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Ernest Alfred Dalton (17 August 1885 – 12 April 1963) was a Canadian fencer. He competed at the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. References 1885 births 1963 deaths Canadian male fencers Olympic fencers for Canada Fencers at the 1932 Summer Olympics Fencers at the 1936 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Toronto
Russell Rodger Jones (born 17 August 1962) is a Scottish former cricketer and Royal Air Force officer. Jones was born in August 1962 at Bellshill, Lanarkshire. A club cricketer for both Clydesdale and Freuchie, he made a single appearance for Scotland in a List A one-day match against Lancashire at Old Trafford in the 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup. Opening the batting, he was dismissed for 2 runs by Paul Allott in Scotland's innings of 154 all out. Outside of cricket, Jones was commissioned into the Royal Air Force as an acting pilot officer in March 1984, having previously been held the rank of aircraftman. He obtained the permanent rank of pilot officer in February the following year, with promotion to flying officer in March 1986. A further promotion to flight lieutenant followed in September 1989, later retiring in August 2001. Following his retirement, he received a commission into the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch), before having his commission terminated in April 2002. References External links 1962 births Living people Sportspeople from Bellshill Scottish cricketers Royal Air Force airmen Royal Air Force officers
Luis Angel Acosta (born 14 September 1948) is a Mexican former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics. References External links 1948 births Living people Mexican male swimmers Olympic swimmers for Mexico Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics Swimmers from Mexico City Swimmers at the 1967 Pan American Games Pan American Games competitors for Mexico
Southern Rep (Southern Rep Theatre) is a regional theatre located in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is a member of National New Plays Network and Theatre Communications Group. Founded in 1986 by Dr. Rosary O'Neill, it is now led by Producing Artistic Director Aimee Hayes. Southern Rep has been the recipient of the Governor's Arts Organization Award from Lt. Gov. Mitch Landrieu and the State Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. History After its founding in 1986 by playwright and scholar Dr. Rosary O'Neill, Southern Rep focused on producing work that reflects Southern heritage. From 2002 through 2007, under the leadership of Producing Artistic Director Ryan Rilette, Southern Rep began focusing on developing new plays by American playwrights, featuring regional premieres of national work, and joining the National New Play Network. Marieke Gaboury joined as Managing Director in 2010 and left in 2012.Aimee Hayes was appointed Artistic Director in 2008. Aimee Hayes left in 2020. Sacha Grandoit is The Current Interim Artistic Director, as August 2021 of In 2019, the theater took up permanent residence in the former St Rose of Lima Catholic Church. Former locations The company's primary location was at One Canal Place. The theater has also performed at Mid-City Theater, Loyola University's Marquette Hall, Michalopoulos Studio, Ursuline Academy auditorium theater, Ashé Power House theater and the Contemporary Arts Center. Katrina In 2005, Southern Rep had to temporarily close its doors during Hurricane Katrina and ensuing aftermath. It reopened to the public in the months after Hurricane Katrina. Production history Southern Rep Theatre Productions References Theatre companies in Louisiana Arts organizations established in 1986 1986 establishments in Louisiana Tourist attractions in New Orleans
Nazarovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Leskovskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002. Geography Nazarovo is located 16 km west of Vologda (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Vologodsky District
Tony Babalu is representative of the second generation of Brazilian guitar players. Career Tony Babalu began his career in the 1970s as guitarist of the Made in Brazil band. Babalu created the funk-rock band Bem Nascidos e Mal Criados. In 2003, Babalu recorded his first instrumental work, the CD "Balada na Noite". Between 2005 and 2007, Babalu was responsible for directing and producing the CDs "Noite Proibida" (Marise Marra) and "Maga Lieri" (Maga Lieri), both released by label Amellis Records (Tratore's distribution). In 2012, Babalu founded the instrumental power trio BETAGROOVEBAND, with Marina Abramowicz on drums and PV Ribeiro on bass. Discography With Made in Brazil Discography "Made in Brazil" (1974/1999) – released in LP through RCA in 1974 and re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Jack O Estripador" (1976/1999) – released in LP through RCA in 1976 and re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Massacre" (1977/2005) – originally recorded in 1977 by RCA and officially released in 2005 through Made in Brazil Records "Paulicéia Desvairada" (1978/1999) – released in LP through RCA in 1978 e re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Minha Vida É Rock'n Roll" (1981/1999) – released in LP through RCA in 1981 and re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Deus Salva... O Rock Alivia" (1986), RGE "Made Pirata Vol. I" (1986/1999) – released in LP through RGE in 1986 and re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Made Pirata Vol. II" (1986/1999) – released in LP through RGE in 1986 and re-issued in CD through BMG in 1999 "Sexo, Blues & Rock'n Roll" (1998), Made In Brazil Records "Fogo na Madeira – Acústico – Made in Brazil Ao Vivo" (2000), Made in Brazil Records – recorded live from Delta Blues Bar (Campinas/Brazil) and from Bourbon Street (Sao Paulo/Brazil) "Fogo na Madeira II – Acústico – Made In Brazil Ao Vivo" (2001), Made In Brazil Records – recorded live from the SESI Theater (Sao Paulo/Brazil) and from Bourbon Street (Sao Paulo/Brazil) "Rock de Verdade" (2008), Made in Brazil Records As solo artist "Balada na Noite" (2005), Amellis Records "Live Sessions at Mosh" (2014), Amellis Records As artistic director "Maga Lieri" (2005), Amellis Records - eponymous album of Maga Lieri "Noite Proibida" (2005), Amellis Records – release by guitarist, singer and writer Marise Marra References Mondo Pop website - February 25th 2015 Rock On Stage website - November 2014 Blues'n'Jazz Magazine - October 14th 2014 R7 Portal - October 10th 2014 O Estado do Maranhao newspaper - August 3rd 2014, Alternativo section, page 3 Pagina 20 website - July 31st 2014 Barbieri's Website - July 14th 2014 External links Tony Babalu on SoundCloud Brazilian guitarists Brazilian male guitarists Living people 1953 births
The Asset Management Association of China (“AMAC”) is a self-regulatory association of fund management companies in China. References External links Trade associations based in China Organizations established in 2012 2012 establishments in China
Yandex self-driving car (Yandex Self-Driving Group) is an autonomous car project of the Russian-based technology company Yandex. The first driverless prototype launched in May 2017. As of 2018, functional service was launched in Russia with prototypes also being tested in Israel and the United States. In 2019, Yandex revealed autonomous delivery robots based on the same technology stack as the company's self-driving cars. Since 2020, autonomous robots have been delivering food, groceries and parcels in Russia and the United States. In 2020, the self-driving project was spun-off into a standalone company under the name of Yandex Self-Driving Group (Yandex SDG). History 2017 In June 2017, Yandex.Taxi released a video demonstrating its driverless car technology. The prototype vehicle was a heavily modified Toyota Prius+ hybrid wagon/compact MPV equipped with three LiDAR optical distance sensors by Velodyne, six radar units, and six cameras and a GNSS sensor for navigation, with Intel CPUs and NVIDIA GPUs using the GNU operating system with the Linux kernel. In November 2017, the results of a winter test were presented. The car drove successfully along snowy roads, despite the increased difficulties presented by the snow. The vehicle covered 300 km on a closed track. 2018 Robo-taxi service was launched on in August 2018 in the university town of Innopolis in western Russia's Republic of Tatarstan. Service is free of charge. There is no one behind the wheel during the rides, and Yandex engineers occupy passenger seats and act as safety observers. In February 2020, it was reported that over 5,000 autonomous passenger rides were made in Innopolis. At the end of 2018, Yandex obtained a license to use its self-driving cars on public roads in Nevada. In early 2019, the driverless cars carried out demo rides for the guests of the CES 2019 in Las Vegas. Unlike other prototypes demonstrated at the exhibition, the cars were circulating the streets of the city without any human control. There was no engineer at the wheel, only one in the passenger seat to take control of the car in case of emergency. In January 2020 Yandex provided autonomous rides for CES guests for the second time. In December 2018, the company received permission from the Israeli Transport Ministry to test its driverless cars on public roads. This makes Israel the third country where the company is testing its self-driving vehicles. In September, 2019 the testing territory was expanded to include the city center. 2019 In October 2019 Yandex made an announcement its self-driving cars passed 1 million miles in fully autonomous driving since it started testing the technology. Four other companies which previously announced similar or bigger distances are Waymo, GM Cruise, Baidu and Uber. In November 2019, the company presented its autonomous delivery robot, based on the same self-driving technology the company is using for its autonomous cars. The robot is the size of a suitcase and navigates sidewalks at the speed of 5-8 km/h. As part of the initial testing phase, robots were operating on the Yandex 7,000 employees campus in Moscow, transporting small packages from one building to another. 2020 In June 2020, Yandex presented the fourth generation of its self-driving cars. The vehicles are based on the Hyundai Sonata and developed in partnership with Hyundai Mobis. In August 2020, the company opened an autonomous vehicle testing center in Ann Arbor. In September 2020, the self-driving department of Yandex was spun-off into a standalone company under the name of Yandex Self-Driving Group (Yandex SDG) and received $150mln from the parent company. 2021 In July 2021, Yandex SDG partnered with Grubhub for robot delivery on US college campuses. By the end of 2021, Yandex SDG and Grubhub had launched autonomous robotic delivery at Ohio State University and the University of Arizona. In October 2021, Yandex SDG announced a partnership with the Russian Post. As a part of this partnership, 36 robots started making autonomous deliveries from 27 post offices across Moscow. In November 2021, the company announced that it would transition to using proprietary lidars on their autonomous vehicles. 2022 In March 2022, the company said that it paused operation of its robotaxis in Ann Arbor, and ended a delivery partnership with Grubhub as Russian invasion of Ukraine continues. Self-driving cars At the end of 2021, Yandex had around 170 autonomous vehicles in its fleet, which have driven over 14m kilometers (10m miles) across Russia, Israel and the United States. The AVs are based on mass-produced car models, like the Toyota Prius and Hyundai Sonata. Each vehicle is equipped with four lidars, six radars and from 8 to 12 cameras. Since November 2021 Yandex is using proprietary lidars. Yandex SDG semi-solid state lidars can recognize objects as far as 500 meters away and are capable of changing the scanning pattern on-flight. Yandex SDG semi-solid state lidars can recognize objects as far as 500 meters away and are capable of changing the scanning pattern on-flight. They can increase point cloud density in the area near the vehicle when it is moving through a courtyard, or increase range when driving at a high speed on a highway. Most of the fleet is operated in Moscow throughout the whole year, and are thoroughly tested in various weather conditions, including rain and snow. The company reported specific technologies developed to deal with bad weather. These include lidar cloud filtering from snowflakes reflections, and measuring friction coefficient for speed and maneuver planning. Autonomous delivery robots Yandex SDG presented its autonomous delivery robots in late 2019. The first prototypes were delivering documents between buildings on Yandex campus in Moscow. In May 2020 robots entered their first commercial deployment at the Skolkovo Innovation Center, where they were helping the town's administration with document transportation across the Center territory. In late 2020, robots joined Yandex.Eats food delivery service and started making food and grocery deliveries in several districts of Moscow. Half a year later Yandex SDG partnered with Grubhub for robot delivery on US college campuses. By the end of 2021 companies launched autonomous robotic delivery in The Ohio State University and the University of Arizona. Yandex autonomous delivery robots operate on the same technology as the company's autonomous cars. Robots are equipped with the same types of sensors as the cars (lidars, radars and cameras) which means they can reuse localization and perception algorithms developed for cars. Robots also reuse many neural networks, specifically for prediction of other road users’ behavior. These networks were initially developed for cars, with the data being tested, adapted, and implemented for robots. Robots move at a speed of 5-8 km/h (3-5 mph), can autonomously navigate crosswalks and recognize traffic lights. Average working time on a single charge is about 8–12 hours. The last generation of Yandex robots have replaceable batteries. Partnerships Hyundai Mobis In March 2019, an agreement was signed between Yandex and Hyundai to work on autonomous car systems. They will develop control systems for autonomous vehicles for level 4 and level 5, the categories of automation defined as requiring limited to no human intervention. The objective of the partnership is to provide a turnkey solution, which can be used by other manufacturers. The companies plan to show the first prototype of the joint project by the end of 2019. The companies noted that it is also possible to expand cooperation in the areas such as speech, navigation, and mapping technologies. In July 2019 Hyundai Mobis and Yandex presented self-driving Hyundai Sonata 2020 as the first result of the collaboration. In June 2020, Yandex presented the fourth generation of its self-driving cars, based on Hyundai Sonatas. Criticism Yandex discloses only the number of autonomous kilometers driven by cars in autonomous mode, but does not disclose the disengagement rate. As for all autonomous machines, disengagement rate (the frequency in which human drivers were forced to take control) is crucial. Due to the lack of standards for the data which is indicated in the reports, companies are allowed to exclude certain incidents in a manner which is not standardised, making direct comparison impossible. See also Yandex.Taxi References Experimental self-driving cars Yandex 2017 establishments in Russia
The 2010–11 Austin Peay Governors basketball team represented Austin Peay State University in the 2010–11 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Governors, led by head coach Dave Loos, played their home games at the Winfield Dunn Center in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, as members of the Ohio Valley Conference. The Governors finished in a tie for 2nd in the OVC during the regular season, earning the 3rd seed in the Ohio Valley tournament. Austin Peay advanced to the semifinals of the OVC tournament, where they were eliminated by eventual tournament champions Morehead State. Austin Peay failed to qualify for the NCAA tournament, but were invited to the 2011 College Basketball Invitational. The Governors were eliminated in the first round of the CBI, losing to Boise State, 83–80. Roster Source Schedule and results \|- !colspan=9 style=\|Exhibition \|- !colspan=9 style=\|Regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Ohio Valley tournament \|- !colspan=9 style=\| CBI Source References Austin Peay Governors men's basketball seasons Austin Peay Austin Peay Austin Peay men's basketball Austin Peay men's basketball
Sainte-Lucie-de-Beauregard Aerodrome was located adjacent to Sainte-Lucie-de-Beauregard, Quebec, Canada. References Defunct airports in Quebec Airports in Chaudière-Appalaches
```java package com.netflix.metacat.connector.hive.util; import com.netflix.metacat.common.server.partition.util.PartitionUtil; import com.netflix.metacat.common.server.partition.visitor.PartitionKeyParserEval; import org.apache.hadoop.hive.common.FileUtils; /** * Hive partition key evaluation. */ public class HivePartitionKeyParserEval extends PartitionKeyParserEval { @Override protected String toValue(final Object value) { return value == null ? PartitionUtil.DEFAULT_PARTITION_NAME : FileUtils.escapePathName(value.toString()); } } ```
Peter Nash Lupus Jr. (born June 17, 1932) is an American bodybuilder and actor. He is best known for his role as Willy Armitage on the television series Mission: Impossible (1966–1973). Personal life Lupus was one of three siblings born in Indianapolis, Indiana to Mary Irene ( Lambert; 1910-2003) and Peter Nash Lupus (1898-1981). His father was of Syrian and Lebanese descent. Lupus attended the Jordan College of Fine Arts at Butler University, where he also played football and basketball, graduating in 1954. He and his wife, Sharon, have a son, Peter Nash Lupus III, who is also an actor. Career Bodybuilder Standing with a developed physique, Lupus began his career by earning the titles of Mr. Indianapolis, Mr. Indiana, Mr. Hercules and Mr. International Health Physique. Lupus was one of many bodybuilders who followed Steve Reeves into the "sword and sandal" films of the 1960s, occasionally credited as Rock Stevens for such films as Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon (1964), Challenge of the Gladiator (1965) and Muscle Beach Party (1964) where he starred as "Mr. Galaxy" Flex Martian. During the early 1970s, Lupus promoted European Health Spa, traveling the country to make appearances and sign autographs at several of the gyms' grand openings. Actor Lupus played Willy Armitage in the original Mission: Impossible television series in the 1960s. Armitage was the Impossible Missions Force's muscle man, and featured in nearly all episodes of the series. The character of Willy Armitage was the strong, silent type, usually with very little dialogue. Late in the show's run, during season five, the producers decided that his character was superfluous and he was dropped to recurring status, appearing in a little over half of that season's episodes. Outcry from fans and lack of success in finding a replacement for his character — originally replaced by Sam Elliott — resulted in his return to regular status the following season and to his getting a greater role in the stories, often assuming disguises as a convict or a thug. Only Bob Johnson and Greg Morris sustained regular roles through the show's entire run. Lupus' other television work included a guest spot as Tarzan on Jack Benny's television show, a boxer with a glass jaw on The Joey Bishop Show, a caveman on an episode of Fantasy Island, and the recurring role of Detective Norberg on the short-lived sitcom Police Squad! Playgirl pinup Lupus was one of the first well-known male actors to pose with full frontal nudity for Playgirl magazine, in April 1974. Photographs of Lupus appeared in a number of issues. Before this, he was hired by the United States Air Force to appear in a series of commercials playing the role of Superman (with the permission of what is now DC Comics). He appeared for many months until the Playgirl pictorial was published. Present day On July 19, 2007, at age 75, Lupus set a world weightlifting endurance record by lifting over the course of 24 minutes, 50 seconds at the Spectrum Club in El Segundo, California. This topped the record Lupus set five years earlier in celebration of his 70th birthday of in 27 minutes. Lupus was a member of Sheriff Joe Arpaio's volunteer posse in Maricopa County, Arizona. Filmography List of acting credit references: Film Television References Further reading Patrick J. White, The Complete Mission: Impossible Dossier. New York: Avon Books, 1991. External links 1932 births 20th-century American male actors American bodybuilders American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Butler Bulldogs football players Sportspeople from Indianapolis People associated with physical culture Playgirl Men of the Month American people of Lebanese descent American people of Greek descent Male actors from Indianapolis Living people
is a train station located in Yanagawa, Fukuoka. Lines Nishi-Nippon Railroad Tenjin Ōmuta Line Platforms History October 1, 1937: Opening of the station September 22, 1942: New operator of the station is Nishi Nippon Railroad March 1, 1971: Renamed to present name April 23, 1981: Renovation of the station Adjacent stations \|- \|colspan=5 style="text-align:center;" \|Nishi-Nippon Railroad Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture Railway stations in Japan opened in 1937
The torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan was an incident during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that occurred in the village of Mala Rohan. As documented by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, members of Ukrainian armed forces shot the legs of three captured Russian soldiers and tortured Russian soldiers who were wounded. The incident is likely to have occurred on the evening of March 25, 2022 and was first reported following the publication on social media of a video of unknown authorship between March 27 and March 28. As a case of summary execution and torture of prisoners of war, the incident might qualify as a war crime. Video On the morning of March 27, two videos were posted on Reddit and Twitter, and a more complete version, two minutes longer, later appeared on YouTube. The Times reported that the videos had been promoted by Maria Dubovikova of the Russian International Affairs Council, but their original source is unclear. According to BBC News and CheckNews, the fact-checking service of Libération, videos released by fighters of the Kraken Regiment, which is associated with the Azov Regiment, who were active in the area show several dozen Russian prisoners, some in their underwear, lined up in front of a ditch and then piled into vehicles; another video shows blindfolded Russian prisoners singing the Ukrainian anthem. The video shows five people in military uniforms; some of them have white bands on their arms, which are worn by Russian forces. They are lying on the ground with their hands tied. Two of them have white bags over their heads and at least three appear to be wounded in the leg. The prisoners are questioned by their captors, who speak Russian with Ukrainian accents and wear yellow and blue markings used by the Ukrainian forces. The prisoners are accused of having bombed Kharkiv. During interrogation some of the prisoners are on the verge of passing out. Two more people are driven into the courtyard in a van and promptly shot in their legs, along with another man standing nearby. One of the new arrivals is hit in the head with the butt of a rifle. The interrogation of prisoners by a man is heard behind the camera, as well as a conversation in Russian without a foreign accent, presumably on a walkie-talkie. Based on weather conditions and the position of the sun, the BBC suggested that the video could have been shot early in the day on March 26. France 24 suggested that the video could have been filmed between March 11 and 27, again based on weather conditions. Open data researcher Erich Auerbach reported that the action took place on a farm in the village of Mala Rohan, east of the center of Kharkiv. This geolocation was confirmed by Human Rights Watch and The Washington Post. According to Ukrainian statements, this village was retaken by the Ukrainian Armed Forces two days before the first videos appeared. The perpetrators in the video wore blue armbands, which Human Rights Watch noted are usually worn by Ukrainian forces, while all except one of the POWs (who donned a red one) had white armbands, both colours in use by Russian forces. According to Human Rights Watch, the affiliation of the perpetrators is unclear: they are dressed in various uniforms, hold various weapons, and have various equipment without obvious insignia. Nick Reynolds, a military expert at the Royal United Institute of Defense Studies, said an assault rifle in the video resembled camouflaged weapons used by the Ukrainian Special Operations Forces but is slightly different from any he had previously seen; he also noted that both parties in the conflict used weapons captured from the other side. On May 13, investigative reporters at the French outlet Le Monde published a video in which they geolocated the video, confirming findings reported by Erich Auerbach. According to Le Monde, an analysis of the weather conditions and videos shot in the area shows that the video with the Russian prisoners of war was filmed on the evening of March 25. In videos shot during the battle for Mala Rohan, members of the Ukrainian Slobozhanshchyna battalion are present, and their leader, Andrey Yangolenko, clearly appears in the same frame as the prisoners who were later shot in the knees. In that frame he appears to be gathering the three Russian prisoners in a location 700 meters away from the farm where they will be shot. On 29 June, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published a report in which the incident in Mala Rohan is mentioned as one of two "documented cases of summary execution and torture of Russian prisoners of war and persons hors de combat reportedly perpetrated by members of Ukrainian armed forces." As reported by the human rights agency, members of Ukrainian armed forces shot the legs of three captured Russian soldiers and tortured Russian soldiers who were wounded. The report also mentions that one of the participants of the event later acknowledged that some of his comrades indeed tortured Russian soldiers. A Russian woman has claimed that one of the Russian POWs shown in the video is her adopted son Ivan Kudryavtsev, a 20-year-old conscripted soldier from the Omsk Oblast. He is identified as a wounded soldier who passes out while being interrogated. On April 29, the Russian Defense Ministry confirmed that he went missing during military service. Reactions From Ukrainian authorities On 27 March Valery Zaluzhny, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, called the video staged and accused Russia of creating it to discredit the Ukrainian forces. Ukraine's ombudsman for human rights at the time, Lyudmyla Denisova, dismissed the footage as fake. Later that day, Oleksiy Arestovych, adviser to the head of the office of the President of Ukraine, said that the unlawful treatment of prisoners qualifies as a war crime and should be punished. He also stated that an investigation will be conducted, and the inadmissibility of such actions would be reiterated to defense forces personnel. Iryna Venediktova, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine at the time, said that investigations and prosecutions would be carried out if the evidence were strong enough. From Russian authorities Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary of the Russian president, said that the videos contain "monstrous footage" and should be investigated by lawyers. See also Makiivka surrender incident Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi Beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022 References War crimes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine Torture 2022 crimes in Ukraine Viral videos Northeastern Ukraine campaign War crimes in Ukraine History of Kharkiv Oblast March 2022 events in Ukraine Ukrainian war crimes
