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Abbotswood is a suburb of Burpham in Surrey, England, it's also quite near to Guildford. Abbotswood is the closest part of Burpham to Guildford and its only distinctively named neighbourhood. It comprises detached houses and the George Abbot School - it includes a road named Abbotswood and only a few other side roads off London Road such as Boxgrove Avenue; as with Burpham, within the post town of Guildford, directly north and east of the small roundabout north of Stoke Park. The land here ranges from a line of western drained fields at almost river level, named spreads, in flood times, marshland to ascending gentle slopes eastwards including the street Ganghill reaching towards the New Guildford Line railway. It has two listed buildings: Woodways and Stoke Park Farm House. Geography Abbotswood is small and modern, many of the streets are narrow and dead end and there's almost nothing inside the area officially considered Abbotswood in fact even the George Abbot School is officially outside Abbotswood. As is nearby Thorneycroft wood and Guildford Ambulance station. Transportation London Road Guildford Railway Station isn't far from Abbotswood and a bus service directly serves it, with 4 different routes. References Populated places in Surrey Locations in Guildford
Florence Nightingale is a 1915 British silent historical film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Elisabeth Risdon, Fred Groves and A. V. Bramble. The film portrays the life of Florence Nightingale, particularly her innovations in nursing during the Crimean War (1854–56). The film was based on Edward Tyas Cook's biography of Nightingale. Cast Elisabeth Risdon as Florence Nightingale Fred Groves as Doctor A. V. Bramble as Sydney Herbert M. Gray Murray Beatrix Templeton Pauline Peters References Bibliography Murphy, Robert. Directors in British and Irish Cinema: A Reference Companion. British Film Institute, 2006. External links 1915 films 1910s biographical drama films 1910s historical drama films British black-and-white films British biographical drama films British historical drama films British silent feature films 1910s English-language films Crimean War films Films directed by Maurice Elvey Films about Florence Nightingale Cultural depictions of Florence Nightingale Films set in the 1850s Films set in England 1910s British films Silent historical drama films
The redbanded perch (Hypoplectrodes huntii) is a sea bass of the genus Hypoplectrodes, found in south eastern Australia, and the North Island and northern South Island of New Zealand, at depths between 5 and 100 m, its length is between 10 and 20 cm. The diet of the redbanded perch depends on the local and seasonal variations in the environment. This may effect its foraging behavior, however they have been observed to prey on small fish and crabs. This species was first formally described as Plectropoma huntii in 1875 with the type locality given as the Chatham Islands. The specific name honours F. Hunt who presented the type specimen to James Hector. References Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) Jones, G. P. “Contribution to the Biology of the Redbanded Perch, Ellerkeldia Huntii (Hector), with a Discussion on Hermaphroditism.” Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 17, no. 2, 1980, pp. 197–207., doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02753.x. Anthiinae Fish described in 1875 Taxa named by James Hector
Vincent Sardi Sr. (December 23, 1885 – November 19, 1969) was an American restaurateur. He served as the original founder of the restaurant Sardi's for more than 50 years. Sardi was honored the Special Tony Award at the 1st Tony Awards. He died in November 1969 at the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital in Essex County, New York, at the age 83. Sardi was buried in Flushing Cemetery. References 1885 births 1969 deaths Place of birth missing American restaurateurs Special Tony Award recipients Burials at Flushing Cemetery
Show Me Da Manny is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Starring Manny Pacquiao and Marian Rivera, it premiered on August 23, 2009, on the network's Linggobingo sa Gabi line up replacing Ful Haus. The series concluded on July 10, 2011, with a total of 98 episodes. Cast and characters Lead cast Marian Rivera as Manuella "Ella/Manny" Paredes Manny Pacquiao as Manuel "Manny" Santos Supporting cast Paolo Contis as Eric Paredes Benjie Paras as Oscar Paredes AJ Dee as Marco Antonio Barreiro Gladys Guevarra as Banig Onyok Velasco as J-R Jai Reyes as Jai Ogie Alcasid as Manny Pacute Rochelle Pangilinan as Maria Juana 'Rihanna' Balbaqua John Lapus as Nicolas 'Nicole' Ty Lovi Poe as Hannah Montano Kevin Santos as Chris Brawner Mike Nacua as Usher Lito Camo as Tolits Carl Acosta as Jonas Marvin Kiefer as Marvin Tuesday Vargas as Socorro "Shakira" Domingo Ratings According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Show Me Da Manny earned a 23.3% rating. While the final episode scored an 11.2% rating. Accolades References External links 2009 Philippine television series debuts 2011 Philippine television series endings Filipino-language television shows GMA Network original programming Philippine television sitcoms
Kohjapyx is a genus of diplurans in the family Japygidae. Species Kohjapyx lindbergi Pagés, 1962 Kohjapyx serfatyi Pagés, 1953 Kohjapyx uchleri (Pagés, 1962) References Diplura
Rocco Barocco (born 26 March 1944 in Naples, Italy) is a fashion designer. His real name is Antonio Muscariello. After his first steps in the fashion industry he legally changed his name to Rocco Barocco. During his childhood and youth, he lived on the island of Ischia in front of Naples, where he grew up with his eight brothers. Charmed by the fashion world, he decided to move to Rome in 1962, where he worked with Patrick de Barentzen and Giles. In 1964 he started a company with Giles, which lasted for over ten years. In 1974 he opened his own show room in Rome's piazza di Spagna and in 1979, after his success in haute couture, he presented his first prêt-à-porter collection. External links Official site References Living people Italian fashion designers Businesspeople from Naples Watch manufacturing companies of Italy 1944 births
Studentessi is a 2008 studio album by Italian rock band Elio e le Storie Tese. Track listing "Studentessi" – 0:46 "Plafone" (feat. Antonella Ruggiero) – 5:00 "Ignudi fra i nudisti" (feat. Giorgia) – 4:34 "Tristezza" – 4:32 "Effetto memoria [Inverno]"– 1:01 "Heavy Samba" (feat. Irene Grandi) – 6:51 "Gargaroz" – 5:45 "Suicidio a sorpresa: Allegro" (feat. Paola Cortellesi) – 1:27 "Suicidio a sorpresa: Allegretto" (feat. Paola Cortellesi) – 1:01 "Suicidio a sorpresa: Andante con moto" – 1:19 "Suicidio a sorpresa: Allegro" (feat. Paola Cortellesi) – 0:19 "Suicidio a sorpresa: Allegretto" (feat. Paola Cortellesi) – 1:52 "Effetto memoria [Primavera]" – 1:31 "La lega dell'amore" (feat. Claudio Bisio) – 4:26 "Indiani (A caval donando)" – 5:51 "Effetto memoria [Estate]" (feat. Claudio Baglioni) – 0:47 "Supermassiccio" – 5:52 "La risposta dell'architetto" – 4:43 "Parco sempione" – 4:58 "Il Congresso delle parti molli" – 7:04 "Single" (feat. Luigi Piloni [alias Feiez]) – 3:22 "Effetto memoria [Autunno]" (feat. Claudio Baglioni) – 5:49 Personnel Elio e le Storie Tese Elio – lead vocals, flute, acoustic guitar Rocco Tanica – keyboards Cesareo – electric guitar Faso – bass guitar Christian Meyer – drums Jantoman (Uomo) – electronic keyboards Additional musicians Paolo Panigada (aka Feiez) – vocals in Single Mangoni – vocals in La risposta dell'architetto Demo Morselli – horns arrangement in: Tristezza, Parco Sempione, Suicidio a sorpresa, Ignudi fra i nudisti, Supermassiccio Vittorio Cosma – keyboards in Il Congresso delle parti molli and spoken intro to some songs Claudio Bisio – vocals in La lega dell'amore Paola Cortellesi – vocals in Suicidio a sorpresa Antonella Ruggiero – vocals in Plafone Giorgia – vocals in Ignudi fra i nudisti Irene Grandi – vocals in Heavy Samba Claudio Baglioni – vocals in Effetto Memoria (estate) e Effetto Memoria (autunno) Massimo Zagonari – saxophone and flute in Ignudi fra i nudisti, Tristezza e Parco Sempione Ambrogio Frigerio – trombone in Ignudi fra i nudisti, Parco Sempione e Tristezza Lucio Fabbri – violin in Indiani (A caval donando) Remo Ceriotti – banjo in Indiani (A caval donando) Paola Folli – vocals in Suicidio a sorpresa Lola Feghaly – vocals in Suicidio a sorpresa Charts References Further reading External links 2008 albums Elio e le Storie Tese albums Italian-language albums
The Crew of the Dora () is a 1943 German film about Luftwaffe pilots. It depicts a love triangle involving two of them being overcome by their participation in battle together. The film was banned in 1944, because of the worsening war situation; while on leave one character inspires a girl with hopes of settling in the east, a dream that no longer appeared possible. Cast Hannes Stelzer as Flugzeugführer Leutnant Joachim Krane Hubert Kiurina as Leutnant Franz von Borcke Josef Dahmen as Feldwebel Otto Roggenkamp Georg Thomalla as Bordschütze Unteroffizier Fritz Mott Ernst von Klipstein as Hauptmann Kurt Gillhausen Clemens Hasse as Oberleutnant Erich Krumbhaar Helmut Schabrich as Oberleutnant Semmler Wolfgang Preiss as Staffelarzt Dr. Wagner Suse Graf as Dr. Marianne Güldener Charlott Daudert as Mathilde Kronschnabel Carsta Löck as Straßenbahnschaffnerin Betty Schütte Roma Bahn as Laborantin Fräulein Bornschlegel Otz Tollen as Oberleutnant Ewald Wenck as Ober im Restaurant Notes References External links Further reading 1940s German-language films 1943 films Banned films in Nazi Germany Films of Nazi Germany Nazi propaganda films World War II aviation films World War II films made in wartime Films directed by Karl Ritter German black-and-white films German war drama films 1940s war drama films 1943 drama films 1940s German films 1930s German films
The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs was the playoff tournament of the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 2015–16 season. They began on April 13, 2016, and ended on June 12, 2016, with the Pittsburgh Penguins defeating the San Jose Sharks four games to two in the Stanley Cup Finals. For only the second time in league history (1970 being the only other time), none of the NHL's Canadian-based teams, seven in total, qualified for the postseason. In addition, for the second season in a row and only the fifth (and most recent) time since joining the league in 1979, all four former WHA teams (the Edmonton Oilers, Arizona Coyotes, Carolina Hurricanes and Colorado Avalanche) missed the playoffs. The Washington Capitals made the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winners with the most points (i.e. best record) during the regular season. This was the final season of the Detroit Red Wings' 25-season playoff appearance streak, the longest streak at the time and tied for third longest in NHL history. The Florida Panthers qualified for the playoffs for only the second time since the 1999–2000 season—both times winning their division—and fifth time in franchise history. For the fourth time in six years, all three California-based teams made the playoffs in the same season. And, for only the second time ever (1996 being the only other time), both Florida-based teams made the playoffs in the same season. For the first time since 2006, and only the third time in league history, all Original Six teams who made the playoffs (three in total) were eliminated in the first round. The New York Islanders won their first post-season series since the 1993 Stanley Cup playoffs, ending the third longest post-season win drought in NHL history. For the seventh consecutive season and eleventh out of thirteen seasons, a team from California was in the Western Conference Final. For the first time since 2002, no team lost in a four-game sweep in a playoff series. Playoff seeds This was the third year in which the top three teams in each division make the playoffs, along with two wild cards in each conference (for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference). The following teams qualified for the playoffs: Eastern Conference Atlantic Division Florida Panthers, Atlantic Division champions – 103 points Tampa Bay Lightning – 97 points Detroit Red Wings – 93 points Metropolitan Division Washington Capitals, Metropolitan Division champions, Eastern Conference regular season champions, Presidents' Trophy winners – 120 points Pittsburgh Penguins – 104 points New York Rangers – 101 points Wild cards New York Islanders – 100 points Philadelphia Flyers – 96 points Western Conference Central Division Dallas Stars, Central Division champions, Western Conference regular season champions – 109 points St. Louis Blues – 107 points Chicago Blackhawks – 103 points Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks, Pacific Division champions – 103 points Los Angeles Kings – 102 points San Jose Sharks – 98 points Wild cards Nashville Predators – 96 points Minnesota Wild – 87 points Playoff bracket In each round, teams competed in a best-of-seven series following a 2–2–1–1–1 format (scores in the bracket indicate the number of games won in each best-of-seven series). The team with home ice advantage played at home for games one and two (and games five and seven, if necessary), and the other team was at home for games three and four (and game six, if necessary). The top three teams in each division made the playoffs, along with two wild cards in each conference, for a total of eight teams from each conference. In the First Round, the lower seeded wild card in the conference played against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card played against the other division winner, and both wild cards were de facto #4 seeds. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. In the first two rounds, home ice advantage was awarded to the team with the better seed; in the last two rounds, it was awarded to the team that had the better regular season record. Legend A1, A2, A3 – The first, second, and third place teams from the Atlantic Division, respectively M1, M2, M3 – The first, second, and third place teams from the Metropolitan Division, respectively C1, C2, C3 – The first, second, and third place teams from the Central Division, respectively P1, P2, P3 – The first, second, and third place teams from the Pacific Division, respectively WC – Wild Card teams First Round Eastern Conference First Round (A1) Florida Panthers vs. (WC1) New York Islanders The Florida Panthers finished first in the Atlantic Division, earning 103 points. The New York Islanders finished as the Eastern Conference's first wild-card, earning 100 points. This was the first meeting between these two teams. Florida won two of the three games of the regular season series. This was the first time that a Stanley Cup playoff series was played at the Barclays Center. The series contained the two teams with the longest playoff win drought in the league (the Islanders had not won a series since 1993, and the Panthers since 1996). The team that both clubs defeated for their last respective playoff series victory were the Pittsburgh Penguins, of which Panthers' right winger Jaromir Jagr was a member. The Islanders defeated the Panthers in six games and won a playoff series for the first time since 1993. John Tavares scored a goal and two assists for the Islanders in a 5–4 win in game one. In game two, Roberto Luongo recorded 41 saves in a 3–1 win to help the Panthers tie the series. The Islanders came back from a two-goal deficit in the second period to win game three in overtime on Thomas Hickey's wrist shot. In game four, Jaromir Jagr had an assist to reach 200 points overall in the playoffs. The Panthers won the game 2–1. Games five and six both ended in double-overtime with identical scores of 2–1 and New York winning both games. In game five, Alan Quine scored the game-winner on a power play 16:00 into the second overtime. Thomas Greiss made 47 saves in the victory. In game six, Tavares scored the first New York goal with 54 seconds left in the third period to send the game into overtime. In the second overtime, Tavares scored his second goal and the series winner. (A2) Tampa Bay Lightning vs. (A3) Detroit Red Wings The Tampa Bay Lightning finished second in the Atlantic Division, earning 97 points. The Detroit Red Wings earned 93 points to finish third in the Atlantic. This was the second meeting between these teams; their only previous meeting was in last year's Eastern Conference First Round which Tampa Bay won in seven games. The teams split their four-game regular season series this year. The Lightning defeated the Red Wings in five games. Lightning forward Nikita Kucherov scored twice and goalie Ben Bishop made 34 saves in a 3–2 win in game one. Tyler Johnson recorded two goals in game two in a 5–2 win for the Lightning. In game three, Detroit goalie Jimmy Howard was replaced with Petr Mrazek, who stopped all 16 shots in a 2–0 win. In game four, Kucherov had two goals and an assist and Jonathan Drouin assisted on all three goals scored by Tampa Bay in a 3–2 win. In the final game of the series, Alex Killorn scored with 1:43 left in the third period to give the Lightning a 1–0 lead and the series win. Game four was the last playoff game to be held at Joe Louis Arena. The Red Wings closed the arena after the 2016–17 season. This was further the last of 25 consecutive Detroit playoff appearances in the Stanley Cup playoffs, and is to date the most recent season in which they qualified for the playoffs. (M1) Washington Capitals vs. (WC2) Philadelphia Flyers The Washington Capitals earned the Presidents' Trophy as the NHL's best regular season team with 120 points. The Philadelphia Flyers finished as the Eastern Conference's second wild-card, earning 96 points. This was the fifth meeting between these teams; with both teams splitting the four previous series. They last met in the 2008 Eastern Conference quarterfinals, which Philadelphia won in seven games. These teams split the four-game regular season series. The Capitals defeated the Flyers in six games. Capitals goalie Braden Holtby shut out the Flyers in game one, stopping all 19 shots he faced in a 2–0 win. In game two, Holtby made 41 saves and a fluke goal by Capitals forward Jason Chimera turned to be the game-winning goal in a 4–1 win. The Capitals scored a franchise record five power play goals to rout the Flyers 6–1 in game three. In game four, Philadelphia avoided elimination by switching goaltender Steve Mason, who gave up six goals in the previous game, to Michal Neuvirth who made 31 saves in a 2–1 win. The Flyers forced a sixth game after Neuvirth made 44 saves in a 2–0 win in game five; the Flyers had 11 shots in a playoff win, the fewest ever in franchise history. Nicklas Backstrom scored the only goal for the Capitals in game six for his team to move onto the second round. (M2) Pittsburgh Penguins vs. (M3) New York Rangers The Pittsburgh Penguins finished second in the Metropolitan Division, earning 104 points. The New York Rangers earned 101 points in the regular season to finish third in the Metropolitan. This was the seventh meeting between these teams, and the third meeting in three consecutive seasons, with Pittsburgh losing the last two but winning four of the six overall. They last met in last year's Eastern Conference First Round, which the Rangers won in five games. Pittsburgh won three of the four games of the regular season series. The Penguins defeated the Rangers in five games. Penguins forward Patric Hornqvist scored a hat trick in a 5–2 win in game one. J. T. Miller had three assists to help the Rangers win 4–2 in game two. In game three, Pittsburgh scored three times after New York took a 1–0 lead to win 3–1. Evgeni Malkin scored two power play goals and Matt Murray made 31 saves in game four for the Penguins in a 5–0 win. In game five, after the Penguins' four-goal second period, of which Bryan Rust had two goals and an assist, Rangers head coach Alain Vigneault pulled Henrik Lundqvist, who had given up six goals on 23 shots. The Penguins ended the series with a 6–3 victory. It was the first time the Rangers were eliminated in the opening round since 2011, snapping a five-year advancement streak. This was also the first playoff series in which two goaltenders on the same team played in and subsequently won their playoff debut, with Jeff Zatkoff winning game one and Matt Murray winning game three. Western Conference First Round (C1) Dallas Stars vs. (WC2) Minnesota Wild The Dallas Stars finished first in the Central Division, earning 109 points. The Minnesota Wild finished as the Western Conference's second wild-card, earning 87 points. This was the first meeting in the playoffs between Minnesota's current NHL franchise and its former NHL franchise (then known as the North Stars). Dallas won four of the five games of the regular season series. The Stars defeated the Wild in six games. Jamie Benn scored a goal and two assists and goalie Kari Lehtonen made 22 saves for the Stars in game one in a 4–0 victory. Jamie Benn scored the game winner in game two in a 2–1 win for the Stars to take a 2–0 lead in the series. In game three, after Patrick Sharp scored two goals in the first period for the Stars, the Wild scored four consecutive goals to take the lead. Jason Pominville scored two of the Wild goals in a 5–3 win. Antti Niemi made 28 saves to help the Stars take a 3–1 series lead in a 3–2 win in game four. The Wild avoided elimination in game five when forward Mikko Koivu scored his second goal of the game at 4:55 of the first overtime period, in a 5–4 win. In Game six, the Stars took a four-goal lead before the Wild attempted a late comeback by scoring three goals in under five minutes during the third period. Alex Goligoski scored the eventual series-winner for Dallas halfway through the third period as the Stars hung on for a 5–4 victory. (C2) St. Louis Blues vs. (C3) Chicago Blackhawks The St. Louis Blues finished second in the Central Division earning 107 points. The Chicago Blackhawks earned 103 points to finish third in the Central. This was the twelfth playoff meeting between these two rivals with Chicago winning eight of the eleven previous series. Their most recent meeting was the 2014 Western Conference First Round, which Chicago won in six games. St. Louis won three of the five games of the regular season series. The Blues defeated the Blackhawks in seven games after nearly giving up a 3–1 series lead. In game one, neither team scored in regulation; David Backes scored 9:04 into the first overtime for the Blues as goalie Brian Elliott made 35 saves in the win. In game two, Patrick Kane had two assists to help the Blackhawks win 3–2. The Blues recovered in game three, as Elliot made 44 saves in a 3–2 win. Game four saw Blackhawks goalie Corey Crawford go after Blues rookie forward Robby Fabbri after the forward was bumped into the goaltender by Chicago captain Jonathan Toews. Five penalties were assessed and the Blackhawks scored on the power play that followed. Vladimir Tarasenko scored twice for the Blues as they won the game 4–3. Blackhawks forward Andrew Shaw was given a one-game suspension and a $5,000 fine after he used a homophobic slur. In game five, the Blues overcame a 3–1 deficit in the third period to send the game to overtime. In double-overtime, Patrick Kane scored the game-winner for the Blackhawks who avoided elimination with a 4–3 win. The Blackhawks came back from a 3–1 deficit in game six, scoring five unanswered goals in a 6–3 victory to force a seventh game. In game seven, the Blues took a two-goal lead in the first period before the Blackhawks tied the game on goals by Marian Hossa and Andrew Shaw. In the third period, Troy Brouwer scored the series-winner as the Blues advanced past the opening round of the playoffs for the first time since 2012 with a 3–2 win. (P1) Anaheim Ducks vs. (WC1) Nashville Predators The Anaheim Ducks finished first in the Pacific Division, earning 103 points. The Nashville Predators finished as the Western Conference's first wild-card, earning 96 points. This was the second meeting between these teams in the playoffs; their only previous series was the 2011 Western Conference quarterfinals, which Nashville won in six games. Nashville won two of the three games of the regular season series. For the fourth straight year, the Ducks were eliminated in a seventh game at home after having a 3–2 series lead. James Neal scored 35 seconds into game one and Pekka Rinne made 27 saves for the Predators' 3–2 win. In game two, Rinne again made 27 saves in another 3–2 win to take their first ever 2–0 series lead. Before game three, Anaheim replaced goaltender John Gibson with Frederik Andersen who stopped all 27 shots he faced in a 3–0 Ducks victory. Andersen made 30 saves in a 4–1 victory in game four to tie the series. Three players for the Ducks, Ryan Getzlaf, David Perron, and Sami Vatanen, had two points in a 5–2 win in game five to stake the Ducks to a 3–2 series lead. The Predators forced their first ever seventh game after Rinne made 26 saves in a 3–1 win. In game seven, Rinne stopped 36 shots for the Predators in a 2–1 win to advance to the second round. (P2) Los Angeles Kings vs. (P3) San Jose Sharks The Los Angeles Kings finished second in the Pacific Division, earning 102 points. The San Jose Sharks earned 98 points to finish third in the Pacific. This was the fourth meeting between these two teams, with Los Angeles winning two of the three previous meetings. They last met in the 2014 Western Conference First Round, which Los Angeles came back from a 3–0 deficit to defeat the Sharks in seven games. San Jose won three of the five games of the regular season series. The Sharks defeated the Kings in five games. In game one, Joe Pavelski scored twice including the game-winner to help the Sharks win 4–3. Sharks goalie, and former Kings backup goalie, Martin Jones allowed one goal on 27 shots in game two in a 2–1 win. Game three in San Jose required overtime with the game tied 1–1 after regulation time, before Tanner Pearson scored the game-winner for the Kings at 3:47 of the first overtime. In game four, all three Sharks goals came on the power play before the Kings tried to make a comeback cutting the deficit to 3–2, but that was the final score of the game. In game five, the Sharks took a 3–0 lead until the Kings scored three goals to tie the game in the second period. Early in the third period, San Jose rookie Joonas Donskoi's second goal of the game, broke the tie to give the Sharks a 4–3 lead; Joe Pavelski and Melker Karlsson provided insurance goals as the Sharks ended the series with a 6–3 victory. Second Round Eastern Conference Second Round (A2) Tampa Bay Lightning vs. (WC1) New York Islanders This was the second playoff meeting between these teams; their only previous series was in the 2004 Eastern Conference quarterfinals, which Tampa Bay won in five games. This was the first series in the current playoff format in which a wild-card team had more points than its opponent during the regular season and did not have home ice advantage. New York won two of the three games of the regular season series. The Lightning defeated the Islanders in five games. The Islanders took game one by a score of 5–3 with two goals scored by Shane Prince. Tyler Johnson scored two goals in a 4–1 victory for the Lightning in game two to tie the series. Games three and four both ended in overtime with Lightning victories as well as Nikita Kucherov scoring the tying goal in the third period. In game three, Kucherov scored with 39 seconds left in the third period to send it to overtime. In overtime, Brian Boyle scored the game-winner for a 5–4 win. In game four, Kucherov scored 7:49 into the third period to tie the game. Jason Garrison scored the game-winner for the Lightning 1:49 into overtime in a 2–1 win. Victor Hedman scored twice and Ben Bishop stopped all 28 shots for the Lightning in game five to move on to the conference finals for the second season in a row and third in six seasons. (M1) Washington Capitals vs. (M2) Pittsburgh Penguins This was the ninth playoff meeting between these teams, with Pittsburgh winning seven of the eight previous series. Their most recent meeting was in the 2009 Eastern Conference semifinals, which Pittsburgh won in seven games. Pittsburgh won three of the five games of the regular season series. The Penguins defeated the Capitals in six games. T. J. Oshie scored a hat-trick, his third goal being in overtime, in game one for the Capitals in a 4–3 win. Former Capitals forward Eric Fehr scored the game-winner in the third period for the Penguins to take game two by a score of 2–1. Matt Murray made 47 saves for the Penguins in game three for a 3–2 victory. In game four, Patric Hornqvist scored the game-winner for the Penguins in overtime as well as an assist in a 3–2 win. The Capitals avoided elimination in game five, with Braden Holtby stopping 30 of the 31 shots he faced in a 3–1 win. In game six, Pittsburgh took a 3–0 lead with two goals from Phil Kessel before the Capitals tied the game 3–3 late in the third period. In overtime, Nick Bonino scored the series-winner 6:32 into the first overtime period to send the Pittsburgh Penguins to the Eastern Conference Final. Western Conference Second Round (C1) Dallas Stars vs. (C2) St. Louis Blues This was the thirteenth playoff meeting between these teams; the two teams have split the twelve previous series. They last met in the 2001 Western Conference semifinals, which St. Louis won in a four-game sweep. St. Louis won four of the five games of the regular season series. The Blues defeated the Stars in seven games. In game one, Radek Faksa scored with 4:44 left in the third period to give the Dallas Stars a 2–1 win. In game two, Dallas scored two goals in the third period to tie the game 3–3 after being down 3–1. In overtime, Blues' captain David Backes scored a power play goal to tie the series at a game apiece. Alexander Steen scored twice and Vladimir Tarasenko scored a goal and two assists to help the Blues rout the Stars 6–1 in game three. Jamie Benn had two assists in game four as well as the overtime-game-winner by Cody Eakin for the Stars in a 3–2 win. In game five, Paul Stastny had a goal and an assist and Brian Elliott made 27 saves in a 4–1 victory to take a 3–2 series lead. Dallas scored three goals in the first period in game six prompting St. Louis head coach Ken Hitchcock to replace Elliott who had only stopped four shots. Dallas won the game 3–2 to force a seventh game. In game seven, six different players scored a goal for the Blues in a 6–1 victory to make their first Conference finals since 2001. (P3) San Jose Sharks vs. (WC1) Nashville Predators This was the third playoff meeting between these teams, with San Jose winning both previous series. They last met in the 2007 Western Conference quarterfinals, which San Jose won in five games. Nashville won two of the three games of the regular season series. The Sharks defeated the Predators in seven games. The home team won every game in the series. Logan Couture scored two goals in game one for the Sharks in a 5–2 win. In game two, Martin Jones made 37 saves for the Sharks in a 3–2 win. Shea Weber scored a goal and an assist and Pekka Rinne made 26 saves in a 4–1 win for the Predators in game three. The Predators played in their longest playoff game in game four going 11:12 into triple overtime. Mike Fisher scored his second goal of the game to end overtime and tie the series with a 4–3 win. Joe Pavelski scored twice for the Sharks in game five who took a 3–2 series lead with a 5–1 win. In game six, the Predators came back from an early 2–0 deficit, sending the game into overtime. In overtime, rookie Viktor Arvidsson scored the game-winner to force a seventh game in a 4–3 win. In game seven, Martin Jones stopped all 20 shots and Logan Couture scored a goal and two assists in a 5–0 win to send the Sharks onto the Western Conference Final. Conference finals Eastern Conference Final (M2) Pittsburgh Penguins vs. (A2) Tampa Bay Lightning This was the second playoff meeting between these teams. Their only previous series was the 2011 Eastern Conference quarterfinals, which Tampa Bay came back from a 3–1 series deficit to win in seven games. Pittsburgh last made the conference finals in 2013 where they were swept in four games by the Boston Bruins. This was Tampa Bay's second consecutive Conference finals appearance; they defeated the New York Rangers in seven games in the previous year. Tampa Bay won all three games of the regular season series. The Penguins defeated the Lightning in seven games. In game one, Lightning goaltender Ben Bishop suffered a lower-body injury in the first period, requiring him to leave the game on a stretcher. Andrei Vasilevskiy made 25 saves in relief to help the Lightning win 3–1. Four goals were scored in the first period, two by each team, in game two leaving the score tied going into overtime. Sidney Crosby scored 40 seconds into overtime for the Penguins to tie the series. Carl Hagelin and Phil Kessel both had a goal and an assist for the Penguins in a 4–2 feat in game three. The Lightning tied the series in game four in a 4–3 win with both Nikita Kucherov and Alex Killorn providing two assists each, including the game-winning goal, and the team preventing a third period comeback from the Penguins. The Penguins gave up leads of both 2–0 and 3–2 and lost in overtime when Tyler Johnson scored for the Lightning 53 seconds into the first overtime period of game five. Although Brian Boyle scored twice for the Lightning, Pittsburgh forced a seventh game after a 5–2 victory in which Crosby had a goal and an assist. In game seven, Bryan Rust scored both goals for Pittsburgh in a 2–1 victory to send the Penguins to the Stanley Cup Finals for the fifth time in franchise history. Western Conference Final (C2) St. Louis Blues vs. (P3) San Jose Sharks This was the fifth playoff meeting between these teams, with both teams splitting the four previous playoff series. They last met in the 2012 Western Conference quarterfinals, which St. Louis won in five games. St. Louis most recently made the conference finals in 2001, when they lost to the Colorado Avalanche in five games. San Jose last made the conference finals in 2011, where they lost in five games to the Vancouver Canucks. San Jose won two of the three games of the regular season series. The Sharks defeated the Blues in six games. The Blues won game one 2–1 with help from goalie Brian Elliott who made 31 saves in the process. The Sharks bounced back in game two with Brent Burns scoring twice and goalie Martin Jones stopping all 26 shots he faced in a 4–0 win. In game three, Jones again shutout the Blues, blocking 22 shots; Tomas Hertl scored twice for the Sharks in their 3–0 victory at home. Troy Brouwer and Kyle Brodziak scored twice in a 6–3 victory for the Blues to tie the series in game four. Joe Pavelski and Joel Ward both scored twice in the Sharks' 6–3 victory in game five. The Sharks were able to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in their 25-year history after game six with Joel Ward scoring the winning goal 3:01 into the third period in a 5–2 victory. Stanley Cup Finals This was the first playoff meeting between these two teams. Pittsburgh made their fifth Stanley Cup Finals appearance; their most recent appearance was in , when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in seven games. San Jose made their first Finals appearance in their twenty-fifth season since entering the league in 1991–92. These teams split their two-game regular season series. Player statistics Skaters These are the top ten skaters based on points. Goaltenders This is a combined table of the top five goaltenders based on goals against average and the top five goaltenders based on save percentage, with at least 420 minutes played. The table is sorted by GAA, and the criteria for inclusion are bolded. Television This marked the fifth postseason under NBC Sports' 10-year contract for American television rights, and the second under Sportsnet and TVA Sports' current 12-year contract for Canadian television rights. In the United States, all playoff games were nationally televised by either NBC, NBCSN, CNBC, USA Network, and NHL Network. During the first round, these national telecasts co-existed with those of the regional rightsholders, after which NBC had exclusive rights to the remaining games. In Canada, all games were aired in English during the second postseason coverage of Rogers Media's 12-year contract of exclusive NHL rights, through its Sportsnet channel and CBC (as part of Hockey Night in Canada), and in French by TVA Sports. With all seven of the NHL's Canadian teams out of the playoffs, media sources predicted that Rogers would take a massive decline in viewership. During the regular season, the Sunday-night Hometown Hockey games saw ratings drop 34 percent, while Hockey Night in Canada fell 18 per cent, culminating in the season closer on April 9 that attracted just 721,000 viewers. To cut production costs, Rogers only employed three full-time play-by-play crews, along with a fourth on spot duty, during the first round. In the second round, Rogers only sent a crew for games broadcast on CBC, while simulcasting NBC's feeds for all other games (which aired on Sportsnet). The Hockey News estimated that Rogers saved per game if they simulcasted a U.S. feed instead of producing their own separate broadcast. Ratings were also down in the United States, with the conference finals down by 9%, and ratings for the finals down to an average of 4 million viewers, making it the third-lowest-rated finals since 2006. The decline was credited to multiple factors, including the lack of Original Six teams or teams from key media markets such as Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York, and heavy competition from the 2016 NBA Playoffs and Game of Thrones (which aired against the series-ending game 6). References Stanley Cup playoffs Playoffs
Ghost is the official soundtrack, on the Milan Records label, of the 1990 Academy Award- and Golden Globe-winning film Ghost starring Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore and Whoopi Goldberg (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as "Oda Mae Brown" in this film) and Tony Goldwyn. The score was composed by Maurice Jarre. The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Track listing The Righteous Brothers - "Unchained Melody" - 3:37 "Ghost" - 7:24 "Sam" - 5:33 "Ditto" - 3:19 "Carl" - 4:06 "Molly" - 6:17 "Unchained Melody" (Orchestral Version) - 3:59 "End Credits" - 4:17 "Fire Escape" (bonus) - 3:12 "Oda Mae & Carl" (bonus) - 3:58 "Maurice Jarre Interview" (bonus) - 9:51 Certifications and sales References 1990 soundtrack albums Fantasy film soundtracks Romance film soundtracks Thriller film soundtracks Maurice Jarre soundtracks
American rapper B.G. has released ten studio albums, twenty-one singles, one promotional single and eleven music videos. Albums Studio albums Collaboration albums Singles As lead artist As featured artist Promotional singles Guest appearances Music videos As lead artist As featured artist Notes References External links Hip hop discographies Discographies of American artists
Omobranchus loxozonus is a species of combtooth blenny found in the northwest Pacific ocean, around southern Japan. References loxozonus Taxa named by David Starr Jordan Taxa named by Edwin Chapin Starks Fish described in 1906
Paler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Binyomin Paler (1908–2000), Haredi rosh yeshiva and Talmudist in the United States Octavian Paler (1926–2007), Romanian writer, journalist, and politician Romanian-language surnames Surnames of Jewish origin
Rafaella Cribiore was professor of Classics at New York University. She specialised in papyrology, ancient education, ancient Greek rhetoric and the Second Sophistic. Education Cribiore received her PhD from the Department of Classics at Columbia University in 1993. Her doctoral thesis was entitled Writing, Teachers and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. She received her BA from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in 1972. Career Cribiore was Curator of Papyri, Rare Book and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University. She has been Professor at New York University since 2008. Cribiore has written extensively on ancient literacy and education, ancient Egypt and papyrology, and late antique rhetoric. Cribiore's work, Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (Princeton, 2001) won the Charles Goodwin Award in 2004. Selected publications Writing, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt (Atlanta, 1996) Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) (with Roger Bagnall) Women’s Letters from Ancient Egypt 300 BC-AD 800 (Michigan: Ann Arbor, 2006) The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007) Martina’s Town (New York: Legas Press, 2010) Libanius the Sophist: Rhetoric, Reality and Religion in the Fourth Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013) (with Roger S. Bagnall, Nicola Aravecchia, Paola Davoli, Olaf E. Kaper, and Susanna McFadden) An Oasis City (New York: New York University Press, 2015) Between City and School: Selected Orations of Libanius (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2016) References External links A Lesson In Greek from Ancient Egypt (Think Tech On OC16) Living people Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni New York University faculty Women classical scholars Italian classical scholars 1948 births
