.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Strzelce Wielkie
Pajęczno County |
In finance, marginal conditional stochastic dominance is a condition under which a portfolio can be improved in the eyes of all risk-averse investors by incrementally moving funds out of one asset (or one sub-group of the portfolio's assets) and into another. Each risk-averse investor is assumed to maximize the expected value of an increasing, concave von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function. All such investors prefer portfolio B over portfolio A if the portfolio return of B is second-order stochastically dominant over that of A; roughly speaking this means that the density function of A's return can be formed from that of B's return by pushing some of the probability mass of B's return to the left (which is disliked by all increasing utility functions) and then spreading out some of the density mass (which is disliked by all concave utility functions).
If a portfolio A is marginally conditionally stochastically dominated by some incrementally different portfolio B, then it is said to be inefficient in the sense that it is not the optimal portfolio for anyone. Note that this context of portfolio optimization is not limited to situations in which mean-variance analysis applies.
The presence of marginal conditional stochastic dominance is sufficient, but not necessary, for a portfolio to be inefficient. This is because marginal conditional stochastic dominance only considers incremental portfolio changes involving two sub-groups of assets — one whose holdings are decreased and one whose holdings are increased. It is possible for an inefficient portfolio to not be second-order stochastically dominated by any such one-for-one shift of funds, and yet to by dominated by a shift of funds involving three or more sub-groups of assets.
Testing
Yitzhaki and Mayshar presented a linear programming-based approach to testing for portfolio inefficiency which works even when the necessary conditional of marginal conditional stochastic dominance is not met. Other similar tests have also been developed.
References
Mathematical finance |
Jimmy Ferris (28 November 1894 – 10 October 1932) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward
Club career
Ferris, an inside forward, began his career with Distillery during World War I. After making his debut in January 1915, Ferris was part of the team which won the County Antrim Shield the same year, and the following season scored the only goal as Distillery won the Belfast Charity Cup against Linfield.
After joining Belfast Celtic in 1917, Ferris won the Irish Cup with Celtic in his first season, and the League title the following season. Celtic would then withdraw from the League in 1920, shortly after Ferris had scored their final goal of the season in a 1-1 draw against Glenavon.
With Celtic not in action, Ferris signed for English side Chelsea in September 1920, scoring on his debut in a 3-1 defeat against Bolton Wanderers. He would go on to make 39 appearances for the Stamford Bridge club, scoring 6 goals in total before leaving for Preston North End in 1922. Ferris made 53 appearances for Preston, scoring 11 goals, and would go on to make two appearances for Pontypridd in the Southern League before returning to Belfast in October 1924.
After rejoining Celtic, Ferris was part of a very successful side who won the Irish League four seasons in succession between 1925 and 1929, as well as the Irish Cup in the 1925–26 season.
Retirement and death
Ferris was forced to retire from football in 1930 after being diagnosed with a heart condition, but remained with Celtic in a scouting capacity, where he was credited with bringing Davy 'Boy' Martin to the club.
Ferris died on 10 October 1932 and was buried in Milltown Cemetery. His son, Raymond would later go on to follow in his father's footsteps as an Ireland international.
International career
Ferris made his Ireland debut against England during the 1919-20 British Home Championship, scoring a 70th minute equaliser. He would make 6 international appearances in total.
References
Irish association footballers (before 1923)
NIFL Premiership players
Men's association football forwards
Northern Ireland men's amateur international footballers
Pre-1950 IFA men's international footballers
1894 births
1932 deaths
Lisburn Distillery F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Pontypridd F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland |
Troyee is a 1982 Bengali romantic drama film written and directed by Gautam Mukherjee. The screenplay was written by Parthapratim Choudhury. It narrates the story of a young man who ultimately finds that his life belongs to nowhere after he has discovered that his best friend and his ladylove are in love with each other. It stars Mithun Chakraborty, Debashree Roy and Soumitra Bannerjee in leading roles. The music was composed by R. D. Burman with lyrics penned by Swapan Chakraborty.
The film was a musical blockbuster as well as a major success at box office.
Plot
Avik (Mithun Chakraborty) and Ranjan (Soumitra Bannerjee) are best friends who befriend Seema (Debashree Roy), a girl who is two years junior to them at college. They quickly become great friends.