Dienedione, also known as estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) of the 19-nortestosterone group that was never introduced for medical use. It is thought to be a prohormone of dienolone. The drug became a controlled substance in the US on January 4, 2010, and is classified as a Schedule III anabolic steroid under the United States Controlled Substances Act. Previous to this, it was sold as a bodybuilding supplement within the United States, and often mistakenly marketed as a prohormone for trenbolone, a veterinary steroid. Prior to its scheduling, it was part of a number of supplements that were seized during FDA enforcement of Bodybuilding.com for selling unapproved new drugs. The actual active metabolite, dienolone, is almost identical to trenbolone structurally, but lacks the C11 double bond. See also Androstenedione Bolandiol Bolandione Boldione References Androgens and anabolic steroids Estranes
Cephonodes titan is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Ambon. It is the largest species of the genus Cephonodes. The upperside of the head, thorax, abdomen and wing bases is black. The underside of the thorax is orange, while the underside of the wing bases and abdomen is black. The anal tuft is brownish-orange. References Cephonodes Moths described in 1899
The women's K-2 500 metres competition at the 2019 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Szeged took place at the Olympic Centre of Szeged. Schedule The schedule was as follows: All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) Results Heats The six fastest boats in each heat, plus the three fastest seventh-place boats advanced to the semifinals. Heat 1 Heat 2 Heat 3 Heat 4 Semifinals Qualification in each semi was as follows: The fastest three boats advanced to the A final. The next three fastest boats advanced to the B final. Semifinal 1 Semifinal 2 Semifinal 3 Finals Final B Competitors in this final raced for positions 10 to 18. Final A Competitors raced for positions 1 to 9, with medals going to the top three. References ICF ICF
Żuków () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Polkowice, within Polkowice County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. References Villages in Polkowice County
Ralph Walter Klein (1936 – December 29, 2021) was an American Old Testament scholar. He was Christ Seminary-Seminex Professor Emeritus of Old Testament at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Klein was born in Springfield, Illinois, and studied at Concordia College in Wisconsin, Concordia Senior College, Concordia Seminary, and Harvard Divinity School. He was ordained as a pastor in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in 1966, and taught at Concordia Senior College and Concordia Seminary. After a period as a pastor in St. Louis, Klein taught at Christ Seminary-Seminex before moving to the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago (LSTC) in 1983. He served as dean at LSTC from 1988 to 1999. Klein wrote commentaries on 1 Samuel (WBC), 1 Chronicles, and 2 Chronicles. He was editor of Currents in Theology and Mission from 1974 to 2009. In 2003, a Festschrift was published in his honor. The Chronicler as Theologian: Essays in Honor of Ralph W. Klein included contributions from Robert H. Smith, Gary N. Knoppers and Leslie C. Allen. Klein died on December 29, 2021, at the age of 85. References 1936 births 2021 deaths American biblical scholars Old Testament scholars Bible commentators Academic journal editors People from Springfield, Illinois Concordia University Wisconsin alumni Harvard Divinity School alumni Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago faculty Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod people Concordia Seminary alumni
"Not Gon' Cry" is a song by American R&B singer Mary J. Blige, from the soundtrack to the film Waiting to Exhale; the song is also featured on Blige's third album, Share My World (1997). It was written and produced by Babyface and became a major hit for Blige in the United States, where it peaked at numbers one and two on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles and Hot 100 charts, respectively. The single sold 1,000,000 copies domestically and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Blige received her third Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance (her first nomination in that category) at the 39th Grammy Awards in 1997 for the song. Coincidentally, other songs on that were later released as singles from the soundtrack ("Exhale" by Whitney Houston and "Sittin' Up in My Room" by Brandy) also received nominations in the same category. Blige performed the song at the 39th Grammy Awards telecast. Background The lyrics of the song are inspired by a storyline in the movie Waiting to Exhale revolving around one of the films main characters, Bernadine (portrayed by actress Angela Bassett), who gets abandoned by her philandering husband. The music video, which incorporates clips from Waiting to Exhale, was directed by Wayne Maser and Elizabeth Bailey. Critical reception Larry Flick from Billboard felt "Not Gon' Cry" is "one of the strongest numbers" of the Waiting To Exhale soundtrack and "is finally given a crack at chart success." He added "Blige's worldly delivery breathes palpable depth and empathy into Babyface's composition tracing the bitter split of a relationship. She convincingly builds from white-knuckled anger to cathartic resolution in the space of four minutes, riding a slowly grinding R&B groove etched with quiet blues colors. Judging from the sparks ignited here, the pairing of Blige and Babyface is one that needs to happen again and again." Jonathan Bernstein from Entertainment Weekly described the song as "snarling". British magazine Music Week rated it three out of five, declaring it as a "slow, steel-tipped ballad". They added, "Good, if not memorable." A reviewer from People Magazine viewed it as Waiting to Exhale’s "jilted woman’s manifesto". Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications See also List of number-one R&B singles of 1996 (U.S.) References 1990s ballads 1995 songs 1996 singles Contemporary R&B ballads Mary J. Blige songs Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician) Songs about infidelity Songs written by Babyface (musician) Songs written for films
References Billings Tallest in Billings Buildings and structures in Billings, Montana
Claremont College may refer to: Claremont Colleges, a consortium of seven schools located in Claremont, California, United States, which currently includes: Claremont McKenna College, known as Claremont Men's College from 1946 to 1981 Claremont Graduate University, a private, all-graduate research university Claremont College (Tasmania), a secondary school in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia See also Claremont Institute, a conservative think tank in Claremont, California Claremont (disambiguation)
Eosentomon asahi is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Southern Asia. References Eosentomon Articles created by Qbugbot Animals described in 1961
Connected toys are internet-enabled devices with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other capabilities built in. These toys, which may or may not be smart toys, provide a more personalized play experience for children through embedded software that can offer app integration, speech and/or image recognition, RFID functionality, and web searching functions. A connected toy usually collects information about the users either voluntarily or involuntarily, which raises concerns on the topic of privacy. The data collected by the connected toys are usually stored in a database, where companies that produce connected toys can use the data for their own purposes, provided they do so in line with the protections outlined in the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Information collection Types of information that can be collected Different information can be collected by children's connected toys, including information from both parents and children. Information that can be collected from children includes: Birthdate, name, and gender Profile pictures Voice messages, chat messages, and photos sent by children Account passwords Physical location Chat history and Internet browsing history Information that can be collected from parents includes: Email address and mailing address Gender Profile pictures Voice messages, chat messages, and photos sent by parents Account passwords and password retrieval questions Credit card information Phone number Wi-Fi passwords and IP addresses Common ways of collection The collection of information by the connected toys can happen either voluntarily or involuntarily. Common ways of information collection include: Information filled out by the users when creating an account Interaction with the toys Connection to Wi-Fi or cellular networks Privacy-related issues There are concerns that children's information is not secured properly due to previous data breaches. Information collected by the toy companies is usually accessible by the public with little encryption on the system due to the lack of awareness of information privacy. Previous data breaches Connected toys have been at the center of several high-profile data breaches, which have raised concerns over the methods that toy companies use to protect children's information. CloudPets data leak In 2017, CloudPets toys by the company Spiral Toys experienced a significant data leak on its database. CloudPets stores all its information collected from the stuffed toys in an online database. According to cybersecurity expert Troy Hunt, more than 820, 000 user accounts were exposed and over 2.2 million voice messages, from both children and parents, were leaked during the severe CloudPets data breach. The cause of the data leak was because of the insecure database that Spiral Toys used in order to store the information collected. The database was easily accessible by the general public before the data leak happened. Although the database is not publicly accessible anymore, Spiral Toys have not informed their users regarding the data leak, which is a violation of the security breach notification law in California. VTech data breach In November 2015, VTech suffered a severe data breach on their information storing system, where the hacker used SQL injection, which is “an injection attack wherein an attacker can execute malicious SQL statements (also commonly referred to as a malicious payload) that control a web application’s database server (also commonly referred to as a Relational Database Management System – RDBMS),” to get full authorization to the database where he can access children and parents’ personal data. According to VTech's public data release, around 4.8 million parent accounts and approximately 6.4 million children-related profiles were leaked worldwide in several of their products. Data that were compromised during the breach included name, email address, password, secret question and answer for password retrieval, IP address, mailing address and download history; no credit card information or social security numbers were stored in the same database. The United States suffered the most due to the data breach, with 2.2 million parent accounts and 2.9 million children profiles registered in the United States, followed by France, United Kingdom, and Germany. A 21-year-old man from Berkshire was arrested for the hack. Data sharing Data sharing between toy producers and other companies has raised concern over the privacy of personal data collected by connected toys. Conversations and interactions between children and the toys are usually recorded by the toys and sent to the cloud server of the toy producer. The toy company that produced My Friend Cayla and i-Que Intelligent Bot, Genesis Toys, shares its voice data collected by the toys with Nuance Communications in order to improve their speech recognition technology. Nuance Communications have a record of selling biometric solutions to military, intelligence, and law enforcement agencies, which is put into consideration of privacy issues regarding connected toys. Similarly, Hello Barbie produced by Mattel, Inc. uses voice recognition technologies provided by ToyTalk based in California. The data collected by Hello Barbie are actively shared between Mattel and ToyTalk. Data retention Data retention of information collected by the connected toys is also a problem to consider. According to Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, "an operator of a Web site or online service shall retain personal information collected online from a child for only as long as is reasonably necessary to fulfill the purpose for which the information was collected. The operator must delete such information using reasonable measures to protect against unauthorized access to, or use of, the information in connection with its deletion." The Norwegian Consumer Council did an investigation on the terms of use and privacy policies on My Friend Cayla and i-Que Intelligent Bot in 2016. They found that the privacy policies do not specifically mention how long the data will be retained after the users stop using the service or delete the account. Specifically, My Friend Cayla's privacy policy mentions that "it is not always possible to completely remove or delete all of your information from our databases without some residual data because of backups and other reasons." Ban on My Friend Cayla in Germany In early 2017, Germany's Federal Network Agency, Bundesnetzagentur, placed a ban on the sale and possession of the connected toy My Friend Cayla produced by Genesis Toys, claiming the toy to be an unsafe and unauthorized information transmission device. My Friend Cayla is the first connected toy that got banned by Germany. The agency further states that any toy that transmits data, including features such as recording video and voice, without detection is banned in Germany. It is concerned about the potential use of the toy as a surveillance device. The president of Bundesnetzagentur, Jochen Homann, states that "items that conceal cameras or microphones and that are capable of transmitting a signal, and therefore can transmit data without detection, compromise people's privacy. This applies in particular to children's toys. The Cayla doll has been banned in Germany. This is also to protect the most vulnerable in our society." The agency is conducting further investigations into other connected toys. No action has been made towards the families that have the toy. The Federal Network Agency advised the parents to immediately destroy the toy to avoid potential risk in comprising personal data privacy. Laws related to connected toys Federal laws that are commonly associated with connected toys include the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Both acts are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission regarding the data collection of children's personal information. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Toys that are able to connect to the internet in various ways are subject to regulation from the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). COPPA gives parents control over what information is collected from their children online. Websites are required to ask for verifiable permissions from parents before receiving any personal information online from children under the age of 13. If the data is transferred to a third party, the third party is required to proceed the same steps to protect the data. Violation against COPPA is subject to civil penalties of up to $40,654 per incident. Concerns have been raised regarding COPPA protection for connected toys, as toys that are bought in retail stores do not directly subject to the law protection of COPPA. Other sources of concern relate to the compliance of connected toy companies regarding COPPA. The Electronic Privacy Information Center, the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, the Center for Digital Democracy, and Consumers Union submitted a complaint to the Federal Trade Commission regarding how My Friend Cayla and I-Que Intelligent Bot produced by Genesis Toys have violated the laws of COPPA. The complaint mentioned the data sharing between Genesis Toys and Nuance Communications. In addition, it concerns with how Nuance Communications does not directly mention compliance with COPPA. Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act "Unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce" are declared unlawful by section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The Federal Trade Commission has used its section 5 to protect consumers' privacy and personal data. The companies of connected toys could potentially violate the FTC Act by inappropriately collecting, protecting, and misusing data and information collected by the toys. See also Smart toy My Friend Cayla Chatbot Toys-to-life References Electronic toys Toy controversies Virtual assistants Child safety
Lilian Anette Börjesson (born 11 November 1954) is a retired female badminton player and footballer from Sweden. Badminton Börjesson is a five time women's singles champion at the Swedish National Badminton Championships and was a silver medalist at the 1980 European Badminton Championships, also in singles, as well as in mixed doubles. European Championships Women's singles Mixed doubles Football She captained Sweden to their win in the 1984 European Competition for Women's Football. In the final against England, Börjesson struck the first penalty in Sweden's shootout victory. She won a total of 70 caps between 1975 and 1987, scoring 12 goals. In 1985 she scored a hat-trick of penalty kicks against France. Börjesson won the Årets Fotbollstjej Award, the forerunner of the Diamantbollen, in 1982. After her retirement from playing, Börjesson founded a magazine dedicated to women's football, called nya mål. Börjesson can be seen in the Sveriges Television documentary television series The Other Sport from 2013. References European results Swedish female badminton players 1954 births Living people Sweden women's international footballers Swedish women's footballers Jitex BK players Damallsvenskan players Women's association football defenders UEFA Women's Championship-winning players 20th-century Swedish women
Virtual School Victoria (formerly Distance Education Centre Victoria) is an F–12 school in Thornbury, Victoria. With an annual enrolment in excess of 4000 students from Foundation to Year 12, VSV is the largest state government school in Victoria. It shares a building with the Victorian School of Languages. The school is split into two sub-schools: F–10 sub-school, which handles students from Foundation to Year 10; Year 11/12 sub-school, which handles students from Years 11 and 12 (including VCE and VCAL). Work The school uses blended learning, a mix of virtual and face-to-face teaching and learning. Students can visit the school during normal school hours to meet with teachers, attend seminars and study in the library or purpose-built study areas. School-assessed coursework and other testing material is typically mailed out to students whilst end of year exams and GAT are held on-site under staff supervision. See also Distance education E-learning Educational technology Notes External links VSV Home Page Alternative schools in Australia Public high schools in Melbourne Public primary schools in Melbourne Distance education institutions based in Australia Buildings and structures in the City of Darebin
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Turin, Piedmont, Italy. Prior to 17th century 218 BC - Town besieged by forces led by Hannibal. 27 BC - Romans establish Castra Taurinorum. 69 AD - Fire caused by negligence of the 14th legion. 312 - Battle of Turin. 5th century - Roman Catholic diocese of Turin established. 773 - Franks of Charlemagne in power. 10th century - Monastery of St. Andrew established. 940s - Contea di Torino (countship) founded. 1354 - founded. 1404 - Palatine Towers rebuilt. 1405 - University of Turin founded. 1453 - City sacked. 1474 - Printing press in operation. 1498 - Turin Cathedral built. 1515 - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Turin established. 1536 - French in power. 1563 - City becomes capital of the Duchy of Savoy. 1565 - Citadel built. 1568 - Collegio dei Nobili founded. 1583 - Capuchin monastery founded on Monte dei Cappuccini. 17th century 1610 - Church of Corpus Domini and built. 1630 - Plague. 1638 - Piazza San Carlo laid out. 1640 - Siege of Turin; French in power. 1652 - Accademia Albertina di Belle Arti founded. 1656 - Monte dei Cappuccini church built. 1658 - Royal Palace built. 1659 - Artillery Arsenal founded. 1660 - Castello del Valentino built. 1669 - Palazzo de Citta (town hall) built. 1679 - Jesuit college built. 1680 - Palazzo Carignano built. 1687 - Church of San Lorenzo built. 1694 - Sindone Chapel built. 18th century 1706 - City besieged by French forces. 1718 - Palazzo Madama expanded. 1720 City becomes capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia. University Library founded. 1730 - built. 1731 - Orto Botanico dell'Università di Torino (garden) laid out. 1736 - built. 1740 - Royal Theatre opens. 1753 - Teatro Carignano opens. 1757 - Academy of sciences founded. 1760 - Reycends publisher in business (approximate date). 1763 - Caffè Al Bicerin in business. 1772 - Church of San Filippo Neri built. 1780 - Caffè Fiorio in business. 1784 - Patriottica Nobile Societa del Casino formed. 1785 - Società Agraria di Torino founded. 1798 - French in power. 19th century 1801 - Fortifications demolished. 1802 - City becomes part of French Empire. 1814 - City becomes capital of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. 1815 - Accademia Filarmonica founded. 1823 - Population: 88,000. 1824 - Museo Egizio (Egyptian museum) founded. 1831 - Gran Madre di Dio, Turin (church) built. 1832 - Pinacoteca opens in Palazzo Madama. 1837 - Royal Library of Turin and Royal Armoury established. 1841 - Società del Whist founded. 1843 - founded. 1848 Gazzetta del Popolo begins publication. becomes mayor. 1857 - Fortifications demolished. 1861 City becomes capital of newly united Kingdom of Italy. Population: 173,305. 1862 - Regio Museo Industriale Italiano (industrial museum) established. 1863 - Club Alpino Italiano founded. 1864 - Torino Porta Nuova railway station opens. 1865 - Capital of Kingdom of Italy relocates from Turin to Florence. 1867 - Gazzetta Piemontese newspaper begins publication. 1868 - and Torino Porta Susa railway station built. 1869 22 February: Biblioteca Civica Centrale (Turin) (library) opens. Le Nuove prison built. 1871 Fréjus Rail Tunnel opens. Population: 207,770. 1878 - Museum of the Risorgimento established. 1879 - Mont Cenis Tunnel Monument erected in Piazza Statuto. 1889 - Mole Antonelliana built. 1892 - (hiking club) formed. 1896 - 1 February: Premiere of Puccini's opera La Bohème. 1897 Sport Club Juventus formed. Population: 351,855. 1899 - F.I.A.T. automotive manufactory in business. 20th century 1902 - International Exposition of Modern Decorative Arts held. 1906 Lancia & C. automotive manufactory in business. Royal Turin Polytechnic and Torino Football Club founded. Population: 361,720. 1907 - Derby della Mole athletic contest begins. 1908 - September, first solo aeroplane flight by a woman, Thérèse Peltier, from the Military Square, Turin 1911 Turin International world's fair held. Population: 415,667. 1922 - Conflict between Fascist and labour supporters. 1933 Giulio Einaudi editore (publisher) in business. Stadio Benito Mussolini opens. 1934 - City Museum of Ancient Art housed in the Palazzo Madama. 1937 - constructed. 1945 Allies take city. Tuttosport begins publication. 1949 May 4: Superga air disaster. Torino Esposizioni built. 1951 - Population: 719,300. 1953 - Turin Airport built. 1958 - Politecnico di Torino building constructed. 1960 - Museo Nazionale dell'Automobile opens. 1961 - Population: 1,025,822. 1971 - Population: 1,167,968. 1982 - Festival Internazionale Cinema Giovani begins. 1983 - February 13: Cinema Statuto fire. 1988 - Salone del Libro (book fair) begins. 1990 - Stadio delle Alpi opens. 1992 - (orchestra) formed. 21st century 2001 - Sergio Chiamparino becomes mayor. 2002 - Lumiq Studios established. 2003 - Gruppo Torinese Trasporti founded. 2004 Terra Madre conference begins. ESCP Europe campus established. 2006 Turin Metro begins operating. 2006 Winter Olympics held. Archaeological Park opens. City named World Book Capital by UNESCO. 2007 - Eataly in business. 2008 - National Museum of Cinema and Museum of Oriental Art established. 2010 - ToBike municipal bike-sharing program begins. 2011 Juventus Stadium opens. Piero Fassino becomes mayor. 2012 - Population: 906,089. 2016 - June: Turin municipal election, 2016 held. See also List of mayors of Turin (state archives) Timelines of other cities in the macroregion of Northwest Italy:(it) Liguria region: Timeline of Genoa Lombardy region: Timeline of Bergamo; Brescia; Cremona; Mantua; Milan; Pavia Piedmont region: Timeline of Novara References This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and the Italian Wikipedia. Bibliography in English published in the 18th-19th century published in the 20th-21st century + 1870 ed. in other languages . v.1, v.2 . v.1 Boccalatte et al., eds. Torino in guerra: 1940-1945 (Turin: Gribaudo, 1995) Bruno Maida, ed. Guerra e società nella provincia di Torino, 1940-1945 (Turin: Blu Edizioni, 2007) External links Europeana. Items related to Turin, various dates. Turin Cities and towns in Piedmont