Crow Park railway station served the village of Sutton-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England from 1882 to 1964 on the East Coast Main Line. History The station opened on 1 November 1882 by the Great Northern Railway. It closed to passengers on 6 October 1958 and closed to goods traffic in 1964. References External links Disused railway stations in Nottinghamshire Former Great Northern Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958 1850 establishments in England 1964 disestablishments in England Sutton-on-Trent
Shenzhen Zhaowei, commonly known as ZW Drive, is a Shenzhen-based manufacturer of power transmission systems and gearboxes, including micro planetary gearboxes, precision reduction gear boxes, plastic and metal powder-based injection parts and its assemblies. The company also operates five fully-owned subsidiaries. Company history The company was incorporated in 2001. It is active in micro drive systems, gearboxes, gear motor, encoders, and controls. It reported a net profit of 244.7 million yuan in 2020. Zhaowei is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, completed its successful initial public offering (IPO) in December 2020. Precision gear mold design and development In terms of gear mold design, after years of technology accumulation, the company has mastered the core key technologies of gear mold cavity design methods and tooth shape correction. Recognition Baoan Great Craftsman Award (2020) Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Enterprise Innovation Ability List (2020) National Champion (2021) See also List of companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange References Chinese companies established in 2001 Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange Manufacturing companies based in Shenzhen
Caterina Gabanella (born 11 September 1988) is an Italian former competitive figure skater. She is the 2005 Merano Cup bronze medalist and 2006 Italian national bronze medalist. She reached the free skate at the 2006 World Junior Championships and finished 17th overall. Programs Competitive highlights JGP: Junior Grand Prix References External links 1988 births Italian female single skaters Living people Sportspeople from Bolzano 20th-century Italian women 21st-century Italian women
was a after Shōtai and before Enchō. This period spanned the years from July 901 through April 923. The reigning emperor was . Change of era January 23, 901 : The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Shōtai 4, on the 15th day of the 7th month of 901. Events of the Engi era February 1, 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the Sun. 901 (Engi 1): The Sugawara no Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known, because Daigo ordered that diaries and records from this period should be burned. May 905 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, a collection of waka poetry. 909 (Engi 9, 4th month): The sadaijin Fujiwara no Tokihira died at the age of 39. He was honored with the posthumous title of regent. Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 6042764 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection Japanese eras 10th century in Japan
Amphitrite (Q159) was a French Navy commissioned in 1933. During World War II, she operated on the Allied side until 1940, when she became part of the naval forces of Vichy France. She was sunk in November 1942. Construction and commissioning Amphitrite was authorized in the 1927 naval program and her keel was laid down at Chantiers et Ateliers Augustin Normand in Le Havre, France, on 8 August 1928. She was launched on 20 December 1930 and commissioned at Cherbourg, France, on 8 June 1933. Service history French Navy When World War II began on 1 September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, Amphitrite was part of the 18th Submarine Division — a part of the 2nd Submarine Squadron in the 6th Squadron — along with her sister ships , , and , based at Oran in Algeria. France entered the war on the side of the Allies on 3 September 1939. German ground forces advanced into France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940, beginning the Battle of France, and Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940 and joined the invasion. By 15 June 1940, Amphitrite was at Brest, France. As German ground forces approached Brest on 18 June 1940, all French ships received orders at 18:00 to evacuate the port, with those unable to get underway ordered to scuttle themselves. At 18:30, Jules Verne and 13 submarines, including Amphitrite, got underway from Brest bound for Casablanca, French Morocco, which they reached on 23 June 1940. The Battle of France ended in France's defeat and armistices with Germany on 22 June 1940 and with Italy on 24 June. When the armistices both went into effect on 25 June 1940, Amphitrite was at Casablanca, still in the 18th Submarine Division and still home-ported at Oran. Vichy France After France's surrender, Amphitrite served in the naval forces of Vichy France. The attack on Mers-el-Kébir — in which a British Royal Navy squadron attacked a French Navy squadron moored at the naval base at Mers El Kébir on the coast of Algeria near Oran — took place on 3 July 1940, and that day Amphitrite and her sister ships and Méduse put to sea to establish a defensive patrol line along a radius from Casablanca. On 13 July 1940, Amphitrite and Méduse again got underway from Casablanca, this time with the submarine , to relieve the submarines , , and on the patrol line from Casablanca. On 11 and 12 September 1940, Amphitrite, Amazone, and their sister ships and covered Force Y, a French Navy force consisting of three cruisers and three destroyers, as it arrived at Casablanca from Toulon, refueled, and then resumed its voyage to French West Africa. On 23 September 1940, British and Free French forces began Operation Menace, an attack on Vichy French forces at Dakar in Senegal. On 24 September 1940, Amphitrite, Amazone, Antiope, and Sibylle received orders to deploy to French West Africa. Each of the submarines departed Casablanca as she became ready for the deployment. Amphitrite got underway from Casablanca on 25 September 1940, the day Operation Menace ended in the withdrawal of the British and Free French forces from Dakar. She arrived at Dakar on 2 October 1940 to reinforce its defenses. She arrived with a broken muffler, forcing her to operate on only one diesel engine for the next month and a half. By 13 October 1940 she was part of the 13th Submarine Division along with Méduse and the submarine . Amphitrite departed Dakar on 2 January 1941 and, after a stop at Casablanca from 15 to 27 January 1941, proceeded to Toulon. She was disarmed and placed under guard in an unfueled status at Toulon on 6 February 1941 in accordance with the June 1940 armistice. Amphitrite was reactivated in January 1942. She arrived at Dakar with Amazone and Sybille on 23 February 1942. As of 1 November 1942, she was part of the 16th Submarine Division, based at Dakar, with Amazone, Antiope, Sibylle, and the submarine . Loss Amphitrite was in port at Casablanca on 8 November 1942 when Allied forces invaded French North Africa in Operation Torch. She had arrived from Dakar with all of her torpedoes aboard but lacked the fuel to get underway. As the Naval Battle of Casablanca between United States Navy and Vichy French forces began that morning, U.S. Navy SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the aircraft carrier attacked her at 08:00, disabling her by puncturing her port ballast tanks. Her commanding officer suffered a slight shrapnel wound to the chest and one of her gunners was seriously wounded. At 08:15, her crew received the order to abandon ship. By the time the air raid ended at 09:30, Amphitrite had suffered one killed, three missing, and 18 wounded, five seriously. Amphitrite suffered additional damage as the U.S. Navy battleship and her accompanying cruisers and destroyers shelled the harbor at Casablanca during the day. She sank in the harbor during the night of 8–9 November 1942 at . Fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces in French North Africa ended on 11 November 1942, and French forces in Africa switched to the Allied side, joining the forces of Free France. The Allies refloated Amphitrite on 12 March 1943. She was placed in "special reserve" at Casablanca but never repaired. She was condemned on 26 March 1946 and stricken from the navy list in May 1946. References Citations Bibliography . External links . . . . . . . Diane-class submarine (1930) 1930 ships Ships built in France World War II submarines of France Maritime incidents in November 1942 Lost submarines of France Submarines sunk by aircraft Submarines sunk by United States warships World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean Shipwrecks of Africa
Andreas Berger may refer to: Andreas Berger (athlete), Austrian sprinter Andreas Berger (composer), German composer See also Andrea Berger, American tennis player
Outkast (sometimes written as OutKast) was an American hip hop duo formed in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1992, consisting of the rappers André 3000 (André Benjamin, formerly known as Dré) and Big Boi (Antwan Patton). The duo achieved both critical and commercial success from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, helping to popularize Southern hip hop with their intricate lyricism, memorable melodies, and positive themes, while experimenting with a diverse range of genres such as funk, psychedelia, jazz, and techno. Benjamin and Patton formed Outkast as high school students. They released their debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik in 1994, which gained popularity after the single "Player's Ball" reached number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart. With successive releases such as the critically acclaimed albums ATLiens (1996) and Aquemini (1998), the duo further developed their sound, experimenting with a variety of styles and achieving commercial success. Outkast then achieved more mainstream and crossover success with their critically acclaimed fourth album Stankonia (2000), which included the singles "Ms. Jackson" and "B.O.B.", the former being their first single to reach the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The duo then released the double album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (2003), their only album to debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, which featured the number one singles "Hey Ya!" and "The Way You Move." The album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America. Outkast starred in the 2006 musical film Idlewild and recorded the film's accompanying soundtrack, which was released as their final album three days before the film's release. The duo split the following year and both members have since pursued solo careers. Outkast temporarily reunited to celebrate their debut album's 20th anniversary by performing at more than 40 festivals worldwide, beginning at the Coachella Festival in April 2014. Outkast is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential hip hop acts of all time, and are one of the most successful, having certified sales of 20 million records between six studio albums and a compilation album, as well as having earned six Grammy Awards. Rolling Stone ranked them No. 7 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time, while publications such as Pitchfork and the aforementioned Rolling Stone have listed their albums among the best in all of hip hop and of all time. History 1992–1995: Formation and debut Patton and Benjamin met in 1992 at the Lenox Square shopping mall when they were both sixteen years old. The two lived in Atlanta and attended Tri-Cities High School. During school, Patton and Benjamin participated in rap battles in the cafeteria. Benjamin's parents were divorced and he was living with his father. Meanwhile, Patton had to move with his four brothers and six sisters from Savannah to Atlanta. Patton and Benjamin eventually teamed up and were pursued by Organized Noize, a group of local producers who would later make hits for the R&B girl group TLC. The duo initially wanted to be called "2 Shades Deep" or "The Misfits", but because those names were already taken they later decided to use "Outkast" based on finding "outcast" as a synonym for "misfit" in a dictionary. Outkast, Organized Noize, and schoolmates Goodie Mob formed the nucleus of the Dungeon Family organization. Outkast signed to L.A. And Babyface imprint prior to graduation which would later become LaFace Records in 1992, becoming the label's first hip hop act and making their first appearance on the remix of labelmate TLC's "What About Your Friends". During the holiday season of 1993, they released their first single, "Player's Ball". The song's funky style, much of it accomplished with live instrumentation, was a hit with audiences. It hit number-one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart. "Player's Ball" also topped the R&B charts for six weeks. Their debut album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, was issued on April 26, 1994. This initial effort is credited with laying the foundation for southern hip hop and is considered a classic by many. Every track on Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was produced by Organized Noize and featured other members of the Dungeon Family. Follow-up singles included the title track and "Git Up Git Out", a politically charged collaboration with Goodie Mob that was later sampled by Macy Gray for her 1999 hit "Do Something." On this early material, both Big Boi and André contrast lyrical content reflecting the lifestyles of pimps and gangsters with politically conscious material commenting on the status of African Americans in the South. OutKast won Best New Rap Group at the Source Awards in 1995. Within the context of the East Coast – West Coast feud, André came up on stage followed by boos from the crowd and said, "But it's like this though, I'm tired of them closed-minded folks, it's like we gotta demo tape but don't nobody want to hear it. But it's like this: the South got something to say, that's all I got to say." As said by rapper T.I., "Outkast, period. Outkast. That's when it changed. That was the first time when people began to take Southern rap seriously." In the same year, the group contributed "Benz or a Beamer" to the popular New Jersey Drive soundtrack. 1995–1999: Breakthrough with ATLiens and Aquemini After Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was certified platinum, LaFace Records gave Outkast more creative control and advanced money for their follow-up album, which they recorded from 1995 to 1996. The duo took the opportunity to recreate their image. On a trip to Jamaica with producer Mr. DJ, the two decided to abandon their cornrow hairstyles in favor of a more natural aesthetic, vowing to stop combing their hair. Dungeon Family member Big Rube observed an increase in the duo's confidence after returning from their first tour, remarking, "They started understanding the power they had in their music. They started showing a swagger that certain artists have—the ones that are stars." The two also became more accustomed to playing live, particularly Big Boi, and André 3000 significantly changed his lifestyle, as he adopted a more eccentric fashion sense, became a vegetarian, and stopped smoking marijuana. The members also underwent changes in their personal lives; in 1995, Big Boi's girlfriend gave birth to their first child and André 3000 and Total's Keisha Spivey ended their two-year relationship. The double platinum album, ATLiens, was released on August 27, 1996. The album exhibited a notably more laid-back, spacey production sound, taking influence from dub and reggae. On ATLiens, André 3000 and Big Boi abandoned the "hard-partying playa characters" of their debut album in favor of more spacey, futuristic personas, and produced many of the songs on their own for the first time. Their tracks have an outer-space feeling to them- a feeling that, ironically, has warmed the community right up to them. Critics praised the group's maturing musical style on the record, which debuted at number two on the U.S. R&B/Hip Hop chart. The album would climb to number three on Billboard's top Billboard 200 chart and sold nearly 350,000 copies in its first two weeks of release. The single "Elevators (Me & You)" reached number 12 and spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. ATLiens further solidified OutKast as the flagship representatives of the 1st generation Dungeon Family and the Southern hip hop movement. The album helped the group earn more recognition among East Coast hip hop fans in the East and West coasts. For this album, Outkast joined with partner David "Mr. DJ" Sheats to form the Earthtone III production company, which allowed the group to produce some of their own tracks. The double A-side "ATLiens" / "Wheelz of Steel" was the group's third Top 40 single (following "Player's Ball" from their first album and "Elevators (Me & You)" from ATLiens), and reflected the beginning of André's increasingly sober lifestyle: "No drugs or alcohol/so I can get the signal clear," he rhymes about himself in the title track. Also at the time of the album's release, they were managed by Flavor Unit. Outkast's third album Aquemini was released on September 29, 1998. It was also certified double platinum and reached the number-two position on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States; its title was a combination of the zodiac signs of Big Boi (an Aquarius) and André (a Gemini). Producing more material themselves, both Big Boi and André explored more eclectic subject matter, delving into sounds inspired by soul, trip hop, and electro music. The album featured production by Organized Noize and collaborations with Raekwon, Slick Rick, funk pioneer and musical forebear George Clinton, and Goodie Mob. Outkast forged the connections between Hip Hop and the black freedom struggle with their controversial song "Rosa Parks" featured on the album. 2000–2001: Stankonia and Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast Originally titled 'Sandbox', the pair's fourth album, Stankonia was released in October 2000 to positive reviews. The album was seen as a change in the group's musical style, as it had a more commercial and mainstream appeal, compared to their previous three albums which were darker, both tonally and thematically. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 in the U.S., and would eventually be certified quadruple platinum. Stankonia's first single was "B.O.B. (Bombs Over Baghdad)", a high-tempo-influenced record. The second single, "Ms. Jackson", combined a pop hook with lyrics about divorce and relationship breakups, particularly André's breakup with singer Erykah Badu; the titular "Ms. Jackson" character being a doppelgänger for Badu's mother. It was at this time that André changed his stage name to the current "André 3000," mostly to avoid being mixed up with Dr. Dre. The single became their first pop hit, landing the number-one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the number-two position on the UK Singles Chart. The album's final single was the Organized Noize-produced "So Fresh, So Clean", featuring a credited guest appearance from regular guest vocalist and Organized Noize-member Sleepy Brown and garnered a remix featuring Snoop Dogg. All three singles' videos had heavy MTV2 airplay, and OutKast won two 2001 Grammy Awards, one for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Ms. Jackson", and another for Stankonia as Best Rap Album. Pitchfork named Stankonia the 4th greatest album released between 2000 and 2004 in its 2005 feature. Later on the webzine selected Stankonia as the 13th best album of the 2000s. And B.O.B. was chosen number one song of the decade by this same webzine. In December 2001, Outkast released a compilation album, Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast, which contained three new songs. One of these new tracks was the single "The Whole World", which won a 2002 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. Killer Mike also was featured on the song, gaining some exposure among areas outside of his native Atlanta. The other two new songs were called "Funkin' Around" and "Movin' Cool (The After Party)". 2002–2004: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below Outkast spent two years working on their 5th effort, before releasing a double album, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, on September 23, 2003. It is essentially two solo albums, one by each member, packaged as a single release under the Outkast banner; the two members also appear and co produce on each other's discs for a few songs apiece. Big Boi's Speakerboxxx is largely a funk and Dirty South blended party record; André 3000's The Love Below features only brief instances of hip hop, presenting instead elements found in funk, jazz, rock, electronic music, and R&B. The album is also Outkast's biggest commercial success yet, having debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart at number-one and stayed there for several weeks. The album eventually sold over five million copies, and, as double-album sales count double for Recording Industry Association of America certification, the album was certified diamond for 10 million units shipped in December 2004. Its latest certification, in May 2006, reaches 11 million copies in shipping. The first two singles from the album(s), which were released nearly simultaneously, were Big Boi's "The Way You Move" and André 3000's "Hey Ya!" The video's storyline has "The Love Below"—a fictional band with all members, through the use of special effects, played by André—performing in London. "Hey Ya!" was the number one song on the very final weekend of American Top 40 with Casey Kasem. It was also number one a week later on the very first weekend of American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest. The singles spent ten weeks at number one on the Hot 100 singles chart, with "Hey Ya!" spending nine weeks and "The Way You Move" taking over for one week in February 2004. These singles were seen as a breakthrough for the hip-hop industry, being among the first hip-hop songs to be widely played on adult contemporary radio stations. Outkast's next official single was not released until the summer of 2004. "Roses", a track featuring both members from The Love Below half of the album, did not meet the level of success as either of its predecessors, but it became a modest-sized hit on urban radio and the American music video networks. The video for "Roses" is loosely based on the musicals West Side Story and Grease. It featured sparring 1950s-style gangs, one representing Speakerboxxx, and one representing The Love Below, likely parodying the widespread arguing among critics and fans as to which half of the album was better. The final singles were André 3000's "Prototype", which was paired with a science fiction-themed video about alien visitors, and Speakerboxxxs "Ghettomusick", which featured both members of Outkast and a sample from a song by Patti LaBelle, who also makes an appearance in the video. Speakerboxxx/The Love Below won the 2004 Grammy for Album of the Year. OutKast was one of the headlining acts at the show, and gave two performances: Big Boi performed "The Way You Move" with the Outkast backing band during a medley with Earth Wind & Fire, George Clinton and Robert Randolph, while André 3000 performed "Hey Ya!" as the show closer after they had been presented with the Album Of The Year Award. 2005–2006: Idlewild Members also began working on a joint film, Idlewild, directed by Outkast music video director Bryan Barber. Idlewild, a Prohibition-era musical film set to a blues-influenced hip-hop soundtrack, was released on August 25, 2006 by Universal Pictures. The Idlewild soundtrack was released August 22, 2006. In an interview for Billboard, Big Boi stated "This is an Outkast album. It isn't like a soundtrack where we go get this person or that person". Originally planned for early 2005, Idlewilds release date was pushed to December 2005, before being delayed into 2006. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 196,000 copies. It also entered at number one on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, at number one on the Top Rap Albums, and at number two on the Top Digital Albums chart. The album dropped to number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 78,000 copies in its second week. It spent nine weeks on the Billboard 200. In the United Kingdom, Idlewild debuted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart. It fell to number 28 in its second week on the chart. While it charted within the top-twenty in several other countries, the album spent a minimal number of weeks on most charts. On August 26, 2006, the album was certified platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America, following shipments in excess of one million copies in the United States. It was certified gold in sales by the Canadian Recording Industry Association in November 2006. The first single of the album, "Mighty 'O'", features both Big Boi and André 3000; the song takes its lyrical hook from the Cab Calloway song "Minnie the Moocher" ("Mighty-ighty-ighty O") and seems to be an example of the album's mix of hip hop and more traditional American jazz and blues. Next, similar to previous Outkast albums such as Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, two singles—one solely by Big Boi, the other solely by André 3000—were released simultaneously. The second single, almost exclusively featuring Big Boi, is the marching band–influenced "Morris Brown", featuring guest artists Sleepy Brown and Scar, both artists on Big Boi's Purple Ribbon label. The song's title is a reference to Atlanta's Morris Brown College, with the school's marching band providing the instrumentation. The third single, André 3000's "Idlewild Blue (Don'tchu Worry 'Bout Me)" delves into the blues genre, complete with a blues-style acoustic guitar riff and a harmonica element reminiscent of Aquemini single "Rosa Parks". In tune with the film, Idlewild reflects OutKast's original style tempered by 1930s influences. The fourth single, "Hollywood Divorce" was released in November 2006, and features verses from Lil' Wayne and Snoop Dogg and is produced by André 3000. 2007–2013: Hiatus and solo work In 2007 after the sixth album under the Outkast name, Idlewild, Big Boi announced plans to release a full-fledged solo album. While he had released a previous solo album in Speakerboxxx, it still was technically under the Outkast name. The album was later titled Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty. The album's first promotional single, "Royal Flush", was released in 2008, and featured Raekwon and André 3000. After many delays and setbacks, the album was finally released internationally on July 5, 2010. Guest artists include singer Janelle Monáe; Big Boi's own new group Vonnegutt; plus established rappers T.I. and B.o.B. Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty received general acclaim from most music critics, earning praise for its inventive sound, varied musical style, and Big Boi's lyricism. In a July 2010 interview for The Village Voice, Big Boi revealed that he was working on the follow-up album to Sir Lucious Left Foot, entitled Daddy Fat Sax: Soul Funk Crusader, stating that he was "maybe about six songs into it", and that he was "planning on doing a bunch of sax samples, tenor, soprano, and probably have at least a couple sax players come into the studio for the next record". The project later evolved into the 2012 album Vicious Lies and Dangerous Rumors. André 3000 returned to rapping in 2007, after a hiatus from the genre, appearing on various remixes, including: "Walk It Out", "Throw Some D's", "You", Jay-Z's "30 Something", and original songs such as UGK's "International Players Anthem", Devin the Dude's "What a Job", Fonzworth Bentley's "Everybody", and with Big Boi "Royal Flush" and the leaked single "Lookin For Ya". He also appeared on John Legend's album, Evolver, on the track "Green Light", which was released on October 28, 2008. Prior to the release, Benjamin commented: "It's going to be a surprise for a lot of John Legend fans, because it is a lot more upbeat than John is—than people think John is. I was actually happy to hear it. This is a cool John Legend song." Benjamin has stated that he is making a solo rap album, and that the response to his remixes is part of the motivation for it. In September 2011 it was announced that Outkast was moved to Epic Records following restructuring within Sony Music Entertainment. Epic Records is headed by LA Reid who has worked with Outkast in the past. In 2012, André 3000 was cast to play Jimi Hendrix in a biopic film titled Jimi: All Is by My Side, which was later released on September 26, 2014. 2014–present: Reunion, second hiatus and Stankonia reissue In late 2013, it was reported that Outkast would reunite at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2014. This was later confirmed on January 8, 2014, when it was officially announced that the duo would headline the festival on April 11 and 18. It was later announced on January 13, 2014, that Outkast would be performing at more than 40 festivals around the world throughout spring and summer 2014 to celebrate their 20th anniversary, including one of the largest festivals in the UK, Bestival. Outkast returned to Atlanta for their #ATLast homecoming shows over the weekend of September 26, 2014, selling out within minutes of tickets going on sale. The shows had a large variety of openers, including R&B singer Janelle Monáe and rappers Kid Cudi, 2 Chainz, Future, Bun B, and Childish Gambino. Outkast's Dungeon Family associates Sleepy Brown and Big Gipp also appeared onstage with the duo, rapping and singing on their respective songs. At Atlanta's One MusicFest, the Dungeon Family, Goodie Mob, Organized Noise, Killer Mike, and Outkast appeared. Outkast performed their final show at Voodoo Music Experience in New Orleans on October 31, 2014. The group then resumed their hiatus. In October 2020, it was announced that Stankonia would be reissued on October 30, 2020, to commemorate the album's 20th anniversary. The digital reissue saw the album expanded with previously-unreleased remixes. The vinyl reissue features a new black and white galaxy gatefold double LP, as distributed by Vinyl Me Please. Musical style and influences Outkast's musical style and lyrical content have evolved throughout the group's career. Rolling Stone described their music as "idiosyncratic" and "inspired by the Afrocentric psychedelics" of George Clinton and Sly Stone, and particularly by the psychedelic funk of Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic collective. The band's debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik incorporates analog elements such as Southern-styled guitar licks, languid soul melodies, and mellow 1970s funk grooves. It also features digital hip hop production elements such as programmed snare beats, booty bass elements, ATLiens and Aquemini feature outer space-influenced production with echo and reverb effects. With Stankonia, Outkast became the first hip-hop act to openly acknowledge rave culture as an influence. Stankonia and Speakerboxxx/The Love Below would draw on sources such as psychedelia, gospel, funk, techno, soul, electro, and rock music. During the late 1990s, rappers tended to embrace slow, laid-back beats in their productions. On several tracks on Stankonia, the group employed faster, more chaotic tempos to reflect rave culture and the introduction of new drugs such as ecstasy into the hip-hop scene. One central motif of Outkast's songwriting is the duality of the two members and their differing personalities, with Big Boi as "the player" and André 3000 as "the poet". Big Boi generally covers the more conventional hip-hop topics such as his childhood in the South, sex, and partying, while André 3000 discusses more unorthodox themes. In contrast to much of hip hop music in the late 1990s, Outkast did not tone down its Southern regional qualities, like the harmonica break on "Rosa Parks" and distinctive Atlanta slang and diction throughout. The duo experimented with several delivery styles on the record, using "relaxed, hyper, distorted, speedy and conversational presentations." Outkast often discusses the status of women in the South, and contrasts with the misogynistic attitudes common in hip-hop music. In Slate, Alex Abramovich praised the duo for "[tending] to shy away from the misogyny and violence rap is so often (and not always unjustly) condemned for." In his book Classic Material: The Hip-Hop Album Guide, Oliver Wang writes that songs such as "Slum Beautiful" and "Toilet Tisha" "reimagine 'round the way girls, not only as just more than one-dimensional accessories, but as objects of affection with lives and concerns that are worth exploring." Collaborations and other work During the recording of Stankonia Outkast and Mr. DJ began producing tracks for the artists on their Aquemini Records imprint through Columbia, including Slimm Cutta Calhoun and Killer Mike, who made his debut on Stankonia's "Snappin' & Trappin." In 2002, Outkast participated in the only Dungeon Family group album, Even in Darkness, along with Goodie Mob, Killer Mike, Sleepy Brown, Witchdoctor, and Backbone among others, and featuring Bubba Sparxxx, Shuga Luv and Mello. In 2002, the group and Killer Mike contributed the lead single "Land of a Million Drums" to the Scooby-Doo soundtrack. On February 27, 2011, it was announced that Big Boi is creating a joint album along with Killer Mike and fellow Atlanta rapper Pill. Later that day, Big Boi posted on his Twitter account that he was mixing Killer Mike's album entitled, PL3DGE. In 2010, André 3000 was featured on Ciara's remix for her hit single "Ride", from the album Basic Instinct. On January 14, 2011, a song with Ke$ha called "The Sleazy Remix" was leaked. On June 7, 2011, Beyoncé's song "Party" was leaked, it features Benjamin, it is his first collaboration with the singer. It is also featured on Beyoncé's fourth studio album entitled 4 released June 24, 2011. On August 24, 2011, Lil Wayne's album Tha Carter IV leaked, featuring a song entitled "Interlude" with Benjamin and fellow rapper Tech N9ne performing. Also in 2011 André featured on Chris Browns "Deuces" remix as well as on a Lloyd song, "Dedication To My Ex (Miss That)", with Lil Wayne. In 2012 André also appeared on Drake's second album Take Care, on the song "The Real Her" which also featured Lil Wayne. In 2012 André 3000 featured on the Gorillaz single "DoYaThing" with James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem. The song was released as a free download in February that year as part of a Converse promotion. André 3000 was featured on Frank Ocean's 2012 album Channel Orange on the song "Pink Matter". On January 11, 2013, Big Boi appeared on a remix of the song, adding a verse before André's. In response to the added verse, André issued a statement on January 15 insisting that the track did not constitute an Outkast reunion. André 3000 also featured uncredited vocals on Ocean's 2016 album Blonde on the song "Solo (Reprise)" with his verse taking up majority of the track. Phantogram revealed in an interview with Variance Magazine in February 2014 that they plan to release an EP with Big Boi. The resulting album Big Grams was released in September 2015. Film projects Benjamin made appearances in Families, The Shield (as Robert Huggins, a character that originated in an episode titled "On Tilt" from Season 3 in 2004), Be Cool, Revolver, Semi Pro, and Four Brothers. He was also cast as Percival in Idlewild, released on August 26, 2006. He voiced a crow in Charlotte's Web, a movie adaptation of the 1952 children's book. As of November 2006, he voiced "Sunny Bridges," a prize-winning musician who gives up touring to teach at his alma mater, in Class of 3000, an animated series he produced on Cartoon Network. He has also worked with Esthero on a promotional version of "Jungle Book" which was on a Wikked lil' grrrls sampler, but never made it to the actual album due to issues with Esthero's label, Warner Bros. The following year, he appeared in the basketball comedy Semi-Pro, with Woody Harrelson and Will Ferrell. He also starred in the 2008 film Battle in Seattle, a film about the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization protests. Benjamin was a member of Quentin Tarantino and Lawrence Bender's production company A Band Apart until its close in 2006; he then formed his own company, Moxie Turtle. Big Boi appeared on Nick Cannon's Wild 'n Out Season 3 as one of the many guest stars, as well as guest starring and appearing as a musical guest on Chappelle's Show performing his song "The Rooster". He appeared in T.I.'s film ATL, Outkast's film Idlewild and starring in Who's Your Caddy?. He appeared in the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Wildlife", which aired November 18, 2008. Big Boi played hip-hop artist "Got$ Money". Lawsuit In April 1999, Outkast and LaFace Records were sued by Rosa Parks over Aqueminis most successful radio single, which bears Parks' name as its title. The lawsuit alleged that the song misappropriates Parks' name, and it objected to the song's obscenities. The song's lyrics are virtually unrelated to Parks, except for a reference in the chorus: "Ah ha, hush that fuss / Everybody move to the back of the bus". The song, which Outkast maintained was intended partly as homage, refers to Parks metaphorically: the purpose of the song's chorus is to imply that Outkast is overturning hip hop's old order, and that people should make way for a new style and sound. In the initial suit, the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor granted summary judgment for Outkast. Later on appeal, the issue of whether Outkast violated the Lanham Act for false advertising was reversed and remanded for further proceedings. This was based on the Court's determination that the title "Rosa Parks" had little artistic relevance, whether symbolic or metaphorical, to Rosa Parks the person. Parks' representation hired lawyer Johnnie Cochran to appeal the decision in 2001, but the appeal was denied. The judge ruled that while there was linkage between the song and Rosa Parks, the song was an "expressive work" and was therefore protected by the First Amendment. In 2003, the Supreme Court turned down an appeal to overrule the lower court's decision. In December 2003, André told UK journalist Angus Batey that, following a Detroit concert in the midst of the legal battle, relatives of Parks had approached him and implied that the case had less to do with Parks than with the lawyers. In April 2005, the judge in the case appointed an impartial representative for Parks after her family expressed concerns that her caretakers and her lawyers were pursuing the case based on their own financial interest. The case was settled on 14 April 2005, with Outkast and the co-defendants, Sony BMG and its subsidiaries Arista Records and LaFace Records, admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to develop and fund educational programs concerning Rosa Parks."Rosa Parks: Biography", section "Outkast & Rosa Parks." Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. April 2, 2014; updated January 16, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019. Discography Studio albums Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik (1994) ATLiens (1996) Aquemini (1998) Stankonia (2000) Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (2003) Idlewild (2006) Awards and nominations ReferencesNotesSources' Norris C: "Funk Soul Brothers", Spin, vol. 16/12 (2000), 142–8 External links African-American musical groups American hip hop groups Culture of Atlanta Dungeon Family members Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners for rap music Hip hop duos LaFace Records artists Male musical duos Musical duos from Georgia (U.S. state) Musical groups from Atlanta Progressive rap musicians Rappers from Atlanta Southern hip hop groups World Music Awards winners MTV Europe Music Award winners 1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Gabon competed in the 2003 All-Africa Games held at the National Stadium in the city of Abuja, Nigeria. The team won a single silver medal, won by Melanie Engaong in the judo tournament. Competitors Gabon entered sixteen events. In boxing, Romeo Braxir entered the light fly. Gable Garenamotse competed in the long jump, coming fifth. Genevieve Obone, Marie-Jeanne Binga, Stellan Ndibi and Wilfred Bigangoye entered the 100 metres races but did not start. Medal summary Gabon won a single silver medal, and was ranked joint twenty ninth in the final medal table alongside Gambia. Medal table List of Medalists Silver Medal References 2003 in Gabonese sport Nations at the 2003 All-Africa Games 2003