Avik's parents (Ruma Guha Thakurta & Anil Chatterjee) love all the youngsters as Ranjan is living away from his parents, while Seema's mother has died, especially Avik's mother, who Ranjan and Seema lovingly call Mashi-Ma (aunty). The three hang out at Avik's home frequently.
Ranjan lives alone, as his wealthy father (Sujit Kumar) has remarried. Due to this Ranjan's grandfather has left the business equally 50% in Ranjan's name and 50% in his father's name, sensing the future may not turn out well for Ranjan. To avoid conflicts Ranjan lives separately from his father and step-mother, although in a mansion nonetheless.
Seema and Ranjan bond as they talk about life the struggles they go through. While all three are somewhat carefree and live the life of college students, Ranjan and Seema, maturing, share more serious matters with each other. Ranjan and Seema slowly start developing feelings towards each other. Both Avik and Ranjan separately, realize they have feelings for Seema. Both separately trying to figure out how to tell her they like her Avik decides to tell Seema he likes her, at her birthday, while Ranjan can't figure out how or when to tell her.
On Seema's birthday her father Mr. Bikash (Pradeep Kumar) holds a big party. Upon arriving and seeing Seema's father, Mr. Bikash, for the first time Avik's mother faints. When they were younger Avik's mother and Seema's father were in love, but things ended badly for them and they ended up marrying different people. Avik, who was going to confess his feelings to Seema ends up not getting the chance to, as he take his mother home to take care of her. During the party Seema starts to notice she has feelings for someone and longing (Ranjan).
A Ranjan's uncle, a drunkard called Sawta, (Keshto Mukherjee) knows about this relationship from the past and why Avik's mother fainted. He actually has been blackmailing Mr. Bikash. In the meantime, Avik asks Seema to meet him, but when Seema comes to meet Avik, she arrives early. Ranjan arrives and asks Seema to speak. Seema knowing, she arrived early goes with Ranjan, where he confesses his feelings. Seema reciprocates the feelings and they become a couple. Avik arrives to meet Seema, but when he doesn't see her he waits and feels like he got stood up. Feeling betrayed, in love and in friendship he leaves, going to a bar. There Sawta adds to the drama by over stating the relationship between Ranjan and Seema. Avik gets into a fight at the bar. Later Seema meets him but he can't clearly state that he loves her... but Ranjan declares his love for Seema after Avik drops her off at her home, as they were hanging out and Ranjan was awaiting her to arrive.
Avik has an accident while riding his motorcycle. Avik is taken to the operation theatre, Ranjan gives him his own blood and finally he is saved. Seema goes to see Avik in the hospital where she leaves her purse. In it is a letter meant for Ranjan. Avik proposes to Seema but discovers that she loves Ranjan. Avik is very disappointed and upset. On the other hand, Seema's father Bikash asks her to marry Avik but she declines. Seema comes to Avik's father and tries to say everything, but she cannot. While Avik's parents think that Seema will marry their son, Avik tells them no, she is marrying Ranjan.
In the meantime Avik comes and realizes the truth, breaking his heart in the process.
Avik meets Ranjan where initially trying to step aside, Avik tells him not to and that Ranjan should be marrying Seema. While it was unfortunate that they both love Seema the circumstances were accidental and they should both do what makes Seema happy. While Avik feels so happy for his friends he is heartbroken. Everything is prepared for Seema's marriage with Ranjan. Avik's mother is very sad and feels very sorry for Avik.
On the day of the marriage ceremony the circumstances really hit Avik, being heartbroken he cannot accept the marriage between his best friend and his love. Conflicted in his happiness for them but being sad about losing out in love he leaves. While driving his car at a high speed, lost in thought and sorrow he losses control of his car.
Cast
Mithun Chakraborty as Avik
Debashree Roy as Seema
Soumitra Bannerjee as Ranjan
Anil Chatterjee as Avik's Father
Ruma Guha Thakurta as Avik's Mother
Pradeep Kumar as Bikash, Seema's Father
Sujit Kumar as Ranjan's Father
Padma Khanna as Ranjan's Secretary
Helen Special Appearance in song Ektu Bosho
Keshto Mukherjee as Ranjan's Uncle & Drunkard Sawta
Soundtrack
Music of this film is by R. D. Burman, all lyrics are written by Sapan Chakraborty.