The cappella dei Mercanti, Negozianti e Banchieri (chapel of merchants, shopkeepers, and bankers), better known as cappella dei Mercanti, is a Catholic chapel in the historic city center of Turin, Italy. The chapel, whose construction was authorized during the 16th century, was built at the end of the 1600s and most of the artwork it contains originated in the 1600 and 1700s, in the baroque style. The sacristy hosts the Perpetual Calendar built by the engineering Giovanni Plana, a primitive computing machine. History and description The Pious Congregation of Bankers, Merchants and Merchants of Turin was chartered in 1663, and built its own chapel inside the Jesuit palace, on the city block of San Paolo (owned by the congregation itself) on Via Dora Grossa, now Via Garibaldi. The space is adjacent to the sixteenth century Church of the Holy Martyrs, which was staffed by the Jesuits. The chapel was built during the rectorate of the Fr. Agostino Provana (1680-1726). Inaugurated in 1692, the large rectangular hall was decorated in the following years thanks to the guidance of Provana. The theme of the interior decorations is the Epiphany, which represents the manifestation of Christ to the powerful of the earth and on which day the Congregation celebrates its own feast. The walls of the chapel present numerous seventeenth-century paintings, all inspired by the theme of the Biblical Magi. On the left wall Herod with the Magi and the wise men (circa 1694) by Sebastiano Taricco, Journey of the Magi towards Bethlehem (circa 1694) by Luigi Vannier, Opening of the treasures of the Wise Men (1705) by Stefano Maria Legnani (called Legnanino), and Announcement of the angel to the Magi circa 1694) by Sebastiano Taricco. On the left wall Appearance of the star to the Magi (1703) by Andrea Pozzo, King David meditates on the mystery of the Epiphany (circa 1695) by Stefano Maria Legnani, Massacre of the Innocents (1703) by Andrea Pozzo, and Procession of the Magi into Jerusalem (1712) by Niccolò Carone. The paintings are alternated with marbled wooden statues made by Carlo Giuseppe Plura between 1707 and 1715 depicting popes and church fathers; John Chrysostom, Gregory the Great, and Saint Ambrose on the left wall and Saint Jerome, Saint Leo the Great, and Saint Augustine on the right wall. Plana also carved the marble bust of the Madonna to the left of the altar. The altar dates back to 1797 and is the work of Michele Emanuele Buscaglione. On either side there are two reliquaries, while on the wall there are three paintings by the Jesuit painter Andrea Pozzo: Nativity with shepherds (1699 circa), Adoration of the Magi (before 1694), and Flight to Egypt (around 1699). The baroque frescoed ceiling by Legnanino depicts Heaven, prophets, sibyls and biblical episodes and dates to 1694-1695. The organ on the wall opposite the altar dates back to the eighteenth century. In the sacristy there are the altarpiece Adoration of the Magi (circa 1620) by Guglielmo Caccia (called Moncalvo), and a Piccolo Trono (1792) by Michele Brassiè, together with a Natale Favriano wardrobe from 1712. The sacristy also houses precious Antependi and the archive of the Congregation. On 21 January 2017 the chapel was returned to the public after a period of renovation. Perpetual calendar The sacristy contains several sacred objects, but above all the famous Perpetual Calendar by Giovanni Plana, one of the oldest calculator machines (it is equipped with rotating drums and a transmission system that allows the correct combination of the various information contained in the system) which allows precise calendrical calculation over a period of 4000 years starting from year zero (including the calculation of lunations, days of the week and Christian holidays). Gallery External links Il Blog ufficiale della Cappella dei Mercanti di Torino Calendario Meccanico Universale References Roman Catholic churches in Turin Roman Catholic chapels in Italy
Since the establishment of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah Pasdaran) the organization has been involved in economic and military activities, some of them controversial. Human rights abuses The IRGC has been known to regularly practice torture and various other human rights abuses in order to suppress internal dissent. In 1993, Ayatollah Khamenei appointed Naghdi as deputy director of intelligence of the Quds Force, a branch of the IRGC responsible for international operations. Naghdi and his team allegedly committed numerous acts of torture and abuse. Corruption In 2005, the IRGC was discovered to be running an illegal airport near Karaj, close to Tehran, where they imported and exported goods with no oversight. In 2004, the Pasdaran stormed the newly-built Imam Khomeini International Airport just after it had been officially opened and shut it down, ostensively for security reasons. According to their critics, however, it was shut because the company hired to operate the airport was a "Turkish competitor of a Pasdaran owned business". One Majlis member stated that IRGC black-market activities might account for $12 billion per year. Yet at the same time, IRGC and Basij forces have been commended for their positive role in fighting illegal smuggling—a further illustration of the institution’s multidimensional and frequently contradictory nature. Involvement with Hezbollah The IRGC's logo was inspiration for the logo of Hezbollah. The IRGC provided military training to Hezbollah fighters in the Bekaa Valley during the early eighties. According to Jane's Information Group: Any Hezbollah member receiving military training is likely to do so at the hands of IRGC [the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps], either in southern Lebanon or in camps in Iran. The increasingly sophisticated methods used by IRGC members indicates that they are trained using Israeli and US military manuals; the emphasis of this training is on the tactics of attrition, mobility, intelligence gathering and night-time manoeuvres. Involvement with Hamas According to the New York Times, Hamas fighters are possibly being trained in urban assault tactics by the IRGC. Alleged involvement in the Iraq War The United States Department of Defense has repeatedly asserted IRG involvement in the Iraq War against Iranian denials, though the U.S. has stopped short of saying the central government of Iran is responsible for the actions. In May 2008, Iraq said it had no evidence that Iran was supporting militants on Iraqi soil. According to a database compiled by the Multi-National Task Force's Iraq Task Force Troy, Iranian-made weapons accounted for only a negligible percentage of weapon caches found in Iraq. The U.S. charges come as Iran and Turkey have complained that U.S.-supplied guns are flowing from Iraq to anti-government militants on their soil. The Department has reported that it has intelligence reports of heavy Islamic Revolutionary Guard involvement in Iraq in which the force is supplying Iraqi insurgents. It is further claimed that US soldiers have been killed by Iranian-made or designed explosive devices. This claim is disputed by Iran, saying that the bulk of American military deaths in Iraq are due to a Sunni insurgency and not a Shiite one. Two different studies have maintained that approximately half of all foreign insurgents entering Iraq come from Saudi Arabia. Iran further disputes that former Iraqi army personnel, whom, prior to the 2003 invasion, the US and UK claimed were capable of deploying advanced missile systems capable of launching WMDs within 45 minutes, would be incapable of designing and producing improvised explosive devices. The U.S. charges of Iranian support come as Iran and Turkey have complained that U.S.-supplied guns are flowing from Iraq to anti-government militants on their soil. The Government Accountability Office (GAO), the investigative arm of the US Congress, said in a report that the Pentagon cannot account for 190,000 AK-47 rifles and pistols given to Iraqi security forces. Security analysts with the Center for Defense Information, along with one senior Pentagon official, suggested that some of the weapons have probably made their way in to the hands of Iraqi insurgents. Italian arms investigators also recently stopped Iraqi government officials from illegally shipping more than 100,000 Russian-made automatic weapons into Iraq. In November 2008, the U.S. State Department prepared to slap a multimillion-dollar fine on Blackwater (renamed to Academi since 2011) for shipping hundreds of automatic weapons to Iraq without the necessary permits. Some of the weapons were believed to have ended up on the country's black market. In January 2007 the US army detained five Iranians in northern Iraq, claiming they were Quds operatives of the IRGC, providing military assistance to Shiite militias, without offering any further evidence that lends credibility to such claims. The Iranian and Iraqi governments maintain that they were diplomats working for the Iranian consulate in Iraqi Kurdistan. The "IRGC cadres" were released as a negotiated deal for British sailors under the auspices of General Suleimani. In December 2009 evidence uncovered during an investigation by The Guardian and Guardian Films linked the Quds force to the kidnappings of 5 Britons from a government ministry building in Baghdad in 2007. Three of the hostages, Jason Creswell, Jason Swindlehurst and Alec Maclachlan, were killed. Alan Mcmenemy's body was never found but Peter Moore was released on 30 December 2009. The investigation uncovered evidence that Moore, 37, a computer expert from Lincoln was targeted because he was installing a system for the Iraqi government that would show how a vast amount of international aid was diverted to Iran's militia groups in Iraq. One of the alleged groups funded by the Quds Force directly is the Righteous League, which emerged in 2006 and has stayed largely in the shadows as a proxy of the al-Quds force. Shia cleric and leading figure of the Righteous League, Qais Khazali, was handed over by the US military for release by the Iraqi government on December 29, 2009 as part of the deal that led to the release of Moore. Labeling by the United States as a "terrorist organization" On October 25, 2007, the United States labeled the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL) as "terrorist organizations" with the Kyl–Lieberman Amendment. The Iranian Parliament responded by approving a nonbinding resolution labeling the CIA and the U.S. Army "terrorist organizations". The resolution cited U.S. involvement in dropping nuclear bombs in Japan in World War II, using depleted uranium munitions in the Balkans, bombing and killing Iraqi civilians, and torturing terror suspects in prisons, among others. When Voice of America, the official external radio and television broadcasting service of the United States federal government, asked if the IRGC is supplying weapons to the Taliban, the current president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, laughed and said the US did not want Iran to be friends with Afghanistan. "What is the reason they are saying such things?" asked Ahmadinejad. Financial sanctions UN Security Council in several sanctions resolutions have voted in favour of freezing the assets of top Revolutionary Guard commanders. References Further reading (discusses U.S. military clashes with Iranian Revolutionary Guard during the Iran–Iraq War) Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
SOA security addresses the issue of combining services in a service-oriented architecture (SOA) in a secure manner. These issues arise as an effect of the main premise of SOA, which is to erase application boundaries and technology differences. Prior to the application of SOA methodologies, security models have traditionally been hardcoded into applications, and when capabilities of an application are opened up for use by other applications, the existing built-in security models may not be good enough. Several emerging technologies and standards address different aspects of the problem of security in SOA. Standards such as WS-Security, SAML, WS-Trust, WS-SecureConversation and WS-SecurityPolicy focus on the security and identity management aspects of SOA implementations that use Web services. Technologies such as virtual organization in grid computing, application-oriented networking (AON) and XML gateways are addressing the problem of SOA security in the larger context. XML gateways are hardware or software based solutions for enforcing identity and security for SOAP, XML, and REST based web services, usually at the network perimeter. An XML gateway is a dedicated application which allows for a more centralized approach to security and identity enforcement, similar to how a protocol firewall is deployed at the perimeter of a network for centralized access control at the connection and port level. XML gateway SOA security features include PKI, Digital Signature, encryption, XML schema validation, antivirus, and pattern recognition. Regulatory certification for XML gateway security features are provided by Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) and United States Department of Defense. See also SAML 2.0 SAML-based products and services XML Further reading External links Understanding SOA Security Design and Implementation : Understanding SOA Security Design and Implementation SOA Security : SOA Security Service-oriented (business computing)
Here We Are is a one-act play adapted from a short story of the same name by Dorothy Parker. Set in the early 1930s in a Pullman car on a train to New York City, it explores through dialogue the already-testy relationship between a newly married young man and young woman setting out on their honeymoon. As the play is relatively short, employs only one location and two actors, it is commonly used in high school and college one-act play performances in the United States. References One-act plays
Leopold von Sedlnitzky (29 July 1787 – 25 March 1871) was a Roman Catholic bishop of Breslau, who after abdicating as bishop converted to Protestantism. Early life Leopold von Sedlnitzky also known as Count Leopold Sedlnitzky Odrowąż Choltitz was born on 29 July 1787 in Geppersdorf, Austrian Silesia. He came from the Moravian-Silesian noble family of . His parents, Joseph Imperial Count of Sedlnitzky and Maria Josepha, Countess of Haugwitz influenced his spiritual outlook early on. His brother Joseph was an Austrian civil servant. Career He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Breslau but returned home to continue his studies privately in 1807 when Wrocław was affected by the Napoleonic wars. He graduated and was ordained in 1811. In 1819 he became a canon in Breslau (Wrocław) and in 1830, with royal support, provost. In December 1832 he was made a vicar. The Prussian government chose him to be bishop of Breslau in 1835, but he resigned in October 1840. After abdicating he moved to Berlin where he was made a privy-councillor by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Then in 1863 he became a Protestant. His interest in education continued as a Protestant. He founded the Paulinum, a dormitory for Protestant high school students, and in 1869 the Johanneum, a boarding school for Protestant theology students. In his will, he also gave to the Breslau Evangelical Theological college. Churchmanship In his youth he was accused of membership of the Johann Michael Sailer Society, and as Prince-Bishop he was neither clear nor firm in his maintenance of the doctrines of the Church including on the question of mixed marriages. As Bishop held a toleration of non-Catholic children's education. Pope Gregory XVI, asked him to resign his see in 1840, after which he went to Berlin, where he became a Protestant in 1862. In 1871 he died in Berlin and was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Ręków, Sobótka (modern Poland). References Further reading D. Erdmann: Sedlnitzky, Leopold Graf von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). D. Erdmann: Sedlnitzky, Count Leopold of in:. General German Biography (ADB). Band 33, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, S. 531–553. Volume 33, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1891, pp. 531–553. Kölping, Leopold Graf Sedlnitzki, Barmen 1891 Kölping, Count Leopold Sedlnitzki, Barmen 1891 Friedrich Wiegand : Fürstbischof Graf Leopold von Sedlnitzki. Friedrich Wiegand : Prince Bishop Count Leopold of Sedlnitzki. Berlin 1925 Berlin 1925 Karl Kastner: Breslauer Bischöfe, Breslau 1929 Karl Kastner: Wrocław bishops, Wrocław 1929 M. Kronthaler: Sedlnitzky-Odrowąz von Choltitz Leopold – In: Austrian Biographical Encyclopaedia 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Band 12. Volume 12 Vienna 2005, p. 94 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2005, , p 94. 1787 births 1871 deaths Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism Prince-Bishops of Breslau People from Město Albrechtice 19th-century Lutherans
Rajit Kapur is an Indian film and theatre actor and director. He is known for his portrayal of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1996 film, The Making of the Mahatma for which he won the National Film Award for Best Actor. Other notable roles are as the protagonist Unni in the Malayalam film Agnisakshi, and the fictional detective Byomkesh Bakshi in the eponymous television series, directed by Basu Chatterjee and broadcast on Doordarshan. His debut film was Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (1992), directed by Shyam Benegal. Life Rajit Kapur was born in Amritsar, India on 27 August 1960. He studied in Sydenham College. Kapur is unmarried and has no children. Career When Rajit Kapur was 12 years old, he acted in a children's TV drama on Doordarshan. After 10 years, while working as a stage manager, he acted in the TV series Ghar Jamai, which was his first acting role in a TV series. The 1992 film titled Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda directed by Shyam Benegal was his debut film. Kapur played the role of the famous Bengali detective Byomkesh Bakshi in the eponymously named TV series, Byomkesh Bakshi (1993). Byomkesh Bakshi is a fictitious character created by the popular Bengali writer Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay. Basu Chatterjee directed a TV show based on the stories of Bandyopadhyay, and Rajit Kapur played the lead role. The show was very popular and Rajit Kapur achieved his first media recognition through this show. Kapur is also a very prominent theatre actor and director in India. He acted in Malayalam film Agnisakshi in 1999 which won numerous acclodes including National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam, and he was awarded Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor. He has also acted in several commercially successful movies like Kick, Uri: The Surgical Strike and Raazi. His latest work is The Threshold. Kapur starred in Deepti Naval's film titled Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish which was supposed to release in 2012 in India but was released on Netflix in 2019. In 2022, Kapur acted in his first Punjabi language film Birha – The Journey Back Home. The short won the ‘Best film award’ at Amsterdam International Film Festival, Hollywood Shorts FEST, Los Angles Film Awards ( LAFA), New York Indian Film Festival, Calcutta International Cult Film Festival and at the Gangtok International Film Festival. 2023 saw the release of Mission Majnu and Mujib: The Making of a Nation and in both films he played the role of Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Filmography Plays Love Letters Class of '84 Larins Sahib Are There Tigers in the Congo? Mr. Behram Six Degrees of Separation Pune Highway Me Kash and Cruise Flowers A Walk In The Woods One on One Part 2 The Siddhus of Upper Juhu Mahua (as director) Television series Awards 1996: National Film Award for Best Actor - The Making of the Mahatma 1998: Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor - Agnisakshi 2010: Imagine India Film Festival, Spain, Award for Best Actor - Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish References External links 1960 births Living people Male actors from Amritsar Male actors in Hindi cinema Indian male film actors Best Actor National Film Award winners University of Mumbai alumni
This is a list of the shadow cabinets of the United Kingdom, including the unofficial the frontbench team of spokespersons of other parties from 1964 to the present date. Shadow Cabinets 1964–present See also List of British governments Official Opposition of the United Kingdom Official Opposition (United Kingdom) British shadow cabinets Shadow cabinets
The Phoenix Towers () are proposed supertall skyscrapers planned for construction in Wuhan, China. At high, the towers will be the second tallest structure in the world when completed. The towers are being designed by Chetwoods Architects. Completion was planned for by the end of 2018 at a cost of £1.2 billion. As of January 2022, construction has not started. Description The Phoenix Towers are being designed by London-based Chetwoods Architects in partnership with the HuangYan Group. The project will consist of two buildings, representing the male and female dualistic aspects of Chinese culture. The taller tower, Feng, will have about 100 floors for residential living, offices and retail space. The slightly smaller Huang tower, named after the family, will contain "the world's tallest garden", proposed by the Huangs. The towers will be constructed on an island in a lake, covering a site. The buildings will be constructed on a steel superstructure with concrete cores and buttresses. The exterior will be covered in solar panels. The towers will incorporate green energy technologies including wind, solar, thermal, biomass boilers and hydrogen fuel cells. References External links Chetwoods Architects Project Profile Towers in China Buildings and structures in Wuhan Proposed skyscrapers in China