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Karl Heinrich Adelbert Lipsius (19 January 1805, in Großhennersdorf – 2 July 1861, in Leipzig) was a German theologian, philologist and educator. He studied philology and theology at the University of Leipzig, receiving his habilitation in 1827. In the autumn of 1827, he was named conrector at the gymnasium in Gera. In 1832 he began work as a teacher of religious studies at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, where in 1847 he became conrector. In 1861 he succeeded Johann Gottfried Stallbaum as academic rector at Thomasschule, but died soon afterwards in July 1861. He was the father of theologian Richard Adelbert Lipsius (1830–1892), architect Constantin Lipsius (1832–1894), philologist Justus Hermann Lipsius (1834–1920) and music historian Ida Marie Lipsius (1837-1927). The Lipsiusstraße, a residential street in Reudnitz was named in his honour in 1908. Today it is located in the district of Reudnitz-Thonberg (Leipzig). Published works De modorvm vsv in Novo Testamento : qvaestionis grammaticae pars prima indicativi vsvm explicans, 1827. Commentationes Plautinae, 1836 (with Friedrich Wilhelm Ehrenfried Rost). De Aristidis Plutarchei locis quibusdam commentatio, 1860. Schulreden bei verschiedenen Gelegenheiten gehalten : mit der Lebensbeschreibung des Verfassers, 1862 – School speeches on various occasions. Grammatische Untersuchungen über die biblische Gräcität über die Lesezeichen, 1863 – Grammatical studies of the Biblical Gräcität. References 1805 births 1861 deaths People from Herrnhut People from the Electorate of Saxony German Lutheran theologians Heads of schools in Germany German classical philologists 19th-century German theologians Leipzig University alumni 19th-century Lutherans
Llangwm (; ) is a small village, parish and community of around 450 properties situated on the Llangwm Pill off the River Cleddau estuary near Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It has a history of mining and fishing and is in the largely English-speaking south of the county. History The parish was in the hundred of Roose, at the heart of Little England beyond Wales, and has been largely English-speaking since the 12th century, when it was settled by Flemish immigrants. Flemish occupation is under investigation by Dyfed Archaeological Trust, but the Trust's investigations have also uncovered evidence of occupation in the late Mesolithic period of the Stone Age, some 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. Llawgwm was part of a discontiguous subsidiary manor of Walwyn's Castle, having its caput at Benton Castle nearby, in the coastal woodland to the south east of Llawgwm. Principal occupations in the early 19th century were oyster fishing and coal production; coal was shipped from Hook. Governance An electoral ward with the same name exists. This ward stretches north west with a total population of 2,336. Amenities The parish church, a medieval Grade II listed building, is dedicated to St Jerome. The church dates from the 14th century, but was substantially altered in the 19th century. The village has two nonconformist chapels, a primary school, pharmacy and shop and a pub, The Cottage Inn. Popular with visitors throughout the year, with extensive use of the river estuary and local walks, the village holds a festival in the last week of June and the first week of July. Sport Llangwm Rowing Club uses Celtic Longboats at sea. Llangwm Rugby Club and cricket club are both active. Culture In 2014, residents of the village performed a musical piece to mark the centenary of the beginning of World War I. Entitled "WW1 – A Village Opera", the work, written by Pembrokeshire author and poet Peter George, with music by Llangwm resident Sam Howley, wove the stories of villagers affected by the war into the greater political narrative of the buildup to war. Llangwm is home to Pembrokeshire's newest literary festival, the Llangwm Literary Festival. The festival, held each August, includes activities for both adults and for children, including creative writing and art workshops. Festival events are hosted in venues around the village. The festival has welcomed various people including Griff Rhys Jones, Tristan Gooley, Ferdinand Mount, Diana Darke, David Horspool and Brian John to talk about such subjects as Wales, comedy, history, tragedy and navigation. Local artists have also featured. References External links Llangwm-Pembrokeshire.org Community Council Llangwm history on GENUKI Photographs of Llangwm and surrounding area on Geograph Villages in Pembrokeshire Communities in Pembrokeshire
Puebla is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. References Geometridae
The Dachau–Altomünster railway, also called the Bummerl, Bockerl or Ludwig Thoma Railway, is a railway in the German state of Bavaria. It is part of the Munich S-Bahn network and is integrated within the Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Munich Transport and Tariff Association, MVV) as line S2. The branch line connects the town of Dachau on the Munich–Treuchtlingen railway with Altomünster. Markt Indersdorf is an important stop. Until its electrification in 2014, it was the only non-electrified line of the Munich S-Bahn and was designated as line A. History At the beginning of the year 1900 it was decided to build a railway line from the Munich–Ingolstadt line (now part of the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed line) for the development of the hinterland of Dachau. There were two option for the route: connecting Altomünster via Schwabhausen and Erdweg from Dachau station or connecting Markt Indersdorf from Hebertshausen. The respective municipalities could not agree on one or other the routes and so came to a compromise. This compromise is reflected in the present route. First it runs west to Schwabhausen, then continues north to Indersdorf and turns back to the southwest to run up the Glonn valley to Erdweg. From there, the line heads back to the northwest to Altomünster. This means that the line takes 29.9 kilometres between Dachau and Altomünster, which are about 20 kilometres apart in a direct line. The first section from Dachau to Indersdorf was opened on 8 July 1912 and the whole line to Altomünster was commissioned as the "Dachauer Lokalbahn" on 18 December 1913. At the time of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, the local railway was an important economic factor for the revolutionary government. The money printed in the paper mill in Dachau could be transported directly to Munich without substantial detours. Since the establishment of the MVV, the whole line has been integrated in the MVV's system of fares. It was formerly served by local trains, operated with push–pull trains trains made up of yl and Silberling carriage, hauled by locomotives of class 211 and later 212. In 1995, the still non-electrified railway was included as line A of the Munich S-Bahn. In the 2000s, planning began for the electrification of the suburban railway line. The estimated cost in 2005 was €32 million. The planning agreement for electrification was signed at the end of June 2006. Originally, the construction was to begin in 2012, with completion scheduled for 2013, but the work was repeatedly postponed. Final planning approval was issued in January 2013. In mid-November 2013, the contract for the electrification of the line was estimated to be worth €8 million. As part of the European tender five bids were received. The final cost estimate was €47 million. From April 28 to 13 December 2014, the line was completely closed for the construction work. The S-Bahn line was continuously electrified and a passing loop was installed between Bachem and Schwabhausen. A crossing loop was installed at Erdweg station and the existing crossing loop at Markt Indersdorf station was removed. This made services at 30-minute intervals possible. There were delays in the construction and the railway could not be opened for operations as planned on 17 November, but services resumed at the timetable change on 14 December 2014. Operations Until April 2014, services on line A ran hourly from Dachau to Altomünster. In the peak hour a service ran through to Munich Central Station (Hauptbahnhof). The line was operated with class 628 diesel multiple units. On 27 April 2014, DB suspended operations for the electrification of the line. The rail service between Dachau and Altomuenster was replaced by buses until December 2014. On 14 December 2014, the electrical services of line S2 commenced on the line. The service was increased from 38 to 57 pairs of trains. 39 pairs of trains run every hour directly from Altomünster to Munich, with some continuing to Markt Schwaben and Erding in the peak hour. These services combine in Dachau with the S2 services between Peterhausen and Markt Schwaben. These trains are operated with class 423 four-car electrical multiple units of the S-Bahn. The remaining pairs of trains run only between Altomünster and Dachau and contribute to a 30-minute interval service during the peak hour. The additional trains are operated with class 420 four-car electrical multiple units, restoring this class to the Munich S-Bahn network. The formerly rather brisk freight transport for agricultural products (cereals, milk, cattle), coal, building materials, animal feed and fertilisers mostly ended before the reconstruction of the line in 1982. References Munich S-Bahn lines Branch lines in Bavaria Buildings and structures in Dachau (district)
The General State Archives () are the national archives of Greece. They were created in 1914 by Eleftherios Venizelos' government. External links National archives Government agencies of Greece Libraries in Greece 1914 establishments in Greece Archives in Greece Libraries established in 1914
The Cal State Bakersfield baseball team represents California State University, Bakersfield in the NCAA Division I college baseball. Cal State Bakersfield plays its home games on Hardt Field on the campus of California State University, Bakersfield in Bakersfield, California. The Roadrunners have played in one NCAA tournament. Over their eight seasons in the Western Athletic Conference, they have won one WAC regular season title and one WAC tournament. The Roadrunners compete in the Big West Conference and are led by head coach Jeremy Beard. Since the program's inception in 2009, two Roadrunners have gone on to play in Major League Baseball, relief pitcher Austin Davis, and knuckleball pitcher Mickey Jannis. Over the program's 12 seasons, 20 Roadrunners have been drafted, including Darius Vines who was selected in the seventh round of the 2019. Conference membership history 2009–2012: Independent 2013–2020: Western Athletic Conference 2021–present: Big West Conference Hardt Field Hardt Field is a baseball stadium on the California State University, Bakersfield campus in Bakersfield, California that seats 900 people. It was opened on February 20, 2009 in a 7–8 loss to Saint Louis. Head coaches Records taken from the CSUB coaching records. Year-by-year results Records taken from the CSUB year-by-year results. NCAA Division I tournament history The NCAA Division I baseball tournament started in 1947. The format of the tournament has changed through the years. Cal State Bakersfield began playing baseball in 2009. Awards and honors Over their 12 seasons in Division I, one Roadrunner has been named to an NCAA-recognized All-America team. Over their 8 seasons in the Western Athletic Conference, 13 different Roadrunners have been named to the all-conference first-team. All-Americans Freshman First-Team All-Americans Western Athletic Conference Coach of the Year Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year Western Athletic Conference Pitcher of the Year Taken from CSUB baseball national recognition and conference recognition pages. Updated March 19, 2020. Roadrunners in the Major Leagues Taken from Baseball Reference. Updated June 25, 2021. See also List of NCAA Division I baseball programs References External links
Dumitrița (; ) is a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Budacu de Sus, Dumitrița and Ragla. These were part of Cetate Commune until 2002, when they were split off. References Communes in Bistrița-Năsăud County Localities in Transylvania
Derrick Strong (born April 16, 1982) is former American football defensive end. He was originally signed by the Rhein Fire in 2005. He played college football at Illinois. In 2008, the Arena football team, the Philadelphia Soul, acquired him. External links Just Sports Stats Rhein Fire players 1982 births Living people Columbus Destroyers players Philadelphia Soul players Illinois Fighting Illini football players Players of American football from Chicago American football defensive ends African-American players of American football 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people
Lima City Schools or Lima City School District refers to a school district that serves students in Lima, Ohio and surrounding communities. Schools Elementary Freedom Elementary School Heritage Elementary School Independence Elementary School Liberty Elementary School Unity Elementary School Middle Schools Lima North Middle School Lima South Middle School Lima West Middle School High Schools Lima Senior High School Lima Alternative High School External links Lima City Schools Official Website School districts in Ohio Lima, Ohio Education in Allen County, Ohio
Albert Baldwin Wood (December 1, 1879 – May 10, 1956) was an inventor and engineer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He graduated from Tulane University with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering in 1899. Wood was hired by the Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans in 1899, to try to improve the flood-prone city's drainage, Wood invented "flapgates" and other hydraulic devices, most notably his efficient low-maintenance, high-volume pumps including the Wood Screw Pump (1913) and the Wood Trash Pump (1915). He spearheaded swampland reclamation and development of much of the land now occupied by the city. While he spent most of his career in New Orleans, Wood also consulted and designed the drainage, pumping, and sewage systems for other cities including Chicago, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and San Francisco, as well as projects in Canada, Egypt, China, and India. His work was especially helpful in the Zuiderzee Works, which reclaimed large areas of land from the Zuider Zee in the Netherlands. Some of Wood's pumps have been in almost continuous use in New Orleans for over 80 years without need of repairs, and new ones continue to be built from his designs. When Wood died, he left a bequest to Tulane University on the condition that it preserve and display his sailboat, the Nydia, for 99 years. Until 2003, the boat was housed in a specially constructed glass-fronted display area located between the University Center and Fogelman Arena. It was moved to make room for the renovation and expansion of University Center. Because Tulane did not fully adhere to the terms of the will, Wood's heirs recovered possession of the boat. The Nydia is on display at the Maritime and Seafood Industry Museum in Biloxi, Mississippi, not far from where the boat was originally constructed at the Johnson Shipyard. See also Drainage in New Orleans References External links 1974 article on the Wood Screw Pump by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Lighthouse Digest article on Baldwin Wood Lighthouse Wood, Albert Baldwin Wood, Albert Baldwin American inventors American engineers People from New Orleans Tulane University alumni
The National Electoral Council () is a Colombian institution under the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which based in Article 265 is in charge of the supreme inspection and vigilance of the electoral organization. The National Electoral Council is supposed to know and decide when and where an election is going to take place. The entity also watches over the Colombian political parties and political movements, their publicity and marketing, polls to guarantee the opposition or minorities also achieve a fair political aspiration. The National Electoral Council also oversees the financing of political campaigns and the rights of citizens to participate in politics within the law. After every election the electoral council is also in charge of counting the votes and determine within the law and rules the overall winners and accredit them with an official identification. The council also must recognize parties and political movements as legal entities and collaborate with the performing of internal research polls within the political parties and political movements through the government owned media. See also Elections in Colombia Politics of Colombia List of political parties in Colombia References External links Colombia Politics of Colombia Government of Colombia Elections in Colombia
Bonnie Springs Ranch was an attraction near Blue Diamond, Nevada that included an 1880s Western town replica and a zoo. It is located on in the Mojave Desert, below the Spring Mountains in the Red Rock Canyon area, 20 miles west of Las Vegas. The ranch has natural oasis habitat because of the spring water surfacing there. The ranch was originally created in the 1840s, as a stopover for wagon trains heading to California. Bonnie McGaugh purchased the ranch in 1952, and it was subsequently named Bonnie Springs Ranch after her. Horseback riding and a restaurant were added by the mid-1960s. Old Nevada, the western town replica, was opened at the ranch in 1974, followed by the zoo and a motel in the 1980s. In January 2019, plans were announced to demolish the ranch and replace it with approximately 20 custom homes, a new restaurant and motel, and a barn to be used for events. Bonnie Springs closed on March 17, 2019. Its replacement, The Reserve at Red Rock Canyon, began construction three years later, after a delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Early history The site is located at approximately 4,000 feet elevation, and includes natural springs, which were within the Paiute peoples homeland for centuries. They moved their dwellings into small enclaves in the rocky cliffs to the west after settlers moved in. The site was established in 1843 as a watering stopover for wagon trains going to California on the Old Spanish Trail. The site included a ranch house. In 1846, General John C. Frémont, on his way to Alta California, stopped at the springs to prepare for the trip through Death Valley to the Pueblo de Los Angeles. By 1860, the site consisted of a blacksmith shop and a cabin with one room. Bonnie Springs Ranch Bonnie Springs Ranch was named after Bonnie Levinson ( McGaugh; July 30, 1921 – January 29, 2016), the daughter of western film actor and assistant director Wilbur McGaugh. In her youth, McGaugh performed as a Las Vegas dancer and showgirl. She also performed as an ice skater, eventually touring with figure skater Sonja Henie. In the 1940s, McGaugh and her mother began a turkey farm in Twentynine Palms, California. Bonnie McGaugh would deliver the live turkeys to restaurants and hotels in Las Vegas. In 1952, Bonnie McGaugh delivered turkeys to a friend who owned a diner in Las Vegas and a ranch in the nearby Red Rock Canyon. The friend showed the ranch to Bonnie McGaugh, who liked the nearby mountain scenery. McGaugh leased and subsequently purchased the ranch that year. The 115-acre ranch – located 20 miles west of Las Vegas near Blue Diamond, Nevada – included a broken-down bar and a three-room house. McGaugh lived on the ranch from that point on, and Bonnie Springs Ranch would ultimately grow to occupy of the ranch land. Initially, McGaugh re-opened the bar in 1952 and operated it for the next 12 years without electricity, instead relying on kerosene lamps. A dirt road provided the only access to the bar, which had previously operated as the Red Rock Tavern, opened in 1939. Al Levinson (1924–1994) came to Las Vegas from New York in 1949; he and McGaugh met in 1952, after McGaugh re-opened the bar. According to McGaugh, they met "because someone told him he should meet the dizzy blond running the bar in the desert." The couple married in 1954, and they would stay married for 40 years until his death. Al Levinson operated a car dealership. The bar became popular among the Levinsons' friends, including Las Vegas showgirls and other celebrities who performed in shows on the Las Vegas Strip. The bar also received patronage from residents of nearby Blue Diamond. In the 1950s, Bonnie Levinson added two horses to the ranch to satisfy customer interest in horseback riding. A man subsequently traded two horses for a car at Al Levinson's dealership, and the couple later had a total of six horses. Bonnie Springs Picnic Ranch received a business license in 1958. By 1962, the ranch included a swimming pool. A stable, Red Rock Riding Stables, was added to the ranch in 1963, followed by a restaurant in 1964. During the 1960s, Al Levinson planned to develop a housing community on 34 acres of vacant land located a half mile east of the ranch. The community was to include an airplane runway for homeowners, but the entire project was cancelled. By 1966, Bonnie Springs Recreation Ranch included picnic areas and playgrounds, as well as 28 horses for riding. Bonnie Springs became popular among Las Vegas families while remaining mostly unknown to city tourists. During the early 1970s, composer Don Swander played a piano at the ranch on weekends. In May 1974, a western town replica known as Old Nevada was added to the ranch. The following month, a fire at the ranch destroyed a barn, a trailer, and a corral. Businessman Howard Hughes owned the adjacent Sandstone Ranch. Before his death in 1976, Hughes made an offer to purchase Bonnie Springs; his offer and others up to that point were rejected by Bonnie Levinson, who did not want to sell it. A zoo had been added to the ranch by 1985. During the mid-1980s, Al Levinson had a three-year disagreement with Clark County officials over who would pay for 1.3 miles of flood-damaged road leading to the ranch. After Levinson sued county officials to repair the road, the county declined to issue him a building permit for a motel addition to the ranch, due to undecided zoning issues. In August 1986, Levinson received a building permit for a 150-room motel, after a District Judge ordered the county to issue the permit. At the time, Al Levinson also planned to eventually add a golf course to the ranch, although it never materialized. A 50-room motel was added in 1989. The Levinsons' children, Alan Levinson and April Hopper, took over the ranch's operations after the death of their father Al Levinson, who died in December 1994. A copper and fiberglass statue of the Levinson couple was added in the mid-1990s, after approximately 18 months in the making. As of 2004, the ranch averaged 8,000 visitors during holiday weeks such as spring break and Memorial Day. In mid-2005, Alan Levinson had plans to develop a 17-house neighborhood as part of Bonnie Springs, with each house located on two acres of land, in accordance with local zoning laws. The property was one of the few sites in the Red Rock area with zoning for housing, and the development would be a joint project between Levinson and developer Randy Black Jr. The project was to be built on 34 acres of vacant property located a half mile east of the ranch, where Al Levinson previously planned a housing community in the 1960s. There were no plans to close the ranch. The ranch-style housing project received little opposition, and was approved by the Red Rock Citizens Advisory Council and the Clark County Planning Commission. The Nature Conservancy and the Sierra Club, environmental organizations, did not believe the project would have a large impact on the Red Rock Canyon area. However, it never began construction and the land remained vacant. As of August 2005, the ranch had 86 employees, and approximately 32 of them lived there at the motel. At the time, the ranch averaged 1,000 to 1,500 visitors on Saturdays, and an average minimum of 2,000 visitors on Sundays. The clientele generally consisted of state residents and tourists. As of 2006, Bonnie Springs included the only restaurant and lodging in the Red Rock Canyon area. As of 2007, the ranch received an annual 130,000 visitors. Bonnie Levinson, at 94 years old, died in January 2016 following a brief illness. Alan Levinson and April Hopper continued to operate the ranch following her death. Redevelopment plans In early 2018, the ranch was put up for sale, at a cost of $31 million. Upon learning that the site was for sale, Joel Laub, a housing developer, contacted his friend, attorney J. Randall Jones; they partnered to purchase the 63-acre property, under the name BSR6276 LLC. After four months of negotiations, they beat out several other prospective buyers, including one developer who planned for a hotel and casino on the site. The partners announced redevelopment plans for the site in January 2019. New plans included the addition of approximately 20 custom homes, as well as new amenities similar to the current ranch, including a new restaurant and motel, and an "event barn" that would be used for weddings. The event barn would include , while the new motel would include 25 rooms. The ranch's western town and zoo would need to be demolished to make room for the new development. In addition, Jones stated that he and Laub were not licensed to operate a zoo. Under the agreement, construction of the project would not begin until the ranch's animals were relocated, a task that would be handled by the Levinsons, who were supportive of the redevelopment plans. Hopper stated that the ranch was being sold because the family was ready to retire. Laub headed the local Nature Conservancy group at the time, and stated that his goal was to develop the land "in a very conscientious way that takes into consideration the environment and conservation." Regarding Bonnie Springs, Laub said, "What's there now is not environmentally friendly." For the new project, Laub consulted with wildlife experts and arborists for a design that would include native plants and encourage movement of desert animals. Laub also planned to rehabilitate the property's natural springs as a water source for plants and animals. One of the springs had been dynamited years earlier. The project would include 8.5 to 10 acres of public space, while the remainder would be used for the housing project, with each home being built on two to three acres. The proposed houses would be designed and built to blend in with the natural environment of the Red Rock area. Jones said the houses would not be "giant McMansions with only 5 feet between them. We want it to feel like a rural area." Each house would have a maximum of 5,000 square-feet and would be allowed to occupy only 10 percent of each lot. Most of the existing trees and plants, including yuccas, would be retained, and the ranch's parking lot would be re-vegetated with plants. To drivers along Red Rock Canyon's loop road, the project's houses would be obscured by landscaping. Jones and Laub would be among residents in the new project. Zoning laws allowed for up to 31 houses to be built on the land. Jones stated that while additional homes and a larger motel could have been added to the redevelopment plans, they chose not to do so, to keep the area as similar to Bonnie Springs as possible. A water company, CSR Water Cooperative, ultimately had to be created to serve the needs of the future community. It includes a 375,000-gallon storage tank. The sale was expected to be finalized in mid-March 2019, at which point demolition would begin on the ranch. The partners wanted to retain the Bonnie Springs name for the new project, although negotiations with the Levinson family had yet to be held regarding the transfer of naming rights. Visitation increased by hundreds of people in the days following the announcement of the redevelopment plans, which received backlash from the public, as expected by Laub and Jones. Two petitions were started to save the ranch and have it declared a historic landmark, although such a designation would not prevent the ranch from being sold or demolished. In addition, there were no government agencies that had the necessary funds to purchase the ranch. Within several days of the redevelopment announcement, the petitions had garnered more than 25,000 signatures, and had reached 51,000 signatures within two weeks. Jones acknowledged that "people are emotionally attached to Bonnie Springs," including himself and Laub, as well as their families. Jones further stated that the new project would be "different for sure. A transition, no question. Sometimes transitions make people sad. I understand that. Our hope is to make a transition that everybody feels good about in the end." Later in January 2019, it was announced that a third party buyer was interested in fully relocating the ranch's western town to a new site to continue its operations as an attraction. The new owners also considered ways to incorporate the property's history and artifacts into the redevelopment project. It was later announced that a local woman, Sharon Linsebardt, wanted to relocate the western town's wedding chapel to her farm animal sanctuary in northwest Las Vegas, which also conducted weddings. The Levinsons agreed to donate the chapel to Linsebardt on the condition that she pay to have the 20-foot-wide building relocated. In February 2019, the Clark County Planning Commission unanimously approved the redevelopment plans, including 22 homes and a bed and breakfast, despite some opposition. Opponents included Nevada's Center for Biological Diversity, which believed that the homes – referring to them as "McMansions" – would "fundamentally alter the character of Red Rock." The commission stated that the project would not set a precedent for more homebuilders to develop in the area. Planning commissioner Nelson Stone said the new project would allow for a restoration of the natural environment, and believed that noise in the area would "all but disappear". The Red Rock Citizens Advisory Council and Clark County staff also recommended approval of the project. At the time, nearly 54,000 people had signed one of the petitions to declare the ranch a historical landmark, although the commission stated that no part of the ranch had been deemed historic. An appeal against the new project was filed with the Clark County Commission, by a Las Vegas resident who cited unanswered questions about the new project's public facilities. Bonnie Springs closed on March 17, 2019. The ranch endured long lines during its final two days, with wait times up to 40 minutes to enter. Kathy Espin, an opinion writer for Las Vegas Review-Journal, believed that Bonnie Springs' closure was not a significant loss for the community. Three days after the closure, the Clark County Commission upheld the new project's approval against the appeal, with Laub stating that the public facilities did not require county approval through a public hearing. The sale was finalized on April 2, 2019, at a cost of $25 million. By that time, the ranch's animals had been relocated to other zoos and habitats. A live auction of various Bonnie Springs memorabilia took place at the ranch's outdoor arena area later that month, followed by online auctions. The first phase of demolition, including the motel and restaurant, was approved by the county on June 17, 2019. Twenty residential parcels went on sale in February 2020, when it was announced that the new project would be named The Ranch at Red Rock. Laub and Jones were unable to work out a deal with the Levinsons to acquire the rights to use the "Bonnie Springs" name. The residential lots ranged from 2 to 4 acres each, with prices from $3 million to $6.5 million. The homes would be accessed through a guard-gated community entrance. The future owners of each lot would be responsible for building their own homes. Design and construction guidelines were created to limit the size of the homes and to ensure that they blend in with the surrounding environment. Seven of the parcels were reserved within the first week. At the time, many of the buildings at Bonnie Springs had been demolished, with the exception of the Old Nevada buildings. Laub said he was giving away wood and other materials from the buildings to anyone who was interested "before we just demo it and send it to the dump." The project was put on hold in March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada. During this time, the project was redesigned, and the number of home lots was reduced to 16, allowing for more public space, totaling nearly 14 acres. The project will incorporate a biophilic design, and houses are now limited to . New amenities include a boutique hotel and spa, as well as an amphitheater. Groundbreaking for the project, now known as The Reserve at Red Rock Canyon, took place on March 15, 2022. The remaining structures at Bonnie Springs had been demolished by that point. The event hall is the first phase of the project's commercial element, and will not be completed until at least 2024. The next phase would include the restaurant, followed by a third phase consisting of the hotel and pool. Features The two-story Bonnie Springs motel included a swimming pool and themed rooms such as Chinese, Spanish, and American Indian. The motel had 48 rooms, some of which include a jacuzzi. The ranch also included the Red Rock Riding Stables, with pony and horseback riding. The ranch's outdoor arena included bleacher seating used for events such as rodeos. On weekends, a miniature train provided optional transportation from a large parking lot to the ranch's motel and the Old Nevada western town. A smaller parking lot was located near the entrance to Old Nevada. In February 2018, after a year of negotiations, the ranch was expected to begin offering helicopter tours of Red Rock Canyon. Bar and restaurant Prior to the opening of a restaurant on the property, Bonnie Levinson had served biscuits and coffee as a snack to friends who came to visit the ranch. She subsequently began cooking meals for her various ranch hands, and she later said, "Word soon got around that you could get a good cup of coffee here, and people started dropping by for meals," which convinced the Levinsons to add a restaurant to the ranch. The Levinsons expanded and refurbished the 1840s ranch house into a restaurant and bar, initially opened as the Bonnie Springs Steak House in 1964. Bonnie Levinson created the restaurant's furniture and helped build the structure's large central fireplace. A pond was ultimately built in front of the restaurant/bar. The pond once contained fish, which were allowed to be caught with the use of fishing equipment that the ranch rented out. The restaurant offered to then cook the caught fish for customers. By 1980, the pond was inhabited by ducks, geese, and turtles. The bar/restaurant became known for a collection of neckties that hang from the ceiling, with dollar bills pinned to them. Al Levinson had decided on a policy against ties in the restaurant after he had been turned away from a restaurant at the Desert Inn casino for wearing a bolo tie. From that point on, he would take each tie that came into his restaurant and pinned it to the ceiling, a tradition dating to at least 1974. People later started pinning money to the ties. In 2001, the money from the ceiling — a total of $18,744 — was donated to local firefighters. The money had been accumulating since 1991, and the Levinson family had been motivated to donate it following the September 11 attacks. The ties of the bar's ceiling continued to accumulate money bills, which were donated to various nonprofit organizations. The restaurant included a half-pound bison burger. Old Nevada By 1969, the Levinsons planned to construct a western village at the ranch. In 1972, construction began on Old Nevada, the name given to a series of buildings replicating an 1880s mining town, with an opening planned for early summer 1973. Al Levinson had wanted to construct Old Nevada for years. Research was done to ensure the buildings' accuracy with old western structures. The buildings are made of old wood, which was sought by Al Levinson to replicate old mine town buildings. The Old Nevada buildings were built based on building plans for early western communities. The Levinsons traveled to various small towns in Nevada to obtain information about the local buildings, as research for Old Nevada. The design of Old Nevada's Methodist wedding chapel is based on a chapel located in Belmont, Nevada. Al Levinson had acquired thousands of historic drawings and pictures of old buildings on which to base the design of Old Nevada. He also had research help from state agencies. Nevada mining camp ruins were also a model for Old Nevada. Despite the buildings' historic appearance, they were designed according to modern building codes and included air-conditioning. However, plumbing was only included in restaurants and bathrooms, while the front of other buildings included an outdoor water pump for historical accuracy. Antique telephones were repaired and connected to a switchboard as the only form of communication in Old Nevada. Sidewalks were made of wormwood planking that Al Levinson had imported from Oregon. Built at a cost of $800,000, the Old Nevada western town opened on May 1, 1974 with 45 buildings, located on of the ranch land. A restored 1881 horse-drawn carriage provided transportation around the town. At the time, Old Nevada included the Miner's Restaurant, a casino, and a miniature steam train, as well as a shootout show between a law official and a gunman, followed by a hanging. Old Nevada also had shops which sold artifacts and antiques that had been collected by Al Levinson, while a western-style saloon included a 900-person capacity for group events such as parties. To increase visitor attendance to the ranch, the saloon began featuring a vaudeville dinner show titled Bonnie's Old West Musical Revue, which ran on weekends from May to August 2012. Later that year, the show moved to the Plaza Hotel & Casino in downtown Las Vegas, where it was performed under the title Grand Ole Vegas Revue. The saloon later featured karaoke and live music on two separate days a week. As of 2013, Old Nevada included the wedding chapel, the saloon, and a small schoolhouse. Staged gun fights and souvenir shops remained a part of Old Nevada as well. Old Nevada also had two museums, featuring local artifacts and 1800s-era wax figures. Zoo In 1975, Bonnie Levinson took in two pygmy goats from Wayne Newton. In addition, someone had dropped off a sheep at the ranch; this was accompanied by the arrival of two deer and Levinson's adoption of a wolf. Levinson, an animal lover, also had cats, dogs, chickens and rabbits, many of which were left at the ranch by uninterested pet owners. The multitude of animals inspired Levinson to build a petting zoo at the ranch for children. The petting zoo had opened by 1985. The zoo was added to increase family visitation to the ranch. By 1997, the zoo included bobcats, burros, coatimundi and lynx, coyotes, ferrets, hedgehogs, llamas, porcupines, prairie dogs, squirrels, turtles, and a woodchuck. Emus would also be added to the zoo, including one that had been abandoned in the desert. Peacocks and deer freely roamed the fenced zoo area. The ranch also featured a large stable of horses. Levinson raised several of the animals. Most of the zoo was occupied by rescued animals who had been mistreated. The petting zoo included goats, deer, sheep, and buffalo. Some of the animals could naturally withstand the local heat, while others had covered enclosures with misters and bodies of water. To stay cool, the animals were also regularly given ice packs. As of 2012, the zoo had been entirely renovated with new enclosures. As of 2015, the zoo had four full-time zookeepers, one part-time zookeeper, and several volunteers. As of 2017, the zoo had more than 20 animal species, including more than 70 peacocks. Some of the zoo's animals would be kept by the Levinson family following the ranch's closure, while others would be relocated to zoos in Nevada and California. Paranormal The ranch has been speculated to be haunted, as claimed by some visitors to the ranch. Tim Harrison, the ranch's marketing director and events manager, said in 2016, "We were the hub of wagon trains that came through and people camped here and a lot of people died on the way. We believe those spirits still exist and are concentrated in our opera house – that's where they gather and most of the energy is felt." He later said in 2017, "There's a little girl by the school house, several apparitions at the opera house. You hear all kinds of stuff." Each October, from 2008 to 2018, the ranch was temporarily named "Bonnie Screams" in celebration of Halloween, with various haunted house attractions. In 2015, Bonnie Screams began offering a zombie-themed paintball game, Zombie Paintball Express, in which patrons rode a bus while attempting to fend off zombies with paintballs. As of 2015, a local paranormal society also offered a three-hour tour of the ranch's haunted areas during the last Saturday night of most months. The tours included efforts to make contact with the ranch's ghosts. Additional tours were offered during Bonnie Screams. The tours frequently included celebrities such as Susan Slaughter, from Ghost Hunters International. In popular culture A music video for singer Lee Hye-young was shot at Bonnie Springs in 2000. The motel was briefly featured in the 2005 film Domino. Director Tony Scott had long wanted to include the ranch in one of his films, and also stayed at the ranch's motel. Bonnie Springs is featured as an abandoned town in the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas. The ranch was featured as a lockdown location in a 2011 episode of Ghost Adventures. The series detected footsteps and sounds, as well as the presence of ghosts in empty rooms. The ranch was subsequently featured in a 2015 episode of Ghost Adventures: Aftershocks. The ranch is also featured in "The Good, the Bad, and the Punished", a 2016 episode of Impractical Jokers. In 2017, the ranch was used as a filming location for the Asian television series Farewell, Las Vegas. Bonnie Springs Ranch was featured as one of the haunted locations in the Paranormal TV series, Most Terrifying Places in America in an episode titled "Devil's Playground" which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018. See also Old Vegas References External links Bonnie Springs Ranch official website Bonnie Springs Zoo official website The Reserve at Red Rock Canyon official website Amusement parks in Nevada Buildings and structures in Clark County, Nevada Ranches in Nevada 1843 establishments in Mexico 1958 establishments in Nevada Reportedly haunted locations in Nevada Tourist attractions in Clark County, Nevada Amusement parks opened in 1958