References
External links
1982 films
Bengali-language Indian films
1980s Bengali-language films
Films scored by R. D. Burman |
Bian or BIAN may refer to:
Places
Bian River in China
Bian (), the Chinese abbreviation for Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
Bian, a former district of the Duchy of Lu in ancient China
Bian River in Indonesia
Bian, a former name for Uiseong County, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
Bian, Hamadan, a village in Iran
People
Bian, a Chinese surname
Bian, short for rezubian, the Japanese term for lesbians
Others
Banking Industry Architecture Network e.V. (BIAN), a nonprofit banking organization
Bian, a Chinese weapon also known as a "hard whip"
Bi'an, a Chinese monster considered a tigerlike dragon
See also
Bian lian in Chinese drama |
The Azerbaijan national beach soccer team represents Azerbaijan in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the AFFA, the governing body for football in Azerbaijan. The current coach of the team is Zeynal Zeynalov. Farid Novruzi is the President of BSFF.
Tournament records
Beach Soccer World Championships
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Qualification (UEFA)
Euro Beach Soccer Cup
Euro Beach Soccer League
Euro Beach Soccer League
Pro Beach Soccer Tour
Pro Beach Soccer Tour
Beach Soccer Intercontinental Cup
BSWW Mundialito
European Games
Current squad
Correct as of July 2012:
Coach: Bahram Hatamov
Achievements
2008 Season
Euro Beach Soccer Cup, Baku, Azerbaijan: 3rd Place
2015 Season
European Games: 8th Place
2018 Season
Euro Beach Soccer League: 8th Place
Notable players
References
External links
BSWW Profile
Profile on Beach Soccer Russia
Azerbaijan Beach Soccer Federation
European national beach soccer teams
Football in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan national football team
Beach soccer, national |
RMS Dunottar Castle was a Royal Mail Ship that went into service with the Castle Line (and its successor, the Union-Castle Line) in 1890 on the passenger and mail service between Britain and South Africa. In 1913 the ship was sold to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company as the Caribbean. After the outbreak of the First World War she served as HMS Caribbean, first as a troop ship and then as an armed merchant cruiser, until she sank in a storm off the Scottish coast on 27 September 1915.
Construction and service
The Dunottar Castle was built at Govan Shipyards in 1889 by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company for the Castle Line, passing to the Union Castle Line in 1900. She became famous in the 1890s for reducing the voyage from Southampton, England, to Cape Town, South Africa, from 42 to 17 days and 20 hours. In 1894 she grounded for two tides near the Eddystone Lighthouse. She was refitted in 1897 when the funnels were heightened, her yards were removed and she was given a wheelhouse.
Troop ship
In November 1899 Dunottar Castle was requisitioned as a troop ship in the Second Boer War. She carried General Redvers Buller and 1,500 troops to Cape Town for Boer War duties and on the following voyage carried Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. In the war she made frequent trips between Britain and the Cape Colony and carried some of the most famous Boer War warriors of the time, including two famous scouts, Major Frederick Russell Burnham and Col. Robert Baden-Powell, as well as a young war correspondent for the Morning Post by the name of Winston Churchill.
In 1904 Dunottar Castle was laid up at Netley in Southampton Water, but by 1907 she was being chartered to the Panama Railroad Co. for their New York to Colon (Panama Canal) service. In 1908 she was chartered to Sir Henry Lunn Ltd for cruises to Norway and the Mediterranean, and in 1911 she took guests to the Delhi Durbar of King George V.
Union-Castle became part of the Royal Mail Group in 1912, and Dunottar Castle was sold to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company in 1913 as the Caribbean. In 1914 she was requisitioned as HMS Caribbean for World War I, initially as a troop ship to bring soldiers from Canada to Europe and later as an Armed Merchant Cruiser. But after it was found that she was unsuitable to carry gun mountings, she was converted into a dockyard workers' accommodation ship in May 1915.
Loss
Caribbean sailed for Scapa Flow on 24 September 1915, but foundered at noon on 26 September, about south of Cape Wrath, Scotland. Several ships were despatched to assist when her SOS message was received, but most were obliged to turn back due to the poor weather. Some trawlers from Stornoway and the light cruiser managed to reach the scene. An attempt by the Birkenhead to place the Caribbean under tow failed, but most of the crew were rescued in the night.