Augusta Treverorum (Latin for "City of Augustus in the Land of the Treveri") was a Roman city on the Moselle River, from which modern Trier emerged. The date of the city's founding is placed between the construction of the first Roman bridge in Trier (18/17 BC) and the late reign of Augustus († 14 AD). In the Roman Empire, Trier formed the main town of the civitas of the Treverians, where several ten thousand people lived, and belonged to the province of Gallia Belgica. Roman Trier gained particular importance in late antiquity, when between the late 3rd and late 4th centuries several rulers, including Constantine the Great, used the city as one of the western imperial residences, to which monumental buildings such as the Trier Imperial Baths or the Basilica of Constantine still bear witness today. With a high five-digit population in 300, Augusta Treverorum, now sometimes called Treveris, was the largest city north of the Alps and thus had the status of a global city. The Roman buildings, which have survived to the present day, were designated as UNESCO World Heritage Roman Monuments, Cathedral and Church of Our Lady in Trier in 1986. Location Unlike almost all other Roman cities in today's Germany, Augusta Treverorum did not belong to one of the two Germanic provinces, but to Gaul. The city is located in a wide bend of the Moselle River, where a wide, flood-free valley plain lies between the river and the surrounding heights of the Hunsrück. Between the confluence of the Saar and the entrance to the entrenched meanders of the Middle and Lower Moselle, the Trier valley width between Konz and Schweich is the largest settlement chamber in the region. The location of the river is not likely to have shifted significantly since the last ice age. The deeply incised stream courses of Olewiger Bach/Altbach, Aulbach and Aveler Bach provided both fresh water and easy access to the surrounding heights. Already since the Paleolithic Age, the area was therefore repeatedly visited by humans. History Pre- and early Roman times The earliest settlements on Trier city territory have been proven near the later Roman potteries on the banks of the Pacelli River. These are finds of the Linear Pottery Culture.Already in the pre-Roman Iron Age, the Trier valley may have been largely cleared and settled. Before the first verifiable Roman bridge over the Moselle was built in 17 B.C., there was probably already a ford at the site. In the late Latène period, settlement seems to have been scattered along the right bank of the Moselle. A concentration of settlement features could be found during an area excavation between the Moselle, St. Irminen, Ostallee and Gilbertstraße. The important centers of this time are not assumed to be in such valley settlements. The Treverian tribe, which gave its name to Trier, is tangible in the region mainly through important hilltop settlements (oppida), among them the oppidum on the Titelberg in Luxembourg, the Castellberg near Wallendorf, the Hillfort of Otzenhausen or the oppidum on the Martberg. The Treverian tribe was the first to settle in the region. However, the small settlement was reason enough for a Roman military station to be established above the Trier valley width on the Petrisberg a few years after the Roman conquest of Gaul under Gaius Iulius Caesar. Few finds, among them Arretinian terra sigillata as well as a dendrochronologically dated wooden fragment, point to the time around 30 B.C. A connection with Agrippa's road building measures is suspected, which are mostly attributed to his first governorship in Gaul in the years 39/38 B.C. Foundation The city was probably founded in 18/17 BC by Emperor Augustus, which is primarily indicated by the name, but which is documented only in later times. The honor of being called by its name was otherwise only given to Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg) and Augusta Raurica (Augst) in northern Switzerland in today's German-speaking world. The exact date cannot be determined from the sources and can only be approximated. The following are considered to be fixed historical points: The reorganization of the Gallic provinces under Augustus, which began in 27 BC with a census and concluded in 12 BC with the foundation of the altar of Roma and Augustus (ara Romae et Augusti) at Lugdunum (Lyon). Within this period, the foundation of a central place of the Treverians could also be assumed. The second governorship of Agrippa in Gaul in 19 BC The stay of Augustus in Gaul 16–13 BC. This period can be significantly limited by archaeological finds. In the first place, the foundation piles of the first Roman wooden bridge over the Moselle are to be mentioned here. They prove that in the context of the road construction measures of this time the bridge was built in the years 18/17 B.C. Fragments of a monumental inscription for the Augustus grandsons Lucius and Gaius Caesar, who died in the years 2 and 4 A.D., show that at the latest at the end of the reign of Augustus certain urban structures were present, since such an inscription is only conceivable at public places with the function of a central place. An evaluation of the early Roman finds from the city area has shown that a large-scale settlement cannot be expected before the late Augustan period (Haltern horizon). This coincides with the abandonment of the settlement on the Titelberg, so that here possibly a transfer of the administrative tribal center of the Treverians is present. Similar building programs can be traced throughout Gallia Belgica and neighboring regions on the Rhine and Danube in this period. Early and high imperial period Augustus' measures in the Gallic provinces included the tripartition of the former Gallia comata into the new provinces Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica, with Trier becoming part of the latter with its capital at Durocortorum Remorum (Reims). Trier was the seat of the financial procurator responsible for Belgica and later for both Germanic provinces (procurator provinciae Belgicae et utriusque Germaniae). While only uncertain information can be given about the settlement at the time of the foundation, the development into a planned colony city is well recognizable in the 1st century. The street network deviates in the northern and southern outskirts more strongly from the regular layout of the insulae, so that for the core area a square foundation city with the width of three insulae results. Near the river, a considerable backfilling was carried out towards the end of the 1st century in order to gain flood-free usable areas. Several pillars of the Moselle bridges were filled up in the process. Also at the western bridgehead of the pile-grate bridge was a triumph arch-like gateway. The earliest mention of the stone bridge over the Moselle can be found in Tacitus' account of the Batavian Revolt of 69 A.D. Tacitus also mentions that Trier was a colony city (colonia Trevirorum). Presumably, similar to Cologne, the city had received this privileged status under Emperor Claudius. As terminus post quem can be seen a milestone from Buzenol from the year 43/44 A.D., which refers to Trier only as Aug(usta), not as colonia. However, unlike Cologne, the founding of the colony here was not connected with the settlement of legion veterans, i.e. Roman citizens. Therefore, there are basically two different views on the nature of the Trier colony status. One interpretation assumes a pure titular colony; unlike in the case of a regular colonia, the title colonia was not connected with a conferral of the civitas Romana to all free inhabitants. Opponents of this thesis have pointed out that there is no evidence for such honorary bestowals, and instead assume a bestowal of the latin rights. It is also unclear whether Tacitus used the designation in a legally precise manner or only as a general characterization. The legal status of the city dwellers and the tribal community of the Treverians in the imperial period is thus not entirely certain. It is noticeable that, on the one hand, the designation as Treverians (Treveri or cives Treveri) continues to be used in inscriptions, which does not allow any conclusion on the civil right. On the other hand, mentions of the city (colonia) and the tribal community (civitas) suggest that both could have existed in parallel. Regardless of the legal status of the Treverians and their civitas, the city of Trier as their capital was an integral part of the Romanization. Already in the 40s of the first century, the geographer Pomponius Mela mentions Trier as a flourishing, rich city (urbs opulentissima). The value of this news is, however, controversial, since Mela still follows the tripartite division of Gaul from Caesar's Gallic War and does not mention important cities such as Lugdunum or Cologne. However, the archaeological evidence testifies that in the 1st century the place took a rapid upswing. Numerous buildings were erected, such as the forum baths at the cattle market around 80 or the amphitheater around 100. In the middle of the second century the thermal baths at the cattle market had already become too small, so that one built over the surface of several Insulae the Barbara Baths. In their time they were considered one of the largest thermal baths in the Roman Empire. Under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, the city fortifications were built from 170 and with them the north gate, the Porta Nigra, which underlines the importance of the city in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Possibly, the construction measures are connected with the elevation of the city to the provincial capital of Gallia Belgica. The period when Trier replaced Reims in this function cannot be stated more precisely than before the middle of the 3rd century. The basis of the city's rise was, in addition to its convenient location on the Moselle and the roads leading into the interior of Gaul, trade and commerce. Trier's terra sigillata manufactories, along with the potteries of Rheinzabern (Tabernae), attained a dominant position in the market in the late 2nd and 3rd centuries. The associated workshops were located mainly southeast of the city on the banks of the Pacelli. Also very popular in the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire were the so-called Trier Spruchbecher, engobed cups inscribed with toasts. Occasional references to crafts and trades are preserved on stone monuments with which urban elites represented themselves. An indication of the trade is given by the Igel column, grave monument of the cloth merchant family Secundinius, on whose reliefs various activities of cloth production and trade are depicted. Already in Roman times, the cultivation and trade of wine may have played a not insignificant role, to which, among other things, the Neumagen wine ship refers. In the civil war of the years 193 to 197 (Year of the Five Emperors) troops of Clodius Albinus besieged Trier, which was on the side of his rival Septimius Severus. The city was able to withstand the assault and was finally relieved by an army brought from Mainz, which the city later thanked in a preserved inscription. Both the discovery of a large Trier Gold Hoard from 196/197 and the fact that work on the Porta Nigra was apparently never fully completed are associated with this siege. It can be assumed, however, that the ultimately victorious Severus rewarded the city for its loyalty afterwards, as was customary in such cases. Due to its location in the hinterland, Trier was spared for a long time from the Germanic invasions during the so-called imperial crisis of the 3rd century, which led to the abandonment of the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes (Limesfall). The residence of the Gallic Special Kingdom, which was created in the turmoil of the crisis, initially became Cologne. In the last years of the special empire, however, the residence was moved under Tetricus between 271 and 274 to Trier, which was safer because of its location. Since the city seems to have proven itself as an imperial residence and administrative center in the process, this measure pointed to the future. Soon after the death of Emperor Aurelian in 275, however, the city was initially sacked and partially destroyed by marauding Franks and Alamanni. Late antiquity Between 293 and 401, Trier was then one of the most important places in the west of the Roman Empire. As a result of the Diocletian reforms, the city became the seat of the praetorian prefect Galliarum and thus the administrative center of the diocesis Galliarum, which encompassed what is now Western Europe and parts of North Africa. The province of Belgica was divided and Trier became the capital of the Belgica prima thus created. During the Tetrarchy, first the Caesar Constantius I chose Trier as his residence in 293. Later, his son Constantine I, who stayed in the city for several years between 306 and 324, expanded it in a representative way. In order to consolidate his claim to power – which contradicted the actual rule of succession to the throne – in propaganda terms, Constantine had a monumental palace complex built (even by late antique standards) on the model of the Palatine in Rome. One of the ways in which he legitimized his rule was by deifying his father, who was buried in a mausoleum near the present-day church of St. Maximin. The construction of the Imperial Baths and the Palastaula, the largest known example of this type of building, also began during this period. On the banks of the Moselle near St. Irminen, a large double storage facility (horreum) from the 4th century was also discovered. Attracted by the imperial court and the comitatenses stationed in the surrounding area, many people settled in the city, and the population probably multiplied. Exact figures cannot be determined due to a lack of knowledge about the built-up area within the city walls. For the middle imperial period it is assumed that there were about 20,000 inhabitants, of whom about 18,000 would have found room in the Trier amphitheater. The Circus, built in the 4th century, on the other hand, held at least 50,000, perhaps even 100,000 visitors, but in neither case can it be said whether consideration was given to the population of the surrounding countryside when these buildings were planned. More than 100,000 people will hardly have lived in Trier even in the 4th century; other considerations even assume that even in late antiquity a population of more than 30,000 could hardly have been supported in this area. After the departure of the imperial court and the praetorian prefecture in the early 5th century, the city's population may have declined quite rapidly to perhaps 10,000 at last. Constantine's son Constantine II resided here from 328 until his death in 340, the usurper Decentius from 351 to 353. Treveris was again the residence of Roman emperors (Valentinian I, Gratian, Magnus Maximus) from 367 to 388; the young Valentinian II resided here again around 390. This period of prosperity was also reflected in the literature of the time. The imperial educators Lactantius (around 317) and Ausonius (367–388) worked in Trier; the latter set a literary monument to the landscape in his Mosella. Under Ausonius, the Trier College also achieved its greatest importance. It was one of the most important schools in the Western Empire, surpassed only by the school in Burdigala (Bordeaux). Although there are some written sources about it, an exact picture of the school cannot be gained. The most important son of the late antique city was Ambrosius of Milan. The presence of administrative and military personnel, the court and the mint increased Trier's importance in the 4th century. Several palatial villa complexes attributed to the imperial house or high officials, such as the Palatiolum in Trier-Pfalzel, were built in the city's environs. The disadvantage of this development was a considerable forced economy to supply the city and the court; the withdrawal of the institutions around 400 left a gap that could not be closed. The proximity to the imperial residence meant a certain security in this period; in other parts of the Roman Empire, the villae rusticae, like the entire rural settlement, were severely threatened, so that only the fortified towns offered protection to the provincial Roman population. Probably around 402, a few years after the transfer of the court to Mediolanum and the death of Theodosius I (395), the Gallic praetorian prefecture was also transferred from Trier to Arles (418 at the latest). With the departure of these important economic factors began the final decline of the once important Roman city. All that remained was the episcopal administration, with which Christianity became the bearer of the continuity of Roman culture, supported by the Gallo-Roman upper class, which continued to be influential. After repeated destruction and plundering, the city finally fell to the Franks around 480. Roman rule in northern Gaul existed only nominally at this time: while the Romanized Frank Arbogast had ruled in the area of Trier until then, the Gallo-Roman special empire established by Aegidius in northern Gaul after 461 continued under his son Syagrius until 486/487. Trier as a bishop's see The earliest fixed point for a bishop's see in Trier is the year 314, when Bishop Agritius took part in the Synod of Arles. Trier is thus the oldest documented bishop's see on German soil. It is possible that Agritius already had several predecessors, which, however, have only been handed down in little credible medieval sources. The large buildings of the Trier Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady as well as the large suburban churches of St. Maximin, St. Paulin and St. Matthias still bear witness to the late antique bishop's seat. They received their names from other early Trier bishops, around whose burial grounds large early Christian cemeteries developed. Through contemporary written sources, Trier bishops like Agritius are mentioned in the great ecclesiastical-political conflicts of the 4th century. Due to their position near the emperor's residence, they had a special importance. Accordingly, connections of prominent churchmen of this time such as Athanasius, Ambrosius and Martin of Tours to the bishop's seat of Trier on various occasions are documented. Jerome stayed in Trier for studies around 370. Imperial mint According to the finding of several inscriptions it could be assumed that already the Gallic usurpers had coins struck in Trier. However, the attribution of Gallic coinage to Trier is problematic; the minting of imperial coins at the Trier mint is only certain from 293/294, under Caesar Constantius I. The Trier mint was one of the most important mints of the Late Antique Empire. During almost 150 years, 39 emperors, usurpers, empresses and emperor's sons were minted on coins in Trier, including all emperors ruling in the western part except Jovian. Known are more than 520 gold, 310 silver and 1250 bronze coins with different obverse and reverse. Trier mintages were mostly marked by the letter group TR. The latest mintings of the Trier imperial mint are from the usurper Eugenius (392–394). It is disputed whether minting still took place under Honorius (395–423), since calibration weights with the name of the emperor have been found, but so far no corresponding coins are known. The coins of the Trier imperial mint were minted by the usurper Eugenius (392–394). Franconian time The frequent warlike events and changing power relations associated with the collapse of Roman rule permanently changed the settlement pattern in the 5th century. Backfills of the underground service facilities in the Imperial and Barbara Baths prove that operations were abandoned in the first half of the century. The Ruwer water conduit could also no longer be maintained and was abandoned. At first, only small parts of the previous urban residential quarters were used. Large parts of the moat in front of the northeastern city wall were filled in because it was no longer defensible due to its size. The large buildings of the former imperial residence probably served as a refuge for the population. From the middle of the 5th century on, the finds are extremely sparse and are mostly limited to church buildings such as the double church complex Dom/Liebfrauen and the church of St. Maximin, where a gapless sequence from the late antique coemeterial building to the early medieval church can be proven. Furthermore, the cemeteries south and north of the city were used, whereby the name material of the early Christian inscriptions shows a high Romanesque population. Finds from the older Merovingian period are rare in the urban area. In the Altbachtal a small hamlet can be proved since the 7th century, which is partly built on the ancient ruins. While the finds of the 6th century were limited to isolated finds and the area of the veneration of saints and relics around the suburban churches, an increase in population can be expected since the younger Merovingian period. In the city center, the Roman street network remained partially in place until the market was established at the Domburg in the Middle Ages. City plant Due to the natural location, the shape of the Roman city was largely predetermined. The decumanus maximus was oriented to the connection from the Moselle bridge to the Olewiger valley. However, it was cut through around 100 by the construction of the forum, with through traffic having to switch to the northern and southern parallel roads. This probably also explains the relocation of the Moselle bridge during the new construction of the stone pier bridge by 25 m upstream compared to the former pile grate bridge as well as the smaller cut of the insulae along the Decumanus. A grid of streets laid out at right angles resulted in insulae between 70 and 100 meters wide and a length of mostly 100 meters. In the core area the layout was more regular, while with the growth of the city in the 1st and 2nd century in the outskirts the layout varied and occasionally several insulae were combined into one long rectangular one. Also, the streets in the core area had up to 17 artificial elevations, while in the outer districts only one to four such elevations are attested. In the more representative settlement areas, they were covered with limestone slabs or polygonal basalt slabs in the 4th century. In the outskirts of the city, mainly to the south and close to the Moselle, there were artisanal businesses. They depended on the proximity to the waterway for the transport of goods. In addition to the aforementioned potteries, these included textile manufactories, metalworking plants, and production facilities for glassware. It is difficult to fit the temple district in the Altbach valley into the regular settlement grid. The location of the area, which was used continuously from the 1st to the 4th century, was determined by the stream courses, springs and associated valley incisions there. The residential buildings of the city initially consisted of half-timbered buildings. The earliest stone buildings were found in the area of the later Imperial Baths. After several phases of reconstruction and partly splendid decoration with mosaics and wall paintings, they were demolished after 293 AD for the construction of the baths. The succession of finishing phases, first in timber-framed construction, from the late 1st century limestone and finally red sandstone, can be observed on many private buildings, including a residential complex uncovered near St. Irminen in 1976/1977. This also included a small bath complex, which had the typical room division of Roman baths into cold bath (frigidarium), leaf bath (tepidarium) and hot bath (caldarium). In the course of time, the houses received luxurious furnishings with wall paintings, mosaics, opus signinum or ornamented tile floors. Tiles or slate were used for roofing. Forum The city's forum was located at the intersection of decumanus maximus and cardo maximus. Only a few statements can be made about the early period of the complex. In Vespasian times it was greatly expanded so that it occupied six quarter areas on either side of the W-E axis of the city, measuring 140 × 278 meters. During the expansion, some private residential quarters were leveled as well as the neighboring forum baths at the cattle market were added to the complex. At the western end of the forum was a basilica (100 × 25 m), which occupied the entire width of the square. East of it, on both sides of a long rectangular square along the main street, were porticoes with underground cryptoporticos and stores. On both insulae west of the forum, early residential development of the 1st century was first identified. It was replaced in the northern insulae (under the present city theater) in the 3rd century by a distinguished town house. It had a large inner courtyard with portico (peristyle house) and a rich decoration with marble paneling, wall paintings and mosaics. The inscription on one of these mosaics identifies it as the residence of the Praetorian tribune Victorinus, later emperor of the Gallic Roman Empire. Mighty wall courses on the two southern insulae can be added to symmetrically adjoining buildings in this phase, so that public buildings are presumed to have been built here. City fortification Already the city of the 1st century A.D. had archways at the borders of the civil buildings, which, however, did not have a fortificatory character, but were designed as triumphal or honorary arches. Foundations of such buildings could be proved archaeologically at the city-side bridgehead of the Moselle bridge, between Simeon- and Moselle-street as well as a blocked rest in an arch of the imperial thermae. They probably formed the conclusion of the founding city of the 1st century even before the construction of the Circus and the amphitheater. The 6418 m long Roman city wall then enclosed an area of 285 ha. In the past, it was often assumed that it was not built until the 3rd century, when civil wars and marauding Germanic tribes threatened the cities of Gaul. Today, however, there is a consensus that the city wall was already built in the last quarter of the 2nd century. This dating results, among other things, from the fact that it cuts through parts of the burial ground there in the north at the Porta Nigra. The latest burials within the walls date to the third quarter of the 2nd century. (The Romans generally buried their dead outside the city walls, so the graves must be older than the wall). Small finds in the wall area point to the late 2nd century. To the south, the wall cuts through the pottery district, which, however, continued to produce on both sides of the wall in the 3rd century. Markings on the stones of the Porta Nigra also refer to Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161–180) and his son Commodus (180–192). The complex appears to have been ready for defense when Clodius Albinus' troops attacked the city in 195 to no avail. The wall was built as a typical Roman cast masonry. The core consisted of slate, small stones and abundant mortar, while sandstone or limestone ashlars were faced on the outside. The height of the walkway can be reconstructed to 6.2 m based on the preserved wall exits at the Porta Nigra. The width was up to 4 meters in the foundation area, reduced to up to 3 meters at the end. Round towers were regularly inserted, mostly at the ends of the street alignments. The total of 48 or 50 towers of the Trier city wall still protruded evenly from the wall on both sides. Later Roman fortifications, on the other hand, usually had towers projecting far outward, which allowed the lateral areas of the wall to be better protected and attackers to be caught in the crossfire. The shape of the towers also indicates that they were built in the late 2nd century. Modern research mostly assumes that Trier's city wall – similar to those of many other Roman cities in the predominantly peaceful 1st and 2nd centuries – was not built to respond to a concrete threat; it was less a military installation than a prestige project intended to underline the importance of the site. Of the wall, only in the north and along the Moselle are smaller sections preserved, which were integrated into the later medieval city wall (Schießgraben, at the vocational school; cellar of the house at Schützenstraße 20, visible from the outside). In the southern sections it was excavated down to the foundations. On Langstraße, a part is accessible along the length of 70 m. The city wall had a total of five gate buildings, some of which, like the Porta Nigra, were very elaborately designed and at the time of their construction already anticipated the later widespread type of fortified gateaway. The southern gate (Porta Media) opposite the Porta Nigra was already demolished in the Middle Ages, which is why only foundations are known of it. The western gate at the Moselle bridge continued to be used in the Middle Ages and was called Porta Inclyta ("famous gate") at that time. From the east, the city was entered through a gate south of the amphitheater, which was used as a secondary entrance. In the late 4th century another southeast gate was added, which since the Middle Ages was called Porta Alba. At the time of its construction, the spacious fortification was still designed for growth, as many open spaces in the peripheral areas show. In military terms, however, the wall was of little use. The structure hardly had to prove itself in the first 200 years of its existence – the only known exceptions are the attack of 195 and the Frankish-Alamanni attack around 275, and in the latter the wall could not stop the attackers. Then, in the 5th century, it was hardly possible to effectively defend the city with the complex designed more