Cameraria picturatella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Maine in the United States. The larvae feed on Myrica caroliniensis and Myrica pensylvanica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a brownish blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. References External links Bug Guide Cameraria (moth) Leaf miners Moths of North America Lepidoptera of the United States Moths described in 1916 Taxa named by Annette Frances Braun
Carlos Benites Franquis de Lugo (1691–?), was a Spanish governor of Texas between 1736 and 1737. He was a very critiqued governor. De Lugo favored the total or partial abandonment of several missions and accused the previous governor Manuel de Sandoval of criminal actions, so sent him to prison. Ultimately, his economic mismanagement of Texas led the province to near bankruptcy. However, he favored the distribution of river waters through the "dula". Biography Early years Franquis was born in La Orotava, Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). In 1736, he was chosen to govern Tlaxcala, in the modern Mexico, by Philip V. However, when Franquis reached the province, he learned that the position was not yet vacant, because his predecessor had not yet left his political office. Because Franquis could not take office, the Viceroy became him in interim governor of Texas, since the previous governor, Manuel de Sandoval, had left the government of the province before the king had appointed a new governor. On his trip to Texas, he passed through Monclova, in Coahuila, where he criticized the administration of Clemente de la Garza Falcón. Franquis questioned that Falcón was doing everything possible to defend the Spaniard populations from the Amerindians who were attacking the territory. Governor of Texas Upon arrival in Texas On September 26, 1736 Franquis came to San Antonio to take office. However, De Lugo arrived to the city by surprise because he had not communicated his arrival beforehand and didn't even have an escort. In addition, when the authorities asked him to present his credentials he opposed, as he preferred them to rely on his word. On the other hand, he considered his authority over the Texas and Coahuila presidios similar to that of the king and viceroy, as he pointed out in Texas. Shortly after he arrived in San Antonio, he conceded three lots of land to widows of military members and another two to military veterans. Administration Upon taking office, Franquis' economic mismanagement led the province to near bankruptcy. In 1736, Franquis "appropriated" of many Native Americans of the missions and sent them to other places, where he forced them to work for him. However, many of them deserted to the forest and began to interact with the Native Americans of the region, which had never been Christianized because they had never lived in missions, and spoke them about the treatment they had been subjected to. The fact was reported to the Spanish Crown. The king, through a letter dated in March of this year, warned Franquis that he would be fined if he continued to send the indigenous from the missions to other places and indicated that the only legal way to dispose of them (out of the missions) was if the religious allowed him to. In addition, Franquis opposed almost all the missionaries and Presidio officials working in the main regions of Texas and Coahuila (i.e. Los Adaes and Saltillo), causing disaffection between the governor and them. Franquis accused the friars of stealing "the royal treasure", besides insulting them, and preventing their letters from being sent because he appropriated their. In addition, he ordered the friars to fire the most of the guards working on each mission. So, the guards were to be reduced from three to one per mission, even though they were very important to the missions because they contributed to the "maintaining of discipline", the "daily tasks" and to the search and recovery of the Amerindians who had escaped from the mentioned religious outposts, as well as to their punishment for having fled. Franquis was apparently annoying for the supposed mistreatment that the missionaries were inflicting on indigenous of various regions, particularly those of La Concepción, San Juan Capistrano and La Espada, as he explained to the Viceroy of New Spain in a letter he send him in August 1737. In April 1737, the governor ordered all the guards working in the missions to vacate them. Several month later, on June 8, 1737, San Francisco mission was abandoned and the 230 Native Americans who lived there got the freedom, while the other religious establishments had lost many Native Americans as well (including the San Juan Capristano mission, which was abandoned by most of the amerindians). Although the Viceroy ordered Franquis to return all the guards to the missions, he decided to ignore the order. For instance, he ordered the construction of the first "dula" (a piece of land that receives irrigation from a ditch) for the distribution of rivers. In 1737, Franquis took all the Sandoval's documents and accused him of criminal actions. Accused of "seven counts of official misconduct", Sandoval was later sent to prison. Shortly thereafter, an investigation into the administration of Franquis took place, which ended on July 9, 1737. Last years After the investigation, Franquis was imprisoned, because he was accused of imposing an authoritarian system in Texas. In September 1737, he was expelled from his position as governor and sent to San Juan Bautista, in Nuevo Leon, but Franquis fled to Mexico City. After submitting the official accounts of his government, Franquis was found not guilty in his trial. A little later, he settled in Veracruz, in the modern-day Mexico, and assumed the rank of officer of the garrison of that place. Finally, he returned to Spain and rejoined to the regiment of Savoy. The place and date of his death are not known, but it is thought that he died in Mexico or Spain. Personal life When Franquis was young, he emigrated to Havana, Cuba, "where he married Ángela de Alarcón y Ocaña". Notes References Governors of Spanish Texas 1691 births Year of death unknown People from Tenerife 1730s in Texas
Fruid is a small reservoir in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, UK, near Menzion. It is formed by damming the Fruid Water, and supplements the contents of Talla Reservoir, forming part of the water supply for Edinburgh. The construction of the reservoir flooded the valley, inundating several farmhouses including Hawkshaw. Playwright Peter Moffat had ancestors that previously lived in the area now covered by water and cites the location as inspiration for The Village. See also Baddinsgill Reservoir Megget Reservoir Talla Reservoir West Water Reservoir List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom References Reservoirs in the Scottish Borders
Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950) is a member of the British royal family. She is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the only sister of King Charles III. Anne was born 3rd in the line of succession to the British throne and is now 17th, and has been, since 1987, Princess Royal, a title held for life. Born at Clarence House, Anne was educated at Benenden School and began undertaking royal duties upon reaching adulthood. She became a respected equestrian, winning one gold medal in 1971 and two silver medals in 1975 at the European Eventing Championships. In 1976, she became the first member of the British royal family to compete in the Olympic Games. In 1988, the Princess Royal became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Anne performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. She is patron or president of over 300 organisations, including WISE, Riders for Health, and Carers Trust. Her work in charities centres on sports, sciences, people with disabilities, and health in developing countries. She has been associated with Save the Children for over fifty years and has visited a number of its projects. Anne married Captain Mark Phillips in 1973; they separated in 1989 and divorced in 1992. They have two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, and five grandchildren. Within months of her divorce in 1992, Anne married Commander (later Vice Admiral) Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mother's equerry between 1986 and 1989. Early life and education Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11:50 a.m. during the reign of her maternal grandfather, King George VI. She is the second child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. A 21-gun salute in Hyde Park signaled the birth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by the Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her mother and older brother, Charles (later King Charles III). She rose to second in 1952 after her grandfather's death and her mother's accession; she is currently 17th in line. A governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after Anne and her brothers, Charles, Andrew, and Edward. Peebles was responsible for Anne's early education at Buckingham Palace. Given her young age at the time, Anne did not attend her mother's coronation in June 1953. A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company to include the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was re-formed in May 1959, specifically so that, as her mother and aunt had done as children, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963. In 1968, she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. She began to undertake royal engagements in 1969, at the age of 18. In 1970, Anne briefly had a relationship with Andrew Parker Bowles, who later married Camilla Shand. Camilla later became the second wife and queen consort of Anne's eldest brother, Charles III. Anne was also briefly linked to Olympic equestrian Richard Meade. Equestrianism In spring 1971, Princess Anne finished fourth at the Rushall Horse Trials. At age 21, Anne won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship with her home-bred horse Doublet and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971. She also rode winners in horse racing, competing in the Grand Military Steeplechase at Sandown Park Racecourse and the Diamond Stakes at Royal Ascot. For more than five years, she also competed with the British eventing team, winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship. The following year, Anne participated in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as a member of the British team, riding the Queen's horse, Goodwill, in Eventing. Anne suffered a concussion halfway through the course but remounted and finished the event; she has stated she cannot remember making the rest of the jumps. The British team had to pull out of the competition after two horses were injured. She finished fourth at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1974 and sixth in 1979, having participated five times in the competition between 1971 and 1979. In 1985, she rode in a charity horse race at the Epsom Derby, finishing fourth. Anne assumed the presidency of the Fédération Équestre Internationale from 1986 until 1994. On 5 February 1987, she became the first member of the royal family to appear as a contestant on a television quiz show when she competed on the BBC panel game A Question of Sport. The princess has been a patron of the Riding for the Disabled Association since 1971 and became its president in 1985, a position she still holds. Marriages and children Marriage to Mark Phillips Anne met Mark Phillips, a lieutenant in the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, in 1968 at a party for horse lovers. Their engagement was announced on 29 May 1973. On 14 November 1973, the couple married at Westminster Abbey in a televised ceremony, with an estimated audience of 100 million. They subsequently took up residence at Gatcombe Park. As was customary for untitled men marrying into the royal family, Phillips was offered an earldom, which he declined; consequently their children were born without titles. Anne and her husband had two children: Peter (born 1977) and Zara Phillips (born 1981). Anne and Phillips have five grandchildren. On 31 August 1989, Anne and Phillips announced their intention to separate; the couple had been rarely seen in public together and both were romantically linked with other people. They shared custody of their children, and initially announced that "there were no plans for divorce." On 13 April 1992, the Palace announced that Anne had filed for divorce, which was finalised ten days later. Marriage to Sir Timothy Laurence Anne met Timothy Laurence, a commander in the Royal Navy, while he was serving on the Royal Yacht Britannia. Their relationship developed in early 1989, three years after he was appointed as an equerry to the Queen. In 1989, the existence of private letters from Laurence to the Princess was revealed by The Sun newspaper. The couple married at Crathie Kirk near Balmoral Castle in Scotland, on 12 December 1992. Approximately 30 guests were invited for the private marriage service. Unlike the Church of England at the time, the Church of Scotland considered marriage to be an ordinance of religion rather than a sacrament and permitted the remarriage of divorced persons under certain circumstances. Anne became the first royal divorcée to remarry since Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria. For the wedding ceremony, Anne wore a white jacket over a "demure, cropped-to-the-knee dress" and a spray of white flowers in her hair. Her engagement ring was made of "a cabochon sapphire flanked by three small diamonds on each side". Following the marriage service, the couple and guests headed to Craigowan Lodge for a private reception. Laurence received no peerage. Kidnapping attempt On 20 March 1974, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace from a charity event when a Ford Escort forced their Princess IV car to stop on The Mall. The driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol. Inspector James Beaton, Anne's personal police officer, exited the car to shield her and to try to disarm Ball. Beaton's firearm, a Walther PPK, jammed, and he was shot by Ball, as was Anne's chauffeur, Alex Callender, when he tried to disarm Ball. Brian McConnell, a nearby tabloid journalist, also intervened, and was shot in the chest. Ball approached Anne's car and told her that he intended to kidnap her and hold her for ransom, the sum given by varying sources as £2 million or £3 million, which he claimed he intended to give to the National Health Service. Ball told Anne to get out of the car, to which she replied, "Not bloody likely!" She reportedly briefly considered hitting Ball. Eventually, Anne exited the other side of the limousine, as had her lady-in-waiting, Rowena Brassey. A passing pedestrian, a former boxer named Ron Russell, punched Ball and led Anne away from the scene. At that point, Police Constable Michael Hills happened upon the scene; he too was shot by Ball, but he had already called for police backup. Detective Constable Peter Edmonds answered, gave chase, and finally arrested Ball. Beaton, Hills, Callender, and McConnell were hospitalised, and recovered from their wounds. For his defence of Princess Anne, Beaton was awarded the George Cross by the Queen, who was visiting Indonesia when the incident occurred; Hills and Russell were awarded the George Medal, and Callender, McConnell, and Edmonds were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal. It was widely reported that the Queen paid off Russell's mortgage, but this is not true: Russell said in 2020 that a police officer suggested it might happen, so he stopped paying his mortgage in anticipation and nearly had his house repossessed after four months. Anne visited Beaton in hospital and thanked him for his assistance. In 1983, she spoke about the event on Parkinson, saying she was 'scrupulously polite' to Ball as she thought it would be 'silly to be too rude at that stage'. Beaton, who had been Anne's sole bodyguard, later said about royal security "I had nothing… There was no back-up vehicle. The training was non-existent; but then again, [we thought] nothing was going to happen. They are highly specialised now, highly trained." Immediately after the attack the use of only a single protection officer was stopped, and the Walther PPK pistol was replaced. Ball pleaded guilty to attempted murder and kidnapping. , he was still detained under the Mental Health Act at Broadmoor Hospital, having been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The attempted kidnapping of Princess Anne is the focus of the Granada Television-produced docudrama To Kidnap a Princess (2006) and inspired story lines in Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games. Activities Anne undertakes a number of duties and engagements on behalf of the sovereign. Kevin S. MacLeod, the then Canadian Secretary to the Queen, said of Anne in 2014: "Her credo is, 'Keep me busy. I'm here to work. I'm here to do good things. I'm here to meet as many people as possible'." It was reported in December 2017 that the Princess Royal had undertaken the most official engagements that year out of all the royal family, her mother the Queen included. Among her royal visits, the Princess has toured Norway, Jamaica, Germany, Austria, New Zealand, and Australia. Anne's first public engagement was at the opening of an educational and training centre in Shropshire in 1969. Anne travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom up to three times a year. She began to undertake overseas visits upon leaving secondary school, and accompanied her parents on a state visit to Austria in the same year. Her first tour of Australia was with her parents in 1970, since which she returned many times to undertake official engagements as a colonel-in-chief of an Australian regiment, or to attend memorials and services such as the National Memorial Service for victims of the Black Saturday bushfires in Melbourne on 22 February 2009. In 1990 she became the first member of the royal family to make an official visit to the Soviet Union when she went there as a guest of President Mikhail Gorbachev and his government. Anne is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children, serving as president from 1970 to 2017, and has been patron since 2017. Anne has visited the organisation's projects in Bangladesh, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a result of her work, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 by Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia. She initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991. Anne is the patron of Transaid, a charity founded by Save the Children and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport which aims to provide safe and sustainable transport in developing countries. She is also the royal patron of WISE, an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction. Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception. She is patron of St. Andrew's First Aid. She is a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator, and was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. She also serves as president of the British Olympic Association. She was president of BAFTA from 1973 to 2001. In 1985 she became president of the Riding for the Disabled Association after serving as their patron for fourteen years. In 1986 she was appointed Master of the Worshipful Company of Carmen. She maintains a relationship with student sport and is the patron of British Universities and Colleges Sport. She has been patron of the Royal National Children's Foundation since 2002 and the industrial heritage museum, Aerospace Bristol, since 2016. Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as the Chancellor, and has been in the position since that year. Throughout May 1996, Anne served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and held the post again in 2017. In 2001, she became Master of the Worshipful Company of Farmers. In 2007, she was appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, a position her grandmother had also held. She is a Royal Fellow of the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences. Royal Fellows are members of the royal family who are recommended and elected by the Society's Council. The Royal Society has four Royal Fellows: Anne; William, Prince of Wales; Edward, Duke of Kent; and King Charles. She is the Academy of Medical Sciences' first Royal Fellow. Anne was elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh effective 31 March 2011, succeeding her father, who stepped down from the role in 2010. Likewise, she accepted in 2011 the roles of president of City and Guilds of London Institute, Master of the Corporation of Trinity House and president of the Royal Society of Arts, also in succession to her father. Anne has been the president of the Commonwealth Study Conference, an initiative founded by her father. She is also patron of the Royal College of Occupational Therapists, Royal College of Midwives, Magpas Air Ambulance, Edinburgh University's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, International Students House, London, Acid Survivors Trust International, Townswomen's Guilds, Citizens Advice, the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo, and the Scottish Rugby Union. Anne represented Great Britain in the International Olympic Committee at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia. In August 2016, she returned to the country to visit the Russian city of Arkhangelsk for the 75th anniversary of Operation Dervish, which was one of the first Arctic convoys of World War II. In September 2016, the Princess had a chest infection and was required to cancel official engagements. In late October 2016, she visited the Malaysian state of Sarawak for a two-day study tour. In 2017, she became Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers and a Governor of Gresham's School. In 2021, she became patron of Mercy Ships, an international charity that operates the largest non-governmental hospital ships in the world. In April 2022, Anne and her husband toured Australia and Papua New Guinea to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee. In the same year, Anne was named honorary chair of National Lighthouse Museum's Illuminating Future Generations campaign, a project aimed at rasising funds for the museum's gallery space. On 12 September 2022, in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, Anne became the first woman to participate in a Vigil of the Princes, guarding her mother's coffin. This was repeated at Westminster Hall on 16 September. It was later revealed that she had been the informant at her mother's death at Balmoral, a witness who signs, along with the doctor, the death certificate. Public image and style Anne has been called the royal family's "trustiest anchor" and a "beacon of good, old-fashioned public service", having carried out over 20,000 engagements since her 18th birthday. In her early adulthood, she was cited as a "royal renegade" for choosing to forgo titles for her children despite being the "spare to the heir". The media often called the young Anne "aloof" and "haughty", giving her the nickname "her royal rudeness". She spurred controversy for telling photographers to "naff off" at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1982. Vanity Fair wrote that Anne "has a reputation for having inherited her father's famously sharp tongue and waspish wit". Of her early public role, she has said: "It's not just about 'can I get a tick in the box for doing this?' No, it's about serving…It took me probably 10 years before I really felt confident enough to contribute to Save the Children's public debates because you needed to understand how it works on the ground and that needed a very wide coverage. So my early trips were really important." Anne has been frequently named the "hardest working royal", and she carried out 11,088 engagements between 2002 and 2022, more than any other member of the royal family. Anne remains one of Britain's most popular royals. Telegraph Editor Camilla Tominey called her a "national treasure", writing that she is "hailed as one of the great English eccentrics", whose work ethic contributes to her regard. Tominey wrote that Anne's public role is a "contradiction of both protocol taskmaster and occasional rule-breaker". Reportedly, Anne "insists on doing her own make-up and hair" and drives herself to engagements, having pleaded guilty to two separate speeding fines on account of being late. She does not shake hands with the public during walkabouts, saying, "the theory was that you couldn't shake hands with everybody, so don't start." Members of the public have seen her "mending fences at Gatcombe" and "queuing up for the Portaloos" at her daughter's horse competitions. Her reputation is also coupled with her advocacy for causes out of the mainstream, such as Wetwheels Foundation's commitment to accessible sailing and the National Lighthouse Museum. On her 60th and 70th birthdays, the BBC and Vanity Fair both asked whether she would retire, and she denied it both times, citing her parents' example as well as her commitment to her royal duties. Anne's public personality has been described as "not suffering fools lightly" while maintaining a "still-impressive level of grace and courtesy". British Vogue editor Edward Enninful has said that "Princess Anne is a true style icon and was all about sustainable fashion before the rest of us really knew what that meant". Her style has been noted for its timelessness; she relies almost solely on British fashion brands, with tweed and tailored suits as her hallmarks. She is known for recycling outfits, such as her floral-print dress worn both to the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1981 and the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor in 2008. Anne is the patron of U.K. Fashion and Textile Association. She has been noted for wearing "bold patterns and vibrant pops of colour". Her style choices often reflect her equestrian interests as well as the practicality of her fast-paced schedule. In the 1970s and 1980s, she was often photographed wearing trends such as puff sleeves, cardigans, bright floral patterns, and multicoloured stripes. Anne is also one of the few women in the royal family to wear a military uniform. According to The Guardian, she is "rarely seen without a brooch" during royal events. Her millinery styles have included jockey caps and hats of multiple colours and bold patterns. She presented the Queen Elizabeth II award for British design at London Fashion Week in 2020. Anne has appeared on three British Vogue covers; after first appearing on the 1971 September issue at age 21, she also featured in the May and November 1973 issues, commemorating her engagement to Mark Phillips. She was featured in the cover story for the May 2020 issue of Vanity Fair. Anne is the first member of the royal family to have been convicted of a criminal offence. In November 2002, she pleaded guilty to one charge of having a dog dangerously out of control, an offence under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, and was fined £500. Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles Anne is the seventh Princess Royal, an appellation given only to the eldest daughter of the sovereign. The previous holder was King George V's daughter, Princess Mary, Countess of Harewood, Anne's grandaunt. Arms Issue Ancestry The Princess Royal's ancestry can be traced as far back as Cerdic, King of Wessex (519–534). Bibliography Guest-editor "HRH The Princess Royal: Guest Editor". Country Life. 29 July 2020. Notes References External links The Princess Royal at the royal family website The Princess Royal at the website of the Government of Canada 1950 births Living people 20th-century British people 21st-century British people 20th-century British women 21st-century British women BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners British event riders British female equestrians British princesses Chancellors of the University of Edinburgh Chancellors of the University of London Children of Elizabeth II Companions of the Queen's Service Order Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St John Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Daughters of monarchs English Anglicans English people of Danish descent English people of German descent English people of Greek descent English people of Russian descent English people of Scottish descent Equestrians at the 1976 Summer Olympics Fellows of King's College London Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society Female admirals Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Female Fellows of the Royal Society Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown Grand Crosses of the Order of the House of Orange Honorary air commodores House of Windsor British International Olympic Committee members Knights of the Garter Knights of the Thistle Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Members of Trinity House Mountbatten-Windsor family Olympic equestrians for Great Britain People associated with Harper Adams University People educated at Benenden School People from Westminster Presidents of the British Science Association Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Princesses Royal Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Royal Navy admirals Royal Olympic participants Spanish Riding School Wives of knights Women in the British Army Women in the Royal Navy Women's Royal Naval Service officers
Deborah Yaffe (born 1965) is the author of two books, most recently and prominently the book Among the Janeites: A Journey through the World of Jane Austen Fandom (Houghton Mifflin Mariner, 2013). The book describes Yaffe's lifelong love of Jane Austen, as well as the lives and ideas of many other Jane Austen fans or "Janeites." Yaffe's book has been featured in The New York Times, the New York Post, The Christian Science Monitor, and O! Magazine, among others. Yaffe has been a reporter in New York and California and is also the author of Other People's Children: The Battle for Justice and Equality in New Jersey Schools. References External links http://www.deborahyaffe.com Jane Austen 1965 births Living people 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American women writers
The yellow serotine (Neoromicia flavescens) is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Malawi, and Mozambique. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical forests and savanna. References Neoromicia Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Mammals described in 1900 Bats of Africa
This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 2007 in both the men's and the women's hammer throw. The main event during this season were the 2007 World Athletics Championships in Osaka, Japan, where the final of the men's competition was held on August 27, 2007. The women had their final three days later, on August 30, 2007. Men Records 2007 World Year Ranking Women Records 2007 World Year Ranking References tilastopaja IAAF apulanta 2007 Hammer Throw Year Ranking, 2007
Mouth-house is an English translation of the German Mundhaus, a term used by Martin Luther for a Protestant Christian church, emphasizing that God's word and God's salvation is an acoustical affair. Mouth-house is another term for a meeting house. In American Puritan and Congregational churches, their church buildings are termed mouth-houses to signify their purpose as places of public meeting and expression, augmenting their use as places of worship. Old South Meeting House in Boston, termed a mouth-house, was the site of public debate about the American Revolution, the planning of the Boston Tea Party, as well as debate on the issues of slavery, Abolitionism, the Vietnam War, and Iraq War. In contemporary time, Old South Church has acted as a mouth-house in a series of public lectures and seminars that have included leaders of the three monotheistic Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. References Sources Thornton, John F. and Susan B. Varenne, editors. Faith and Freedom, An Invitation to the Writings of Martin Luther. Random House, Inc.: 2002. . New England Puritanism Congregationalism United Church of Christ
ḵ’els is a mountain located at the head of lekw’emin (Jervis Inlet) above the ancestral shíshálh village site of x̱enichen and within the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. The mountain is associated with a shíshálh legend about a great flood. In 1860, during a survey by , the mountain was named "Mount Victoria" after Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria who was the ninth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The name ḵ’els, which means "anchor" in she shashishalhem, was legally restored on June 21, 2023. The first colonial ascent of ḵ’els was made in 1931 by Arthur Tinniswood Dalton and Percy Williams Easthope. References External links CM_C2308 Fraser River to N.E.Pt. of Texada Island including Howe Sound and Jervis Inlet 'Annotated' 1863.02.16 1865.08 Detail Map of Mount Victoria from the 1860 Survey Map of the Jervis Inlet and Mt.Victoria. Two-thousanders of British Columbia Pacific Ranges Lillooet Land District
Awa Diop (1 May 1948 – 21 July 2021) was a Senegalese politician and an early militant of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS). She was a deputy in the National Assembly and a minister under the presidency of Abdoulaye Wade. Life and career Diop was born in Rufisque, Senegal, French West Africa, France. Trained as a stenographer, she first worked as a secretary at the town hall of Rufisque, then at Aristide Le Dantec Hospital in Dakar. On 2 February 1975, she joined the Democratic Party of Senegal (PDS) –founded in 1974– upon Abdoulaye Wade's visit to her native town. She stood out for her activism and her combativeness and was notably arrested twice for "unauthorised demonstrations" in 1988 and 1993. Diop was elected as a deputy to the National Assembly for the first time in 1993. She was appointed a deputy minister to the Prime Minister on 16 October 2006 and kept that position during the 27 February 2007 government reshuffle. However, this office was disestablished with the formation of the Soumaré Government on 5 July 2007. Diop died in 2021. References Senegalese Democratic Party politicians Members of the National Assembly (Senegal) Women government ministers of Senegal People from Rufisque 1948 births 2021 deaths 20th-century Senegalese women politicians 20th-century Senegalese politicians 21st-century Senegalese women politicians 21st-century Senegalese politicians Stenographers
Second Dynasty most often refers to Second Dynasty of Egypt. Second Dynasty may also refer to: Second Babylonian dynasty Second Dynasty of Isin, Babylon Second Shō Dynasty, Ryukyu Islands, Japan Second Dynasty of Ur Second Zhou Dynasty, China Second dynasty XI-XII centuries, Serbia See also Timeline of Portuguese history (Second Dynasty)
The British National Road Race Championships cover different categories of British road bicycle racing events, normally held annually. History Between 1943 and 1958, two separate bodies – the British League of Racing Cyclists (BLRC) and the National Cyclists' Union (NCU) – ran championships in competition with each other. Between 1946 and 1958 the BLRC's championships were split into two, an amateur race and the independent championship for semi-professional riders. Women's championships were introduced by the BLRC in 1947, and by the NCU in 1956. In 1959, the NCU and the BLRC merged to create the British Cycling Federation. Separate amateur and professional men's championships were held from 1959 until 1995. In recent years the under 23 and senior races have been combined, which has caused some confusion in the interpretation of UCI rules. Jersey The winner of the road race gets to wear the National Champions jersey, which is white with red and blue bands, in races so that (s)he can be identified. Men From 1996 Professional (1959–1995) Amateur (1959–1995) BLRC BLRC Independent Road Race (1946–1958) BLRC (1943–1958) NCU (1938–1958) Under 23 Junior (Under 18) All time medal table Updated after 2017 Championships. Medal table includes only medals achieved in elite (senior) events. Riders with 2 or more medals. (Table Excludes BLRC & NCU wins) Women Senior (From 1959) NCU (1956–1958) BLRC (1947–1958) Under 23 Junior (Under 18) References External links Cycle races in the United Kingdom National road cycling championships National championships in the United Kingdom Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom
Ernest Patili Assi (December 1936 – 16 February 1996), was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kara, Togo. Ordained to the priesthood on 28 June 1964, he was ordained bishop of the newly created diocese on 15 October 1994 but died only 18 months later. He was born in the canton of Bohou and spoke Kabiye and French. References 1936 births 1996 deaths Togolese Roman Catholic bishops Roman Catholic bishops of Kara
Elliot's storm petrel (Oceanites gracilis) is a species of seabird in the storm petrel family Hydrobatidae. The species is also known as the white-vented storm petrel. There are two subspecies, O. g. gracilis, which is found in the Humboldt Current off Peru and Chile, and O. g. galapagoensis, which is found in the waters around the Galápagos Islands. It is a sooty-black storm petrel with a white rump and a white band crossing the lower belly and extending up the midline of the belly. It has long legs which extend beyond the body in flight. Distribution In spite of the frequent sightings of this species it is very poorly known. Despite considerable research, only one nest had ever been found prior to 2003, that being on the Isla Chungungo, off the coast of Chile. During a survey in 2002, about eleven nests were found in three crevices on this island, but it was also being used by nesting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) and there seemed to be very few suitable sites for the petrels to nest. Another possible breeding site may be inland in the Atacama Desert; a mummified chick, verified by DNA analysis, has been found in a crevice here, and signs of former activities in various cavities, but no live bird has been seen despite searches at various times of the year. It seems likely that there are some breeding colonies in Peru, because the bird is quite common off the coast out at sea. The population around the Galápagos Islands seems to be a resident and likely to be breeding, but again, no nesting site is known. The feeding behaviour of the Galápagos subspecies is unusual amongst storm-petrels as it forages close to shore; all other storm-petrels are exclusively pelagic. References External links White-vented storm-petrel (Oceanites gracilis) photos - Christopher Taylor Nature Photography Elliot's storm petrel Birds of Ecuador Birds of Peru Birds of Chile Western South American coastal birds Galápagos Islands coastal fauna Elliot's storm petrel Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