The Caribbean sank early on 27 September, and the 15 crewmen still aboard died. The ensuing Court of Enquiry later blamed the ship's carpenter for being insufficiently familiar with the ship and for failing to shut all the scuttles. Like most of the crew, he had joined the ship just 10 days earlier. The wreck was found in 2004, undisturbed except for fishing nets.
Second Boer War milestones
3 July 1899, "at a few days" notice from Lord Wolseley, Col. Robert Baden-Powell left Southampton on Dunottar Castle and arrived in Cape Town on 25 July. On 10 October 1899 the Second Boer War began and three days later Baden-Powell was cut off by the Boers in the Siege of Mafeking
14 October 1899 Winston Churchill sailed from Southampton aboard Dunottar Castle and reached Cape Town on 31 October.
November 1899, General Redvers Buller and 1,500 troops were carried by Dunottar Castle to Cape Town to reinforce British Army forces at the start of the Second Boer War.
23 December 1899, Lord Roberts quickly departed Southampton on his way to South Africa on the Dunottar Castle where he took command of the British forces in the Second Boer War. En route, Lord Kitchener joined Lord Roberts on Dunottar Castle in Gibraltar to become the second in command.
July 1900, Winston Churchill and Frederick Russell Burnham left South Africa and returned to England on 20 July as war heroes. On the voyage home, Churchill wrote the following letter to Cecil Rhodes:
In December 1900, her propeller shaft snapped and she had to be towed into Dakar. Galician went into service and in the same month went to Dakar to pick up passengers and mail from the disabled Dunottar Castle.
On 25 November 1901 the Dunottar Castle was disabled and towed into Dakar by the .
References
External links
1890 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Ocean liners
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Second Boer War
Ships of the Union-Castle Line
Maritime incidents in 1894
Maritime incidents in 1915
World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War I Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy |
Cabeceras is a Chilean hamlet (caserío) located in Paredones, Cardenal Caro Province.
In 1899, as published on Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile by Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, the hamlet had 470 inhabitants. It is located northwest of then-village Paredones, near the lagoon of Bucalemu.
References
Populated places in Cardenal Caro Province |
Jordan Membrey (born 1 January 1996) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Gold Coast. She has also played for Brisbane and Collingwood in the AFL Women's.
Early life
Membrey was born in Carlton, Victoria in 1996 and moved with her family to the Gold Coast at the age of 8. Her initial sporting interests included netball and touch rugby, but later took up Australian rules football for the first time at the age of 15 with the Carrara Saints in the local Gold Coast competition. She transitioned to the Coolangatta-Tweed Heads Bluebirds and was drafted by the Brisbane Lions in 2016. She attended Trinity College, Beenleigh throughout her upbringing.
AFLW career
Membrey was recruited by Brisbane as a free agent before the 2017 season. She made her debut in the Lions' round 4 game against Greater Western Sydney at the South Pine Sports Complex on 25 February 2017.
Membrey was delisted by Brisbane at the end of the 2017 season.
She would then get a second chance in the AFLW after Collingwood drafted Membrey with the 51st pick in the 2018 AFL Women's draft. At the end of the season, she was delisted by Collingwood.
After a season with Hawthorn in the VFL Women's, Collingwood re-drafted Membrey with the 74th pick of the 2019 AFL Women's draft.
In March 2023, Membrey was part of a five club trade, which involved her returning home to Queensland and joining the Gold Coast, while Collingwood received pick #14.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2022 (S7) season.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 8 || 8 || 16 || 3 || 8 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 1.6 || 1.6 || 3.2 || 0.6 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 31 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 6 || 12 || 7 || 6 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 4.0 || 2.3 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2020
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 21 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 38 || 19 || 57 || 19 || 19 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 5.4 || 2.7 || 8.1 || 2.7 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2021
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 21 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 11 || 6 || 17 || 8 || 2 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 3.7 || 2.0 || 5.7 || 2.7 || 0.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022 (S6)
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 21 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2022 (S7)
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 21 || 10 || 3 || 3 || 30 || 24 || 54 || 18 || 32 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 3.0 || 2.4 || 5.4 || 1.8 || 3.2
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 28
! 14
! 3
! 93
! 63
! 156
! 55
! 67
! 0.5
! 0.1
! 3.3
! 2.3
! 5.6
! 2.0
! 2.4
|}
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Sportswomen from Queensland
Brisbane Lions (AFLW) players
Collingwood Football Club (AFLW) players |
Krasnoye Pole () is a rural locality (a village) in Mardengskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 38 as of 2002. There are 9 streets.