for representation than for defensive value. Before the attack of the Vandals as a result of the Crossing of the Rhine, the remaining population of the city, which had been cleared of court and administration, could only protect itself by entrenching itself in the amphitheater. Porta Nigra The Porta Nigra is the only surviving gate of Trier's Roman city wall and, along with the Imperial Baths, probably the most famous monument. Like the city wall, it originally dates from the last quarter of the 2nd century AD; the start of construction could be dated to the year 170 by dendrochronology in 2018. It owes its preservation to the fact that in the Middle Ages Simeon of Trier settled in the building as a hermit, and the northern gate of the Roman city was subsequently converted into a church. By Napoleon's order it was freed from later additions since 1804. Porta media The Porta Media as the southern city gate and counterpart to the Porta Nigra was located at the end of today's Saarstraße. Only the remains of the foundations of this city gate have been found. Porta Alba The Porta Alba was added in the 4th century as a southeast gate and was located on the road to Strasbourg (Argentoratum). It was narrower than the older city gates and had only a simple gateway. Its name comes from the Middle Ages, when it was variously used as a protective castle. Amphitheater The amphitheater at the foot of the Petrisberg was built around 100 AD, possibly already having a smaller, wooden predecessor. The spectator tiers (cavea) were sunk into the hillside, and the resulting spoil was used to fill in the tiers on the valley side. Of the complex, which could seat up to 18,000 people, essentially the oval arena (70.5 × 49 m) with its boundaries and some underground vaults (vomitoria) have been preserved. When the city wall was built, the amphitheater was integrated into it and served as the eastern access road. In the Middle Ages, the amphitheater fell into disrepair, was used as a quarry, and the arena was gradually flooded. Since the excavations at the beginning of the 20th century it can be used again for events. In the find material, which is kept in the Rhenish State Museum in Trier, a group of curse tablets, which were deposited here in antiquity, is particularly interesting, in addition to stone monuments. The rest of the find material dates mainly from the 4th century, which is probably related to the long period of use. Bloody games in the arena are documented as late as the time of Constantine. Circus The Roman Circus of Trier has not been preserved and can only be guessed from the course of some streets below the amphitheater and Petrisberg. Its location is indicated by the clear intersection in the course of Egbert- and Helenenstraße, while the northern rounding may have been located at today's Agritiusstraße. This would result in a complex with a length of about 500 meters. Chariot racing played an important role in the self-portrayal of the Roman emperors, especially in late antiquity, and enjoyed great popularity. Numerous pictorial representations point to the Trier Circus. First and foremost is the Polydus mosaic, which shows a charioteer with his team. A similar depiction exists on a contorniate found in Trier, and there is also a relief with a horse driver in the Neumagen funerary monuments. Since the Treverians are described in the written sources as good horsemen, it is assumed that soon after the amphitheater was built in the 2nd century, a horse racing track was also erected. At the latest, however, when the place became the emperor's residence, there must have been a circus. Due to its location, the Circus was destroyed faster than other large Roman buildings in the early Middle Ages, the stones were reused and the area was used for agriculture. In the 19th century, the area south of Trier's main train station was developed with a residential area, and the probably very small remains of the site were not investigated. Thermal baths Thermal baths at the cattle market The baths at the Viehmarkt are the oldest public thermal baths of Augusta Treverorum. They occupied a complete insula north of the Roman forum in the central area of the settlement. The baths were built in place of an older residential development around the year 80. Coin and pottery finds make a use with several alterations until the 4th century probable. Whether the site is really a pure thermal complex is disputed. Remarkable is the fact that the necessary heating facilities were added only in a second construction phase, according to other information even in the 4th century. The rooms visible today were overformed since 1615 by the construction of a Capuchin monastery. The cattle market was created only after the dissolution of the monastery from 1812. Due to smaller channel excavations and observations in the post-war period, a larger palace-like building had been expected here. During excavation work for the construction of an underground car park and the main building of the municipal savings bank, the thermal baths were discovered from October 1987. Parts of the complex are accessible today together with an exposed road in a glass protective structure designed by architect Oswald Mathias Ungers under the Viehmarkt. Barbara Baths Already around the middle of the 2nd century, the baths at the Viehmarkt had become too small for the growing city population. To the south of the decumanus maximus, the Baths of Barbara were built near the Moselle River. With an area of 172 m × 240 m (42,500 m2), they occupied more than two insulae and were among the largest thermal baths of their time. They were surpassed only by the Baths of Trajan in Rome and the later thermal baths of the 3rd and 4th centuries. The findings suggest that they were used even after the first Germanic invasions until the end of the 4th century. In the Middle Ages, the suburb of St. Barbara developed in the partially upright ruins, as well as probably the noble residence of the De Ponte family. It was only in modern times that the last upright remains were demolished. The exposed foundation walls were temporarily inaccessible due to redevelopment, but since 2015 the complex has been open to visitors again. Temple Temple district Altbachtal In the valley hollow of the Altbach below the amphitheater, images of gods and terracottas have been frequently found since the 19th century. The Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft had excavations carried out here by Siegfried Loeschcke in 1926–1934, which yielded astonishing results under layers of alluvium up to 5 m thick. Over 70 temples, chapels, sacred precincts and priests' houses as well as a cult theater were uncovered on an area of 5 ha. The finds now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum represent the largest collection of cult monuments from a closed district in the Roman world. Temple at the Herrenbrünnchen After the discovery of several architectural parts of the 1st century above the temple district in the Altbachtal, an excavation was carried out by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum on the grounds of the Charlottenau estate in 1909/1910. The remains of a monumental podium temple with a columned vestibule (pronaos), flight of steps, and altar podium were uncovered on an area of 65 × 23 m. The building had walls up to 4.1 m thick. Architectural elements found allow to reconstruct a temple front with six 15 m high columns supporting architrave and pediment. Several elaborately designed capitals in the Trier Cathedral, which were installed to replace granite columns that had been broken after a fire in the 5th century, may have come as spolia from the temple at the Herrenbrünnchen. Temple of Asclepius Near the Roman Bridge and north of the Barbara Baths was one of the most monumental temples of the Roman city. Its remains were uncovered in 1977–1979 during the construction of an underground car park. The complex occupied an area of 170 m × 88 m, more than a complete insula width. For its construction, considerable embankments were made along the river for flood protection. Together with the large buildings of the Barbara Baths, the temple probably dominated the cityscape above the Moselle Bridge to a large extent. A marble sculpture, now lost, and the inscription of a financial procurator point to the dedication to the god Asclepius. An exceptionally large hoard of coins was discovered at the northern edge of the complex in 1993. It contained 2570 aureus with a total weight of 18.5 kg. The latest coins date from the reign of Septimius Severus, and the hoard of coins is now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum. The construction of the temple itself can be placed in the last third of the 1st century A.D. based on the find material. Lenus Mars Temple and Theater Another large temple area was discovered on the western bank of the Moselle at the foot of the Markusberg. It was located at a slight valley incision, where the spring, later called Heideborn, which was revered as having healing powers, emerged. In the area of the Irminenwingert (therefore also called temple at the Irminenwingert) a walled district in the form of an irregular quadrangle of more than 100 meters side length could be proven. The entire complex with hostel, main temple and cult theater is addressed as a Treverian national sanctuary with monumental furnishings. Worshipped here was the local equation of the god Mars with the Treverian Lenus, who also played an important role in other regional sanctuaries such as Martberg. The less warlike character of Lenus, who was worshipped more as a healing god, is also evident from the furnishings of the complex. According to the series of coins, the complex was used from the pre-Roman period until the time of Gratian († 383 AD). Roman bridge The Roman bridge over the Moselle, which is visible today, had at least two predecessor buildings, which have been proven archaeologically. This can be explained by its location on the Roman trunk roads, but the Roman bridge also had to accommodate inner-city traffic to the Vicus Voclanionum, which is attested in inscriptions on the western bank, as well as to the Lenus Mars temple there. The dendrochronological evidence of a bridge in 18/17 BC is thus an important fixed point for the foundation of Augusta Treverorum. This first wooden bridge construction apparently suffered damage during the battles mentioned by Tacitus in the Batavian Revolt in 69. The construction of a pile-grate bridge can be fixed to the year 71 in the reign of Emperor Vespasian. It received mighty, pentagonal stream piers from up to 31 cm thick oak trunks, which were rammed into the river. The bridge piers were made of limestone, and the roadway was supported by a beam truss structure. The present Roman bridge was built between 144 and 155 under Antoninus Pius. Above the existing bridge, new stream piers were erected, but they were no longer made of wooden piles but of limestone ashlars up to six courses, which is why this bridge is called a stone pier bridge. Since considerable fill was made on the city side bank in the early imperial period, this bridge required only nine piers instead of eleven. Towers and gates at both bridgeheads protected the structure. Probably due to the increased water level caused by the narrowing of the river and problems with flooding, the bridge was initially not given a solid stone arch, but a wooden deck that had to be replaced regularly. This was not added until 1343 under Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg. Significant are the numerous river finds from the bridge area, which are exhibited in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum. Among them are tools, coins (as river sacrifices), lead seals, jewelry, small bronzes, and even stone monuments. Water supply The supply of drinking water to the city was particularly favored by its geographical location. In addition to the river water of the Moselle, several streams flowing into the Trier valley from the east could be used. Spring outlets in the city area were captured and connected to the local water pipes. Healing springs such as the so-called Römersprudel southeast of the city were also provided with spring catchments. On the Lower Terrace, additional wells were dug on groundwater-bearing strata in the private sector, while on the Middle Terrace these extended to strata in the slaty subsoil with water flowing down to the valley. A canal line led from a spring at Heiligkreuzberg to a distribution chamber near the temple at Herrenbrünnchen. Two successively constructed distribution basins were uncovered on the site of the Imperial Baths. For the founding city of the 1st century, these facilities were initially sufficient. To meet the needs of the growing city, the Ruwer Valley water pipeline was built in the early 2nd century. It carried water, diverted from the Ruwer River at Waldrach, over a distance of 12.798 km to the city, which it reached at the amphitheater. It is a masonry walkable canal, which was led in sections (valley cut of Kürenz, proven at the Imperial Baths) via aqueduct constructions. Further distribution in the city was by masonry canals lined with waterproof opus signinum aggregate; in the outer districts there is occasional evidence of pipes in wooden logs with iron dike rings. Of more upscale design are water pipes made of lead; like the wooden logs, they were usually about 10 Roman feet (3 m) long. Late antique buildings Already in the 2nd century, a representation and administration area had been created in the northeast of the city by merging four insulae, the core of which was a central hall, which is addressed as the Palace of the Legates. The remodeling from the beginning of the 4th century in the context of the establishment of the imperial residence is also concentrated in this area, although smaller construction measures in the forum and the streets of the city are attested. By laying down a residential quarter, space was made for the monumental building of the Imperial Baths. The Palastaula (Constantine Basilica) was built on the former legate's palace, which, with surrounding forecourts and outbuildings, formed the core of the residence. At the same time, the backfilling with rubble of an old arm of the Moselle, which had formed a lake until this time, indicates large-scale demolition work within the city. Also near the harbor on the Moselle, a large double storage facility (horreum, ca. 70 m × 20 m) was built around 300 on the site of today's Vereinigte Hospitien, which served to supply the city and the imperial court. Several walls of it, divided by blind arcades, have been preserved. However, construction activity already came to a standstill in Constantinian times. It was probably not completed until the reign of Gratian around 379. Basilica, Imperial Baths and the Circus formed a unit as a palace district. The juxtaposition of the Circus and the residential area was deliberately created as a parallel to the urban Roman topography (Circus Maximus and Palatine). It is repeated at the Circus Neronis (in Caesar's gardens), the Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia, and the residence of Galerius at Thessaloniki. Imperial Baths Today, the Imperial Baths are one of the most famous Roman buildings in Trier. The time of their construction is not completely clear; they were probably built after 294, when Trier was developed into a residence. Whether they were commissioned by Constantius I or his son Constantine is unknown. The oldest settlement of the area consisted of simple wooden buildings with cellars and storage pits; it can probably be dated before the middle of the 1st century. After that, two larger stone buildings were built, which were later combined into a magnificent residential building. The rich findings (including the Polydus mosaic) prove the use of the building until the second half of the 3rd century. According to its original conception, the resulting thermal complex is one of the largest buildings of its kind in the Roman Empire; only the urban Roman thermal complexes of the emperors Trajan, Caracalla and Diocletian were larger. The ground plan corresponds to the so-called small imperial type, which is, however, already familiar from the older Baths of Barbara. However, the Imperial Baths were never actually put into operation. Probably already with the transfer of the residence to the east after 324 the work on it stopped, although large parts of the construction were already completed beyond the first floor. It was not until Valentinian I chose Trier as his residence again that work was resumed, but with a completely different conception. The already completed bathing facilities were removed and the western part with the frigidarium was demolished. The circular hall of the tepidarium was used as an entrance hall, and the palaestra was significantly enlarged and transformed into a paved square. Interpretations vary between residential palace, imperial forum and – most likely in the opinion of the excavator – barracks for the imperial bodyguard (scholae palatinae). In the Middle Ages, large parts of the complex were integrated into the city's fortifications, preserving, for example, the eastern facade, which is over 20 meters high. Constantine Basilica Although the name and appearance of today's Constantine(s) Basilica seem to refer to an ancient church building, the structure was originally built as the reception hall of the imperial residence. The frequently used name Palastaula or Aula Palatina is more accurate, but is unattested in classical Latin. The basilica has a length of 69.8 m (including the 12.4 m long apse) with a width of 27.2 m. In antiquity, it possessed a height of about 30 m. The exterior is 2.7 m thick. The 2.7 m thick exterior walls were of brick masonry and plastered on the outside. Parts made of red sandstone are modern additions. The interior had a quality wall covering: The nave and apse had flooring and wall paneling of inlaid marble slabs (opus sectile) up to the height of the uppermost window cornices, of which remnants and especially the holes of the iron brackets have survived. Above this followed stucco work up to the cantilevered ceiling, which may not have been dissimilar to the present coffered ceiling inserted in 1955. Remarkable are the heating systems, through which the 1600 m2 interior was heatable via a three-part hypocaust with five praefurnia. The basilica was not a stand-alone building in ancient times. In the south, in front of the main entrance, there was a porch also covered with marble, and on the outside there were porticoes with courtyards leaned against them. The remains of these buildings are either preserved or marked in the pavement of the present square. The Palastaula was probably erected as a representative building in the years 305–311 when it was converted into a residence. The monumental building served as a backdrop for audiences, receptions and court ceremonial, with the emperor's throne assumed to be in the apse. Considerable leveling was required for the large structure, which also covered a street intersection. The western block previously housed the official residence of a high imperial official. After the end of Roman rule, the burnt-out building was added to the Frankish royal estate. In 902 the ruins were donated to the Bishop of Trier. Subsequently, the basilica was rebuilt into a castle-like complex, the apse was closed to the tower, while in the walled interior of the church economic and cellar buildings were created. After 1614, the south and east walls were demolished and the masonry was integrated into the new Electoral Palace or used as a courtyard. After being plundered by French Revolutionary troops in 1794, the complex served as barracks and a military hospital. In 1844, Prussian King Frederick William IV ordered its reconstruction as a place of worship for Trier's Protestant community. During the Second World War, the palace and basilica were severely destroyed. Reconstruction could not be started until 1954, allowing excavations and accurate recordings of the building fabric. Cathedral The transition of the city from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages can be seen in the cathedral as the nucleus of medieval Trier. Accordingly, it has been archaeologically explored since 1843. Larger excavations took place after the Second World War until 1981; they established as the oldest layer a noble Roman residential quarter of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. This included a state hall richly decorated with wall and ceiling paintings. Parts of the building are preserved under the crossing of the cathedral, and the reconstructed frescoes are exhibited in the Cathedral and Diocesan Museum. The rich decoration has led to the fact that the complex is partly attributed to a late antique palace building. The residential buildings were demolished and leveled in the early 4th century. A double church complex with two east-facing, three-aisled basilicas was built. The columns of the north basilica were made of Odenwald granite, which was transported here from the Felsenmeer near Lautertal via the Rhine and Moselle rivers. The cathedral stone lying in front of the cathedral still indicates this. The width of the two church complexes, including the transverse buildings and peristyle courtyards, was probably between 40 (north basilica) and 30 meters (south basilica below today's Liebfrauenkirche), with a length of 150 meters each. Between the two churches there was a square baptistery, which is marked today in the paving of the cathedral courtyard. After a destruction towards the end of the fourth century, the northern basilica was rebuilt and a square building with a side length of 41.5 m was erected in the area of the crossing. Along Windstrasse on the north side of the cathedral, the associated brickwork is still visible to a height of 30 m. Cemeteries The cemeteries of the Middle Imperial Period have only been partially explored and their extent is largely unknown. In the earliest phase of settlement until around the middle of the 2nd century, smaller necropolises close to the settlement were established near the Moselle and along the Olewiger Straße towards the amphitheater. With the construction of the city wall these cemeteries had to be abandoned. The cemeteries to the south and north of the city were relocated, so that some earlier burials were also discovered within the later walled area. The usual form of burial at this time was cremation. Corpse burials do not appear until the 2nd century, sarcophagi are attested from the middle of the 2nd century. After the construction of the city wall, the largest necropolises were located along the northern and southern arterial roads. In the northern cemetery, burials were initially concentrated along the road that ran slightly west of today's Paulinstraße. After the draining of an old arm of the Moselle, this area could also be used for burials up to today's Steinhausenstraße, so that burials of the 4th century in particular are found here. The southern burial ground extended along today's Matthiasstraße. From the middle imperial period more than 2000 inventories of cremation burials have come to the State Museum. Later sarcophagus burials were concentrated under the church there, in the northwest the cemetery was bordered by the pottery district. East of the city in front of the city wall north of the amphitheater cremation and inhumation graves were found, which are today built over. A cemetery with body burials of the 3rd and 4th centuries is located on the slope above the amphitheater. Rich grave goods of glass and ceramic vessels are known from this cemetery. On the western bank of the Moselle were cemeteries in the present-day districts of Trier-West/Pallien and Euren along the road leading to Reims. The above-ground design of the graves could be very different. Stone monuments from the associated grave streets are known in the Trier region especially with the Neumagen stone monuments and the Igel column. Particularly wealthy people occasionally had underground burial chambers with a temple building above built, as they were preserved for example at the West Cemetery, with the burial chamber at the Reichertsberg or the Grutenhäuschen. It is not certain whether the so-called Franzensknüppchen on the Petrisberg above Trier is a monumental burial tumulus. In late antiquity, tombs were concentrated at the burial places of saints, bishops and martyrs. Medieval churches developed from these burial chapels located outside the city walls. A parallel development can be traced in many late Roman cities; in Trier it can be grasped in three places with the late Roman tombs under the Paulinus Church, the St. Matthias' Abbey and the St. Maximin's Abbey. Surrounding area Already in the middle imperial period, larger Villa Rustica were built in the surrounding area of the city, which profited from the short distances to the markets and were therefore – as in the immediate vicinity of many Roman cities – significantly larger. Examples of such complexes can be found in Mehring and Villa Otrang. While at the time of their foundation the complexes were still designed for agriculture and cattle breeding, vineyards increased considerably in the course of the 3rd and 4th centuries. In many complexes a larger wine press house was added at this time. This may be related to the presence of the imperial court. However, Emperor Probus is also said to have issued a provision at the end of the 3rd century lifting old restrictions on vine cultivation in the provinces. The presence of the imperial administration led to the fact that some of these complexes were particularly magnificently expanded or monumental complexes were newly built in the 4th century. An outstanding example is the Villa von Welschbillig, in front of whose main front there was a large water basin with originally 112 herms. Its location in the area of the long wall indicates an imperial domain. Similar functions are also assumed for the important late antique palace complexes of Konz (Kaiservilla von Konz) and Trier-Pfalzel (Palatiolum). The oldest Roman road in the region is considered to be the connection from Lyon via Metz to Trier, which was laid out by Agrippa. The road, which was well preserved in places, continued as the Roman road from Trier to Cologne across the Eifel to the Rhine. The best known Roman road to Trier is the Ausonius Road, named after the Roman poet and statesman Ausonius, who was active in Treveris for a long time. It ran over the Hunsrück to Bingium, where it reached the Roman Rhine Valley Road. Further road connections led, among others, via Coriovallum (Heerlen in the Netherlands) to Colonia Ulpia Traiana (near Xanten), to Strasbourg and along the Moselle to Koblenz (Confluentes). In late antiquity, these roads had to be additionally protected with fortifications, for example at Neumagen, Bitburg and Jünkerath. The exploration of the Roman city The ruins of the Roman city, visible for centuries, caused the Roman past to be studied in all subsequent eras. Neighboring cities with a Roman past, such as Reims, Toul and Metz, tried in the Middle Ages to trace their mythological foundation back to Remus or the kings Tullus Hostilius or Mettius Rufus. Probably to emphasize the primacy of Trier, the legend arose according to which Trier was founded by Trebeta, a son of Ninus, who is said to have been driven out of Assyria by his stepmother Semiramis. According to Orosius this happened 1300 years before the foundation of Rome. The tomb of Trebeta was believed to be recognized in the so-called Franzensknüppchen on the Petrisberg. The supposed tomb inscription of Trebeta is documented in Trier manuscripts since about 1000 and was later adopted in the Gesta Treverorum and the chronicle of Otto von Freising. In the 15th century, it was turned into the hexameter Ante Romam Treveris stetit annis mille trecentis, which was first inscribed on the Steipe; today it is found on the Red House on Trier's Main Market Square. As early as humanism, the Trebeta legend was doubted, first by Willibald Pirckheimer in 1512. At the same time, a more intensive examination of the Roman legacy began, especially the sculptures and inscriptions. The collection of Count Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld in Clausen included some Roman finds from Trier. Likewise, Trier is mentioned in the travelogue of geographers Abraham Ortelius and Johannes Vivianus in the 16th century. Of great importance and far ahead of its time was the work of the Jesuit Alexander Wiltheim, who mapped Roman sites with great accuracy and included sections on Augusta Treverorum, topography and economic geography of the Ardennes, Roman roads and villas. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Archbishop of Trier Philipp Christoph von Sötern ordered the opening of the Ruwer water conduit, Karl Kaspar von der Leyen had excavations carried out in the Barbara Baths. Archaeology in Trier received significant impetus after the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic period. In 1801, the Society for Useful Research on Trier was founded from the Trier educated middle class, which soon devoted itself especially to the study of the Roman period. With the Porta Nigra, work began in Napoleonic times to uncover the ruins of the Roman period. In the Prussian period, archaeology was promoted by the Crown Prince and later King Frederick William IV. In 1820, the Prussian government and building councilor Carl Friedrich Quednow had the government's own collection of Roman stone monuments displayed in the Porta Nigra and the Imperial Baths. Also in 1820, the self-taught Quednow published a description of the antiquities in Trier and its surroundings from the Gallo-Belgian and Roman eras. The government collection was not merged with the collection of the Society for Useful Research until 1844. At that time, there was still a conflict between the Catholic educated middle class and the Prussian administration. This conflict was only overcome in 1877 with the founding of the Provinzialmuseum Trier (today Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier). With this, the research, preservation and museum presentation of the Roman finds of Trier had finally become a state task. The function of the Rhenish Provincial Museum as a "digging museum" continues to this day and is anchored in the Rhineland-Palatinate monument protection law. From the end of the 19th century until the Second World War, major excavation campaigns brought the monuments of Trier into the public eye. Among them were the excavations of the amphitheater, the Imperial and Barbara Baths, and the temple district in the Altbach Valley. The construction of Trier's sewer system in 1899–1906 allowed a more detailed exploration of the city plan of the ancient metropolis. The excavations of this period are associated with the names of well-known pioneers of ancient research who worked at the Provinzialmuseum, including Felix Hettner, Hans Lehner, Wilhelm von Massow and Siegfried Loeschcke. The extensive destruction caused by bomb damage made some areas accessible to archaeology in the post-war period that had previously been overbuilt, such as in the cathedral and the Palastaula. The traffic-oriented expansion of Trier's city center since the 1960s and other large-scale projects led to the stagnation of scientific reappraisal while financial and personnel resources remained unchanged. On the occasion of the city's 2000th anniversary in 1984, two special volumes were published on the foundation of Augusta Treverorum and on the late antique imperial residence. As a result of the increased attention, an expansion of the Landesmuseum was realized in the years 1984–1991. At the same time, however, the museum was busy with large-scale excavations (Viehmarkt 1986/87, large-scale excavation St. Maximin 1978–1994). Often the usual excavations had to be replaced by investigations during construction, although far-reaching building measures such as the construction of the underground car park at the Horten department store and behind the district administration in the Palastgarten involved rapid excavations of large inner-city areas down to below the Roman feature-bearing layers.The previously annual chronicle of finds in the Trierer Zeitschrift ceased between 1964 and 1998 for the city area, and important publications of excavation results and collection holdings were omitted. Only since 1997 has the museum been able to ensure regular publication of the results thanks to increased state and third-party funding. In order to obtain sufficient lead time for excavations, since 1998 more and more investor contracts have been concluded with building owners, which on the one hand guarantee sufficient time for scientific investigations, and on the other hand guarantee binding deadlines for the release of the building ground. References Bibliography Overall presentations Heinz Heinen: Trier und das Trevererland in römischer Zeit. 2. leicht überarbeiteter und um einen bibliografischen Nachtrag erweiterter Nachdruck, 3. unveränderter Nachdruck. Spee, Trier 1993, . Heinz Cüppers (Hrsg.): Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz. Lizenzausgabe, Nikol, Hamburg 2005, , pp. 577–647. Franz Schön: Augusta [6] Treverorum. In: Der Neue Pauly (DNP). Band 2, Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, , pp. 285–290. Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trèves – Augusta Treverorum. In: Didier Bayard, Jean-Luc Collart, Noël Mahéo (Hrsg.): La marque de Rome. Samarobriva et les villes du nord de la Gaule. Musée de Picardie, Amiens 2006, pp. 63–72 (= Ausstellungskatalog Musée de Picardie Amiens) . Gabriele Clemens, Lukas Clemens: Geschichte der Stadt Trier. C.H. Beck, München 2007, , pp. 7–63. Frank Unruh: Trier: Biographie einer römischen Stadt von Augusta Treverorum zu Treveris. Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2017. . Archaeological guides and Roman buildings Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Hrsg.): Das römische Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, (= Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern in Deutschland 40). Römerbauten in Trier. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2003, (= Führungsheft 20, Edition Burgen, Schlösser, Altertümer Rheinland-Pfalz). Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Rettet das archäologische Erbe in Trier. Zweite Denkschrift der archäologischen Trier-Kommission. Trier 2005, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 31). Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Führer zu archäologischen Denkmälern des Trierer Landes. Trier 2008, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 35). Early days Edith Mary Wightman: Roman Trier and the Treveri. Rupert Hart-Davis, London 1970, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Trier – Augustusstadt der Treverer. 2. Auflage. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1984, . Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Die Anfänge des römischen Trier – Alte und neue Forschungsansätze. In: Gundolf Precht (Hrsg.): Genese, Struktur und Entwicklung römischer Städte im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. in Nieder- und Obergermanien. Kolloquium vom 17. bis 19. Februar 1998 im Regionalmuseum Xanten. Von Zabern, Mainz 2001, (= Xantener Berichte, Band 9), S. 143–156. Late antiquity Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Trier – Kaiserresidenz und Bischofsstadt. 2. Auflage. Mainz 1984, . Margarethe König (Hrsg.): Palatia. Kaiserpaläste in Konstantinopel, Ravenna und Trier. Trier 2003, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 27). Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (Hrsg.): Konstantin der Große. Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantinus. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, . Religion and temple Siegfried Loeschcke: Die Erforschung des Tempelbezirkes im Altbachtale zu Trier. Mittler, Berlin 1928. Erich Gose: Der Tempelbezirk des Lenus Mars in Trier. Mann, Berlin, 1955 (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 2). Erich Gose: Der gallo-römische Tempelbezirk im Altbachtal zu Trier. Zabern, Mainz 1972 (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 7). Markus Trunk: Römische Tempel in den Rhein- und westlichen Donauprovinzen. Ein Beitrag zur architekturgeschichtlichen Einordnung römischer Sakralbauten in Augst. Römermuseum Augst, Augst 1991, , S. 219–230 (= Forschungen in Augst 14) (Digitalisat). Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Religio Romana. Wege zu den Göttern im antiken Trier. Ausstellungskatalog Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 1996, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 12). Marcello Ghetta: Spätantikes Heidentum. Trier und das Treverer Land. Kliomedia, Trier 2008, . Imperial Baths Daniel Krencker: Die Trierer Kaiserthermen 1: Ausgrabungsbericht und grundsätzliche Untersuchungen römischer Thermen. Filser, Augsburg 1929 (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 1). Ludwig Hussong, Heinz Cüppers: Die Trierer Kaiserthermen 2: Die spätrömische und frühmittelalterliche Keramik. Filser, Augsburg 1972, (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 1, 2). Wilhelm Reusch, Marcel Lutz, Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Die Ausgrabungen im Westteil der Trierer Kaiserthermen 1960–1966. Der Stadtpalast des Finanzprocurators der Provinzen Belgica, Ober- und Niedergermanien. Marie Leidorf, Rahden/ Westfalen 2012 (= Archäologie aus Rheinland-Pfalz 1), . Roman bridges Heinz Cüppers: Die Trierer Römerbrücken. von Zabern, Mainz 1969, (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 5). Coin finds Maria Radnoti-Alföldi: Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Deutschland (FMRD). IV 3/1–2: Stadt Trier. Zabern, Mainz 1970–2006, (IV, 3/1), (IV, 3/2). Maria Radnoti-Alföldi: Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Deutschland (FMRD). IV 3/6: Stadt Trier, Nachträge und Ergänzungen. Zabern, Mainz 2008, . Karl-Josef Gilles: Der römische Goldmünzschatz aus der Feldstraße in Trier. Trier 2013, (= Trierer Zeitschrift Beiheft 34). Karl-Josef Gilles: Das Münzkabinett im Rheinischen Landesmuseum Trier. Ein Überblick zur trierischen Münzgeschichte. Trier 1996, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 13). Trier ceramic production Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Trierer Reliefsigillata: Werkstatt I. Habelt, Bonn 1972 (= Materialien zur römisch-germanischen Keramik 9). Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Trierer Reliefsigillata: Werkstatt II. Habelt, Bonn 1993 (= Materialien zur römisch-germanischen Keramik 12). Susanna Künzl: Die Trierer Spruchbecherkeramik. Dekorierte Schwarzfirniskeramik des 3. und 4. Jahrhunderts. Trier 1997, (= Beihefte Trierer Zeitschrift 21). Mosaics Peter Hoffmann, Joachim Hupe, Karin Goethert: Katalog der römischen Mosaike aus Trier und dem Umland. Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (= Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 16). Zabern, Mainz 1999, / . Peter Hoffmann: Römische Mosaike im Rheinischen Landesmuseum Trier. Führer zur Dauerausstellung (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 16). Trier 1999, . Findings Wolfgang Binsfeld, Karin Goethert-Polaschek, Lothar Schwinden: Katalog der römischen Steindenkmäler des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier. 1. Götter- und Weihedenkmäler. Zabern, Mainz 1988, (= Corpus signorum Imperii Romani. Bd. 4, 3 Trier und Trierer Land. Zugleich: Trierer Grabungen und Forschungen 12). Antje Krug: Römische Gemmen im Rheinischen Landesmuseum Trier. Trier 1995, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 10). Karin Goethert: Römische Lampen und Leuchter. Auswahlkatalog des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier. Trier 1997, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 14). Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Hrsg.): abgetaucht, aufgetaucht. Flussfundstücke. Aus der Geschichte. Mit ihrer Geschichte. Trier 2001, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 21). Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Fundstücke: von der Urgeschichte bis zur Neuzeit. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 36). Research History Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Hrsg.): Propaganda. Macht. Geschichte. Archäologie an Rhein und Mosel im Dienst des Nationalsozialismus. Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung, Trier 2002 (= Schriftenreihe des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier 24). Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Forschungsgeschichte und Antikenrezeption in Trier. In: M. Landfester (Hrsg.), Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike. Rezeptions- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Bd. 15,3 (Stuttgart – Weimar), Sp. 565–578. Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trèves – une métropole gallo-romaine confrontée à la sauvegarde du patrimoine archéologique. In: Didier Bayard, Jean-Luc Collart, Noël Mahéo (Hrsg.): La marque de Rome. Samarobriva et les villes du nord de la Gaule. Musée de Picardie, Amiens 2006, S. 190–194 (= Ausstellungskatalog Musée de Picardie Amiens) . External links Entries for Augusta Treverorum in the archaeological database Arachne Augusta Treverorum (archive.org) Plan of the Roman city of Trier Trier Center of Antiquity – website about some Roman buildings and the Rhenish State Museum Treveri Trier Roman towns and cities in Germany Moselle
Hosta virus X (HVX) is a virus that infects hostas. The disease was first identified in 1996 by Dr. Benham Lockhart at the University of Minnesota, and grouped with the Potato X (potex) viruses. The virus has reached epidemic proportions and can be found in many garden centers and nurseries around the globe. Emergence Hosta virus X began showing up in nurseries in the early 2000's. At first some people bought the infected hostas, believing that they were new cultivars of the plant. Hosta cultivars such as "Break Dance," "Eternal Father," "Leopard Frog," "Blue Freckles," and "Lunacy" were not actual new cultivars, but instead were hostas infected with Hosta virus X that were mistakenly believed to be new cultivars. Some of the infected hostas also made their way into European growers. Eventually, the virus reached the large growers in the Netherlands, and caused the virus to spread quickly. Signs and symptoms Hosta virus X does not kill the plants infected, but hostas that have been infected do show a variety of other symptoms, such as: Ink-bleed, which makes the plant look discolored in certain spots, and this effect is generally centered on a vein. An example of this is shown in the photo in this article. Collapsed tissue, which can be signs of heavier infection, makes the leaf tissue look flattened and empty. Mottling, which makes the plant appear blotchy. This is not always a symptom of HVX, and could be from another virus, but it should always be treated as a virus infected plant regardless. A hosta may no longer express symptoms of the virus when it grows back in the Spring, even though it may have shown symptoms in a previous year. Nonetheless, the plant should still be considered infected with HVX. A hosta infected with the virus may also be asymptomatic. Some plants in a study conducted by Dr. Lockhart at the University of Minnesota did not show symptoms for up to 3 years after testing positive for the virus. Control The primary concern with HVX is its ability to spread prolifically. Once a hosta plant is infected, it will be infected for the rest of its life. Any plant suspected of being infected should be burned if it is legal to do so. If it is not, then it should be tossed in the garbage, but infected hosta plants should never be composted. If any plant in a batch shows symptoms, the entire batch should be considered infected and be destroyed. The virus primarily spreads through infected sap, so dividing or cutting multiple plants by hand or with the same tool can spread the virus. Handling the roots also spreads the virus easily. Animals may also spread the virus through the sap by eating from an infected plant and then eating from an uninfected plant, though this has not been proven. Other unidentified vectors may exist. People who wish to buy hostas may request proof from the seller that the hosta is HVX-free before purchase. After purchase, even if test results come back negative for HVX, hostas suspected of being infected should be quarantined for a year or more away from other hostas and be observed to see if it presents any symptoms. Virus structure The virus is about 530nm in length, and has a weight of 27 kDa. The virus shape is filamentous. References External links Hosta Virus X by Megan Kennelly Potexviruses Ornamental plant pathogens and diseases Viral plant pathogens and diseases
James Aloysius O'Leary (April 23, 1889 – March 16, 1944) was an American lawyer and businessman who served five terms as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1935 to 1944. Early life and career O'Leary was born in New Brighton, Staten Island. He attended St. Peter's Academy, Augustinian Academy, and Westerleigh Collegiate Institute, and also studied law. He became active in the real estate and insurance businesses, and in 1917 he joined the North Shore Ice Company, of which he was general manager and vice president from 1920 to 1934. Political career He unsuccessfully ran for a New York State Senate seat in 1930. He was elected to Congress in 1934 and served from January 3, 1935, until his death in 1944 in West New Brighton, Staten Island. Family His great-grandson, Vito J. Fossella Jr., served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 13th congressional district from 1997 to 2009. See also List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) Sources 1889 births 1944 deaths Politicians from Staten Island Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) 20th-century American politicians
Pagaruyung Palace () is the istana (royal palace) of the former Pagaruyung Kingdom, located in Tanjung Emas subdistrict near Batusangkar town, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It was built in the traditional Minangkabau Rumah Gadang vernacular architectural style, but had a number of atypical elements including a three-story structure and a larger dimension in comparison to common rumah gadang. Since the Pagaruyung Kingdom was disbanded in 1833, no king or royal family resides in the palace today but is still held in high esteem among Minangkabau people, as the descendants of scattered Minang nobles (bangsawan) still find roots and links to the former royal house of Pagaruyung. The palace has been destroyed by fire several times, in 1804, 1966 and 2007. It has been rebuilt again and today functions as a museum and popular tourist attraction. Architecture The original Pagaruyung palace was built entirely from timber masonry, however, the current building frame was built using modern concrete structure. Nevertheless, the Istano Basa Pagaruyung was quite faithfully restored using traditional techniques and materials adorned with 60 carvings that signify Minang philosophy and culture. The palace has three stories with 72 pillars and the typical Rumah gadang gonjong, a horn-like curved roof made from 26 tons of black ijuk aren palm fibers. The palace is also furnished with over 100 replicas of Minang antique furniture and artifacts, aiming the palace to be revived as Minangkabau cultural center as well as a tourism attraction in West Sumatra. History The original Pagaruyung palace was built on Batu Patah Hill and was burned down during a riot in Padri War in 1804. The palace was rebuilt but was destroyed again by a fire in 1966. The building was then rebuilt again in 1976 as a replica of the original Pagaruyung palace. It was built after the suppression of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) movement in 1958, which was based in West Sumatra. Then-West Sumatra governor Harun Zen initiated construction of the Istano Basa Pagaruyung in 1976 as a way of reviving the flagging pride of the Minang community after the suppression. The restoration of the palace marked with the erection of tunggak tuo (main columns) on 27 December 1976 by West Sumatra Governor Harun Zain. After completion, the palace has become well-known to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. This building was not built on the original site but moved south from the original site. The palace was destroyed by fire on the evening of February 27, 2007 after the roof was struck by lightning. It was estimated that only 15 percent of the valuable artifacts survived the fire. Today the surviving artifacts are stored in Balai Benda Purbakala Kabupaten Tanah Datar (Archaeology Authority of Tanah Datar Regency). The pusaka or heirloom of the Pagaruyung Kingdom was stored in located about 2 kilometers from Pagaruyung Palace. Restoration of the building took six years and an estimated RP20 billion (US$1,71 million) to complete. The building was completed and inaugurated by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2013. See also Rumah gadang Minangkabau Architecture of Indonesia Architecture of Sumatra Notes External links Residential buildings completed in the 17th century Residential buildings completed in 1930 Residential buildings completed in 1968 Residential buildings completed in 2007 Building and structure collapses in 2007 Palaces in Indonesia Royal residences in Indonesia Buildings and structures in West Sumatra Cultural Properties of Indonesia in West Sumatra Tourist attractions in West Sumatra
Plch is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. References External links Villages in Pardubice District
Narindasaurus (meaning "lizard of Narinda Bay") is a genus of turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Isalo III Formation of Madagascar. The type species, N. thevenini was formally described by Royo-Torres et al. in 2020. The holotype, which consists of one specimen, is currently stored at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle and has been since 1906 or 1907. Discovery and naming The holotype was discovered in the Isalo III Formation before 1894 by Joseph Thomas Last, and were briefly noted on by Paul Lemoine in 1906. Armand Thevenin (1861-1942) was the first to diagnose Narindasaurus. In 1907, he placed it within the now obsolete species "Bothriospondylus madagascariensis", which is now known as Lapparentosaurus. It was briefly mentioned in 1972 and it was reevaluated in 2008 and 2010 as both a distinct taxon and a non-neosauropod eusauropod. It was classified as a turiasaur in 2015. The species Narindasaurus thevenini was formally named in 2020. The holotype consists of a partial skeleton composed by a right maxillary or premaxillary tooth (MNHN MAJ 423), an anterior caudal vertebra (MNHN MAJ 424), a posterior caudal vertebra (MNHN MAJ 426), a middle-anterior chevron (MNHN MAJ 425), a right ulna (MNHN MAJ 427), a right tibia (MNHN MAJ 428), a right fibula with a distal chevron attached (MNHN MAJ 429) and a left pubis (MNHN MAJ 430). Gallery References Turiasauria Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Africa Bathonian genera Callovian genera Fossils of Madagascar Fossil taxa described in 2020 Dinosaurs of India and Madagascar
Clepardia Kraków (KS Clepardia Kraków) is a Polish football club based in Prądnik Biały district of Kraków. They currently play in the IV Liga, the fifth tier of the Polish football league. History The "Krowodrza – Modrzejówka" Sports Society was founded in 1909 as one of the earliest clubs in Krakow. Initially, it's ground was located on Lubelska Street, next to a military hospital, and later on the premises of the current military unit on Wrocławska Street. The "Prądnicki" Sports Club was established in 1930 as "KS Prądnik". Its operation was interrupted by World War II, and it was reactivated in 1955. Since 1956, the club's football ground was at Prądnicka Street. In 1967, after the merger of the two clubs, the Inter-Factory District Sports Club "Clepardia"' was established. Over the years, the club had sport sections of football, handball, judo. Currently, the football sections (at all age levels) and judo are functioning. Squad Trener: Current coaching staff Sources: References External links Football clubs in Kraków Football clubs in Poland Association football clubs established in 1909 1909 establishments in Poland