A physiographic province is a geographic region with a characteristic geomorphology, and often specific subsurface rock type or structural elements. The continents are subdivided into various physiographic provinces, each having a specific character, relief, and environment which contributes to its distinctiveness. The physiographic provinces are then subdivided into smaller physiographic sections. Examples In eastern North America, the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and Appalachian Plateau are specific physiographic provinces. In the Western United States of western North America: the Basin and Range Province, Cascade Range, Colorado Plateau, Rio Grande rift, Great Basin, Central Valley (California), Peninsular Ranges, Los Angeles Basin, and Transverse Ranges are examples of physiographic provinces. See also Physiographic provinces — index Physiographic sections — index Physiographic regions of the world — chart with physiographic provinces and sections by continent. Physiographic regions of Mexico Physiographic regions of the United States Geologic province Geologic provinces of the United States References Geography terminology Geomorphology Geologic provinces Physical geography Physiographic divisions
Curry is a ghost town in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It was also known as Dead Horse (not to be confused with the community near the Arctic Ocean). Its post office was founded with that name as well. History The old townsite of Curry is an uninhabited stop along the Alaska Railroad, about 22 miles north of Talkeetna. In 1922, the remote train station in the Alaska wilderness became a briefly popular luxury resort destination. Located alongside the Susitna River, Curry was billed "a wilderness palace" when the Railroad opened the first hotel in 1923. Curry was a common overnight stop for rail passengers, and with the hotel and renowned fishing. The town rose in population, and the resort became more popular as it expanded to include a golf course, and a suspension bridge. In 1926, a fire destroyed the engine house and power plant, with the engine house being destroyed by fire again in 1933. The construction of a larger hotel in Denali National Park on 1939 drew visitors away from Curry, but the Railroad continued investing in the town, housing employees there in 1945. A boiler explosion occurred in 1946, completely destroying the power plant. The populace rebuilt the town, and added a new ski area. Finally, was a fire at the hotel in April 1957, in which three people were killed in the blaze. The hotel was not rebuilt, and Curry eventually became a ghost town. Demographics Curry first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It appeared again on 1940 and 1950. References Anchorage metropolitan area Unincorporated communities in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska Unincorporated communities in Alaska Ghost towns in Alaska Ghost towns in North America Towns in the United States
Maria Ivanovna Stavitskaia (; born 1 September 1997) is a Russian former competitive figure skater. She is the 2013 Ukrainian Open silver medalist, 2012 JGP Germany bronze medalist, and a two-time Cup of Nice junior champion. Career In the 2011–12 season, Stavitskaia finished 6th in her ISU Junior Grand Prix event in Estonia and won the junior event at 2011 Cup of Nice. Assigned to two 2012–13 JGP events, Stavitskaia finished 7th in Austria and won the bronze medal in Germany. She then won her second Cup of Nice junior title and ended her season with the gold medal at the 2013 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival. Stavitskaia won the silver medal in her senior international debut at the 2013 Ukrainian Open. On 5 June 2015 it was announced that Stavitskaia had decided to switch divisions from ladies singles to ice dance, and would start skating with Anton Shibnev as her partner, coached by Alexander Zhulin. In summer 2016 it became known that Stavitskaia and Andrei Bagin would skate together in season 2016–17. Programs Competitive highlights Ice dance with Bagin Ice dance with Shibnev Singles career GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix References External links Maria Stavitskaia at sport-folio.net Russian female single skaters 1997 births Living people Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg People from Melitopol Russian people of Ukrainian descent Competitors at the 2017 Winter Universiade
Podlechy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Korsze, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south of Korsze, north-west of Kętrzyn, and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. Notable residents Karl Löwrick (1894-1945), Wehrmacht general References Villages in Kętrzyn County
Hertia is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, native to Africa and southwestern Asia. Species References Senecioneae Asteraceae genera
Acrocnida brachiata, the sand burrowing brittlestar, is a species of brittle star in the family Amphiuridae. It occurs on the seabed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, living semi-buried in the sand with only its arm tips projecting. Description Acrocnida brachiata has a flat disc up to in diameter and five slender, clearly-demarcated, articulated arms up to in length. It is greyish-brown in colour. It can be distinguished from other similar species by the transverse furrows in the plates at the bases of the arms, the ventral scales bearing small tubercles and by the presence of an outer mouth papilla which is quite distinct from the paired papillae inside the mouth. The arms, which like other brittle stars flex sideways rather than up and down, have a pair of tentacle scales on each joint as well as numerous spines. Distribution and habitat A. brachiata occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. It is common round the coasts of the British Isles where its depth range is from the lower shore down to about . It is a benthic species, living on sandy bottoms and burying itself in the sediment, with only the tips of its arms projecting. It often occurs in association with the burrowing sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum, commonly known as the sea potato. Taxonomy There is a marked difference in morphology between populations in the intertidal zone and those thought to be the same species living in the subtidal zone. Study of these differences led to the describing of a new species Acrocnida spatulispina by Sabine Stöhr and Delphine Muths in 2009, for the deeper water individuals. The brittle stars in the genus Acrocnida show morphological affinities with Amphiura chiajei, but less with Amphiura filiformis. References Amphiuridae Animals described in 1804
Sven Hüber (born 1964) is an East German former political officer. As such his duties consisted of communist political indoctrination and propaganda. His unit was found by German courts to be responsible for several crimes, including the murder of Chris Gueffroy. Today he is chairman of the main personnel council of the German Federal Police and holds the rank Erster Polizeihauptkommissar. His subsequent employment as a policeman in reunified Germany has been the subject of fierce criticism and controversy. Career Hüber was born in Görlitz. As a political officer, Hüber was responsible for giving the soldiers political instruction and propaganda. He worked for the Berlin regiment 33 (Treptow). His unit was responsible for the fatal shooting on February 6, 1989 of Chris Gueffroy, the last person to be shot on the inner German border. Hüber has tried to ban the mention of his name in connection with his work as a political officer and has sued a German historian. His case and the question of how to deal with moral responsibility have been widely discussed in German newspapers. A similar case happened in March 2008, when Holm Singer, a former East German Stasi informant who betrayed local church officials under the pseudonym IM Schubert, won a court battle to prevent an exhibition from including his real name and clandestine activities. The interim injunction was later cancelled, as his name was considered to be of "historical interest". References Further reading Roman Grafe: Deutsche Gerechtigkeit. Prozesse gegen DDR-Grenzschützen und ihre Befehlsgeber. München: Siedler, 2004. Regina Mönch: "Deutsche Gerechtigkeit. Die zweite Karriere des Politoffiziers". Frankurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 5, 2006. "Thierse protestiert gegen Buchverbot. SPD- und Unionspolitiker für Aufklärung der DDR-Diktatur". Süddeutsche Zeitung, December 8, 2006. Joachim Güntner: "Exempel einer Wende". Neue Zürcher Zeitung, December 9, 2006. "Ich kann gar nicht so viel fressen, wie ich kotzen möchte ... Ein Buchverbot, ein Gerichtstermin und ein Brief des Schriftstellers Ralph Giordano im Wortlaut". Südthüringer Zeitung, March 8, 2007. External links "Kammergericht stärkt Pressefreiheit" (Wikinews, March 20, 2007) Roman Grafe: Die Privilegierung von Staatskriminellen. Prozesse gegen DDR-Grenzschützen und ihre Befehlsgeber (University of Trento, April 2006) Sven Hüber: "Unerträgliche Äußerung des Herrn Hubertus Knabe" (Berliner Zeitung, May 10, 2004) 1964 births Living people GDR Border Troops people German police officers National People's Army personnel Communist repression People from Görlitz
Kabalar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beypazarı, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 48 (2022). References Neighbourhoods in Beypazarı District
State Route 360 (SR 360) is a state highway in the southern portion of Mineral County, Nevada, United States. The route connects the former town of Basalt to the rest of Mineral County. A road has been in the place of SR 360 since 1919, and became State Route 10 by 1929. Route description State Route 360 begins near the border of the Inyo National Forest northeast of the California state line, at the site of the former town of Basalt on U.S. Route 6 (US 6). From there, the highway proceeds north for about before turning northeast to roughly parallel the Mineral–Esmeralda county line. The route winds around some mountains and valleys, including following the southeast tip of the Excelsior Mountains. SR 360 reaches its terminus at U.S. Route 95 near the former town of Rhodes, south of Mina. History A route approximating the alignment of State Route 360 appears on maps as early as 1919. This road paralleled the path of the Southern Pacific Railroad from Rhodes through Basalt and into California. By 1929, the road had been designated as a part of State Route 10. The southern , between the California state line and Basalt, had been paved by 1936. This section became part of US 6 when it was extended through Nevada in 1937. The remainder of SR 10 was paved by 1955. Once the highway was paved, it remained relatively unchanged for several years. In 1976, Nevada began a renumbering of its state highways. In the route reassignment process, the portion of SR 10 concurrent with US 6 no longer carried a state highway number; the remainder of the highway north of Basalt became State Route 360. This action took place on July 1, 1976, and was first seen on state maps with the 1978 edition. Major intersections References 360 Transportation in Mineral County, Nevada
```xml import type { DragEvent } from 'react'; import { useDragOver } from '../../hooks'; import { DRAG_ITEM_ID_KEY, DRAG_ITEM_KEY } from './constants'; /** * Implement the logic of receiving the drop of items from the item list * Prepare all drag handlers for receiving zones and parse events to get items ids * @param dragFilter Filter to accept or not drop on this zone * @param dropEffect Drop effect type to use * @param dropCallback Drop callback to run when a drop event occurs with parsed items ids * @returns All drag handler to use */ const useItemsDroppable = ( dragFilter: (event: DragEvent) => boolean, dropEffect: 'none' \| 'copy' \| 'link' \| 'move' = 'move', dropCallback: (itemIDs: string[]) => void \| Promise<void> ) => { const [dragOver, dragProps] = useDragOver( (event: DragEvent) => event.dataTransfer.types.includes(DRAG_ITEM_KEY) && dragFilter(event), dropEffect ); const handleDrop = async (event: DragEvent) => { dragProps.onDrop(event); const data = event.dataTransfer.getData(DRAG_ITEM_KEY); // If no data dont handle drop if (data) { // Manual trigger of the dragend event on the drag element because native event is not reliable const dragElement = document.getElementById(event.dataTransfer.getData(DRAG_ITEM_ID_KEY)); const dragendEvent = new Event('dragend') as any; dragendEvent.dataTransfer = event.dataTransfer; dragendEvent.dataTransfer.dropEffect = dropEffect; // Chrome is losing the original dropEffect dragElement?.dispatchEvent(dragendEvent); const itemIDs = JSON.parse(data) as string[]; void dropCallback(itemIDs); } }; return { dragOver, dragProps, handleDrop }; }; export default useItemsDroppable; ```
David Hunt (born April 11, 1985), known online as GrandPooBear, is an American video game streamer, speedrunner, and creator of Kaizo Super Mario levels. A Red Bull athlete, Hunt is primarily known for playing and creating levels for Super Mario Maker. He has also performed at various Games Done Quick events and TwitchCon, and has hosted his own in-person and virtual speedrunning events. Personal life David Hunt, known online as GrandPooBear, grew up in Michigan and attended the University of Colorado Boulder. An avid snowboarder, he was in an accident in April 2013 which left him severely injured. While spending months in recovery, he turned to video games as a new passion to focus on, saying: "I was bored on the couch, and I decided I wanted to become really good at one video game, Super Mario Bros. 3." Hunt lives with his wife, Gina Hunt, who helps operate their streaming business. They had their first child in January 2019. Career Hunt started his streaming career playing DayZ, and soon moved on to Super Mario Bros. 3 speedrunning. After the 2015 release of Super Mario Maker, Hunt began learning Kaizo techniques from playing over 5,000 hours of the game, including levels created by PangaeaPanga, and created a series of video tutorials on Kaizo game mechanics with walkthroughs of his own levels. He became a prominent video game streamer of Super Mario Maker 2, and helped found the company Warp World, which focuses on creating software applications that help streamers. He is well known for completing unique or difficult challenges, such as spending over a year clearing 1,000 expert levels in a row in Super Mario Maker 2, or becoming the first person to beat Super Mario Bros. 3 with the Nintendo Power Glove. As of 2020, he is a full-time game streamer. Prominent Kaizo creator BarbarousKing named his Grand Poo World series after GrandPooBear. Hunt has said, "the first [Grand Poo World] changed how people make ROM hacks." Hunt was invited to become an official Red Bull Esports Athlete on December 14, 2018. Speedrunning events Hunt has also appeared at and hosted a number of speedrunning events and other video game tournaments, both in-person and virtual. He has performed speedruns of both Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario Maker at various Games Done Quick events, participated in Fall Guys tournaments at Twitch Rivals events, and performed with other streamers in a recreation of the TV show Survivor in Animal Crossing: New Horizons. At Summer Games Done Quick 2018, in a speedrun race of Super Mario Bros. 3 against another streamer Mitchflowerpower, Hunt attracted attention for accidentally causing his opponent's game to crash, forcing him to restart the game. Hunt waited for his opponent to catch up as a show of sportsmanship, but unfortunately the game crashed again later in the event. No prize money was at stake, but Hunt said: "I caused it. I take responsibility. I'm gonna take 5 to feel bad and be back out. Mitch deserved a better ending." In addition to appearing at events, Hunt has also hosted his own series of in-person speedrunning events called GrandPOOBear's Speedrun Sessions. These events were co-operated by Hunt's sponsor Red Bull, and in some cases were run as a component of Red Bull's own AdrenaLAN event. The events focused on Super Mario-related games, and have featured other streamers and speedrunners from the community. Controversies Deletion of Super Mario Maker levels During his career, Hunt has played Super Mario Maker, a game that allows players to design and publish their own video game levels. In January 2016, one of Hunt's levels named "Pile of Poo-POOgatory" was deleted from Nintendo's platform. A representative from Nintendo said the level was deleted because of the word "poo" in the level title (despite the fact that the Super NES title EarthBound had a character named "Poo" in it). After appealing, the same representative called Hunt during a stream and claimed the level would be restored. A few days later, Nintendo recanted the decision, and the level remained deleted. One month later, Hunt found that Nintendo had deleted all of his levels without notice. In this case, Nintendo confirmed that Hunt's content had not been flagged for inappropriate activity such as cheating, but did not say why the content was deleted. A similar incident occurred in 2019 with Hunt's content on Super Mario Maker 2, this time with Nintendo threatening to ban Hunt from the platform. Hunt was not the only individual to have levels deleted in this manner, for which Nintendo has received criticism from news outlets such as Kotaku and Polygon. Other creators such as PattyTTV spoke out in support of Hunt, but Nintendo has yet to comment on why Hunt's content was removed. Glitchcon "stream-sniping" incident In late 2020, Hunt participated in GlitchCon, a part of the Twitch Rivals program. While playing in a Fall Guys tournament, Twitch found that xQc, one of Hunt's teammates, engaged in "stream sniping" during the tournament, a tactic where a player watches an opposing team's stream to gain a competitive advantage using their opponent's point of view. All members of xQc's team, including Hunt by association, had to return all prize money they had received, and received both a 6-month ban from participation in Twitch Rivals, and a 7-day suspension from streaming on Twitch. Hunt's 7-day suspension, along with one other team member, was later reduced to only three days. Hunt publicly apologized for the incident, and said: "I should have said something, instead I got swept up in playing with a group I don't normally do." References External links GrandPooBear on Twitch GrandPooBear on YouTube Warp World homepage Living people Video game speedrunners Mario players Twitch (service) streamers 1985 births
EMTEC is part of the Dexxon Group headquartered in Gennevilliers, France, and markets consumer computer data storage products and other computer related consumables. Dexxon Group's North American subsidiary, Dexxon Digital Storage Inc. is located in Lewis Center, Ohio. EMTEC evolved from BASF Magnetics producing magnetic tapes. Between 1998 and 2002 all of BASF's cassette lineup (Ferro Extra, Chrome Extra and Chrome Super, along with the budget tapes Sound 1 and Sound 2) were rebranded EMTEC. While cassette manufacture has since ceased in 2005, and reel-to-reel tape operations were sold to RMGI, EMTEC continues to manufacture other recordable media such as optical discs, memory cards, USB flash drives. Distribution channels have decreased and EMTEC presence in the market is a shadow of its former BASF self. Since its sale by BASF, EMTEC has undergone several transformations. History 1991 — BASF Magnetics was spun off of BASF into an independent company, but still 100% owned by BASF. 1997 — The company changed its name to EMTEC Magnetics after being sold to KOHAP, Ltd., a Korean textile firm with expertise in PET, the base film used for magnetic tape. 1999 — EMTEC is a compliance-verified licensed manufacturer of LTO technology media products. 2002 — Due to Asian financial crisis, KOHAP sold EMTEC to Legal & General Ventures Ltd. (LGV), a British holding company. 2003, January — EMTEC Magnetics GmbH (a subdivision) files for bankruptcy protection in Germany. 2003, October — Imation completed its acquisition of certain data storage assets (including patents and licenses) of EMTEC Magnetics GmbH for approximately US$15 million. 2004 — MPO France, formerly known as Moulages Plastiques de l'Ouest (not to be confused with Magnetic Products Oosterhout) acquired certain assets of EMTEC Consumer Media GmbH. This included rights to use the trade name EMTEC. 2004 — Specialized equipment from EMTEC's Willstätt and Munich plants is liquidated at auction. Some analog audio tape production equipment was acquired by Recording Media Group International (RMGI) who now makes EMTEC-branded audio tape. 2006, May — EMTEC was acquired by The Dexxon Group, a French computer products distribution company. 2011 — EMTEC began creating Flash drives shaped like rubber animals. When the rubber is separated, the flash drive inside is revealed. There are multiple selections, some being a penguin, turtle, rabbit, chicken, clownfish, and dolphin. Subsidiaries Pyral — Based in Avranches France, formerly of the chemical group Rhône-Poulenc, made independent in 2004. EMTEC Magnetics GmbH — Based in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany and included major coating and converting plants in Willstaett and Munich, Germany, now defunct. EMTEC Consumer Media GmbH — Based in Ludwigshafen, but included many French assets. This included a cassette fabrication and loading facility in Obenheim. Made independent in November 2002. EMTEC da Amazônia — Based in Manaus, Brazil, packaging plant. References External links Dexxon Digital Storage, Inc. (U.S. subsidiary of Dexxon Group) RPS division Web site Information on the 2004 liquidation auction Electronics companies of France BASF
IntraCorp was a game publisher based in Miami, Florida, founded in 1984. The company faced bankruptcy in 1996, leading to its closure along with their main subsidiary, Capstone Software. IntraCorp was involved in the development and publication of games spanning various genres. Their final game, Fate, never saw an official release; by 1996, only a demo version featuring four playable levels was available. Additionally, IntraCorp had plans to release a nearly complete English translation of Princess Maker 2, developed by SoftEgg. This translation was subsequently leaked online. Published games Wall $treet Raider (1989) Grandmaster Chess (1993) Corridor 7: Alien Invasion (1994) William Shatner's TekWar (1995) Witchaven (1995) Chronomaster (1995) Witchaven II: Blood Vengeance (1996) Cancelled projects Blood Hockey Corridor 8: Galactic Wars Fate Hammer's Slammers Soulkeeper/Crystal Skulls V For Victory II: The Pacific Campaign Defunct video game companies of the United States
Gerard Maxwell Bates (born 13 September 1950) is an Australian environmental lawyer and academic, and former politician. Early life and education Bates was born in Lancashire, England in 1950. He studied at the University of Birmingham where he qualified for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB)(Hons) and a PhD. Bates went on to become a tutor at the University of Birmingham and a senior lecturer at Birmingham Polytechnic. He later emigrated to Australia, and was a lecturer in environmental law at the University of Tasmania until Bob Brown convinced him to run for parliament as a Green Independent in 1986 Tasmanian state election. Political career In 1986, he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Franklin as an Independent Green. At the 1989 election, three other Greens were elected in addition to Brown and Bates (Lance Armstrong, Di Hollister and Christine Milne). The Greens held the balance of power, and agreed to give support to the Labor Party to form a minority government when they signed the Labor–Green Accord. In 1992, the five Independent Greens in the House formed the Tasmanian Greens. Bates resigned from the House of Assembly on 4 May 1995 to contest Queenborough in the Legislative Council, but was unsuccessful. Academic career Bates is an adjunct professor at the Sydney Law School, the law faculty of the University of Sydney. He is also an adjunct professor at the Australian Centre for Environmental Law (ACEL), part of the Australian National University. Bates has been a member of the Board of the Environment Protection Authority of NSW since 1996, a member of the State of the Environment Advisory Council since 2004, and a Director of Kimbriki Environmental Enterprises, a regional waste recovery centre and landfill on Sydney's Northern Beaches, since 2006. Bates is author of Environmental Law in Australia, Corporate Liability for Pollution" and "Pollution Law in Australia. He is also Editor of the Environment and Planning Law Journal. Bates received a special award from the National Environmental Law Association in 1994 for Outstanding Contribution to Environmental Law. References External links Official website 1950 births Living people 20th-century Australian lawyers Academic staff of the University of Sydney Academic staff of the University of Tasmania Academic staff of the Australian National University Alumni of the University of Birmingham Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Tasmania Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly English emigrants to Australia Academics of Birmingham City University
Bart van Oort (born June 6, 1959) is a Dutch classical pianist. Biography Van Oort was born in Utrecht. After completing his studies in modern piano in the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in 1983, he studied fortepiano there with Stanley Hoogland. In 1986 he won both first prize, jointly with Geoffrey Lancaster, and the special "Audience" prize at the Mozart Fortepiano Competition in Bruges, Belgium. Since 1997, van Oort has been a prolific recording artist, as well as recitalist, with roughly 40 recordings to date. His recorded repertoire runs from Haydn, whose complete piano trios he has recorded, to the romantic era, with recordings of Chopin, Field and their lesser-known contemporaries. He recently completed an eight-year project recording the complete keyboard works of Mozart, a collection which includes many pieces hitherto unrecorded. The quatremains pieces he did together with Ursula Dütschler. After completing his modern piano degree at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague in 1983, Bart van Oort studied fortepiano with Stanley Hoogland, also at the Royal Conservatory. He subsequently studied with Malcolm Bilson at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) and received a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in Historical Performance Practice in 1993. Van Oort teaches fortepiano and is a lecturer in Historical Performance Practice at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague, the Conservatory of Amsterdam, and at the Royal Flemish Conservatory in Antwerp. He is also the founder of the Van Swieten Society, which performs classical chamber music. Concerts Van Oort has performed in many European countries and appeared at festivals in Utrecht, Florence, Berlin, Antwerp, Bruges, Melbourne, Brisbane, York, Clisson, Montpellier, and Esterhaza. He has also performed in the US and New Zealand, and makes yearly concert and lecturing tours throughout Australia. He was Artist in Residence at the University of Western Australia (DATE) (Perth). He has given concerts, lectures and masterclasses at the conservatories of Brussels, Paris, Moscow, Helsinki, Oslo, Stavanger, Perugia, Sydney, Adelaide, Wellington, Melbourne, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Juilliard, Bloomington, and Western Ontario, as well as several Dutch conservatories. He has also taught summer courses at the Early Music Institute of Indiana University (Bloomington) and at the University of Western Australia (Perth). At the bi-annual fortepiano summer workshop which takes place at the castle of Poeke (Belgium), he teaches together with Malcolm Bilson; the next workshop will take place in August 2006. Recordings Since 1997 van Oort has made some forty recordings of chamber music and solo repertory, including piano trios by Mozart, Hummel, and Beethoven, and the piano quartets of Mozart, all with his ensemble The Van Swieten Society (formerly Musica Classica). His diverse discography also includes Bohemian Songs with soprano Claron McFadden, the Mendelssohn Double Concerto for piano and violin, and Schubert Sonatas. Together with six other fortepianists he recorded the complete Beethoven Sonatas (Claves, 1997), and with four other fortepianists he recorded the complete Haydn Sonatas (Brilliant, 2000). In 2003 the 4-CD box set The Art of the Nocturne in the Nineteenth Century, which included the complete Nocturnes of Field and Chopin as well as works by Pleyel, Kalkbrenner, Clara Schumann, Lefèbure-Wély, E. Weber, Alkan, Glinka, Szymanowska, and Dobrzynski, was awarded the highest rating (five tuning forks) by the French classical music magazine Diapason. His first recording of Sonatas and Fantasies by Mozart (1998) was awarded a "10" by the Dutch CD magazine Luister, and a second volume appeared in 2001. In 2000, Van Oort recorded Mozart’s complete works for piano, four-hands and two pianos with Ursula Dütschler, as well as two discs of Mozart piano solo Variations, and Complete Songs of Mozart (2 CDs), with Claron McFadden and Bas Ramselaar. December 2005 saw the release of Complete Haydn Piano Trios (10 CDs) with his ensemble the Van Swieten Trio. On January 27, 2006 (250th anniversary of Mozart’s birth) Van Oort’s 14-CD box set, Mozart: Complete Keyboard Works, was released. This collection, which took eight years to complete, includes all known music for piano solo, piano four-hands, and two pianos, and features many works which have never been recorded before. References External links Bart van Oort's Biography on his website Cornell University alumni Dutch classical pianists 1959 births Living people Musicians from Utrecht (city) Dutch fortepianists Academic staff of the Conservatorium van Amsterdam Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni 21st-century classical pianists
Döderlein may refer to: People Johann Christoph Döderlein (1745–1792), theologian at Jena Johann Christoph Wilhelm Ludwig Döderlein (1791–1863), philologist Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein (1855–1936), zoologist and paleontologist Albert Döderlein (1860–1941), obstetrician and gynecologist Other uses "Döderlein", a song by Norwegian rock group Seigmen on the album Total Surnames of German origin
Adventure Cartoon Productions was a production company that created the cartoon series The Mighty Hercules in 1962. Distributed by Trans-Lux Television, the series then debuted on TV in 1963 and ran until 1966. Joe Oriolo, who produced the TV Felix the Cat series, and Roger Carlin, previously an associate of Jay Ward, were involved in the company; along with Arthur P. Brooks and the colorfully named "Big Sid" Ginsberg. The cartoons were made in New York City, and employed several veteran artists (including freelancers and possibly moonlighters) connected with Paramount Pictures and Terrytoons cartoons. The company used stock music by Winston Sharples derived from his scores for Paramount cartoons of the 1950s, also heard in many other New York-made cartoons of the time. List of TV series The Mighty Hercules Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero Felix the Cat The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Baby Felix & Friends References Television production companies of the United States American animation studios
Yurani Blanco Calbet (born 3 February 1998) is a Spanish professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team . References External links 1998 births Living people Spanish female cyclists Place of birth missing (living people)
Otto L. Lietchen (October 5, 1887 – April 1977) was an American Democratic politician who served in the Missouri General Assembly. He served in the Missouri Senate from 1941 until 1949. Lietchen was educated in public schools and business college and worked as an insurance businessman. He was also a member of the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis for seven and a half years. References External links The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians, Lewisohn to Lifshutz Otto Lietchen (1887 - 1977) 1887 births 1977 deaths 20th-century American politicians Democratic Party Missouri state senators
Rush Township is a township in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,423 at the 2020 census. The township is served by Tamaqua Area School District and Mahanoy Area School District. History The township was incorporated in 1811 and is named after Judge Jacob Rush, younger brother of Benjamin Rush, a signer of the declaration of independence. Judge Rush was the judge of the third judicial district of Northampton County which included the area which would become Rush township prior to Schuylkill County's formation in 1811. Rush township has been greatly reduced in size since 1811. Mahanoy Township split off in 1849, Ryan Township and East Union Township took sections of Rush in 1866. In 1873 Kline Township split off, and in 1882 Delano Township split off. 19th century The township was largely settled by German families during its foundation, with the economic basis of the township being agriculture. The company Gross & Wisimer built the township's first three mills, two sawmills and a gristmill, in 1812. However, during the Civil War the township focused almost entirely on Gunpowder production with five gunpowder mills being constructed in the township during the war. These mills resulted in a series of fatal accidents as they were prone to exploding. There were four notable and fatal explosions in 1868, 1871, 1874, and 1879. In 1854 the Catawissa and Little Schuylkill railroads where built through the township joined soon after by the Nesquehoning Valley Railroad Company building a spur connecting Mauch Chunk to Tamanend as well as rail interchanges at Haucks and Quakake. The rail industry came to dominate the local industry as millions of tons of Anthracite coal would pass through the township. 20th century The declining use of coal to heat homes and generate electricity resulted in the closure of the Central Railroad of New Jersey in 1921. The massive decline in the rail industry greatly hurt Rush township which is still recovering. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 23.9 square miles (61.8 km2), of which 22.9 square miles (59.2 km2) is land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2) (4.27%) is water. It is in the Delaware watershed and is drained by the Schuylkill River via the Little Schuylkill River and by the Nesquehoning Creek into the Lehigh River. Its villages include Barnesville, Ginthers, Grier City (also in Delano Township), Haucks, Hometown, Park Crest (also in Ryan Township), Quakake, Still Creek, and Tamanend (also in Delano Township). Neighboring municipalities Tamaqua (southeast) Schuylkill Township (south) Ryan Township (southwest) Delano Township (northwest) Kline Township (north) Packer Township, Carbon County (northeast) Nesquehoning, Carbon County (east) Climate Rush Township has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) and the hardiness zone is 6a. Average monthly temperatures in Hometown range from 25.2 °F in January to 69.7 °F in July. The average annual absolute minimum temperature in Hometown is -9.6 °F. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 3,957 people, 1,419 households, and 1,058 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 1,563 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 96.44% White, 2.35% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population. There were 1,419 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.3% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.90. In the township, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $42,664, and the median income for a family was $45,750. Males had a median income of $35,386 versus $27,473 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,893. About 4.3% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. Transportation STS bus route 45 serves the township along the Route 309 corridor, which runs north-to-south and intersects east-to-west Route 54 in Hometown. The bus route runs from Pottsville via Tamaqua to McAdoo. On Saturdays the Hometown auction bus 47 runs from Pottsville via Frackville, Shenandoah, and Mahanoy City to Hometown and McAdoo. References Townships in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania Townships in Pennsylvania
Simon Lake (September 4, 1866 – June 23, 1945) was a Quaker American mechanical engineer and naval architect who obtained over two hundred patents for advances in naval design and competed with John Philip Holland to build the first submarines for the United States Navy. Biography Born in Pleasantville, New Jersey on September 4, 1866. He studied at the Clinton Liberal Institute in Fort Plain, New York. Lake joined his father's foundry business after attending public schools in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Lake had a strong interest in undersea travel. He built his first submarine, Argonaut Junior, in 1894 in response to an 1893 request from the US Navy for a submarine torpedo boat. In 1898 he followed up with the Argonaut 1, which he sailed from Norfolk, Virginia for to Sandy Hook, New Jersey (which is actually north of Norfolk), arriving in November of 1898. As a result of lessons learned on that journey, he rebuilt it into the Argonaut 2. Neither Argonaut nor Lake's following submarine, Protector, built in 1901, were accepted by the Navy. Protector was the first submarine to have diving planes mounted forward of the conning tower and a flat keel. Four diving planes allowed Protector to maintain depth without changing ballast tank levels, and to dive level without a down-angle. Level diving was a feature of several subsequent Lake designs, notably the first three US G-class submarines. Protector also had a lock-out chamber for divers to leave the submarine. Lake, lacking Holland's financial backing, was unable to continue building submarines in the United States. He sold Protector to Imperial Russia in 1904 as the Osetr and spent the next seven years in Europe designing submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, Germany's Kaiserliche Marine, and the Imperial Russian Navy (Osetr- and Kaiman-class submarines). He lived in Milford, Connecticut from 1907 until his death in 1945. In 1912, he founded the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut, which built 26 submarines for the United States Navy during and after World War I. Lake's first submarine for the U.S. Navy, , set a depth record of in November 1912. In 1922 the United States and other countries signed treaties limiting the size of their navies. This led to financial difficulties which forced the Lake Torpedo Boat Company to close in the mid-1920s. Following the company's closure, Lake continued designing maritime salvage systems including obtaining permission to partially salvage the Lusitania off the south Irish coast and then later a failed attempt to salvage gold from , a British frigate that sank in 1780 in New York City's East River with his submarine, the Explorer. Lake redesigned the former as the Arctic exploration submarine Nautilus, used by Sir Hubert Wilkins in a 1931 expedition. He also advised the United States Navy on submarine technology and maritime salvage during World War II. Lake was a member, Freemason of Monmouth Lodge No. 172 in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. He later affiliated with Ansantawae Lodge No. 89 in Milford, Connecticut. He died on June 23, 1945. Legacy By his death, Lake had witnessed the submarine's arrival as a front-line weapon in the US Navy. The US Navy built a class of two submarine tenders named in his honor, the Simon Lake class; was in service between 1964 and 1999. In 1989 Simon Lake was inducted into the Toms River (New Jersey) Schools' Hall of Fame. A Milford, Connecticut grammar school named in his honor closed in June 2010. Lake's Bay in West Atlantic City, New Jersey is where he tested prototypes. An Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey street, Simon Lake Drive, at the marina was named in his honor. References Bibliography John J. Poluhowich, Argonaut: The Submarine Legacy of Simon Lake. Texas A&M University Press, November 1999, External links "Submarine - The Autobiography of Simon Lake" pdf file "Lusitania Treasures To Be Raised" Popular Mechanics, February 1932 "Pumping Cargo From Sunken Ships - Submarine Builder Designs Unique Vessel For Bulk Salvage Work" Popular Science, December 1934 "Baby Submarine On Wheels To Seek Treasure" Popular Mechanics March 1933 "Hard-Boil for Treasure" Popular Mechanics, November 1930, pp 770-774 1866 births 1945 deaths American engineers American inventors People from Pleasantville, New Jersey Submarine pioneers Engineers from New Jersey