Geography
Krasnoye Pole is located 5 km northwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Veliky Ustyug is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Velikoustyugsky District |
Sister Kinderhook is the sixth full-length album from American rock band Rasputina. It was released on June 15, 2010.
The new album brings with it a fresh lineup in the form of Daniel DeJesus in place of Sarah Bowman in second chair and Catie D'Amica replacing Jonathon Tebeest on drums and percussion. D'Amica was present during the inception, recording and production of the album, however, she has since left the group in order to, as Creager jokes, "go to massage therapy school". She was replaced by Creager's friend, Julie Griner for one show. More recently, Melissa Bell has been drafted into the lineup as percussionist. Another new addition to Rasputina's repertoire is the heavy use of the banjo which replaces the dulcimer featured prominently in the last two albums.
Lyrics and themes
The album revolves around a fantastical theme that explores subject matter such as the New Netherland settlements, Colonial Federalism, feral children, the Anti-Rent Wars of 1844, Early American portraiture, and the prehistoric Mound Builder giants of Illinois and Ohio. The songs Sweet Sister Temperance and My Porcelain Life are based specifically on the life of Emily Dickinson. The band further delved on the record's themes on their Notes from Sister Kinderhook.
Musically, the album's sonical landscape has been "stripped down" compared to the band's last few offerings, returning to the atmosphere of Rasputina's first studio LP Thanks for the Ether.
Promotion and release
As early as February 2010, the album has been leaked on the internet as a way to promote and generate interest for the new record. The album can be streamed via SoundCloud's website in its entirety and the song Holocaust of Giants can be downloaded from Stereogum.
The album was released both as a digipak CD and a vinyl double LP.
Track listing
All songs written by Melora Creager.
Bonus tracks
"Snow-Hen of Austerlitz (Cellist's Revenge Mix)" [iTunes bonus track] - 3:42
Critical reception
Ned Raggett of Allmusic commented "Released in a year when Joanna Newsom made her own most sprawling artistic statement to date, it's become all the easier to see how Creager and Rasputina served as a touchstone for many who followed. The lyrical focus of Sister Kinderhook is clear enough from the title and art alone... yet it's the sonic variety of the album that stands out all the clearer"." Jer Fairall of PopMatters commented "Sister Kinderhook finds Creager continuing to explore her baroque-pop niche long after many would have thought its potential had been long exhausted. Creager remains as committed to her craft as ever, both in terms of her manipulation of the cello-based format and her lyrics. It is exactly this historical fetishism that highlights what is alternately endearing and alienating about Creager’s music. The easy entry point that the listener is afforded into the material here is refreshing and [it] could use several more moments that are this emotionally accessible... but her obsessive eye for nuance and oddity can just as often have the effect of trapping her subjects under glass rather than figuring out what makes them tick. When she fails to find a human angle... her songwriting occasionally results in that old creative writing no-no of showing rather than telling."
Charts
Credits and personnel
Rasputina
Melora Creager – Arranger, artwork, banjo, cello, design, engineer, keyboards, mixing, vocals
Daniel DeJesus – Cello, erhu, vocals
Catie D'Amica - drums, percussion, djembe, ankle bells
Production and personnel
Brian Kehew - Mixing
Paul Gold - Mastering
References
2010 albums
Rasputina (band) albums |
The 2023 São Paulo Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Rolex Grande Prêmio de São Paulo 2023) is a Formula One motor race scheduled to be held on 5 November 2023 at the Interlagos Circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. It will be the twentieth round of the 2023 Formula One World Championship and the sixth and final Grand Prix weekend of the season to utilise the Formula One sprint format.
Background
The event will be held across the weekend of 3–5 November and will be the twentieth round of the 2023 Formula One World Championship. It is set to be the 41st Formula One Grand Prix at this circuit, and the third held under the name of the São Paulo Grand Prix, having previously been titled the Brazilian Grand Prix. It will also be the sixth and final Grand Prix weekend of the 2023 season to utilise the Formula One sprint format.