Buffalo Rock Company is an independent Pepsi bottler based in Birmingham, Alabama. It was founded in 1901. In addition to bottling Pepsi products, the company produced Grapico in 1916, a grape-flavored soft drink, and a ginger ale under its own brand name. Buffalo Rock ginger ale is considerably darker in color and has a stronger ginger content than is customary. Some customers use the term "ginger cola" to describe the taste. Buffalo Rock and Grapico are sold throughout Alabama, parts of Georgia and the panhandle of Florida. In 2005, Buffalo Rock introduced a soft drink called Dr. Wham. Dr. Wham is sold in Buffalo Rock markets where the company does not have the territorial rights to sell Dr Pepper, including markets such as Huntsville, Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, Columbus, Georgia, Pensacola, Florida, and Staunton, Virginia. A complete listing of markets that carry Dr. Wham is on the Buffalo Rock website. See also List of bottling companies References External links Buffalo Rock website Grapico Official Website Buffalo Rock Ginger Ale Official Site Buffalo Rock Ginger Ale on BhamWiki.com Companies based in Birmingham, Alabama Privately held companies based in Alabama Food and drink companies established in 1901 Ginger ale PepsiCo bottlers 1901 establishments in Alabama Drink companies of the United States
Alexandru Ioan Iliuciuc (born 28 August 1977) is a Romanian former football player who played as a goalkeeper and currently the coach of Mirbat Sports Club. Degrees UEFA A UEFA B Bachelor in Physical Studies and Sport Education from the Faculty of Physical Sport Studies and Education Personal life Alex Iliuciuc speaks fluent Romanian and English. He can also understand French and Arabic. External links Catalin Anghel Farul vrea jucatorii campioanei Milos Deletic, dubla pentru Sageata in victoria de la Dorohoi Selecţionata Under 16 a judeţului Galaţi, pusă pe fapte mari Săgeata a murit, dar revine la Comisie Săgeata Năvodari a reziliat contractele celor trei antrenori Sichitiu face istorie in Arabia Saudita Continuăm serialul adresat părinţilor, cu informaţii utile despre cluburile sportive PROBLEME LA FARUL ȘI SĂGEATA înainte de meciurile de mâine din Liga a 2-a. FC Farul – CS Balotești se joacă la Constanța. Săgeata o înfruntă în deplasare pe FCM Dorohoi 1977 births Living people Footballers from Galați Romanian men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers Liga I players Liga II players FCM Dunărea Galați players CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players FCV Farul Constanța players FC Dinamo București players ASC Oțelul Galați players FC UTA Arad players CSM Jiul Petroșani players FC Gloria Buzău players AFC Dacia Unirea Brăila players ACS Sticla Arieșul Turda players Romanian football managers Romanian expatriate football managers Dhofar Club managers Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Oman Expatriate football managers in Oman Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Zambia Expatriate football managers in Zambia Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Jean Chrisostome Mekongo Ondoa (born 21 March 1983 in Douala, Cameroon) is a Cameroonian footballer. Biography Ondoa started his European career at Sampdoria. In February 2001, along with Thomas Job and Francis Zé, he was investigated by the FIGC for using false documents in order to be treated as a European Union citizen. The investigation found that he had used a fake French identity card to enter Italy and a fake Portuguese passport to finish the player registration, which was directed by his agent. In July 2001, all three were banned for 6 months. In February 2002, he was loaned to Cremonese along with Zé. In the 2002-03, season he remained at Cremonese and Job joined him on loan. Ondoa remained at Cremonese at the start of 2003-04 season. In the middle of the 2003-04 season, he joined the Swiss Challenge League side (from the Italian speaking region) Bellinzona, playing his first match for them in round 17, losing 2-3 to Chiasso. During the 2004-05 season, he joined Naftex Burgas. References External links Swiss Football league Profile Profile at Lega Calcio Cameroonian men's footballers Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers UC Sampdoria players US Cremonese players AC Bellinzona players PFC Neftochimic Burgas (2009–2014) players Men's association football midfielders Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Footballers from Douala 1983 births Living people
Lukas Edward Browning Lagerfeldt (born 6 January 1999) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sligo Rovers. Born in the Republic of Ireland, he has been a Sweden youth international. Early life Born in the Republic of Ireland, Browning Lagerfeldt grew up in Stockholm, Sweden. He started playing football at the age of six. Youth career As a youth player, Browning Lagerfeldt was regarded as a Swedish prospect and joined the youth academy of Dutch side FC Twente. Senior club career Browning Lagerfeldt started his senior career with Swedish side Örgryte. In 2023, he signed for Irish side Sligo Rovers. International career Browning Lagerfeldt has represented Sweden at youth international level. Style of play Browning Lagerfeldt mainly operates as a midfielder and is known for his strength and passing ability. Personal life Browning Lagerfeldt can speak Swedish, Dutch, and English and has a sister. References External links Fotbolltransfers 1999 births Living people Swedish men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Sweden men's youth international footballers Örgryte IS players Dalkurd FF players Sligo Rovers F.C. players Superettan players League of Ireland players Swedish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Fiona Horne (born 24 June 1966 in Sydney) is the former lead singer of 1990s Australian electro-rock band, Def FX, before continuing on to author several best-selling books on Modern Witchcraft. She is a popular radio and television personality, appearing on many programs around the world. She is now a commercial pilot, humanitarian aid worker, world record holding skydiver, professional fire dancer, yoga instructor and freediver. Musical career 1984–1989: Sister Sludge and The Mothers Horne started playing in bands when she moved to Adelaide, South Australia, in 1984. Her first band was Sister Sludge, which only lasted for six months until Horne moved back to Sydney. She then formed a punk-thrash band, The Mothers, in 1985. The Mothers started as an all-girl punk band, although the lineup changed a number of times. This was the first band with Horne performing both vocals and guitar. In October 1987, The Mothers, comprising Horne (vocals, guitar), Nat (guitar), Jo Collings (bass) and Rick (drums), released their first single, "Drives Me Wild"/"Get Outta My Life", which was followed in 1989 by the EP, 12-Incher, with the line-up of Horne (guitar, vocals), Rick (drums), Luke (guitar) and Cristina Calero (bass), both of which were released on the Waterfront Records label. The Mothers broke up in 1989. 1990–1997: Def FX In 1990, Horne formed the industrial-dance-rock band Def FX with Blake Gardner (guitar; ex-Bezerk), Sean Lowry (synthesisers, sequencers, samples; ex-King Prawn), Martyn Basha (bass; ex-Bezerk). The band issued three EPs, Water, in June 1991, Surge, in November and Blink in June 1992 on the Phantom label before signing to EMI. In December 1992 the band released their debut album, Light Speed Collision. At the 1994 Big Day Out Horne made headlines by appearing topless on stage. In September 1994, they released the EP Post Moronic, which reached No. 43 on the Australian charts. The band were dropped from the EMI label. In May 1995 they released their second album, Ritual Eternal, on their own label, Cicada. They then signed with Universal Music Australia's subsidiary label Grudge, which released the band's third album, Majick, in July 1996. Def FX disbanded in May 1997. 1998–2011: Solo career In 1998 Horne made several appearances on the television series Good News Week, singing duets with the show's host, Paul McDermott. Virgin/EMI subsequently released a single of their duet, "Shut Up/Kiss Me", in November 1998, which reached No. 48 on the Australian singles charts in December. In October 1999, Horne released her debut single, "Let’s Go Out Tonight", on Air Records. The song was co-written with Pete Farnan (Boom Crash Opera) and Simon Austin (Frente!). In March 2007, Horne released her first solo album Witch Web. In 2010, she released the spoken word album Magickal Life-Guided Meditations and Spells for Positive Change, on her own label, Mystic Monkey. 2012–present: Def FX reformation and formation of Seawitch In 2012, Def FX reformed for a national tour in May–June, playing in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart and Adelaide. This was followed by another tour in October - November 2013 with the band playing shows in Adelaide, Melbourne, Newcastle, Sydney and Brisbane. The band toured again in 2019 ... originally performed as a farewell tour, the band decided to rename it, 'The Never Say Never Tour'. In 2022 Horne formed a new band, Seawitch, with Dave Hopkins (ex-Hellmenn) on guitar, Brad Miller on bass, Kenny Watt on keyboards and Adam Sciullo on drums. The band released its debut album, Well of Spells, on 21 October 2022, on Cheersquad Records and Tapes. The first single, "Witches Forever", which was followed by a second single, "Force". Modelling and acting In October 1994, she featured in a nude pictorial in Black+White magazine. In 1998 she was featured in the September issue of Ralph, FHM Australia and on the cover of the November issue of Australian Playboy. After moving to Los Angeles in 2001, Horne featured in the October 2005 issue of Playboy. In 2001, Horne starred in the Australian opening season of Eve Ensler's theatrical production The Vagina Monologues; she also appeared in an episode of the Australian television series Pizza that year. Horne has continued to act, appearing in the 2005 film, Unbeatable Harold, which starred Dylan McDermott and Henry Winkler and the 2007 film Cult, starring Rachel Miner and Taryn Manning. Horne also appeared in the independent fantasy features, Fable-Teeth of Beasts and Ember Days. In 2004, Horne was a host (called an 'Alt') in the reality television show Mad Mad House for the Sci Fi Channel. She also competed in Australian Celebrity Survivor: Vanuatu for the Seven Network Australia (which aired in August 2006). Personal life Horne is currently a commercial pilot and works for a charter company based in the Caribbean. She also co-ordinates and executes humanitarian aid missions. Horne also works as a yoga instructor and professional fire dancer - she performs regularly in the Caribbean at resorts and private events, as well as special engagements in New Orleans and Los Angeles. Horne is vegetarian and was formerly vegan. In July 2017, Rockpool Publishing Australia published Horne's autobiography, The Naked Witch. In 2019 her manifesto The Art of Witch and debut oracle deck, The Magick of You Oracle were published by Rockpool. In 2021 her guide to Witchcraft, Teen Magick - Witchcraft for a New Generation was released by Rockpool/Simon & Schuster. Horne relocated to Western Australia to conduct a book tour and explore new opportunities in the wake of international lockdowns and closures. Perth Now In 2020 Horne formed music duo, Spiff & Fifi with Dave Hopkins (The Hellmenn) and heavy rock band, Seawitch also with Hopkins. Both acts are toured Western Australia, with single and album releases signed with The Manick Label/Ingrooves Universal. She is in a relationship with Dave Hopkins, after having left the Caribbean to live with him in Western Australia, where she currently resides Bibliography Discography Albums Singles Filmography References Sources 'Def FX' entry at Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop by Ian McFarlane Fiona Horne (Chaos Control interview, October 2003) Fiona Horne (Stellar Magazine interview, July 2017) Fiona Horne (The Spirit of Things ABC Radio National interview, July 2017) Fiona Horne (50 So What interview - book extract, July 2017) Fiona Horne (Popstar to Pilot - WHO Weekly Magazine, August 2017) Fiona Horne (The Morning Show Channel 7 Australia July 2017) (Raise The Horns, An Interview with Fiona Horne by Jason Mankey, PATHEOS April 2018) External links 1966 births Living people Australian women singers Australian rock singers Australian women songwriters Musicians from Sydney Australian Wiccans Participants in American reality television series Australian non-fiction writers 21st-century Australian women writers 21st-century Australian writers Australian television presenters Participants in Australian reality television series Australian women television presenters Survivor (franchise) contestants
Holly Takos (born ) is an Australian female Track Cyclist. She represents Australia at international competitions, including at the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. Career results 2016 1st Women's Keirin, Oceania Track Cycling Championships 1st Women's Team Sprint, Oceania Track Cycling Championships 4th Women's Sprint, Oceania Track Cycling Championships 4th Women's Team Sprint, UCI Track Cycling World Cup 1 5th Women's Sprint, UCI Track Cycling World Cup 1 2017 1st Women's Team Sprint, Australian National Track Cycling Championships 4th Women's Sprint, Australian National Track Cycling Championships 2018 1st Women's Team Sprint, Australian National Track Cycling Championships References 1995 births Living people Australian female cyclists Australian track cyclists Place of birth missing (living people) Cyclists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Sir John Robert Seeley, KCMG (10 September 1834 – 13 January 1895) was an English Liberal historian and political essayist. A founder of British imperial history, he was a prominent advocate for the British Empire, promoting a concept of Greater Britain. This he expounded in his most widely known book The Expansion of England (1883). While he was an early advocate of the establishment of political science as a distinct academic discipline, he retained a theological approach in which this was embedded. Early life Seeley was born in London. His father was Robert Benton Seeley, a publisher who issued books under the name of Seeley, Jackson and Halliday, was a strong advocate of Evangelical Anglicanism, and was the author of several religious books and of The Life and Times of Edward I. His mother was Mary Ann Jackson (1809–1868), who shared her husband's religious views. Her brother, John Henry Jackson, was a partner in Robert Seeley's publishing company. John was related to the chemist Arthur Herbert Church, a cousin through his mother. John was educated at City of London School, where he enjoyed history, theology and literature. While there, he wrote two essays comparing Shakespeare and classical Greek drama in 1850 and 1851, the latter of which won him a Beaufoy Prize, now held by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. He went on to Christ's College, Cambridge, at which he was head of the Classical tripos and senior Chancellor's medallist. His education at Cambridge was interrupted by illness and he only completed his exams in 1858. During his time at Christ's he became friends with Charles Stuart Calverley, John Wesley Hales, Walter Besant, Walter Skeat and Walter Sendall. He was elected a fellow of Christ's and subsequently became a classical studies tutor at the college. He published an anonymous book of poetry and then went through a personal crisis during which abandoned many of the conventional beliefs of his youth and sought to replace them with more well-founded and secure beliefs. He left Cambridge in 1860. Life in London, 1860–69 Seeley returned to his old school, where he became a teacher. In 1863, he was appointed professor of Latin at University College, London. That drew him into quite different intellectual circles. In August 1869, Seeley married Mary Agnes Phillot (1839–1921), who was a granddaughter of William Frend and a sister of Constance Phillott. He is buried in the Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge, with his wife. Ecce Homo: A Survey in the Life and Work of Jesus Christ (1865) Seeley's first published book was Ecce Homo: A Survey in the Life and Work of Jesus Christ, which was published anonymously in 1865. It was controversial because it focused almost entirely on Jesus's moral character and his historical actions, as a founder and king of a theocracy, and it excluded discussion of the theological interpretations of his life. The work attempted to demonstrate the consequences that Christ's theocracy and its Church and society had upon the standard and active practice of morality of men. Seeley intended the book as an incomplete analysis of the subject. His text did not deny the truth of the doctrines, which it did not address, but many critics objected to its representation of Christ. Many considered the book to be extraordinary in its prose style in addition to in its content. It is characterised by relatively terse and fluid prose. Its anonymous status also added a significant dimension to the controversy surrounding its publication, as readers sought to discover the author's identity. George Eliot, John Henry Newman, William Ewart Gladstone and Napoleon III were some of the more well-known figures believed to have written the book. Seeley was eventually discovered as the author, and from November 1866, his authorship became an open secret. However, Seeley declined to acknowledge publicly his authorship of Ecce Homo, which was first officially stated only in a posthumous edition that was produced in 1895. Regius Professor in Cambridge Seeley was made Regius Professor of Modern History, Cambridge, in 1869. He described himself as a Liberal in politics, but a Radical in education; he made important contributions to education reform, including the admission of women into the ancient universities. Works Subsequent work His later essay on Natural Religion, signed "by the Author of Ecce Homo," which denied that supernaturalism is essential to religion and maintained that the negations of science tend to purify rather than destroy Christianity, satisfied few and excited far less interest than his earlier work. In 1869, Seeley was appointed professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge. He was a popular instructor and prepared his lectures carefully, which were well attended. In historical work, he is distinguished as a thinker rather than as a scholar. He valued history solely in its relation to politics as the science of the state. He maintained that history should be studied scientifically and for a practical purpose, the solution of existing political questions. Thus, he naturally devoted himself mainly to recent history, especially the relations between England and other states. His Life and Times of Stein, a valuable narrative of the anti-Napoleonic revolt, led by Prussia mainly at Heinrich Friedrich Karl von und zum Stein's instigation, was written under German influence and shows little of the style of his short essays. Its length, its colourlessness and the space that it devotes to subsidiary matters render it unattractive. The Expansion of England (1883) Far otherwise was Seeley's The Expansion of England (1883). Written in his best manner, that essay answered to his theory that history should be used for a practical purpose and pointed out how and why Britain gained its colonies and India, the character of the British Empire and the light in which it should be regarded. As a historical essay, the book was a fine composition, and its defence of the empire was then very persuasive. His defence consisted largely of the claim that British rule was in India's best interest. Seeley also questioned the usefulness of India to the power and security of Britain and even claimed that there was 'no doubt' that India vastly increased the responsibilities and dangers to Britain. The book contains this much-quoted statement: "we seem, as it were, to have conquered half the world in a fit of absence of mind." It appeared at an opportune time and did much to make Englishmen regard the colonies not as mere appendages but as an expansion of the British state as well as of British nationality and to remind them of the value of the empire in the East. The essay was reprinted ten times in the year in which it was published and many more times in later years. Seeley was rewarded for public service by being made a Knight of the Order of St Michael and St George, on the recommendation of Lord Rosebery. In the spring of 1883, Seeley started a debate over the Tripos bachelor's honours exam at Cambridge, wishing it to concentrate on political history, but historians Frederick William Maitland, George Walter Prothero, Henry Melvill Gwatkin and Mandell Creighton argued for a broader more scientific approach, reaching a compromise emphasising the reading of primary sources, requiring a compulsory paper on "Political Science", with required readings including Introduction to Political Science (1896) by Seeley and The Elements of Politics (1891) by Sidgwick. The Growth of British Policy His last book, The Growth of British Policy, written as an essay and intended to be an introduction to a full account of the expansion of Britain, was published posthumously. Later matters Inagaki Manjiro dedicated his Japan and the Pacific and the Japanese View of the Eastern Question (1890) to Seeley, who had taught him at Caius College. Correspondence to and from Seeley, including that relating to the publication of and reactions to Ecce Homo, is held by the archives in Senate House Library. In 1897, the history library of the University of Cambridge was named the Seeley Historical Library in his honour. In 1895 a memorial fund was raised to commemorate his services to the British Empire and to the University; the greater part of this fund was devoted to the endowment of the library. After moving from King's College and Caius College, in 1912, the collection relocated to the top floor of the newly reopened Arts School, Bene't Street, then in 1935 to the Old Schools. In 1968 the Seeley moved to the Sidgwick Site of Cambridge University as part of the new History Faculty building designed by James Stirling. Significance of empire Seeley wrote that the first chapter of the history of British India "embraces chronologically the first half of George III's reign, that stormy period of transition in English history when at the same time America was lost and India won... [and] covers the two great careers of Robert Clive and Hastings... [T]he end of the struggle is marked by the reign of Lord Cornwallis, which began in 1785". The trial of Warren Hastings had been the final act in the efforts spanning the eighteenth century to harness imperial power, along with imperial wealth and prestige, securely to Britain, both as a "nation" and as a "state". Once Edmund Burke had succeeded in that endeavour, the stain of commercial origins could be removed, with the special mix of economic and political interests realigned as the expression of national interest and the blot of scandal washed out, as the moral mandate for a new kind of imperial project was launched. Blinkers of English historiography Seeley was far more astute than many later imperial historians, as he complained that very transformation had made possible a national amnesia about the significance of empire in the history of England itself. His lectures were filled with a critique of the blinkers of English historiography: "They [our historians] make too much of the parliamentary wrangle and the agitations about liberty, in all which matters the eighteenth century of England was but a pale reflection of the seventeenth. They do not perceive that in that century the history of England is not in England but in Americas and Asia". Justifications for empire Seeley's account of imperial wars and conquest repeats the justifications made first by the conquerors themselves: the sole objective of trade turned into political conquest by accident, rather than contrivance or calculation. Most historians have argued that the East India Company was drawn reluctantly into political and military conflict in India, and took an interest in territorial power and revenue only as a last-ditch effort to protect its trading activities. Among the narratives of imperial historians, Seeley concurred and wrote that India "lay there waiting to be picked up by somebody". He considered that what happened in India in the late 18th century was thus an "internal revolution", rather than a "foreign conquest". Notable quotations "History is the school of statesmanship". "History without politics descends to mere literature". He is often erroneously believed to have said, "History is past politics, and politics present history". Works Natural Religion. Macmillan and Co. 1882. A Short History of Napoleon the First. Roberts Brothers. 1886 Notes Further reading Bell, Duncan SA. "Unity and Difference: John Robert Seeley and the Political Theology of International Relations". Review of International Studies 31#3 (2005): 559–579. Burroughs, Peter. "John Robert Seeley and British Imperial History", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 1.2 (1973): 191–211. Greenlee, James G. "‘A succession of Seeleys’: The ‘old school’ re‐examined." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4.3 (1976): 266–282. Hesketh, Ian. Victorian Jesus: J.R. Seeley, Religion, and the Cultural Significance of Anonymity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2017). Hesketh, Ian. "Writing History in Macaulay's Shadow: JR Seeley, EA Freeman, and the Audience for Scientific History in Late Victorian Britain". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de la Société historique du Canada, 22#2 (2011): 30–56. Hyam, Ronald. "The study of imperial and commonwealth history at Cambridge, 1881–1981: Founding fathers and pioneer research students", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 29.3 (2001): 75–103. Kenyon, John Philipps. The History Men: The Historical Profession in England Since the Renaissance (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984). G. W. Prothero, Memoir prefixed to Growth of British Policy (London, 1895) Shannon, R. T. "Seeley, Sir John Robert", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), External links "John Seely" at Literary Encyclopedia The Expansion of England at Internet Archive Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 51, ""Seeley, John Robert" by George Walter Prothero 1834 births 1895 deaths 19th-century English historians 19th-century male writers Academics of University College London Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge English essayists English male non-fiction writers English religious writers Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George People educated at the City of London School Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)