The Eastern Litwin Bay Important Bird Area lies between Stigant Point and Davey Point on the northern coast of King George Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Here a 500 ha Important Bird Area (IBA) has been designated by BirdLife International because it supports breeding seabirds, notably large numbers of chinstrap penguins with counts of 8,500 to 12,500 breeding pairs made in the area. The site comprises islets in Litwin Bay, the adjacent coast of King George Island and the intervening sea. References Important Bird Areas of Antarctica Penguin colonies Geography of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
Stepan Molokutsko (18 August 1979 – 5 October 2002) was a Ukrainian footballer who played for Illichivets Mariupol. Death He died in a road accident on 5 October 2002 near Novotroitske while driving on the way to Mariupol. References External links 1979 births 2002 deaths Ukrainian men's footballers Ukrainian Premier League players Ukrainian First League players Ukrainian Second League players FC Mariupol players FC Shakhtar Makiivka players FC Illichivets-2 Mariupol players Road incident deaths in Ukraine Men's association football forwards Footballers from Mariupol
Enrico Viarisio (3 December 1897 – 1 November 1967) was an Italian theatre and cinema actor. Biography Equipped of a fine and elegant humour, Viarisio was discovered by actress Paola Pezzaglia, who cast him at 19 as "brillante" in her own theatre company. His career continued with the role of amoroso or male lover in the Carini-Gentili-Betrone theatre company, then passed to Talli-Melato-Betrone, Antonio Gandusio, Dyne Galli, and Nino Besozzi, and the Merlini-Cialente-Bagni company. To raise the company's small profits, Viarisio became the repertory comedian. Bourgeois audiences appreciated Viarisio's "brilliance" — richly communicative, effervescent, and perfectly to their comfort — in amusing light comedies. In the sentimental comedies and white-telephone cinema of the 1930s, Viarisio was a constant figure, with his moustache and his black, shining hair combed to the back. He was the elegant interpreter of various pleasant stories adapted to film from the stage, such as Non ti conosco più (1936) by Nunzio Malasomma, L'uomo che sorride (1936) and Questi ragazzi (1937) by Mario Mattoli. Often he remained in the limits of the genre, but in some cases showed admirable creativity in his performances, keeping them fresh and memorable. This can be seen to best advantage in films like Il cappello a tre punte (1934) by Mario Camerini, Cavalleria (1936) by Goffredo Alessandrini and Quattro passi fra le nuvole (1942) by Allesandro Blasetti. During the postwar period he was dedicated above all to the revue, playing opposite Wanda Osiris (Domani è sempre domenica, 1946–47; Si stava meglio domani, 1947–48; Il diavolo custode, 1950–51) and Isa Barzizza (Valentina, 1955). In the 1950s and '60s he lent his impeccable style and his sense of irony to television as well. Still memorable is his participation in Carosello in the spot for "ALEMAGNA"(on the air from 1957 to 1965). He remains known for his signature phrase, "Ullalà è una cuccagna!" Selected filmography Actor Paprika (1933) - Massimo Bonelli The Girl with the Bruise (1933) L'impiegata di papà (1933) - Graphologist Tempo massimo (1934) - Alfredo Martinelli La provincialina (1934) - Il direttore del teatro Kiki di Raffaello Matarazzo (1934) - Napoleone - il domestico The Three-Cornered Hat (1934) - Garduna The Wedding March (1934) Territorial Militia (1935) - Gasparri Music in the Square (1936) - Noccolini Amo te sola, regia di Mario Mattoli (1936) - Avvocato Piccoli Cavalry (1936) - Sottotenente Rolla Thirty Seconds of Love (1936) - Tullio Siriani - suo marito Sette giorni all'altro mondo (1936) - Cesare Rosselli Non ti conosco più (1936) - Paolo Malpieri White Amazons (1936) - Simone Gualtieri L'uomo che sorride (1936) - Commendator Ercole Piazza Questi ragazzi (1937) - Giangiacomo Pastori The Castiglioni Brothers (1937) - Avvocato De Ambrosio The Two Misanthropists (1937) - Marcello, parrucchiere Gli uomini non sono ingrati (1937) - Aladar Toth The Last Days of Pompeo (1937) - Pompeo Quarantini Il trionfo dell'amore (1938) - Giangiacomo Il destino in tasca (1938) - Camillo Duffignani Amicizia (1938) - Roberto Sandi La dama bianca (1938) - Savelli Duetto vagabondo (1938) - Toto Ai vostri ordini, signora (1939) - Paolo Vernisset La bionda sotto chiave (1939) - Pick Two Million for a Smile (1939) - Mister Giacomo Perotti / Martino Bo I've Lost My Husband! (1939) - Mattia L'amore si fa così (1939) - Max Dupont / Narciso Mimosa L'eredità in corsa (1939) - Il parucchiere Le sorprese del vagone letto (1940) - L'avvocato Marini The Hussar Captain (1940) - Varady, ex-capitano degli ussari Non mi sposo più (1942) - Barkas Finalmente soli (1942) - Benedetto Bodengo Quattro passi fra le nuvole (1942) - Magnaschi, il rappresentante farmaceutico Annabella's Adventure (1943) - Il padre di Annabella Harlem (1943) - Pat Sad Loves (1943) - Adriano Rainetti Gli assi della risata (1943) - Edoardo 'Dodò' Piccioni (segment "Non chiamarmi Dodò!") La maschera e il volto (1943) - L'avvocato Luciano Ti conosco, mascherina (1943) - Il barone Liborio Mellifluo Circo equestre Za-bum (1944) - (segment "Gelosia") Ippocampo (1945) - Camillo What a Distinguished Family (1945) - Civil State Officer Uno tra la folla (1946) - Il capufficio Ti ritroverò (1949) - Don Giuseppe Little Lady (1949) - Comm. Gegé Lapicella Botta e risposta (1950) Prima comunione (1950) - L'uomo del filobus Women and Brigands (1950) - Cardinal Ruffo The Transporter (1950) - Georges Durand The Knight Has Arrived! (1950) - Il Ministro Cameriera bella presenza offresi... (1951) - L'amico di Marchetti Era lui... sì! sì! (1951) - Dott. Furgoni Napoleone (1951) Il Microfono è vostro (1951) - commendator Michele Variani The Legend of the Piave (1952) - Caporale Mainardi Sunday Heroes (1952) - Cerchio - the radio commentator Beauties on Motor Scooters (1952) - Carletti Noi due soli (1952) - Il presidente Siamo tutti inquilini, directed by Mario Mattoli (1953) - Sassi Stazione Termini (1953) - Cheerful telegram man (uncredited) I vitelloni (1953) - Signor Rubini Martin Toccaferro (1953) Cavalcade of Song (1953) Il più comico spettacolo del mondo (1953) - Il presentatore It Happened in the Park (1953) - L'ingegnere - cliente di Elvira (segment: Concorso di bellezza) Lasciateci in pace (1953) Dieci canzoni d'amore da salvare (1953) - Giulio Tempi nostri (1954) - Il marito Cose da pazzi (1954) - Professor Ruiz Neapolitan Carousel (1954) - Spanish tourist Pellegrini d'amore (1954) - Constantin Milanese in Naples (1954) - Professor Clemente Simoni La tua donna (1954) We Two Alone (1955) - The Chairman Gli ultimi cinque minuti (1955) - Francesco, il maggiordomo Destinazione Piovarolo (1955) - De Fassi Wives and Obscurities (1956) - Evaristo Buongiorno primo amore (1957) - Nardone Un amore senza fine (1958) The Love Specialist (1958) - Il zio di Piero Le bellissime gambe di Sabrina (1958) - Il commendatore I Teddy boys della canzone (1960) - Commendator Filippo Amato Gli scontenti (1961) - Il sindaco Le magnifiche sette (1961) - Il generale Chalette Pesci d'oro e bikini d'argento (1961) Freddy and the Millionaire (1961) - Arzt Fuori la guardia (1961) - Dottore Lo smemorato di Collegno (1962) - Il Ministro The Shortest Day (1963) - Erede Siciliano (uncredited) In ginocchio da te (1964) - Enzo - the Colonel Napoleone a Firenze (1964) Io uccido, tu uccidi (1965) - Marchese Ciccillo Pozzuoli (segment "La danza delle ore") Se non avessi più te (1965) - The Colonel Non son degno di te (1965) - Enzo Mi vedrai tornare (1966) - Ammiraglio Aleardi Perdono (1966) - Car driver Non stuzzicate la zanzara (1967) - Gavazzeni Scotti Stasera mi butto (1967) - Father of Fefè (final film role) References Sources This article is largely a translation of "Enrico Viarisio Biografia" at Mymovies.it. External links Italian male film actors Italian male stage actors 1897 births 1967 deaths Male actors from Turin 20th-century Italian male actors
My Funny Valentine is an album by American jazz pianist Larry Willis recorded in 1988 and originally released on the Japanese Jazz City label before being reissued in the US on Evidence Music in 1998. Reception Allmusic's Michael G. Nastos said: "the Willis heard on 1988's enjoyable, if conventional, My Funny Valentine is a more conservative post-bopper/hard bopper ... Willis plays the acoustic piano exclusively on this CD, and standards are a high priority. Nothing cutting-edge occurs, just straight-ahead jazz that's honest, warm and melodic. ... all of which demonstrate how sensitive a ballad player he can be". Track listing "For Openers" (Kenny Garrett) – 5:46 "It Could Happen to You" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 3:18 "Blues for Wynton Kelly" (Larry Willis) – 6:32 "Who's Kidding Who?" (Gerard D'Angelo) – 8:52 "Rhythm-a-Ning" (Thelonious Monk) – 6:04 "Blood Count" (Billy Strayhorn) – 6:29 "My Shining Hour/I'll Be Seeing You" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer/ Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal) – 6:46 "Lazy Afternoon" (Jerome Moross, John La Touche) – 5:16 "Ethiopia" (Willis) – 8:02 "My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 6:02 Personnel Larry Willis – piano Kenny Garrett – alto saxophone (tracks 1, 5 & 9) George Mraz – bass Al Foster – drums References Evidence Music albums Larry Willis albums 1988 albums
Brompton Bicycle is a British manufacturer of folding bicycles based in Greenford, London. The Brompton folding bicycle and accessories are the company's core product, noted for its self-supporting compact size when stored. All available models of the folding bicycle are based on the same hinged frame and 16-inch (35×349 mm) tyre size. Components are added, removed, or replaced by titanium parts to form the many variations. The modular design has remained fundamentally unchanged since the original patent was filed by Andrew Ritchie in 1979, with small details being refined by continual improvement. Ritchie was awarded the 2009 Prince Philip Designers Prize for work on the bicycle. Brompton is the largest volume bicycle manufacturer in Britain, producing approximately 50,000 bicycles each year. The company's bicycles are also available for hire. Design All Brompton folding bicycle models share the same curved frame, consisting of a hinged main tube, pivoting rear triangle, fork, and hinged handle-bar stem. The main tube and stem are made of steel in all models. The rear triangle and fork are either steel or titanium, depending on model. The T line introduced in 2022 has an all-titanium frame and other lightweight components. Steel sections are joined by brazing rather than welding. Wheel rim size is , carrying tyres with 16″ tread diameter. The handlebars and some peripheral components are aluminium. A Brompton bicycle uses over 1,200 individual pieces, many of which are specific to Brompton. the combinations allow one-, two-, three-, four-(P and T line versions) or six-speed gearing options to be factory-fitted, with higher or lower gearing available as an option. The Brompton uses a combined rear fold and suspension design. During riding, the main frame and the rear triangle intersect at a rubber block which provides suspension. The suspension block is kept in compression by the rider's weight. There is no suspension for the front wheel, although the titanium forks of the Superlight versions provide a small amount of spring. Company In 1976 Andrew Ritchie founded the company, named after the Brompton Oratory, a landmark visible from his bedroom workshop where the first prototypes were built. At the time he was working as a gardener. Ritchie obtained backing from friends and sought to license the design, but after five years began manufacturing the bicycle design himself. Production ground to a halt in 1982 after which Ritchie continued to explore possibilities for continued manufacturing whilst undertaking other jobs. Finally in 1986, again with backing from friends and former customers, enough was raised to resume production on a larger scale. With a bank loan underwritten by Julian Vereker (founder of Naim Audio), production was restarted in a railway arch in Brentford. By early 1988, mass-production Brompton bicycles were once again in circulation. From 2002, when Will Butler-Adams joined the firm (he became Managing Director in 2008), to 2013, production increased from 6,000 to approximately 40,000 bikes per year. The workforce increased from 24 to 190. In March 2009, Brompton Bicycle achieved a record monthly turnover of just under £1 million; the employees were rewarded with fish and chips. In the same month, the company stated that it was hoping to continue a 25% rate of growth; partially enabled by switching to just-in-time stocking for some of the parts being sourced from suppliers, and by having those suppliers hold the stock until it is needed rather than parts living for periods at the Brompton factory. The company was awarded The Queen's Award for Export in 1995. In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 21 April 2010, the company was awarded two Queen's Awards for Enterprise, in the Innovation and International Trade categories. This was the second time Brompton had won the International Trade Award, they first received it in 1995. It is very rare for a company to receive two of these awards in one year. Will Butler-Adams, Managing Director, was awarded Order of the British Empire in 2015. In July 2015 a plan to move the company from Brentford to nearby Greenford was reported. In February 2022 another move, from Greenford to Ashford, Kent was announced. Clones and licensing In 1992, Brompton agreed with Euro-Tai in Taiwan to allow the manufacture of a licensed copy of the Brompton bicycle for distribution in Eastern Asia. A joint venture company called Neobike was then established to manufacture them. Brompton Bicycle in the United Kingdom would loan tools and drawings, and be paid on a per-unit royalty basis. By mid-1992, Neobike had recruited three senior research and development employees from Dahon, another folding bicycle company, and had started to produce other designs and copies in addition to the official Brompton design. Brompton's licensing contract with Euro-Tai/Neobike lasted approximately ten years until it expired on 31 December 2002. By this time, five senior Neobike employees had been convicted and jailed for stealing trade secrets from Dahon and Ritchie had previously stated that the franchise contract had been "under review", there having been quality issues with the Asian-built Brompton bicycles. Euro-Tai and Neobike failed to return the Brompton-specific tooling loaned by Brompton Bicycle. One week later after the expiration of the official licensing agreement Euro-Tai sold its controlling stake in Neobike to YTE Manufacturing, an aluminium supplier that was already involved with producing frames for Neobike. At the 2003 Eurobike trade show, Neobike exhibited their—now unsanctioned—clone of the Brompton, offering it to potential dealers within Europe. Neobike-produced copies of the Brompton bicycle were then imported into The Netherlands branded as the "Scoop One" and "Astra Flex V3". Later, Neobike's interests in its copy-bicycle business were transferred to an entity called Grace Gallant Enterprises, for sale under the brand "Flamingo". Between 2004 and 2010, several batches of copies were imported into the European market: into the United Kingdom under the name "Merc", into Belgium, and into Spain as the "Nishiki Oxford". Taiwanese-manufactured clones bear the model numbers FL-BP01-3/FL-BP01-7 standing for Flamingo, "Best Persuader", 3-speed/7-speed. As of 2014, Grace-Galant continue to make clones for the East Asia market under the Flamingo and MIT brand names. Later iterations of the clones had their frames made of aluminium, rather than the steel frame of the originals. Court cases Following the expiry of the Brompton patent, Brompton Bicycle's legal actions against Neobike/Grace Gallant have all been brought on the basis of copyright- and industrial design-law. A court case was held at the Groningen civil court in the Netherlands on 24 May 2006, which ruled that the industrial design of the Brompton folding bicycle was protected by copyright. Additionally, the Neobike-provided manual had included direct copies of those drawings found in the Brompton user manual. The ruling held that there was creative flexibility in the design for a bicycle beyond those choices made purely for functional reasons; in the Brompton case this included the M-style handlebars, curved main frame tube and the cable-placement. Each of these were noted to be distinctive design decisions that another manufacturer could change without compromising the ability to create a functional folding bicycle. Such a level of perceived similarity was therefore likely to cause "confusion in the market" under the Dutch copyright law, Article 13. Neobike did not choose to appeal and Brompton Bicycle was granted the right to have all of the imported bicycles destroyed with an injunction against future imports by Neobike's distributors. In June 2010, Brompton Bicycle gained a further injunction against the import of the unlicensed copy Brompton models into Spain, this time under the name "Nishiki Oxford Bicycle". The case was decided on the basis that Grace Gallant predecessors' had not returned all of Brompton Bicycle Ltd's drawing and toolings upon the termination of the earlier Eurotai/Neobike franchise agreement. Reception Many reviews of Brompton folding bicycles are favourable. See also Comparison of hub gears Brompton World Championship, annual rider competition using Brompton bicycles. List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies References External links Andrew Ritchie, Brompton history, lecture recording (video: 21 minutes) Cycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom Folding bicycles Brompton bicycle Companies based in the London Borough of Ealing
or is an island in Kvænangen Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The island lies in the middle of the Kvænangen fjord, about north of the island of Skorpa. The island has a population (2021) of 23 people, with everyone living along the southern coast. The only access to the island is by boat. The population has been declining over time. The main economic activities on the island center around the production of Boknafisk as well as tourism. See also List of islands of Norway References Kvænangen Islands of Troms og Finnmark
Afghanistan Mujahedin Freedom Fighters Front (, AMFF) was a united front of four Afghan paramilitary factions including the Revolutionary Group of the Peoples of Afghanistan (RGPA, later named Afghanistan Liberation Organization [ALO]) and the Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan (SAMA)—together with moderate Islamists including the Afghanistan National Liberation Front, in June 1979. They set aside their ideological differences in the fight against a common enemy. The Front fought against the pro-Soviet government and later also the Soviet Army during the Soviet–Afghan War. History On August 5, 1979, the Front tried to initiate an uprising against the Khalq government. The move, which was brutally crushed, became known as the Bala Hissar uprising. The most famous publication of AMFF was called Neither Puppet Regime nor Fundamentalism, Freedom and Democracy!, which was widely distributed across Afghanistan in the early 1980s. The head of AMFF was Mulavi Dawood, who was abducted and killed by Islamic Party in Peshawar in November 1986. References 1978 establishments in Afghanistan Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War Organizations established in 1978 Rebel groups in Afghanistan
South Wind () is a Serbian crime drama television series from 2020. It stars Miloš Biković, Miodrag Radonjić, Miki Manojlović and Miloš Timotijević in main roles. The eponymous film from 2018 makes for the first four episodes of the series′ first season. Remaining ten episodes were originally made for television. The South Wind. Plot A young member of Belgrade mafia gang puts his and lives of his family members when he angers a mafia boss. Cast Production Reception External links 2010s crime television series Serbian crime television series 2020 Serbian television series debuts Fiction set in 2019 Television shows set in Belgrade Works about the Serbian Mafia Television shows filmed in Belgrade Works about organized crime in Serbia Radio Television of Serbia original programming
Oluremi Oyo was a Nigerian journalist. Early life and education Remi Oyo was born on 12 October 1952 in Ilorin, Kwara State, North Central Nigeria. She attended St. James’ Catholic Primary School in Ilorin and St. Louis Secondary School in Bompai, Kano State. She attended the University of Lagos earning a bachelor's degree in Mass Communication and Journalism. She got a post graduate Diploma in International Relations at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. She further obtained a master's degree in International Relations at the University of Kent, Canterbury in the United Kingdom. Career She was a Nigerian veteran journalist Along the professional line, she was appointed Senior Special Assistant/Spokesperson, (Media and Publicity) to the then Nigeria's President Olusegun Obasanjo in 2003. She also got reappointed in 2007 and was adjudged to have served well in that capacity. In the media industry, she was dubbed a dedicated and amiable media guru. Her career in journalism began as a reporter in 1973 with the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation NBC, currently, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN). Then, she joined NAN as a Desk Editor in 1981. She rose to become its Principal Editor. She was said to be the first woman to attain such a high position in NAN before she eventually took her exit in 1985. From NAN, she joined the Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS) as the Nigerian Bureau Chief and later rose to become IPS West African Bureau Chief. She first served as the Secretary to the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE). Later, she was elected by her professional colleagues as the first female to be the President of the NGE. She eventually served two consecutive terms from 1999 to 2003. Shortly after her time with the former president, she was announced as the managing director of the News Agency of Nigeria same year. She was even acclaimed to have rekindle the flame of professionalism in her management style at the NAN She served two full terms before eventually moving on. Former Head of State General Abdulsalami Abubakar, was the first to tout her patriotism when he appointed her to the membership of the 1999 Constitution Drafting Committee. In 2006, she was awarded with a national OON conferred on her by President Olusegun Obasanjo. She later received other awards, such as the National Council of Catholic Women Organisation of Nigeria, Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM), and the Nigerian Institute of Peace Administrators. Personal life Married to Victor Oyo, a BBC-Trained journalist, they had two children, Otome and Okiemuote, and three grandchildren. Death and burial At 62, died due to cancer after much battles and treatment in the United Kingdom on October 1, 2014, after losing the battle to save her life. And the news went agog Her remains were buried at the Yaba Cemetery, Lagos. Tributes, awards and recognition Bemoaning her passage, Otome, her son said Even her colleagues in the media were not left out of the scores of accolades showered on the woman who had made diverse impact to the Nigerian media Just as national leaders and others mourn her passage Oyo, who was not a member of any gender-based journalism organisations once noted that she was of the view that one's professional actions and conducts would speak for the person regardless of whether the person is a male or a female. In fact she always addressed herself as a ‘pressman’. Even co-women in her Church, the National Council of Catholic Women Organisation of Nigeria once offered her a merit award reiterated in one of the news reports after her demise Recipient, National Council of Catholic Women Organisation of Nigeria merit award. Fellow of the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE), the Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM), and the Nigerian Institute of Public Administrators Oyo was awarded the national award of Officer of the Order of Niger, OON, in 2006. Senior Special Assistant to President Olusegun Obasanjo for media and publicity. See also Olusegun Obasanjo Moji Makanjuola References 1952 births 2014 deaths Yoruba journalists Nigerian newspaper journalists People from Ilorin Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom Officers of the Order of the Niger University of Lagos alumni Alumni of the University of Kent Burials at Yaba Cemetery Nigerian women journalists 20th-century journalists 21st-century journalists
The Huron Historic Gaol was established as the Huron County Gaol for Upper Canada's Huron District. Clearing of the land began in Goderich, Ontario in 1839 and the jail was constructed between 1839 and 1842 using stone from the Maitland River Valley and from Michigan. The octagonal jail was designed by Thomas Young, modelled after Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon design for prison construction, common in mid-19th century Britain and North America. A temporary courtroom and Council Chambers were set up on the jail’s third floor. It was in this makeshift Council Chamber that the first Huron District Council meeting was held on February 8, 1842. The third floor was also used for church services and other public gatherings before proper buildings were available. The building served the dual purpose of jail and courthouse until the construction of the county courthouse was completed in 1856, in the centre of Goderich’s Market Square. The site ceased functioning as a jail serving Huron County in 1972 and inmates were then transferred to Walkerton and Stratford jails. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973. Hangings Three inmates were hanged at the jail, with two of the hangings conducted publicly. On December 18, 1861 William Mahone was hanged outside the jail walls. An exterior wall of the jail was the location of the last public execution that occurred in Canada, when on December 7, 1869, Nicholas Melady was hanged for the murder of his father and stepmother. Edward Jardine was hanged privately on June 16, 1911. Steven Truscott awaited execution in the Huron County Gaol from September 30, 1959, when he was convicted at age 14 of the murder of Lynne Harper, until his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on January 22, 1960. On August 28, 2007, Truscott was acquitted of the charges. Museum The jail and adjoining early 20th century period governor's house opened to the public as a museum on Saturday June 29, 1974. The museum is open to the public from May to October and is owned and operated by the County of Huron. Admission is charged. The jail has been refurbished to its approximate state in Victorian times. There is a gift shop selling souvenirs of the jail and Huron County. Affiliations The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. See also List of correctional facilities in Ontario References Sources www.huroncounty.ca/museum Melady, John (2005). Double Trap: The Last Public Hanging In Canada. Dundern Press. . Sher, Julian (2002). "Until You Are Dead": Steven Truscott's Long Ride Into History. Vintage Canada. . Defunct prisons in Ontario Historic house museums in Ontario Museums in Huron County, Ontario Octagonal buildings in Canada Prison museums in Canada Goderich, Ontario Buildings and structures in Huron County, Ontario Tourist attractions in Huron County, Ontario National Historic Sites in Ontario 1842 establishments in Canada 1972 disestablishments in Ontario
Arbaa Taourirt is a small town and rural commune in Al Hoceïma Province of the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. According to the 2014 census, the commune had a total population of 5187 people living in 985 households. The town holds a weekly market every Wednesday. It is best known for the historic site of Kelaat Arbaa Taourirt, also known as Fousina, a castle erected in the 1940s by Spanish colonial authorities. Several families have emigrated to European countries. References Populated places in Al Hoceïma Province Rural communes of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
C. Welborn Daniel (June 12, 1926 – August 10, 2016) was an American attorney, politician and judge in Lake County, Florida. Daniel was born on June 12, 1926, in Okeechobee, Florida. He attended the University of Florida, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. In 1950, he earned an LL.B. from the university. He was named to the Florida bar in 1950. Upon graduation he returned to Lake County to practice law and where he continued to reside until his death. He also served in World War II with the United States Navy. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for Lake County from 1956 to 1964, as a Democrat. He was elected to the State Senate for the 23rd district in 1963 and served until 1966. He was once again elected to the State Senate in 1968, this time for district 15; he would serve until 1971. Starting in 1977 he served as a judge of the Florida 5th Circuit court in Tavares and then as a judge of the Florida 5th District Courts of Appeal in Daytona. Daniel died on August 10, 2016. References 1926 births 2016 deaths People from Okeechobee, Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni Florida lawyers Judges of the Florida District Courts of Appeal Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives Democratic Party Florida state senators People from Leesburg, Florida 20th-century American judges 20th-century American lawyers
The were the successful and powerful line of a Japanese Minamoto clan that were descended from Emperor Uda (宇多天皇). Overview Many of the famous Minamoto warriors, including Sasaki clan (佐々木氏), also known as Daimyō Kyōgoku clan (京極氏); Sasaki Nariyori (佐々木成頼), the founder of the Ōmi Genji clan (近江源氏); and Sasaki Yoshikiyo (佐々木義清), the founder of the Izumo Genji clan (出雲源氏) belong to this line. The family is named after Emperor Uda, grandfather of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信), patriarch of the Uda Genji (宇多源氏). Emperor Uda was father of Imperial Prince Atsumi (敦實親王 Atsumi Shinnō) (892-966) - father of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信) (920-993), founder of the Uda Genji, from whom the Uda Genji is descended. Many samurai families of Ōmi and Izumo Province belong to this line and had used "Minamoto" clan name in official records, including Sasaki clan, Rokkaku clan, Kyōgoku clan, Kutsugi clan, Kuroda clan, Oki clan, Enya clan, Toda clan, Takaoka clan, Koshi clan, Sase clan, Nogi clan, etc. The Shinto shrine connected closely with the clan is known as the Sasaki Shrine (沙沙貴神社 Sasaki Jinja). Family tree ∴ Emperor Uda(867-931) ┃ Prince Atsumi(893-967) ┃ Minamoto no Masazane(920-993) ┃ Sukenori(951-998) ┃ Nariyori(976-1003) ┃ Noritsune(1000-1058) ┃ Sasaki Tsunekata ┃ Sasaki Tametoshi ┃ Sasaki Hideyoshi(1112–1184) ┣━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓ 　Sadatsuna 　Tsunetaka 　Moritsuna 　Takatsuna Yoshikiyo ┏━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┫ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┣━━━━━┓ Hirotsuna Sadashige Hirosada Nobutsuna Takashige Kaji Nobuzane Shigetuna Masayoshi Yasukiyo ┏━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━┳━━━━━┫ Shigetsuna　Takanobu　Rokkaku Yasutsuna　Kyogoku Ujinobu Yoriyasu　Yoshiyasu　Muneyasu References Tōin Kinsada (14th century).'Sonpi Bunmyaku' (新編纂圖本朝尊卑分脈系譜雜類要集) Hanawa Hokiichi (1793). 'Gunshoruiju' (群書類従) Sansom, George (1958). 'A History of Japan to 1334'. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. See also Seiwa Genji Sasaki clan Rokkaku clan Kyōgoku clan Amago clan Takaoka clan Sasaki Yoshikiyo Nogi Maresuke Minamoto clan
Ken Montour (born September 9, 1979 in Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation) is a former professional box lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League. Montour played 8 seasons in the NLL, most of them with the Buffalo Bandits. During the 2009 NLL season, he was named a starter to the All-Star Game and was also named NLL Goaltender of the Year. During the 2010 season, Montour was hit by Toronto Rock defender Drew Petkoff and suffered a concussion. Montour finished the game but has not played since. He has also missed all but one half-day in his job as a teacher. Statistics NLL Awards References 1979 births Living people Arizona Sting players Buffalo Bandits players Canadian lacrosse players First Nations sportspeople Iroquois nations lacrosse players Lacrosse people from Ontario National Lacrosse League All-Stars National Lacrosse League major award winners Philadelphia Wings players Columbus Landsharks players
The 2005–06 Sri Lankan cricket season featured two Test series with Sri Lanka playing against Pakistan and Bangladesh. Honours Premier Trophy – Sinhalese Sports Club Premier Limited Overs Tournament – Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club Most runs – WMG Ramyakumara 993 @ 62.06 (HS 150*) Most wickets – SADU Indrasiri 60 @ 13.55 (BB 7-61) Test series Pakistan toured Sri Lanka in March and April 2006 to play two Tests and three limited overs internationals. Pakistan won the Test series 1–0 with 1 match drawn: 1st Test @ Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo – match drawn 2nd Test @ Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy – Pakistan won by 8 wickets Pakistan won the 3 match ODI series 2–0 with one match abandoned. Sri Lanka won both Test matches against Bangladesh by an innings: 1st Test @ R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo – Sri Lanka by innings and 96 runs 2nd Test @ Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo – Sri Lanka by innings and 69 runs External sources CricInfo – brief history of Sri Lankan cricket CricketArchive – Tournaments in Sri Lanka Further reading Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2007 Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01
```jsx import { useEffect, useState } from "react"; import { Row, Space, Typography } from "antd"; import { useSelector } from "react-redux"; import AUTH from "config/constants/sub/auth"; import { getTimeToResendEmailLogin } from "store/selectors"; import { sendEmailLinkForSignin } from "actions/FirebaseActions"; import { updateTimeToResendEmailLogin } from "./actions"; import { useDispatch } from "react-redux"; import { PiEnvelope } from "@react-icons/all-files/pi/PiEnvelope"; import { RQButton } from "lib/design-system/components"; import { FaSpinner } from "@react-icons/all-files/fa/FaSpinner"; import { fetchSignInMethodsForEmail, getAuth } from "firebase/auth"; import firebaseApp from "firebase.js"; import Logger from "lib/logger"; import { toast } from "utils/Toast"; import * as Sentry from "@sentry/react"; import { AUTH_PROVIDERS } from "modules/analytics/constants"; import { SOURCE } from "modules/analytics/events/common/constants"; import { trackLoginAttemptedEvent } from "modules/analytics/events/common/auth/login"; import { trackSignUpAttemptedEvent } from "modules/analytics/events/common/auth/signup"; import { trackMagicLinkResendRequested } from "modules/analytics/events/common/auth/emailLinkSignin"; // HACKY WAY FOR CHECKING IF USER EXISTS async function doesUserExist(email) { try { const auth = getAuth(firebaseApp); const methods = await fetchSignInMethodsForEmail(auth, email); return methods.length > 0; } catch (error) { // If there is an error, we assume that the user does not exist return false; } } export default function MagicLinkModalContent({ email, authMode, eventSource }) { const dispatch = useDispatch(); const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true); const [isSendingMail, setIsSendingMail] = useState(false); const [isLogin, setIsLogin] = useState(authMode === AUTH.ACTION_LABELS.LOG_IN); useEffect(() => { doesUserExist(email).then((isExistingUser) => { setIsLogin(isExistingUser); setLoading(false); if (isExistingUser) { trackLoginAttemptedEvent({ auth_provider: AUTH_PROVIDERS.EMAIL_LINK, source: eventSource ?? SOURCE.MAGIC_LINK, }); } else { trackSignUpAttemptedEvent({ auth_provider: AUTH_PROVIDERS.EMAIL_LINK, source: eventSource ?? SOURCE.MAGIC_LINK, }); } }); }, [email, eventSource]); const handleEmailSend = () => { setIsSendingMail(true); trackMagicLinkResendRequested(); sendEmailLinkForSignin(email, "resend-from-modal", "The email has been resent.") .then(() => { updateTimeToResendEmailLogin(dispatch, 30); }) .catch((error) => { Logger.log(error); Sentry.captureException(new Error(`Error sending email link for signin: ${error}`), { extra: { email, }, }); toast.error("There was an error sending the email. Please try again later."); }) .finally(() => { setIsSendingMail(false); }); }; const timeToResendEmailLogin = useSelector(getTimeToResendEmailLogin); return loading ? ( <Row className="modal-loader" justify="center"> <FaSpinner /> </Row> ) : ( <div className="mail-link-modal-content"> <PiEnvelope className="mail-icon" /> {isLogin ? ( <Typography.Title level={3} className="mail-sent-title"> Welcome Back </Typography.Title> ) : ( <Typography.Title level={3} className="mail-sent-title"> Please verify your email </Typography.Title> )} <Space direction="vertical" className="mail-link-modal-message"> <Typography.Text className="text-white"> We just sent you an email at <strong>{email}</strong> </Typography.Text> <Typography.Text className="text-white">It contains a link that will sign you super quick!</Typography.Text> </Space> <br /> <Typography.Text className="text-white">Didn't receive the email? </Typography.Text> {timeToResendEmailLogin > 0 ? ( <Row className="resend-timeout-text"> <Typography.Text>{`Send again in ${timeToResendEmailLogin} seconds`}</Typography.Text> </Row> ) : ( <RQButton loading={isSendingMail} className="mt-8" onClick={() => { handleEmailSend(); }} > Click to Resend </RQButton> )} </div> ); } ```
Georges Mérignac (10 July 1921 – 30 October 1992) was a New Caledonian footballer who played as a central-defender. Early life Born in Poya, New Caledonia, to a Melanesian mother and European father, Mérignac spent his childhood between Poya and Nouméa, where he took an interest in tennis, boxing, athletics and football. He worked as a farmer during his time on the islands. Club career Having played football in his native New Caledonia with Indépendante de Nouméa, Mérignac enlisted in the Free French Forces in September 1941, and took part in the Battle of Bir Hakeim in Libya the following year. It was here that he met René Gallice, who had played for French side Bordeaux before the war. Following the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945, Gallice suggested to Bordeaux's coaches, who were looking for a new central-defender, that they sign Mérignac, and the New Caledonian joined the club the following year. Despite being relegated in his first season with the club, he spent two seasons in the French Division 2, before returning to the French Division 1 for the 1949–50 season, in which Bordeaux won the title. In the same season, he featured in the Latin Cup, where Bordeaux lost in the final to Portuguese side Benfica after an extra-time replay loss following a draw in the first game. He retired in 1953. International career Mérignac represented the New Caledonia national football team in 1939. Coaching career Following his retirement and return to New Caledonia, he managed the national football team. Death Mérignac died in October 1992. In 2007, a sports complex in Tina-sur-Mer in the capital of New Caledonia, Nouméa, was named in his honour. Career statistics Club Notes References External links Georges Mérignac at La Légende des Girondins de Bordeaux 1921 births 1992 deaths New Caledonian men's footballers New Caledonia men's international footballers New Caledonian football managers New Caledonia national football team managers Men's association football central defenders Ligue 1 players Ligue 2 players FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Ab Bid (, also Romanized as Āb Bīd) is a village in Hati Rural District, Hati District, Lali County, Khuzestan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 4 families. References Populated places in Lali County
```go // // path_to_url // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. package test // this is for packages that need to be included in go.mod but aren't actually imported in the code (i.e. used for // testing). If this isn't done, mod tidy will remove the dependency from go.mod. import ( _ "sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/apis/config/defaults" ) ```
Rawica Nowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczów, within Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Tczów, west of Zwoleń, and south of Warsaw. References Rawica Nowa
Davidovka concentration camp was a Hungarian-controlled World War II labor camp in Davidovka. See also :Category:People who died in Davidovka concentration camp References Nazi concentration camps in Belarus