Championship standings before the race
Coming into the weekend, Max Verstappen leads the Drivers' Championship with 491 points. He leads his teammate Sergio Pérez by 251 points and Lewis Hamilton by a further 20 points. Hamilton is ahead of Carlos Sainz Jr. in fourth by 37 points, with Fernando Alonso in fifth, tied for points with Sainz. Red Bull Racing leads the Constructors' Championship with 731 points, 360 points ahead of Mercedes and a further 22 points ahead of Ferrari. McLaren, in fourth, is behind Ferrari by 93 points and ahead of Aston Martin, in fifth, by 20 points.
Entrants
The drivers and teams will be the same as the season entry list with the exception of Daniel Ricciardo, who replaced Nyck de Vries at AlphaTauri starting at the Hungarian Grand Prix.
Tyre choices
Tyre supplier Pirelli will bring the C2, C3 and C4 tyre compounds (designated hard, medium, and soft, respectively) for teams to use at the event.
Practice
The only free practice session will be held on 3 November 2023, at 11:30 local time (UTC−3).
Qualifying
Qualifying will be held on 3 November 2023, at 15:00 local time (UTC−3), and will determine the starting grid for the main race.
Sprint shootout
The sprint shootout will be held on 4 November 2023, at 11:00 local time (UTC−3), and will determine the starting grid for the sprint.
Sprint
The sprint will be held on 4 November 2023, at 15:30 local time (UTC−3), and will be run for 24 laps.
Race
The race will be held on 5 November 2023, at 14:00 local time (UTC−3), and will be run for 71 laps.
References
External links
Sao Paulo
Grand Prix
2023
Sao Paulo Grand Prix
Sao Paulo Grand Prix |
The blue-naped pitta (Hydrornis nipalensis) is a species of bird in the family Pittidae.
Description
It is a brightly colored bird, with a stub-tail. It is blue and green above, with a reddish-yellow coloring below. The bird's nape and hindneck are bright blue, and the tail is brown with a bit of green. The male and female birds are similar, but the female's hindcrown is reddish-brown, not blue, and it has a green hindneck.
Distribution and habitat
It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It can be found in bamboo jungles.
Behavior
It is a terrestrial bird. It usually ventures out into clearings only early in the morning and late in the evening. Its call is a double whistle and can be heard when it is on the ground and from a tree at dawn and dusk. The nesting season is April to August, during which both the male and female birds share the parental duties.
Diet and feeding
Its diet consists of ground insects and other small animals.
References
blue-naped pitta
Birds of Bangladesh
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of Laos
Birds of Vietnam
blue-naped pitta
Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Nh is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, a combination of N and H. Together with lh and the interpunct, it is a typical feature of Occitan, a language illustrated by medieval troubadours. It commonly represents the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ], which is the same sound as the Spanish letter Ñ.
African languages
In some African languages, such as Gogo, nh is a voiceless .
In the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea for its languages, nh represented a velar , which is currently written ŋ.
Asian languages
In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial nh- indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled n-.
Japanese
Early romanizations of Japanese, influenced by Portuguese orthography, sometimes used nh to represent a prepalatal. Today, this is usually written ny.
Vietnamese
In Vietnamese, nh represents a palatal word-initially. It was formerly considered a distinct letter, but is no longer. When this digraph occurs word-finally, its phonetic value varies between dialects:
In the northern dialect, it represents a velar nasal (), just as ng does; however, its presence may alter the pronunciation of the preceding vowel. For example, banh is pronounced , as opposed to (bang).
In the southern dialect, it represents an alveolar nasal () and shortens the preceding vowel.
The Vietnamese alphabet inherited this digraph from the Portuguese orthography.
Australian languages
In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, nh represents a dental . Due to allophony, it may also represent a palatal .
American languages
In Purépecha and Pipil, it is a velar nasal, .
In the Cuoq Orthography in Algonquin, and in the Fiero Orthography in Ojibwe and Odaawaa, it indicates the vowel preceding it is nasalized. While in the Cuoq orthograph it is in all positions, in the Fiero orthography it is a final form; its non-final form is written as .
European languages
Occitan
In Occitan, nh represents a palatal .
For n·h, see .
Portuguese
In Portuguese, nh represents a palatal . Due to allophony, it may represent the nasal palatal approximant in most Brazilian, Santomean and Angolan dialects. It is not considered a distinct letter. Portuguese borrowed this digraph from Occitan.