Kwame Amporfo Twumasi (born 10 December 1954) is a Ghanaian educationist and politician. He was the member of parliament for the Nkoranza South Constituency in Brong Ahafo region in Ghana. Early life and education Twumasi was born on 10 December 1954. His hometown is Nkwabeng in the formerly Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. He had his BA in Geography and Economics from the University of Ghana in 1980. He further had his PGDE from University of Cape Coast in 1996. Career Before his election into parliamentary position, he worked with the Ghana Education Service(GES) as a Principal Superintendent and Tutor first at Atebubu Secondary School and later at Nkoranza Secondary/Technical School. He also served as the Deputy Minister of Energy and served in a number of committees. He sojourned as a teacher from September 1981 to August 1987 with the Sokoto State Government in Nigeria under a contract. Politics Ampofo was elected in the 2004 parliamentary election held on 7 December 2004, on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party, as the Member of Parliament for the Nkoranza South Constituency. He thus became part of the Members of Parliament elected for the Fourth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana. Ampofo oust the then member of parliament from the largest opposition National Democratic Congress by his election in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He was elected with 17,655 votes out of 33,513 total valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 52.7% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over James Opoku-Worae, the new candidate from the camp of the National Democratic Congress for that election; and Victor Boah of the Democratic People's Party. These obtained 15,521 and 337 votes respectively. These were equivalent to 46.30% and 1.00% respectively of total valid votes cast. Ampofo was elected on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. The electorates for the constituency in that elections exhibited a ‘skirt and blouse’ voting system as the winner for the presidential position from that constituency was on the ticket for the opposition National Democratic Congress. The New Patriotic Party however had 14 out of 24 parliamentary seats in that elections for the Brong Ahafo region. In all, the New Patriotic Party won a majority 128 parliamentary representation out of 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th parliament of Ghana. He maintained his seat for the Nkoranza South constituency for the 5th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana after the 2008 Ghanaian general elections. He obtained 17,531votes of 33,766 total valid votes cast, equivalent to 51.92% of the total valid votes cast. He won against Emmanuel Kwadwo Agyekum of the National Democratic Congress, Yaw Adjei Donyina of the Democratic People's Party and Kwesi Appiah Bekoe of the Convention People's Party. These obtained 47.22%, 0.27% and 0.59% respectively of the total valid votes cast in the 2008 Ghanaian general elections. Personal life Ampofo is married with five children. He is a Christian and fellowships with the Catholic Church. References Living people Ghanaian Roman Catholics Ghanaian MPs 1951–1954 Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009 New Patriotic Party politicians 1954 births University of Ghana alumni People from Brong-Ahafo Region University of Cape Coast alumni
Glen Check (Hangul: 글렌체크) is a South Korean indie band, consisting of singer and guitarist Kim June-one, and bassist and synthesizer player Kang Hyuk-jun. They debuted in 2011 with the EP Disco Elevator, and released their first full-length album, Haute Couture, in 2012. History Kim June-one (Hangul: 김준원) and Kang Hyuk-jun (Hangul: 강혁준) were both born in South Korea, but spent much of their childhoods abroad, listening mostly to Western music. They met after returning to South Korea, while attending Busan International High School, where they decided to pursue music as a career. After graduation, they formed a band called The Closure, which Kim later described as being "quiet and boring." They changed the band's name to Glen Check, and began releasing electropop and synth-pop music, starting with their first EP, 2011's Disco Elevator. Their first full-length album, 2012's Haute Couture, was met with rave reviews from critics, and won Best Dance & Electronic Album at the 2013 Korean Music Awards. The band's second album, 2013's Youth!, also won Best Dance & Electronic Album the following year at the 2014 Korean Music Awards, and Billboard called the album track "Young Generation" one of the best South Korean songs of 2013. In 2014, Glen Check performed at the South by Southwest music festival as part of a Korean rock showcase. That same year, Melissa Locker of Time singled out Glen Check as her favorite band from South Korea, praising their "edgy '80s energy" and "style that's nearly impossible not to dance to." In 2017, the band released its first album in four years, the EP The Glen Check Experience. The album was a departure from their synth-pop sound and featured genres including psychedelic rock, old school hip hop, acid jazz, and techno. The album charted at number 38 on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart. Billboard named it as one of the twenty best South Korean albums of the year and described it as "perhaps the most sonically adventurous album on the list." On 3 August 2018, the band released the track "Velvet Goldmine". They released the single Dive Baby, Dive on 13 September 2021. This was followed by the release of the song "Raving" and the announcement of a new album, Bleach, expected to be released on 5 March 2022. Artistry Glen Check is notable for only singing in English. While the duo have cited Western music as being an influence on them, they were also inspired by African music and traditional Korean music on their album Haute Couture. For Cliché, they looked to funk and disco music from the 1970s and 1980s for their inspiration. The duo has said that they do not want their sound to be limited, and that they plan to experiment in many different styles. The band places an emphasis on the visual aspects of their live shows and have been noted for their stage design. Discography Studio albums Extended plays Remix albums Awards Korean Music Awards References External links Glen Check's page on Soundcloud Glen Check's Instagram Glen Check's page on Spotify June-one's website June-one's page on Soundcloud June-one's Instagram June-one' channel on YouTube June-one's page on Spotify South Korean indie rock groups South Korean electronic music groups South Korean synthpop groups South Korean musical duos Korean Music Award winners
Clivina bullata is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1927. References bullata Beetles described in 1927
Stefanowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Liniewo, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Liniewo, east of Kościerzyna, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Stefanowo
The Souliotes were an Orthodox Christian Albanian tribal community in the area of Souli in Epirus from the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, who via their participation in the Greek War of Independence came to identify with the Greek nation. They originated from Albanian clans that settled in the highlands of Thesprotia in the Late Middle Ages and established an autonomous confederation dominating a large number of neighbouring villages in the mountainous areas of Epirus, where they successfully resisted Ottoman rule for many years. At the height of its power, in the second half of the 18th century, the Souliote confederacy is estimated to have consisted of up to 4,500 inhabitants. After the revolution, they migrated to and settled in newly independent Greece, and assimilated into the Greek people. The Souliotes were followers of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. They spoke the Souliotic dialect of Albanian and learnt Greek through their interaction with Greek-speakers. They are known for their military prowess, their resistance to the local ruler Ali Pasha, and later for their contribution to the Greek cause in the revolutionary war against the Ottoman Empire under leaders such as Markos Botsaris and Kitsos Tzavelas. The first historical account of rebellious activity in Souli dates from 1685. During the 18th century, the Souliotes expanded their territory of influence. As soon as Ali Pasha became the local Ottoman ruler in 1789 he immediately launched successive expeditions against Souli. However, the numerical superiority of his troops was not enough. The siege against Souli was intensified from 1800 and in December 1803 the Souliotes concluded an armistice and agreed to abandon their homeland. Most of them were exiled in the Ionian Islands. On 4 December 1820, Ali Pasha constituted an anti-Ottoman coalition joined by the Souliotes, to which they contributed with 3,000 soldiers, mainly because he offered to allow the return of the Souliotes to their land, and partly by appeal to their shared Albanian origins. After the defeat of Ali Pasha and with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the Souliotes were among the first communities to take arms against the Ottomans. Following the successful struggle for independence, they settled in parts of the newly established Greek state and assimilated into the Greek nation, with many attaining high posts in the Greek government, including that of Prime Minister. Members of the Souliote diaspora participated in the national struggles for the incorporation of Souli to Greece, such as in the revolt of 1854 and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) with Ottoman rule ending in 1913. Geography Name The Souliotes (; ) were named after the village of Souli (, ), a hilltop settlement in modern Thesprotia, Greece. Souli gradually became the name of the entire region where the four main Souliot settlements are located (Souli, Avariko, Kiafa, Samoniva). Souli as a region is not attested in any sources before the 18th century. François Pouqueville, the French traveler, historian and consul in Ioannina, and others in his era theorized that the area was the ancient Greek Selaida and its modern inhabitants descendants of the Selloi, an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity. This hypothesis was fueled and proposed in the context of the rise of romanticism in Europe and the ideological return to the ancient past. Such views had little acceptance in historiography and were already rejected as early as the publication of the History of Souli (1815) by Christoforos Perraivos. The origin of the toponym Souli is uncertain. Perraivos attributed the name to an Ottoman official in the region who was killed in a battle against the Souliotes, who gave his name to their village. In contemporary historiography, this theory is considered to be a constitutive myth designed to link the name of Souli with the narrative of struggles of its inhabitants against Ottoman officials. Historically, this view has been rejected as it would imply that the Souliotes had no name for their main village and region before the killing of a single Ottoman official. Fourikis (1934) goes as far as proposing that Perraivos invented this explanation himself. At the end of the 19th century Labridis proposed that Souli may derive from one of the earliest Cham Albanian clan leaders who settled in the area and gave his name to it as was the habit in tribal settlements. Fourikis (1934) rejected an origin of the toponym from a personal name and proposed that it simply derived from the Albanian word sul (mountain peak) which is found as a geographical toponym in other areas where medieval Albanian clans settled. It may also be interpreted as 'watchpost', 'lookout', or 'mountain summit'. The view of Fourikis is the most commonly accepted theory in contemporary historiography. Psimouli (2006) considers the etymological aspects in the theory of Fourikis acceptable, but rejects the view the toponym Souli emerged from the region's geomorphology, because none of the four settlements of the tetrachori is placed on a mountaintop or an outlook but at an altitude of no more than 600 m. The author notes that while the mountain peaks which surround Souli have Albanian toponyms, none of them was actually named sul by the clans which settled there. Hence, Psimouli (2006) proposes that "Souli" or "Siouli" refers to a personal name -the first name or cognomen of the progenitor of the Albanian immigrant group that settled there - as happened in other settlements like Spata or the neighbouring Mazaraki or Mazarakia. The name itself metaphorically may have referred to his height as a tall person. Settlements The core of Souli consisted of four villages (), namely: Souli (also known as Kakosouli), Avariko (also known as Navariko), Kiafa and Samoniva. In time the confederation expanded and included additional seven villages (). The latter became the outer defensive ring in case of an attack. Both groups of villages were also collectively called Souli. At the peak of their power, in 1800, Souliot leaders estimated that their community numbered c. 20,000 inhabitants. Vasso Psimouli estimates a total population of c. 4,500 for the Souliot villages. Of these, she estimates that up to 1,250 were living in the "eptachori", among whom 500 were armed, according to Perraivos, organized in 18 clans, while the other 3,250, in 31 clans, were living in the "tetrachori" and provided c. 1200 armed men. Several surrounding villages, c. 50–66, which became part of the Souliote confederation were known as Parasouli. Parasouliotes could join the Souliotes to armed operations but they had no representation in the Souliote government. In case they displayed distinction in warfare they received permission to settle in Souliote villages and enjoyed the same rights and duties as the Souliotes. Early history Most scholars agree that the first inhabitants of Souli settled there in the middle of the 16th century as groups of shepherds. The earliest inhabitants came from southern Albania and the plains of Thesprotia. Vasso Psimouli holds that Souli was chosen as a place of permanent settlement by a subgroup of one of the two Albanian immigrant pastoralist populations that arrived in the area organized in large kinship groups (Albanian: fis) in the mid-14th century, a time of power vacuum after the death of Stefan Dušan and demographic decline of the Greek agrarian population due to the plague. One Albanian immigrant group, that of the Mazarakaioi, could reach the area from the north through Vagenetia, while the other from the south via Rogoi. Authors who traveled in the region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries argue that the initial core of clans which formed the Souliotes gradually grew and expanded in other settlements. George Finlay recorded that "the Chams reserve the name Suliote for 100 families who, by virtue of birth, belonged to the military caste of Suli". According to Finlay, this population increased from other immigrant clans which joined them. Modern sources argue that the gradual settlement of families and tribes of different origins in Souli unlikely, because of the lack of sources testifying the abandonment of villages in the 17th century and also due to the limited abiity of the pastures of Souli to maintain superfluous population and to the closed character of tribal organization, which is not open to accepting outsiders in mass. The Souliote population was located in inland Thesprotia and for much of the 16th century remained away from the plagues and military events which affected coastal Epirus. This was an era of demographic increase for the area. The Souliote clans were pastoralist communities. Demographic pressure, environmental conditions and lack of grazing grounds gradually created social conditions, which led many Souliote clans to engage in pillaging and raiding other Souliote clans and primarily the neighbouring, lowland peasant communities as a means to combat lack of means of subsistence. In the 18th century, the occasional use of raiding as a means of subsistence became an institutionalized activity of Souliote clans which systematically raided the lowland peasants. The price of weapons in the 17th century had decreased which made their acquirement much easier and the naturally defensive position of Souliote clans in their hilltop settlements made immediate intervention by the Ottoman authorities difficult. Society Patrilineal clans The Souliotes were organized in patrilineal clans which they called in Albanian farë (def. fara, pl. farat "tribe"). Membership in the fara was exclusively decided via patrilineality. Indicative of this condition is the translation of M. Botsaris of the Greek term genos which is the exact equivalent to fara as gjish which in Albanian means grandfather. Each fara was formed by the descendants of a common patrilineal progenitor whose personal name became the clan name of the entire fara. It was led by a single clan leader who was its representative, although this practice was under constant negotiation as a leader may not have been acceptable by all members of the fara. Each clan was further divided in brotherhoods. As such, in time, it had the tendency to branch out in new clans which were formed as the original one grew in size and could no longer hold its cohesion as one unit under one leader. Members of the fara enjoyed privileges of settlement in specific villages and had the right to use in common specific natural resources (water springs, grazing grounds) which had been assigned to it. All heads of clans gathered in the general assembly which Lambros Koutsonikas (himself a Souliot) recorded in Greek as Πλεκεσία, a term that can be linked to the Albanian pleqësia (council of elders). This acted as the highest political structure of Souliot society which was responsible for solving disputes, formulating tribal laws, arbitrage between clans in dispute and the enforcement of decisions of the council against members of the community. It was a space where the different fara of Souliot society negotiated with each other their position in Souliotic society. The assembly was held in the open courtyard next to the church of St. George in Souli. The decisions of the pleqësia were not written down but agreed upon via the oral pledge of besë (def. besa) to which all heads of clans were bound. The concept of besa was the foundation for agreements not only within Souliot society but functioned as the basis for any agreements which Souliotes made with outsiders, including hostile forces in times of war. The significance of this concept is highlighted by the fact that M. Botsaris translates besë in Greek as threskeia (religion) and i pabesë ("without besë) as apistos (unbeliever). As each clan acted autonomously of the general assembly of their leaders, they could sign agreements with outsiders which contradicted the agreements which the Souliot community signed as a whole and this was a common cause of friction among the Souliot clans. A detailed recording of the Souliot clans appears for the first time by Perraivos. According to his notes, at the end of the 18th century, 450 families which belonged to 26 clans lived in the village of Souli. In Kiafa, there were 90 families which belonged to four clans. In Avariko, five families which belonged to three clans and in Samoniva 50 families which belonged to three clans. As the Souliot population, new clans were established from existing ones and formed the population of the seven villages around core Souli. There was an informal hierarchy among Souliot clans in the second half of the 18th century which was determined by the fighting power (men) of each fara and its size. The Botsaris clan was one of the oldest and most powerful in all four villages of core Souli. Georgios Botsaris in 1789 claimed that his clan could field 1,000 men against Ali Pasha followed by the Tzavellas and Zervas clans each of which could field 300 men and other smaller clans with 100 men each. George Botsaris presented himself as "the most respected individual among the Souliots" and his son Dimitris presented his father as the captain of the Souliots and himself as the commissioner of the Albanians(in Greek, ton Arvaniton epitropikos). It is evident that in this period of Souliot history, social stratification among the clans had created an environment which led weaker clans to coalesce around stronger ones and be represented by them. The role, however, of the pleqësia was to stop such differentiation and maintain relations of equality in the community. Until the fall of Souli in 1803, the Souliot community never accepted to have a single leader from one clan and even in times of war each clan chose its leader from its own ranks. Thus, the Souliot tribal organization remained one which preserved the collective autonomy of each clan until its end. Social stratification was expressed since the second half of the 18th century in social practices of the Souliots, but was never institutionalized. The Souliotes wore red skull caps, fleecy capotes over their shoulders, embroidered jackets, scarlet buskins, slippers with pointed toes and white kilts. Economy In the mid-sixteenth century Souli is listed in a Ottoman tax register as a village inhabited by 244 taxpayers, located in the Christian nahiye of Ai-Donat, part of the homonymous kaza of the sanjak of Delvina. In a 1613 tax list, however, Souli is one of the settlements in which some taxpayers paid resm-i çift and resm-i bennak, taxes paid by Muslim subjects, newcomers or converts to Islam. The Souliots were subject to a sipahi, who had a degree of jurisdiction in Souli, represented them, as testified in a 1794 document, and collected a small amount of tax. The incorporation of the Souliots in the timariot system through the payment of taxes certified their legal standing, guaranteed them representation through the sipahi and allowed the continuation of their control and enrichment through activities such as brigandage and the provision of protection to subjugated populations. Perraivos records that the "sipahi of Soli", Beqir Bey, was settled in Yannina and went to Souli once every year to collect taxes. Taxation archives show that the economy of the Souliotes was based on small-scale subsistence pastoralism which due to few available grazing grounds never increased enough to become a source of commercial activity. The spahis of Souli generated little profit from their position. It seems that no Ottoman official or timariot holder of Souli lived there. This likely happened not because of Souliot hostility but because of the extended practice of Ottoman officials since the 17th century to not live on the territories they were assigned to, but in the closest large urban settlement. All archival sources show that throughout its existence the Souliotic community paid its taxes regularly and complied with Ottoman economic laws in their transactions and as such was represented in the Ottoman system, but it was not integrally included in it as its remote position and lack of natural resources didn't lead to any Ottoman presence within Souli. As a result, Psimouli (2016) describes the status of Souli as a "community without Turkish presence, but not necessarily autonomous". Blood vengeance Blood vengeance was one of the core social practices in Souliot society. It regulated relations between clans, the social hierarchy of Souli and the attribution of customary justice in cases of violations of clan property. Blood vengeance was ideologically linked with the concepts of honour-dishonour which was a collective trait of the entire clan. The pervasiveness of blood vengeance in Souliot society is highlighted in Souli's architecture: all houses were essentially fortified towers which were placed in strategic positions which could be defended from attacks which started from other fortified towers of Souli and even the churches had embrasures. M. Botsaris uses the terms hasm (enemy) and hak which literally means vengeance in Albanian as the equivalent of Greek dikaiosyne (justice). The term linked to the actual practice of blood vengeance which he uses is gjak (Gjakmarrja). Language The Souliots spoke Albanian, being the descendants of an Albanian pastoral group that had settled in the area, while, due to their communication and exchanges with the mostly Greek-speaking population of surrounding areas and the importance of their economic and military presence during the eighteenth century, learnt to use also Greek. For the social use of each language, William Martin Leake writes that "Souliot men spoke Albanian at home and all men could speak Greek as they were their neighbours, while many women could speak Greek too". For the movements of Souliots to the villages of Lakka Souliou in the 18th century, the Greek Orthodox Bishop Serafeim Byzantios notes that "as the Souliotes speak Albanian, most villages of Lakka speak Albanian, but Greek is not unknown to them". The closest existing variant of Souliotic Albanian is that of the village Anthousa (Rapëza) and also Kanallaki. This dialect is spoken only by few people in modern times. Further evidence on the language of the Souliotes is drawn from the Rhomaic (Greek)-Albanian dictionary composed in 1809 mainly by Markos Botsaris and his family members. The Albanian variant in the text shows lexical influence from Greek, Turkish and other languages. Of 1494 Albanian words of the vocabulary, 361 are loanwords from Greek, 187 from Turkish, 21 from Italian and two from other languages. The Albanian entries correspond to 1701 Greek entries. Many entries are related to religion and church organization. For Jochalas who edited and published the dictionary, despite the influence of Greek on Souliotic Albanian in the entries, it is evident that Botsaris and his family members who helped him lacked structural knowledge of Greek and were very inexperienced in writing. He also observes that the Albanian phrases are syntaxed as if were Greek (Yochalas, p.53). Similar lack of knowledge of Greek grammar, syntax and spelling is observed for all of the very few written documents by Souliotes. Robert Elsie noted that the 1,484 Albanian lexemes "are important for our knowledge of the now extinct Suliot dialect of Albanian". In the early twentieth century among the descendants of Souliotes in the Kingdom of Greece, there was an example of Souliote still being fluent in Albanian, namely lieutenant Dimitrios (Takis) Botsaris, a direct descendant of the Botsaris' family. The correspondence of the Souliotes to both Christian and Muslim leaders was either written in Greek or translated from Greek. Greek was commonly used in Ottoman Epirus for writing not just between Christians (including Souliotes) but even between Muslim Albanian-speakers who employed Greek secretaries as is, e.g., the case with the correspondence between the Cham beys and Ali pasha. A written account on the language Souliotes used is the diary of Fotos Tzavellas, composed during his captivity by Ali Pasha (1792–1793). This diary is written by F. Tzavellas himself in simple Greek with several spelling and punctuation mistakes. Emmanouel Protopsaltes, former professor of Modern Greek History at the University of Athens, who published and studied the dialect of this diary, concluded that Souliotes were Greek speakers originating from the area of Argyrkokastro or Chimara. Εmmanuel Protopsaltis asserted based on his reading of the texts that the national sentiment and the basic ethnic and linguistic component of Souli was Greek rather than Albanian. Psimouli criticizes the publication by Protopsaltis for its lack of critical analysis. Toponyms In a study by scholar Petros Fourikis examining the onomastics of Souli, most of the toponyms and micro-toponyms such as: Kiafa, Koungi, Bira, Goura, Mourga, Feriza, Stret(h)eza, Dembes, Vreku i Vetetimese, Sen i Prempte and so on were found to be derived from Albanian. A study by scholar Alexandros Mammopoulos (1982 concludes that not all the toponyms of Souli were Albanian and that many derive from various other Balkan languages, including quite a few in Greek. In a 2002 study, Shkëlzen Raça states that Souliote toponyms listed by Fourikis can only be explained through Albanian. Vasso Psimouli (2006) states that many of the placenames of the wider area of Souli are Slavic or Aromanian (Zavruho, Murga, Sqapeta, Koristiani, Glavitsa, Samoniva, Avarico), while those of the core of the four Souliotic settlements are mostly Albanian. Relations with Ottoman officials 1685–1772 The first historical account of anti-Ottoman activity in Souli dates from the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1684–89. In particular in 1685, the Souliotes together with the inhabitants of Himara revolted and overthrew the local Ottoman authorities. This uprising was short-lived due to the reaction of the local Ottoman beys, agas and pashas. Perraivos (1815) based on oral stories he collected proposed that the first attack against Souli by the Ottoman authorities occurred in 1721. Archival sources show that the campaign occurred more likely in 1731-33 and didn't have Souliotes as its specific target. In the early 18th century, the Muslim Cham beys of Margariti and the Souliotes promoted Venetian interests in certain areas of Epirus. In this context, an armatolos of Preveza known by the name Triboukis who supported French commercial interests was murdered. At the same time, the beys of Margariti launched a raid campaign as far as south as Acarnania. The Souliotes who also promoted Venetian goals, either jointly or independently of the Cham beys, launched their own pillaging raids. The local Ottoman authorities gathered 10,000 troops under Aslanzade Hadji Mehmet Pasha who attacked the Cham beys and the armatoloi who engaged in pillaging and destroyed Margariti. Souli itself wasn't attacked in this campaign. The second recorded attack against Souli in oral history occurred in 1754 by Mustafa Pasha of Yanina. This oral story is confirmed in archival sources and has been recorded in a text in the Church of St. Nicholas of Ioannina. During the transfer of some brigands from Margariti to Yanina the Souliotes attacked the guards and freed them. The text preserved in the Church of St. Nicholas notes that the person who had captured them was a Muslim from Margariti who was collaborating with them as he was the buyer of the stolen goods. This network of brigandage which the Muslim agas and beys of Margariti and the Souliotes had created in the region was the cause of the attack by Mustafa Pasha. Other attacks in the same era include that Dost Bey, commander of Delvinë (1759) and Mahmoud Aga, governor of Arta (1762). During 1721–1772 the Souliotes managed to repulse a total of six military expeditions. As a result, they expanded their territory at the expense of the various Ottoman lords. Souliotes participated in the Orlov revolt that broke out around 1770 against Ottoman Empire, with the help of Russia. Many of the joined the Russian fleet. Their revolt was connected with the acts of Russian agents in Epirus, which continued till the 2nd Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). The Russian agent Ludovicos or Luigi Sotiri (a doctor from Lefkada) came to Souli probably in 1771, carrying a letter from Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, guns and ammunition and urged Souliotes to revolt. The Turks, who got informed on the movements of Souliotes, in March 1772 sent against them an army of 5.000 Muslim Albanians, who were defeated and their leader Suleyman was captured. The hostilities lasted till mid 1772. According to other source the Souliotes were attacked by 9.000 men under Suleyman Tsapari. In 1775, Kurt Pasha sent a military expedition to Souli that ultimately failed. During the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), the inhabitants of Souli, as well as of other communities in Epirus were mobilized for another Greek uprising which became known as Orlov Revolt. In 1785 it was the time of Bekir pasha to lead another unsuccessful attack against them. In March 1789, during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) the chieftains of Souli: Georgios and Dimitrios Botsaris, Lambros Tzavellas, Nikolaos and Christos Zervas, Lambros Koutsonikas, Christos Photomaras and Demos Drakos, agreed with Louitzis Sotiris, a Greek representative of the Russian side, that they were ready to fight with 2,200 men against the Muslims of Rumelia. This was the time when Ali Pasha became the local Ottoman lord of Ioannina. Perraivos (1815) notes that by the end of the 18th century the central settlement of Souli had increased to 26 clans with a total of 450 families. The Greek peasants who were farmers in the lands which the Souliots had acquired were distinguished by the name of the village in which they dwelt. Clan, class and territorial labels had significance in addition to religion. Ali Pasha-Souliot relations Relations between Ali Pasha and the Souliotes are documented since 1783 when the Souliotes had fought for Ali Pasha's army as allied mercenaries against Ahmet Kurt Pasha of the Pashalik of Berat. As soon as Ali Pasha became the local Ottoman ruler, all local factions which held power over tax collection were opposed to him. In February 1789, a coalition between the Muslim Albanian beys of Gjirokastër, Berat, Chameria and the Souliotes attempted to depose Ali Pasha. Clashes lasted for about 4 months and Ali Pasha was weakened but by May he signed an agreement with the Souliotes who abandoned the coalition and in exchange were given the right to act as armatoles in certain areas in Epirus and some of their clan leaders received wages from Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha managed to install as dervend agha (representative of the Pashalik of Yannina in Souli, one of his subordinates Andreas Iskos (relative of Georgios Karaiskakis) As part of the same agreement he held five children of prominent Souliote families as hostages. Ali Pasha launched successive spring-summer campaigns in 1789 and 1790. Although some Parasouliote settlements were captured, the defenders of Souli managed to repulse the attacks. Despite the end of the Russo-Turkish War, Ali Pasha was obsessed to capture this centre of resistance. Thus, he looked forward to implement indirect and long-term strategies since the numerical superiority of his troops proved inadequate. In July 1792 Ali dispatched an army of c. 8,000–10,000 troops against the Souliotes. It initially managed to push the 1,300 Souliote defenders to the inner defiles of Souli and temporarily occupied the main settlement of the region. However, after a successful counterattack, the Ottoman Albanian units were routed with 2,500 of them killed. On the other hand, the Souliotes suffered minimal losses, but Lambros Tzavelas, one of their main leaders, was mortally wounded. The 1792 attack ended in Souliote victory and in the negotiations, the Botsaris clan managed to be recognized by Ali Pasha as the lawful representative of Souli and George Botsaris as the one who would enforce the terms of peace among the Souliotes. During the following seven years Ali Pasha undertook preparations to take revenge for the defeat. Meanwhile, he besieged the French-controlled towns of the Ionian coast. Especially two of them, Preveza and Parga, were vital to Souli for the supply of livestock and ammunition. Perraivos records that, in his pursuit to gather all incomes of all large estate holders of the area in order to augment his political power, Ali tried to buy from Bekir bey, the sipahi of Souli, the timariot rights in Souli and, facing his obstinate refusal, killed him. At the fall of Preveza in late 1798, Ali Pasha managed to secure the neutrality of Souliotes through bribery. The biggest of the Souliot clans which negotiated and eventually collaborated with Ali Pasha and integrated itself in the local Ottoman hierarchy were the Botsaris clan. Perraivos (1815) is one of the contemporary historians who recorded the collaboration of Botsaris with Ali Pasha since the spring of 1800. Perraivos attributes this shift to the "madness of greed" of George Botsaris (grandfather of Markos Botsaris) whom he calls a "paid traitor". Other historians of the 19th century follow the same assessment. In modern historiography, the explanation of his political stance through "greed" is considered an oversimplification. Like all other Souliot clans, the Botsaris first and foremost worked for the interests of their own clan, and sought to improve the wealth and political position of their clan, hence the stance of George Botsaris and all Souliot leaders is interpreted in this framework. For the Botsaris clan, since 1799 when Ali Pasha took control of the villages of Lakka Souli which were previously under the sphere of influence of the Botsaris clan, integration in the Ottoman system was the only viable political option. In 1800, George Botsaris received a large sum and the position of the armatolos of Tzoumerka, and the Botsaris clan left Souli and settled in Vourgareli of Arta. This was the first time that a Souliot clan became part of the Ottoman political system. The departure of the Botsaris clan weakened Souli as they were a significant part of its force. In June–July 1800 a new campaign was mounted by Ali involving 11,500 troops. When this direct assault failed, Ali resorted to long-term measures to subdue the warrior community. In order to isolate the seven main villages of Souli from the Parasouliote villages as well as Parga and Preveza, Ali ordered the construction of tower fortifications around Souli. For two years the Souliotes were able to survive this encirclement by the smuggling of supplies from Parga and from nearby Paramythia and Margariti. Nevertheless, a lack of food and supplies was taking its toll. In April 1802 the Souliotes received a supply of food, weapons and ammunition by a French corvette stationed in Parga. This intervention by the French offered Ali the pretext for a new expedition against them with the support of the agas and beys of Epirus and southern Albania. Fall of Souli (1803) In 1803 the position of the Souliotes became desperate with the artillery and famine depleting their ranks. On the other hand, the defenders in Souli sent delegations to the Russian Empire, the Septinsular Republic and France for urgent action but without success. As the situation became more desperate in the summer of the same year, Ali's troops began assaults against the seven core villages of Souli. Meanwhile, the British turned to the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen their forces against Napoleon, and the weapons and ammunition supplies were interrupted. Without support from outside and wearied by years of siege, the unity of the Souliote clans started to split. As such two chieftains, Athanasios Koutsonikas and Pilios Gousis, withdrew from the defense. However, the rest in Souli gathered together in Saint George's Orthodox Church and decided either to fight or die. The remaining Souliotes numbered at no more than 2,000 armed men. The main leaders were Fotos Tzavellas, Dimos Drakos, Tousas Zervas, Koutsonikas, Gogkas Daglis, Giannakis Sehos, Fotomaras, Tzavaras, Veikos, Panou, Zigouris Diamadis, and Georgios Bousbos. They won all the decisive battles. Without food and ammunition, they were forced to withdraw to the fortresses of Kiafa and Kougi, where they lost the last battle on December 7, 1803. Following that, the Souliotes concluded an armistice with Veli Pasha, Ali's son and commander of the expedition. Finding their defense untenable in the long run, they agreed upon a treaty on 12 December which obliged them to abandon their homeland. They were allowed to leave with arms, the necessities of war, foodstuffs and whatever else they wished to take. When the last Souliot tribes left, monk Samuel stayed with 5 Souliots in the fortified monastery of Saint Paraskevi in Kugi, in order to surrender war supplies to deputies of Veli, son of Ali, but the gunpowder exploded during the surrender. According to Perraivos, Samuel, enraged at the insult of one of Veli's deputies, set himself ablaze opting for death instead of surrender, while according to the Alipasiad and to a "remembrance" written on a fresco in a church of Seliani, the blow-up was an action of Fotos Tzavelas, in compliance with Ali's orders. The Ottoman Albanian troops violated this treaty and attacked groups of Souliotes. In one instance a group of Souliote women was attacked when heading to Zalongo and c. 22 of them being trapped decided to turn towards the cliff's edge together with their infants and children rather than surrender. According to tradition (see Dance of Zalongo) they did this one after the other while dancing and singing. Other Souliotes reached Parga, which was under Russian control at the time. They either settled down there or set off for the Ionian Islands. Exile (1803–1820) After the surrender of Souli, Souliote clans chose divergent paths but many were ultimately led to move to the Ionian Islands and in south Greece. Kitsos Botsaris who had succeeded his father as armatolos of Tzoumerka became a target. Botsaris gathered his clan and 1,200 Souliotes who retreated to Agrafa. In January 1804, they were attacked by Ali Pasha's army under Beqir Bey with