Galician
In Galician, there are two diverging norms which give nh differing values.
According to the Real Academia Galega norm, nh represents a velar , while ñ represents a palatal .
According to the reintegrationist norm, mh represents a velar nasal , while nh represents a palatal .
In neither norm is nh considered a distinct letter.
Welsh
In Welsh, nh is a voiceless alveolar nasal, (a under the nasal mutation).
See also
ny (digraph)
Portuguese orthography
References
External links
Practical Orthography of African Languages
Latin-script digraphs |
Peter Fleming and John McEnroe were the defending champions, but McEnroe did not participate this year. Fleming partnered Sandy Mayer, losing in the semifinals.
Marty Riessen and Sherwood Stewart won the title, defeating Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez 6–2, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Draw
U.S. Pro Indoor
1981 Grand Prix (tennis) |
Timothy Achille Torlot (born 17 September 1957) is a British diplomat serving as the British Ambassador to Uzbekistan since August 2019.
Education
He attended Worcester College, Oxford and gained a BA (Hons) degree in modern languages.
Diplomatic career
Tim Torlot joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1981. Following Arabic language training at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, he was posted as Third Secretary to Muscat in 1984 and to Wellington as Second Secretary in 1987. Returning to the FCO in 1992, he served in Personnel Management Department until 1995 and in South East Asian Department until 1997. He was posted to Santiago from 1997 to 2001. He spent a year in the FCO's Counter Terrorism Department before being appointed Director, Advanced Technologies, UK Trade & Investment. From 2005 to 2006, he was Deputy Head of Mission in Baghdad. Two short assignments at the FCO followed before he was appointed Ambassador to the Republic of Yemen in July 2007. On 26 April 2010, Timothy Torlot survived a suicide bomber's attack, responsibility for which was claimed by Al-Qaeda's Yemen wing. He was appointed head of the European External Action Service delegation to Bolivia in 2012. He was appointed British Ambassador to Uzbekistan in 2019.
Family
Timothy Torlot married Bridie Morton in 1986. They have one daughter (Eleanor, born 1990). Their marriage was dissolved in 2011. Tim is now married to author and journalist Jennifer Steil (they married in 2012). They have one daughter (Theadora Celeste Steil Torlot, born 2009).
References
TORLOT, Timothy Achille, Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2013
1957 births
Living people
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Yemen
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Uzbekistan
20th-century British diplomats |
German submarine U-2533 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 13 October 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2533. She was launched on 7 December 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Horst Günther on 18 January 1945.
Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2533 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of (o/a), a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing , two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing , and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate at for ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-2533 was fitted with six torpedo tubes in the bow and four C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.
Fate
U-2533 was scuttled on 3 May 1945, at Travemünde, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up. The wreck was a war grave, as all external hatches were discovered shut.
References
Bibliography
External links
Type XXI submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1945
World War II submarines of Germany
1944 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
Maritime incidents in May 1945 |
The Saltaruccio () is a stream in the department of Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a tributary of the Fiumorbo.
Course
The Saltaruccio is long and flows through the communes of Lugo-di-Nazza and Poggio-di-Nazza.
It rises to the northeast of the Punta di Taoria and flows northeast and then east between the villages of Poggio-di-Nazza and Lugo-di-Nazza.
The D44 linking these villages crosses the stream.
It continues in a generally east-southeast direction to its confluence with the Fiumorbo to the northwest of the town of Ghisonaccia.
Environment
The Saltaruccio flows through the Forêts du Fiumorbu, designated as a Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF).
This includes the upper and middle watershed of the Abatesco and tributaries of the Fium'Orbu river such as the Saltaruccio and Varagno streams.
The higher parts of the area are mainly covered with beech forest (Fagus sylvatica), birch groves, fir forests and laricio pines (Pinus nigra laricio).
Lower down there are stands of maritime pines (Pinus pinaster) and holm oaks (Quercus ilex).
Tributaries
The following streams (ruisseaux) are tributaries of the Varagno (ordered by length) and sub-tributaries:
Poletrella:
Buoni Pargoli:
Sambuchi:
Ternale:
Caniozzo:
Pane Casciolo:
Salto Leandro:
Nevalpiana:
Notes
Sources
Rivers of Haute-Corse
Rivers of France |
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