support from the local armatoloi Zikos Michos, Tzimas Alexis and Poulis. As the Botsaris clan was given the important armatolik of Tzoumerka, other armatoloi had targeted them. The Souliotes were besieged for 3 months on the grounds of the monastery of the Assumption of Mary. In the final battle, on April 7, most Souliotes were killed and of those who survived many were taken hostage. About 80 escaped from this battle. Ali Pasha at the same time published a firman which targeted the Botsaris clan which was hunted down. Kitsos Botsaris and his family with a few others managed to escape to Parga and later settled in the Ionian Islands. He returned to the Pashalik of Yanina in 1813 when Ali Pasha gave him again the armatolik of Tzoumerka but as soon as he returned he was murdered by a Gogos Bakolas. Many Souliotes entered service with the Russians on Corfu, where they became an important component of the "Greek Legion". This was a regiment of irregulars organized by the Russians among mainland refugees; it not only included Souliotes, but also Himariotes, Maniots, and other Greek klephts and armatoloi. The formation of this unit was undertaken by the Greek-born Russian colonel Emmanouil Papadopoulos. Its organization was laid down by Papadopoulos in a leaflet in Greek titled "Explanations on the establishment of a legion of Epiro-Souliotes and Himaro-Peloponnesians in the service of His Imperial Majesty Alexander I ...". He recognized that Souliotes and the others were already naturally trained in irregular tactics and did not have to conform to the Western regular tactics. This unit was eventually named "Legion of Light Riflemen". The Souliotes participated in campaigns in Naples in 1805, Tenedos in 1806, Dalmatia in 1806, and during the defense of Lefkada in 1807. With the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 and the détente between Russia and France, the Russian forces withdrew from the Ionian Islands and the French occupied them. The Souliotes and other components of Russian units entered service with the French in various units, such as the Battaglione dei Cacciatori Macedoni and the Régiment Albanais (Albanian Regiment), terms which did not have their later ethnic connotation, but were instead stylized terms that described the soldiers' general origins or mode of fighting. Colonel Minot, the commander of the regiment, appointed as battalion captains mostly the leaders of Souliote clans who enjoyed the respect among the soldiers. Among them were: Tussa Zervas, George Dracos, Giotis Danglis, Panos Succos, Nastullis Panomaras, Kitsos Palaskas, Kitsos Paschos. Fotos Tzavellas, Veicos Zervas. During the Anglo-French struggle over the Ionian Islands between 1810 and 1814, the Souliotes in French service faced off against other refugees organized by the British into the Greek Light Infantry Regiment. Since the Souliotes were mostly garrisoned on Corfu, which remained under French control until 1814, very few entered British service. The British disbanded the remnants of the Souliot Regiment in 1815 and subsequently decommissioned their own two Greek Light Regiments. This left many of the Souliotes and other military refugees without livelihoods. In 1817, a group of veterans of Russian service on the Ionian Islands traveled to Russia to see if they could get patents of commission and employment in the Russian army. While unsuccessful in this endeavor, they joined the Filiki Etaireia ("Company of Friends"), the secret society founded in Odessa in 1814 for the purpose of liberating Greek lands from Ottoman rule. They returned to the Ionian Islands and elsewhere and began to recruit fellow veterans into the Philike Etaireia, including a number of Souliot leaders. Participation in the Greek War of Independence Return to Souli (1820-1822) In July 1820 the Sultan issued a hatt-ı Şerif against Ali Pasha of Yannina proclaiming him an outlaw and subsequently called Christians and Muslims persecuted by Ali to aid the Sultan's troops promising the return of their properties and villages. As in summer 1820 both the Sultan and Ali sought the military assistance of the Souliots, Ioannis Kapodistrias, the Greek serving as foreign minister of Russia, who had visited his native Corfu in 1819 and was concerned about the predicament of the Souliots, communicated to the Souliot leaders via his two brothers in Corfu his encouragement to take advantage of this opportunity in order to return to their homeland. The Souliots of Corfu promtply submitted a request to Ismail Pasha, the leader of the Sultan's army, and joined his force along with Markos Botsaris and other Souliots dispersed through Epirus. As Ismail Pasha, also known as Pashobey, temporized, fearful of the Souliots's return to their stronghold, they decided, four months later, in November 1820, to change camps and began secret negotiations with their old enemy, Ali. In part thanks to Ali's appeal to their shared Albanian origin, but mainly after he offered to allow them to return to their land, the Souliots agreed in December to support him to lift the Sultan's siege of Yannina in return for their resettlement in Souli. Οn December 12, the Souliotes liberated the region of Souli, both from Muslim Lab Albanians, who were previously installed by Ali Pasha as settlers, and Muslim Cham Albanians, allies of Pashobey. They also captured the Kiafa fort. The uprising of the Souliotes, among the first to revolt against the Sultan, like the rest of the other Greek exiles in the Ionian islands, inspired the revolutionary spirit among the other Greek communities. Soon they were joined by additional Greek communities (armatoles and klephts). Later, in January 1821, even the Muslim Albanians faithful to Ali Pasha signed an alliance with them and 3,000 Christian soldiers were fighting against the Sultan in Epirus. The Souliot struggle had initially a local character, but an understanding of the Souliotes and Muslim Albanians with Ali Pasha was in accordance with the plans of Alexandros Ypsilantis, leader of the Philike Etaireia, for the preparation for the Greek revolution. The Greek revolutionaries wished to lengthen Ali's siege in order to withhold the Sultan's army in Epirus, but the Souliots considered lifting the siege as a precondition for securing their control of Souli and under the military leadership of Markos Botsaris tried to control the road leading from Arta to Ioannina to interrupt the supplies for the Sultan's army. Christophoros Perraivos, sent by Ypsilantis to Epirus and aiming to connect Ali's and the Souliots's struggle with the objectives of the Greek revolution, proposed to attack the seaside forts of Preveza and Parga, but Markos Botsaris and the Muslim Albanians rejected his plans, operated eastwards of Souli and after occupying a number of positions they managed to interrupt the sending of supplies from Arta and control most of Epirus, greatly advancing the objectives of the Filiki Eteria. In continuation of their cooperation during the summer, the Souliots, Muslim Albanian beys and the Greek armatoles of Acarnania signed in September a tripartite alliance to aid Ali and each other even against Ali, should he become powerful enough to turn against one of them. In October an envoy acting on the instructions of Alexandros Mavrokordatos, the Phanariot Greek who had been in Messolonghi from July, sought and managed to persuade all three parties to recognize the central administration of the Greek revolutionaries taking shape in Messologhi in return for help against Arta. In November they sent representatives to the assembly that established a constitutional charter for Western Continental Greece and they made a common attack on the city of Arta, which they captured and plundered, provoking the counterattack of Hurshid Pasha, the Sultan's new commander in chief in Yannina. Upon information of massacres of local Muslims in the Peloponnese after the beginning of the Greek revolts and after witnessing anti-Muslim actions in Messolonghi the Muslim Albanian agas perceived the religious character and divergent aims of the Greek Revolution and apprised of Ali's slim chances of success, they abandoned the Souliots and Ali and joined the Ottomans, accepting the proposals of the Albanian Omer Vrioni, a delegate of Hurshid Pasha, which the Christian Souliots, confident in their connection with the revolutionaries, rejected. As such Ago Muhurdar, a Muslim Albanian previously loyal to Ali stated: "Souliots! Until today we were servants of you and your allies... we were deceived because now we see clearly that both you and your co-religionists fight for your faith and freedom. Your war for faith and freedom is clearly a war against our faith and ruler". Distanced from their thitherto Albanian allies, the Souliots turned to the government of revolted Greece, to which they had sent a plenipotentiary, Fotos Bomporis, a man born in Preveza from a family originating from Himara, to represent them in the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, the first legislative body of the provisional Greek Government that convened in December 1821 and January 1822, issuing the declaration of independence of the Greek nation. Trying to bind the Souliots in the Revolution, Mavrokordatos, now elected president of the Executive, appointed Notis Botsaris Minister of War, a position he declined, opting to carry on as chieftain in endangered Souli, but his nephew Markos stayed in revolted Greece with a view to a joint operation of Souliots and the revolutionaries against Hurshid. After Hurshid captured Ali and had him decapitated in January 1822, he decided to turn his attention to the rebels at Souli and laid siege to it. In May 1822 the desperate resistance of c. 2,000 defenders of Souli managed to repel a 15,000-strong army, led by Hurshid Pasha, consisting mostly of Albanians, the agas of Chameria along with Ghegs, Labs and Tosks, who secretly aided the Souliots. To secure western Central Greece, his political base, from the Sultan's forces, Mavrocordatos approved the proposal of Markos Botsaris and the Souliots for a military campaign against Arta as a diversion to help Souli and personally assumed its leadership, but the Greek forces met with crushing defeat in the battle of Peta in July. With annual revenue from the tithes of Karleli and Vonitsa, that Botsaris had rented, insufficient to procure food and ammunition and without external assistance, the Souliots, famishing isolated in their mountains, were forced to seek British mediation, signed the surrender of Souli to the Sultan's forces in July and abandoned their lands for a second and final time in September, armed and carrying their movable property, heading to the Ionian islands. In the revolutionary armies Markos Botsaris opted to remain in Acarnania and developed a friendship with Mavrokordatos, who was similarly tainted with failure and in need of a local footing, becoming the head of his political faction () in western Greece, and commonly toured the area trying to dissuade the locals from submitting to the marching Ottoman army under Kütahı. On Mavrokordatos's orders, after the submission of most armed chiefs from Western Roumeli to the Ottomans, Botsaris was promoted to general and successfully assumed command of the defense of Messolonghi during its first siege in late 1822. Meanwhile, the Souliots, unable to secure a living by offering armed service in the Ionian islands, sought to migrate to the Greek mainland and Botsaris, who wanted to form a military unit loyal to himself in order to assert his position, coordinated their gathering at Messolonghi, not far from their homeland, under the aegis of Mavrokordatos, who needed a mercenary army to gain political and military power in western Greece against the local armatoloi. In early 1823 western Central Greece was beset by infighting among notables, armed chiefs and Mavrokordatos, who sought to promote those loyal to him. When the Tzavellas clan, who, according to primary sources "couldn't stand the fame of Markos Botsaris", moved to western Greece from the Ionian Islands, they tried to group with his adversaries. As they were poor and with no salary, they were eventually contracted by Mavrokordatos, who ordered them, in manner similar to the practices of the Ottomans and other Greek armed groups, to wage war against and plunder the province of Agrafa which was under the control of Georgios Karaiskakis. After they plundered Agrafa, the Tzavellas clan joined Karaiskakis and abandoned Mavrokordatos as he had designated Markos Botsaris "General of Western Greece". The two clans had a very deep hostility to each other that throughout the war they supported opposed factions and refused to fight under the same command. In an effort to release the tension and daily infighting between leaders of armed bands, all of them, including newly arrived from the Ionians Zygouris Tzavellas, were elevated to the generalship, leading Markos to tear apart the certificate of his rank in protest. In August the Roumeliot and Souliot forces of 1,200 men met with the 5,000-strong vanguard of the Ottoman army of Mustafa Pasha of Skodra in Karpenisi and Botsaris, leading 350 Souliots, attempted a nightly surprise attack into the camp of the Muslim Albanians, who bore identical arms and spoke the same language, but, operating alone and, contrary to plan, left to fight unsupported by other armed chiefs, except for the Souliot Kitsos Tzavellas, was killed with a bullet in his head. Botsaris's death immediately provoked universal praise in Greece for his military skill and his prudence, he was acclaimed as "worthy of illustrious Greek forefathers", his feat was popularized by philhellenic committees across Europe and he became a legendary figure, enlisted among Greek national heroes. In December 1823, the philhellene Lord Byron arrived at Messolonghi and, having heard of Markos's and the Souliots's bravery, formed an armed band of 500 Souliots, who were attracted by the money Byron, the administrator of the loans the Greeks had recently contracted with City bankers, was reputed to carry. Bands of Souliot chieftains did not only comprise Souliots, as, to increase their clout, they had allowed their bands to include fighters from Roumeli, who were after higher wages, but, charged by the government, Byron favoured enlisting true Souliots. In contrast with fighters in the bands of Roumeliot armed chiefs, for whom the various provinces of Roumeli undertook their subsistence, the livelihood of the Souliots as well as that of their families in the Ionian islands, depended solely on the wages they received for their armed services from the revolutionary administration, as was generally the case with fighters from northern Greece, thus steering the Souliots towards a constant, unaccommodable demand for their salaries. The concentration of many Souliot families in Mesologgi was a source of deep concern for the locals. The armed clashes between them were frequent as Souliotes engaged in robberies and even took possession of parts of the houses of locals for their own families, while claiming Greekness as a privilege enjoyed exclusively by themselves and berating other Christians in the city as rayah. The locals refused to supply the Souliotes with food, housing and other necessary materials because of the bad relations between them and the ties they had to local forces. Enraged at the troubles they provoked, Byron threatened to leave the city, if the Souliots stayed there, paid them part of the salaries due, accepting a request of the notables, and disbanded them, hiring fighters from various regions in their stead. The Souliots moved to Anatoliko and, after Byron's death, days later, in April 1824, they were enlisted by other captains, leaving western Central Greece. During this period, the Souliots integrated in a new reality, defined by their incorporation in the national, political and military goals of the Greek Revolution and their Hellenization, while maintaining their organization in autonomous, competing clans, remnants of the old clans. Despite their inability to unify under the same command, due to the clan antagonism that determined their accession to opposing armed bands or political factions, the Souliots remained experienced and formidable warriors to be employed by the Greek Administration on a high pay scale. They took part in all the battles fought against Ibrahim pasha and were sent into besieged Messolonghi. After the failure of the Greek navy to break the siege and bring supplies, the city's defenders, increasingly unified by the experience of a protracted siege, rejected the shameful terms offered by their hatred enemy, the Ottomans, who, unconscious of the revolutionary character of the war, asked them to surrender their arms, their only means of subsistence, and many Souliots died during the sortie in April 1826. Many Souliots, including distinguished officers of important clans, were also killed in the battle of Analatos in 1827. Addressing the Third National Council of the provisional Greek government in 1827 Kitsos Tzavelas stressed the sacrifice of the Souliotes for a common fatherland. The gradual integration of the Souliots in the Greek national cause was noticed by and perhaps amused their contemporaries, such as the embittered Ahmet Nepravistha, the dervenaga of Kravara, who in a letter replying to Kitsos Tzavellas's request to surrender, took note of their mutation and, pointing out their shared Albanian origin, sarcastically called into question Tzavellas's Greekness. After defeating him next month, in October 1828, Tzavellas had Ahmet's and his men's foreheads stigmatized with the Phoenix, the emblem of the First Hellenic Republic. Settlement in Greece and legacy Souliote groups had already moved during the war to areas which would form part of the Greek Kingdom. After the Greek War of Independence, the Souliotes could not return to their homeland as it remained outside the borders of the newly formed Greek state. Different groups of refugees who settled in Greece after the war despite their common status as refugees had their own peculiarities, interests and customs. The Souliotes, alongside people from the area of Arta and the rest of Epirus, in many cases insisted on being represented as a separate group in their affairs with the Greek state and maintain their own representatives. In other cases are grouped together with the other Epirote refugees as "Epirosouliotes" or just "Epirotes". The Souliots were considered to have "a sense of superiority" and were seen by some as being arrogant because they considered themselves to be superior in military affairs in their participation in the war. This feeling of superiority of Souliotes was not only directed towards other groups of refugees but also towards the central authorities. In such conditions, it was difficult for the Souliotes to follow the central government and they were constantly a source of "reaction and mutinies". A local relation from Agrinio (1836) to the central government reports that as the Souliotes were jobless and without land they had resorted to looting and robbing the local population. Since at least 1823 when many of them moved from the Ionian islands to western Greece, the Souliotes had been aiming to settle in Mesologgi, Agrinio, Nafpaktos. In the area of Agrinio (then Vrachori), the Souliotes asked from the government of Petrobey Mavromichalis to be given land in Zapadi. The locals were against this decision and the situation deteriorated to the point of threat of civil war. Thus the ultimate decision by the government was postponed and later abandoned as the position was considered vulnerable to Ottoman attacks from the frontier. In other areas of Agrinio, the Souliotes settled simply by occupying without a legal permit public land and even landed property whose owners weren't there. This move angered the locals, who considered these lands to belong to them. The land distribution affair fueled for many years the dispute between those dubbed as the "autochthonous" (natives) Agriniotes and the "heterochthonous" (foreigners) Souliotes. At the Third National Assembly at Troezen, the Souliotes requested to be given land in the Peloponnese near Epidaurus but this proposal remained postponed as well. On July 24, 1829, the Souliotes submitted a new report which asked from the government of Ioannis Kapodistrias 1)to find land of their settlement 2)to pay them back wages for the participation in the war 3)to enact measures for widows and orphans. These proposals were met with support by Kapodistrias Since March 1829, many Souliotes had fought for the capture of Nafpaktos and their contribution was major in this victory. The Souliotes who fought in this battle believed that the best landed property and housing of Nafpaktos belonged to them since they capture the area so they occupied and took them as their own. There were some negative reactions to their activity from locals, but only to a small degree possibly because the population of the town had dwindled during the war and it had to be repopulated. In Nafpaktos, the locals were rather friendly towards them and supported their request to build their own settlement nearby; as such, according to Kostavasilis (2002) per Raikos (1957) "Nafpaktos became their second homeland". Despite the settlement of groups of Souliotes via the occupation of landed property, a permanent solution to their resettlement didn't exist in 1829 and even during the early years of the reign of Othon I. Friedrich Thiersch, a contemporary of Kapodistrias, writes that he was concerned with resettling Souliotes, Cretans and Thessalians from the area of Mt. Olympus in the same area as members of their own community as he thought that their settlements would become dangerous areas. Such a consideration might be plausible, but modern historiography considers that the issue remained unsolved for a long time due to systemic factors and not because of the individual predisposition of Kapodistrias. At the Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion (late 1831- early 1832) the Souliotes were represented by Kitsos Tzavelas and Ioannis Bairaktaris. After many debates and requests by Souliotes to be given land, the delegates of the assembly agreed to give land only to Souliotes who fought in the war and to allow them to build their settlements in limited properties in Nafpaktos and Agrinio. In April/May 1834, the new government of Othon as a measure which sought to placate the Souliotes and the locals of the areas which would see Souliot settlement prepared a legal act which was never officially published. The government accepted the Souliot requests for the implementation of the decisions of 1831-32 "to the extent that no unknown obstacles exist". This formulation allowed for local interest groups in these areas to postpone the creation of the settlements which eventually were halted. As a reaction against the new decision, on September 26, 1834, the Souliotes from all three areas (Nafpaktos, Agrinio, Mesologgi) signed a petition and elected Kostas Botsaris as a representative to take all necessary measures for their requests to be accepted. This new initiative had no success and reports of Souliotes from this era attest to their claims of great poverty of Souliot families. A Souliot petition to Othon reports that they were forced to" sell their weapons, furniture and even their clothes to get food". The Souliotes informed Othon that "the only science they know is that of weapons" which they offered to him. The petition ends with the statement that if no solution is found for their settlements, they will be "forced to leave their desired [...] Greece, in which they fervently fought, and go to a foreign land in search for means to survive". In Nafpaktos, where the population had dwindled during the war, Souliot resettlement moved ahead. Extensive landed properties had been given to Souliotes outside the boundaries of the castle and most of them engaged in agriculture. The locals and the Souliotes had good relations and the municipal authorities petitioned the government to speed up the procedure for the building of the new settlement. In Agrinio, local reactions against the Souliotes caused many delays. The part of the local population which reacted against them accused them that they didn't plan to settle there peacefully but that they would engage in robberies and pillaging against them. In 1836, Souliotes were among the groups who took part in the anti-Bavarian movements in Greece and this caused further distrust towards them from the central authorities. In time, the dispute between Souliotes and locals led to the partial construction of the settlement. In 1854, during the Crimean War, a number of Greek military officers of Souliote descent, under Kitsos Tzavelas, participated in a failed revolt in Epirus, demanding union with Greece. Souliots settled in Athens made up the greatest part of Albanian-speaking Greeks that formed in 1898 the "Arvanitic Association" (Greek: "Αρβανίτικος Σύνδεσμος"), one of two associations that sought the creation of a unified Greco-Albanian state or of an Albanian principality under Greek suzerainty. Until 1909, the Ottomans kept a military base on the fortress of Kiafa. Finally in 1913, during the Balkan Wars, the Ottomans lost Epirus and the southern part of the region became part of the Greek state. Members of the Souliote diaspora that lived in Greece played a major role in 19th- and 20th-century politics and military affairs, like Dimitrios Botsaris, the son of Markos Botsaris, and the World War II resistance leader Napoleon Zervas. Identity and ethnicity In Ottoman-ruled Epirus, national identity did not play a role to the social classification of the local society; religion was the key factor of classification of the local communities. The Orthodox congregation was included in a specific ethno-religious community under Graeco-Byzantine domination called Rum millet. Its name was derived from the Byzantine (Roman) subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but all Orthodox Christians were considered part of the same millet in spite of their differences in ethnicity and language. According to this, the Muslim communities in Epirus were classified as Turks, while the Orthodox (Rum), were classified as Greeks. Moreover, national consciousness and affiliations were absent in Ottoman Epirus during this era. The Souliots's Christian faith became in due time a key element differentiating them from nearby Chams and leading them to connect with and rally around the neighbouring Greek population. Self-identification In the eighteenth century common traits in their appearance, such as displaying shaved forehead and temples, their social structure, common mores, and activities such as brigandage and war reinforced the sense of belonging in the same place-based community and gradually caused clan identities to transform into the consciousness of a particular moral and cultural community related to its abode, while distinguishing the Souliots from the surrounding Greek-speaking and Albanian-speaking populations. At the beginning of the Greek War of Independence the Christian Albanian Souliotes were still unfamiliar with ideas of nationalism and they did not see themselves as leading "Greek armies", even declaring in a letter to the Russian Tsar that they do not have anything in common with the other Greeks, feeling closer to fellow Albanian Muslims instead. During the Greek War of Independence the Souliotes identified entirely with the Greek national cause Descriptions in contemporary and 19th-century accounts Greek authors The Souliotes had a strong local identity. Athanasios Psalidas (1767–1829), Greek scholar and secretary to Ali Pasha in early 19th century stated that the Souliotes were Greeks fighting the Albanians and distinguishes Souliotes from "Arvanites". He also stated that they are part of the Cham population and their correspondent region, known as Chameria, was inhabited by both Albanians and Greeks with the later being more numerous, while the villages of Souli were inhabited by "Greek warriors". Adamantios Korais, major figure of the modern Greek Enlightenment states in 1803 that the Souliotes are the "pride of the Greeks". Western authors Amongst Western European travelers and authors traveling in the region during the nineteenth century, they described the Souliotes in different terms, while most of them were based on claims they have heard or read rather than on research-based evidence, dependent on their guides, without any knowledge of Greek and Albanian and having probably misunderstood the cultural and political reality of the region: In 1813 Hobhouse stated the Souliotes "are all Greek Christians and speak Greek" and resembled more "the Albanian warrior than the Greek merchant". French historian Claude Fauriel described the Souliotes in 1814 as "a mixture of Greeks and Albanian Christians" who were originally refugees that settled in the Souli mountains. In the nineteenth century, the ethnic and geographical terms Albanian and Albania were used often to incorporate the people of the area and southern Epirus, now part of Greece. British traveller Henry Holland wrote in 1815 that they were of "Albanian origin" and "belonging to the division of that people called the Tzamides" (Chams). R. A. Davenport stated in 1837 that were some people who believed that the "nucleus of the Suliote population consisted of Albanians" who had sought refuge in the mountains after the death of Skanderbeg, while other people claimed shepherds settled Souli from Gardhiki which in both cases was to escape Ottoman rule. In 1851 British traveler Edward Lear wrote the "mountains of Suli" were "occupied by Albanians" in the early medieval period and stayed Christian after the surrounding area converted to Islam. Traveler Henry Baerlin referred to the Souliotes as shouting their defiance in Albanian to "threatening Greek letters sent by Ali Pasha" during their wars. Traveler Brian de Jongh stated that the Souliots were of Albanian descent and "refugees from Albania [...] a branch of the Tosks", that kept "their Albanian mother tongue and Christian faith. A NY Times article from 1880 calls the Souliotes a "branch of the Albanian people" and referred to Souliote women like Moscho Tzavella as exemplary of "the extraordinary courage of the Albanian women... in the history of the country. Identification by historiography During the early nineteenth century exile in Corfu, the Souliote population was usually registered in official Corfiot documents as Albanesi or Suliotti, as Arvanites in onomastic catalogs for foreigners and as Alvanites (Αλβανήτες) in a divorce document by the wife of Markos Botsaris. According to Greek Corfiot historian Spyros Katsaros, he states that the Corfiot Orthodox Greek speaking population during the period of 1804–14 viewed the Souliotes as "Albanian refugees ... needing to be taught Greek". While K.D. Karamoutsos, a Corfiot historian of Souliote origin disputes this stating that the Souliotes were a mixed Graeco-Albanian population or ellinoarvanites. The Hellenic Navy Academy says that the Souliotic war banner used by Tousias Botsaris and Kitsos Tzavellas before and during the Greek War of Independence bore the inscription "descendants of Pyrrhus", the ancient Greek ruler of Epirus. Greek historian Vasso Psimouli states that the Souliotes were of Albanian origin, having first settled in Epirus in the 14th century and speaking Albanian at home despite not being isolated from their Greek neighbours. Scottish historian George Finlay called them a branch of Chams, which American ethnologist Laurie Kain Hart interpreted as them having initially spoken Albanian. British academic Miranda Vickers calls them "Christian Albanians". The Canadian professor of Greek studies Andre Gerolymatos has described them as "branch of the southern Albanian Tosks" and "Christian Albanians of Suli". Classicist David Brewer has described them as a tribe of Albanian origin that like other Albanian tribes lived by plunder and extortion on their neighbours. American professor Nicholas Pappas stated that in modern times the Souliotes have been looked upon as Orthodox Christian Albanians who identified themselves with the Greeks. According to Pappas the overwhelming majority of the Souliotic cycle of folksongs is in Greek, which is interpreted by him as a testimony to the Greek orientation of the Souliotes. Arthur Foss says that the Souliotes were an Albanian tribe, that like other Albanian tribes, were great dandies. British historian Christopher Woodhouse describes them as an independent Greek community in the late 18th century during the resistance against Ali Pasha. Richard Clogg describes them as a warlike Albanian Christian community. Koliopoulos and Veremis have described the Souliotes as being "partly hellenized Albanian". According to Koliopoulos and Veremis, when the Albanian-speaking Souliots and other non-Greek speakers had fought in the Greek revolution, no-one thought that they were less Greek than the Greek-speakers. Trencsényi and Kopecek have inferred that they were Orthodox by faith and Albanian by origin. Fleming considers the Souliotes an Orthodox Albanian people, but also Greek-speaking. She also states that the Souliote people, who practiced a form of Orthodox Christianity and spoke Greek, were seen not as Greeks but as Albanians. Peter Bartl says that the Souliotes were an Albanian tribal community of Greek Orthodox religion. Yanni Kotsonis states that the Souliots appear a puzzling case only when contemporary notions of national belonging are projected to them and that their identity was complex, as they were "Albanians, Romioi and Christians and later Greeks as well", adopting Greekness since the Greek Revolution prevailed and endured. According to Jim Potts, for Greek authors the issue of ethnicity and origins regarding the Souliotes is contested and various views exist regarding whether they were Albanian, Albanian-speaking Greeks, or a combination of Hellenised Christian Albanians and Greeks who had settled in northern Greece. According to the same author, the issue of the origin and ethnicity of the Souliots is very much a live and controversial issue in Greece today, and foreign writers have been equally divided. The Souliotes were called Arvanites by Greek monolinguals, which amongst the Greek-speaking population until the interwar period, the term Arvanitis (plural: Arvanites) was used to describe an Albanian speaker regardless of their religious affiliations. According to Nikolopoulou, due to their identification with Greece, they were seen as Greeks by their Muslim Albanian adversaries as well. Ali Pasha, on the other hand, established an alliance with the Souliotes in 1820 by appealing to the shared ethnic Albanian origin of the Souliotes and his Muslim Albanian forces. Religiously, the Souliotes were always members of the Christian flock of the bishopric of Paramythia and belonged to the Church of Constantinople, part of the larger Greek Orthodox Church. Latter Greek official policy from the middle of the nineteenth century until the middle twentieth century, adopted a similar view: that speech was not a decisive factor for the establishment of a Greek national identity. As such, the dominant ideology in Greece considered as Greek leading figures of the Greek state and obscured the links of some Orthodox people such as Souliotes had to Albanian. 19th and 20th-century traditional historiography dealing with Souli and the Souliots selectively focused on their late eigteenth century conflicts with Ottoman officials, ignoring the past of the Souliot society, providing a distorted image of the relation of Souliots with their surroundings and presenting their military skills as a racial characteristic. Greek historian Constantine Paparrigopoulos (1815–1891) stated that the Souliotes were "a mixture of Greeks and Hellenized Albanians" while "the Albanian tribe fortified the most noble the combatitive spirit of the Greek, and the Greek inspired in the Albanian the most noble sentiments of love of one's country, love of learning and the rule of law". Souliotes in literature and art The image of Souliotes in art and literature is capacious. They were at times depicted as remote from European culture, exotic and simple mountaineers as proposed in orientalized prototypes by Lord Byron and later by various British poets who remained under the influence of the former. In the works of the philhellenes, Souliotes and their place were often presented according to the most common 19th-century literary cliché: romanticized and sentimentalized. The scope of the works about the Souliotes was focused on the Greek Revolution, but was not limited to it. As such the philhellenic discourse conceived in this way includes any kind of cultural activity: literature belle-lettres and writings of any kind, visual arts, design (decorations and household articles), music, theater, spectacles and organized events. The romantic image of the wild, exotic Souliotes that Byron proposed in the second canto of his narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812) influenced especially the Western image of Souli, while the Greek tradition was to some extent resistant to Byronic trends. Byronism also created a separate thread in the English tradition of imaging Souli, while another one was the outbreak of the Greek Revolution. As a result of Byron's poetic refashioning of Albania as a "wild" landscape in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, travelogues from the early 19th century record a series of representations of the Souliots, already known as invincible warriors. One of the most impressive of these images was a watercolour, a creation of British architect Charles Robert Cockerell, which was incorporated in 1820 in a book by Thomas Smart Hughes. This depiction of armed mountaineers in a fierce landscape, supposedly encapsulating their warrior qualities, was massively reproduced in the 19th century, symbolizing Romanticism's Orientalist take of the heroic yet savage Other. Rigas Feraios in his patriotic poem, Thourios (1797), mentioned the gallantry of the Souliotes and the Maniotes when he called on the Greeks to take up arms against the Ottomans. In 1818 at the Greek quarter of Odessa a ballet performance was organized under the name "The Soulios at Jannina". Theater plays and poems were produced during and soon after the Greek Revolution of 1821 for the Souliotes in general, and for certain heroes or events, such as Markos Botsaris or the Dance of Zalongo. The Souliotic cycle of folksongs comprises traditional songs in Greek and Albanian. At 1824 the first collection of folk material from Souli was published by Claude Charles Fauriel as part of his first collective work about Greek folk songs. In this work Fauriel presents various songs from the region together with descriptions about the correspondent historic events. In 1852 Spyridon Zambelios published the collection Folk Songs of Greece. The Greek folk songs are mostly compiled from the Ionian Islands, and many of them are about Souli and the struggles of the Souliotes against the Ottoman Turks. In 1878 Thimi Mitko published a collection of Albanian folk material in his Alvanikē melissa — Bleta Shqiptare ( - The Albanian Bee), which included lyric poems of heroic songs in southern Albanian dialect, including of the heroes of Souli; the Song of Marko Boçari being among them. The Souliotes became the main topic in the works of several Greek poets: Andreas Kalvos, Iakovos Polylas, Christos Christovasilis, Aristotelis Valaoritis. Legacy At the revolt of 1866–1869 in Crete and the holocaust of Arkadi the Greek military leader Panos Koronaios stated the determination of the Cretan rebels by saying that "Souli lives again in the Arkadi". During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941-1944) female resistance leader, Lela Karagianni, named her organization "women of Zalongo" and her members "present-day Souliotisses". Also, imprisoned female resistance fighters before their execution by Axis troops used to sing the Song of Zalonggo. See also Dance of Zalongo Epirus Revolt of 1854 Mandritsa Souliotic songs References External links Souli, in Wikiquote Bibliography = Former confederations
Bambusa bicicatricata is a species of Bambusa bamboo. Synonyms Bambusa bicicatricata has 3 synonyms. Distribution Bambusa bicicatricata is endemic to the temperate regions of Hainan province of China. Description Bambusa bicicatricata can grow up to a height of 1,000 cm. It has a 55–75 mm diameter woody stem. There are 6 anthers, each 3.5 mm long. References bicicatricata Flora of Hainan Plants described in 1978
Krivaja is a village in Berek municipality, Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia. Demographics According to the 2021 census, its population was 37. References Populated places in Bjelovar-Bilogora County
Kabo is a district in the Sangha Department of Republic of the Congo. The north of the district is the south part of the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, one of the 3 parks composing the Sangha Trinational, a forest added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012. References Districts of the Republic of the Congo

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