The State Anthem of the Armenian SSR was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was used between 1944 and 1991. Its music was composed by Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian, and the lyrics were written by Sarmen. Along with the Anthem of the Estonian SSR, it is one of the only two SSR anthems without an intro. Upon independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia adopted the anthem "Mer Hayrenik" in its place, though there has been occasional debate about restoring the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR with different lyrics as the national anthem. Lyrics 1956–1991 version 1944–1956 version Restoration attempts The anthem has always maintained simultaneous public support and displeasure in Armenia, and there have been attempts to restore the anthem's melody with new lyrics as the national anthem of the Republic of Armenia, similar to the case with Russia's in 2000 during the early years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Some Armenian composers and artists have long disliked the uncomplicated theme of the current national anthem, "Mer Hayrenik", and have expressed a desire for a more solemn tune, while others have stated that singing "Mer Hayrenik" itself has carried too much sorrow throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and that a more joyous alternative should be chosen. In 2019, National Assembly vice-speaker Alen Simonyan claimed that most Armenians do not like the current anthem. Eurasianet reported in 2019 that the current anthem remains unpopular with many Armenians, mainly for aesthetic reasons. In 2005, the issue of changing the national anthem was discussed in government, which culminated in a constitutional referendum on adopting new state symbols within one year (by 6 December 2006). In early 2006, a competition for a new anthem was held by Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan. The competition received 85 entries, and in August the commission shortlisted five, which did not include "Mer Hayrenik" but included a proposal with the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR and lyrics by Armen Soghomonyan. This proposal won the competition, but the commission members rejected the submitted lyrics, urging local authors to submit better ones. While several Armenian music and arts figures were indifferent to or supportive of the change to the music, the results of the competition were eventually scrapped in October, after strong opposition from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (or "Dashnaks"), then a member of the ruling coalition, throughout over the selection of a Soviet-era song. The government instead adopted a draft law that would keep "Mer Hayrenik" as the anthem for at least one more year. The adoption of the law was after the 6 December 2006 date set late the year prior as the constitutional deadline for reaffirming the existing state symbol. In 2012, actor Sos Sargsyan, writer Levon Ananyan and publicist Zori Balayan sent an open letter with 2,208 signatures to the president, petitioning to restore the Soviet-era coat of arms designed by painter Martiros Saryan and the anthem composed by Aram Khachaturyan. Ananyan stated, "... this is an issue that’s always important and has to always be raised, it’s the face of our country, our symbols that have to be representative and impressive." Political historian Shushan Khatlamajyan, the widow of the painter who restored Armenia's current coat of arms, opposed the restoration of the anthem, stating that people were trying to return "symbols of a period when they had a good life" and attributed Russia's Soviet-era anthem restoration to "pro-empire aspirations", stating, "... what do we want to achieve by trying to bring back fragments from our past?" while director of the Martin Saryan House-Museum Ruzan Saryan, Martin's granddaughter, supported it, stating, "... viewing the masterpieces by Saryan and Khachaturyan through the prism of ‘totalitarian past’ is medieval prejudice.” In 2015, Chairman of the Composers' Union of Armenia Aram Satyan criticised the current Armenian anthem's sad impression and stated that the tone of the music should rise and become upbeat in the process. He stated, "In the case of other nations’ anthems we see some grandeur as it rises to the space, and ours on the contrary is directed to the earth… We can restore Aram Khachaturian’s music or use the Hayastan song composed by Gabriel Yeranyan in 2012." In 2018, the House-Museum of Aram Khachaturian proposed for the national anthem to be changed to one based on the music of that of the Armenian SSR, composed by Khachaturian. This petition was not supported at the time in Armenia, which was dealing with the 2018 Armenian protests and revolution. In 2019, another suggestion to adopt a national anthem based on the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR was put forward by vice-speaker of the National Assembly Alen Simonyan. In a Facebook post, he stated that it is "a powerful anthem that meets all the requirements." His comment received support from composer Ara Gevorgyan, who replied, "It is a great hymn and we look forward to the decision to restore it." Simonyan subsequently created a Facebook poll, in which two-thirds of more than 6,500 respondents voted in favour of the change. Minister of Diaspora Babken Ter-Grigoryan responded by stating that he would survey the Armenian diaspora on the potential change. With Armenia's new parliament under Nikol Pashinyan seated just three weeks prior, many among the Armenian public responded by saying it was not a pressing issue at the time. A member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation again expressed strong opposition to the idea. Proposed text Notes References External links Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Full version) Instrumental recording in MP3 format (Short version) Original version (1946–1956) (Vocal) (archive link) Armenian SSR Armenian music National symbols of Armenia Compositions by Aram Khachaturian Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
In graph theory, a L(h, k)-labelling, L(h, k)-coloring or sometimes L(p, q)-coloring is a (proper) vertex coloring in which every pair of adjacent vertices has color numbers that differ by at least h, and any nodes connected by a 2 length path have their colors differ by at least k. The parameters, h and k are understood to be non-negative integers. The problem originated from a channel assignment problem in radio networks. The span of an L(h, k)-labelling, ρh,k(G) is the difference between the largest and the smallest assigned frequency. The goal of the L(h, k)-labelling problem is usually to find a labelling with minimum span. For a given graph, the minimum span over all possible labelling functions is the λh,k-number of G, denoted by λh,k(G). When h=1 and k=0, it is the usual (proper) vertex coloring. There is a very large number of articles concerning L(h, k)-labelling, with different h and k parameters and different classes of graphs. In some variants, the goal is to minimize the number of used colors (the order). See also L(2,1)-coloring References Graph coloring Radio resource management
Leonard Brook is a long first-order tributary to Tunungwant Creek. Course Leonard Brook rises about east of Limestone, New York in Cattaraugus County and then flows northwest, west, and north to meet Tunungwant Creek about north of Limestone, New York. Watershed Leonard Brook drains of area, receives about of precipitation, and is about 85.18% forested. See also List of rivers of New York References Rivers of New York (state) Tributaries of the Allegheny River Rivers of Cattaraugus County, New York
Andrew Robert Elmer Wyant (May 20, 1867 - June 16, 1964) was an American football player, who played eight varsity seasons of college football, for an unprecedented total of 73 consecutive games, from 1887 to 1894. During this era of football, teams dressed in poorly made equipment and usually played heavy schedules. For example, during Wyant's final season in 1894 alone, he played in 23 games. Wyant began his playing career for Bucknell University in 1887, while still a student in high school. He would go on to play five more seasons with the team. During his career, Wyant was nicknamed "Polyphemus," by his teammates, after the cyclops in Greek mythology. In 1892, he left Bucknell to attend the University of Chicago Divinity School. While in Chicago, he was played under the legendary coach, Amos Alonzo Stagg. Wyant later became just the second football captain at Chicago, succeeding Stagg. In 1895 Wyant graduated from the Divinity School and served as a Baptist minister. He eventually earned five degrees, including a Doctorate of Medicine. He later worked as a teacher, minister, author, lecturer and financier. During World War I and World War II, he worked as a physician and served in the Red Cross. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1962. Wyant was the brother of Adam Martin Wyant, who became the first professional football player elected to the United States Congress. References External links 1867 births 1964 deaths 19th-century players of American football American football centers American football guards Bucknell Bison football players Chicago Maroons football players College Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Kittanning, Pennsylvania Sportspeople from Armstrong County, Pennsylvania Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Clint Rea Sodowsky (born July 13, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Arizona Diamondbacks, and St. Louis Cardinals. Sodowsky was drafted by the Tigers in the ninth round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft, and made his MLB debut on September 4, 1995. He appeared in his final game on May 22, 1999. External links 1972 births Living people Akron Aeros players Albuquerque Isotopes players American expatriate baseball players in Canada Arizona Diamondbacks players Baseball players from Oklahoma Bristol Tigers players Calgary Cannons players Carolina Mudcats players Connors State Cowboys baseball players Detroit Tigers players Fayetteville Generals players Gulf Coast Braves players Jacksonville Suns players Lakeland Tigers players Major League Baseball pitchers Memphis Redbirds players Mississippi Braves players Oklahoma RedHawks players Pensacola Pelicans players People from Ponca City, Oklahoma Pittsburgh Pirates players Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players St. Louis Cardinals players Toledo Mud Hens players Tucson Sidewinders players Tulsa Drillers players
20,000 Watt R.S.L. is a compilation album by Australian rock band Midnight Oil released on 13 October 1997 on their own label Sprint Music. The word "Collection" appears on the front of the CD along the hinge in the same type face as the title and the name of the band and may have been intended as part of the album's title; however, it does not appear on the spine. The release has also been distributed inside a cardboard sleeve which adds "Midnight Oil: The Hits" to the album art, distinguishing it as a compilation album. The compilation covers the majority of Midnight Oil's career, starting with their 1979 album Head Injuries, and includes tracks from all their major studio releases (and one EP), even including two songs from the forthcoming Redneck Wonderland album, which was released after this compilation in 1998. The compilation does not include any material from the band's eponymous 1978 debut album or the Bird Noises EP (1980). The liner notes contain an essay on the band by Australian author Tim Winton. The album peaked at #1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) album charts, and achieved 5×Platinum sales, it also peaked at #18 in New Zealand. In 2012, Midnight Oil released the 2-disc compilation album Essential Oils, a more comprehensive summary of the band's career, and which includes material from all of the band's studio albums and EPs between 1978 and 2002. There is only one song ("What Goes On") included in 20,000 Watt R.S.L. that is not included in Essential Oils. Background Midnight Oil are an Australian rock band from Sydney formed in 1976 with vocalist Peter Garrett, drummer Rob Hirst, bass guitarist Andrew James and keyboardist/lead guitarist Jim Moginie, Guitarist Martin Rotsey joined in 1977 and Midnight Oil established their own record label Powderworks, they released their second album Head Injuries on this label in October 1979. Founding bass guitarist James left due to illness in 1980, he was replaced by Peter Gifford, Gifford was himself replaced by Bones Hillman in 1987. Australian Top Ten singles were "Power and the Passion", "The Dead Heart", "Beds Are Burning" and "Blue Sky Mine". Aside from chart success both "Power and the Passion" and "Beds Are Burning" were listed by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) in the Top 30 best Australian songs of all time in 2001. Through a long and distinguished career, the band became known for its driving hard-rock sound, intense live performances and political activism, particularly in aid of anti-nuclear, environmentalist and indigenous causes. The title refers to the Returned Servicemen's League, whose clubs the band has performed in, and the typical power used by a public address system. Track listing Songwriters according to Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA): "What Goes On" (Garrett, Hillman, Hirst, Moginie, Rotsey) "Power and the Passion" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie) "Dreamworld" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie) "White Skin Black Heart" (Garrett, Hillman, Hirst, Moginie, Rotsey) "Kosciuszko" (Hirst, Moginie) "The Dead Heart" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie) "Blue Sky Mine" (Garrett, Hillman, Hirst, Moginie, Rotsey) "US Forces" (Garrett, Moginie) "Beds Are Burning" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie) "One Country" (Garrett, Moginie) "Best of Both Worlds" (Hirst, Moginie) "Truganini" (Hirst, Moginie) "King of the Mountain" (Hirst, Moginie) "Hercules" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie) "Surf's Up Tonight" (Garrett, Hillman, Hirst, Moginie, Rotsey) "Back on the Borderline" (Garrett, Hirst, James) "Don't Wanna Be the One" (Garrett, Hirst, Moginie, Rotsey) "Forgotten Years" (Hirst, Moginie) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Album Video Personnel Midnight Oil Peter Garrett – vocals, harmonica Peter Gifford – bass, vocals (on tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 17) Bones Hillman – bass, vocals (on tracks 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18) Rob Hirst – drums, vocals Andrew James – bass (on track 16) Jim Moginie – guitars, keyboards, vocals Martin Rotsey – guitars Additional personnel Gary Barnacle, Peter Thoms, Luke Tunney - brass on 'Power and the Passion' References External links Midnight Oil ARC Album Review Midnight Oil compilation albums 1997 greatest hits albums CBS Records compilation albums
The Słuck Confederation was a confederation formed in Slutsk on March 20, 1767 by the Protestant (Calvinist) szlachta of the Great Duchy of Lithuania. Its marshal was Paweł Grabowski. Supported by the Russian army, it contributed to the destabilization of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formation of the Radom Confederation and to the collapse of the reforms of the Convocation Sejm (1764). See also Repnin Sejm 1767 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish confederations 18th century in Belarus Poland–Russia relations Slutsk
Skåne Akvavit is a Swedish spiced spirit brand of the akvavit type. It is named for the province of Scania, which is called Skåne in Swedish. Skåne Akvavit was first presented in 1931 as a less spiced version of O.P. Anderson. Skåne Akvavit is spiced with caraway, anise and fennel. Skåne Akvavit is produced at the V&S Vin & Sprit AB distillery in Sundsvall, Västernorrland County, Sweden. Vin & Sprit used to be state-owned, but was sold to French company Pernod Ricard to create more competition on the Swedish market. Skåne Akvavit was in turn sold to Altia which was owned by the Finnish State. Altia sold Skåne Akvavit to Galatea Spirits in 2021 in order to merge with Arcus to form Anora Group. References Swedish distilled drinks Swedish brands
The Vale of Glamorgan Council is the governing body for the Vale of Glamorgan, one of the Principal Areas of Wales. History The new Vale of Glamorgan Council unitary authority came into effect on 1 April 1996, following the dissolution of South Glamorgan. It replaced the Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council, which had been created in 1974 as a second-tier authority to South Glamorgan County Council. Political control The council has been under no overall control since 2012. Since the 2022 election the council has been run by a coalition of Labour, the Llantwit First Independents, and one of the independent councillors. The first election to the reconstituted council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1996 has been as follows: Leadership The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Vale of Glamorgan, with political leadership provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1999 have been: Composition Following the 2022 election the composition of the council was: The next election is due in 2027. Elections Since 2012, elections have taken place every five years. The last election was 5 May 2022. Party with the most elected councillors in bold. Coalition agreements in notes column. Premises The council is based at the Civic Offices on Holton Road in Barry, which were built in 1981 for the old Vale of Glamorgan Borough Council. Electoral divisions Until 2022 the county borough was divided into 23 electoral wards returning 47 councillors. Some of these wards are coterminous with communities (parishes) of the same name. Other wards may encompass several communities and in some cases communities can encompass more than one ward. The following table lists council wards, communities and associated geographical areas prior to the 2022 boundary changes. Communities with a community council are indicated with a '*': In the news In 2010 it was revealed that the chief executive of the Vale of Glamorgan Council was the fourth highest paid in Wales, at £160,000 and £170,000 per annum. This was more than the salary of the Prime Minister of The United Kingdom and the First Minister of Wales. The Vale of Glamorgan Council released in a press statement that, "The salary is on a par with other council chief executives". References External links Vale of Glamorgan council Politics of the Vale of Glamorgan Vale of Glamorgan Organisations based in the Vale of Glamorgan 1996 establishments in Wales
Mandjelia galmarra is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologists Robert Raven and Tracey Churchill. The specific epithet galmarra honours Galmarra, Aboriginal guide to explorer Edmund Kennedy. Distribution and habitat The species occurs in Far North Queensland. The type locality is Captain Billy Creek, in the Apudthama National Park on the northern Cape York Peninsula. References galmarra Spiders of Australia Endemic fauna of Australia Arthropods of Queensland Spiders described in 1994 Taxa named by Robert Raven Taxa named by Tracey Churchill
Jack Kodell (born John Edward Kodelka; November 4, 1927 – May 17, 2012) was an American stage magician. Biography Born in Mankato, Minnesota, he was encouraged by his father to "do something different". By the age of nine he learned to fly a Taylor Cub airplane, and at 13 became the Soap Box Derby champion. While bedridden with rheumatic fever in his teens, he learned card tricks and, after moving with his parents to Chicago, began frequenting magic stores and learning new routines. He saw prestidigitator Bill Baird performing with billiard balls, and taught himself similar tricks but using live cockatiels or parakeets, inventing the idea of "bird manipulation". He developed his act, began using the stage name Jack Kodell, and in 1947 won an award as most original magician at the International Magic Convention in Chicago, where Harry Blackstone Sr. said: "This young boy has revolutionised magic..". Kodell started appearing at the El Rancho casino and hotel in Las Vegas, becoming the first magician to be featured in the city. He toured around the world, and frequently visited Britain, where he met English entertainer Mary Naylor; they married in 1953. At that time, Kodell was presenting his magic tricks in an ice show at the Empress Hall, Earl's Court. He continued to perform around the world, and was a headlining act in 14 countries. As well as seeming to make small live birds appear between his fingers, he performed with larger birds such as pigeons and macaws, and at the end of his routine, when walking off stage, up to 50 doves would fly from the back of theatre to accompany him. He was credited as a major influence by stage illusionist David Copperfield. He retired from performing in 1962, aged 34, and formed a company, Incentive Travel, which turned redundant cruise ships into entertainment venues by building stages over ballroom floors, suitable for large musical theatre productions. In 1995, Kodell was given the Academy of Magical Arts Performing Fellowship award. In 1997, he and his wife moved to Orlando, Florida, where he died in 2012, aged 84. References American magicians 1927 births 2012 deaths
Pickardinella is a monotypic genus of Mexican long-jawed orb-weavers containing the single species, Pickardinella setigera. The species was first described by Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge under the name Leucauge setigera, and was moved to its own genus in 1951. Physically, they resemble members of Opadometa and Leucauge. Males are very small, only growing up to about long. A female has never been found. See also List of Tetragnathidae species Leucauge Opadometa References Monotypic Araneomorphae genera Spiders of Mexico Tetragnathidae
Kitty GYM was a temporary Japanese idol unit formed in 2006 to promote the 2006 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. The group consisted of Tomohisa Yamashita of NEWS, Thai pop duo Golf & Mike, and members of the Johnny's Jr. group Kitty (Hiromitsu Kitayama, Kei Inoo, Shota Totsuka, and Hikaru Yaotome). The name of the group came from the first letters of the members surnames, and the Thai members pseudonyms. On July 18, 2006, GYM (Golf, Yamashita, and Mike) held an event at the NHK Hall and performed "Fever to Future" for the first time. "Fever to Future" was used as the image song for Fuji Television's broadcast of the 2006 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. They made their first appearance as a 7-member unit on August 19, 2006 at the Ariake Coliseum, where they performed "Fever to Future" to a crowd of 10,000 fans. The group released their only single, "Fever to Future", on August 30, 2006. It included a solo song by Tomohisa Yamashita and a duet by Golf & Mike. Released under the name "GYM", the single debuted atop the Oricon Singles Chart on the week ending September 11, 2006. In the same month of release, it was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments of 250,000 units. It went on to sell over 300,000 copies, making it the 25th best-selling single of the year in Japan. The single was released in Thailand on September 6, 2006, and in Taiwan on September 12, 2006. Since their disbandment, all members have gone on to have successful music careers. Kei Inoo and Hikaru Yaotome debuted as members of Hey! Say! JUMP in 2007, Golf & Mike disbanded in 2010 and became solo singers, Hiromitsu Kitayama debuted as a member of Kis-My-Ft2 in August 2011, Tomohisa Yamashita left NEWS in October 2011 to pursue a solo career, and Shota Totsuka debuted as a member of A.B.C-Z in 2012. "Fever to Future" "Fever to Future" is a single by GYM. It was released on August 30, 2006 through Johnny's Entertainment. "Fever to Future" was written by A to Z, H.U.B., and Shin Tanimoto, and arranged by Naoya Kurosawa and Shunsuke Yabuki. It is an uptempo dance song. Track listing References Japanese idol groups Japanese pop music groups Johnny & Associates Japanese boy bands J-pop music groups Musical groups from Tokyo
```javascript import React from 'react' import Link from 'next/link' export default () => { const myRef = React.createRef(null) React.useEffect(() => { if (!myRef.current) { console.error(`ref wasn't updated`) } }) return ( <Link href="/" ref={(el) => { myRef.current = el }} > Click me </Link> ) } ```
Brooker Group Public Company Limited is a Thailand-based listed company. The Company is primarily engaged in business and financial consulting services, investments and lending money. Its segments include Business Consulting, Investments and Digital Assets. The Brooker Group is the #1 largest holder of digital assets among public companies in Southeast Asia, the #2 largest holder in Asia, and the #15 largest holder across the globe. History The Brooker Group was founded in 1994 by Chan Bulakul of the Bulakul family in Thailand. In the late 1990s, it focused on restructuring and distressed assets advisory and investments across Southeast Asia as a result of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, advising family owned businesses across Southeast Asia on how to navigate through the crisis. As a result, the majority of its clients today are HNWIs (High Net-Worth Individuals) who invest in alternative assets globally. The Company later became the first Southeast Asian entity to be listed on the MAI (Market for Alternative Investments) exchange in 2001 and developed a reputation as an expert in alternative assets. In 2016, The Brooker Group was named on Forbes' "Asia's Best Under a Billion" list. The Brooker Group's founder started the Young Presidents' Organization (YPO) Chapter for Thailand. Digital Assets In 2020, The Brooker Group established its digital assets division and became the first publicly listed company in Southeast Asia approved by regulating authorities to invest in non-listed digital assets. In 2022, The Brooker Group invested 10 million into Binance Labs Investment Fund, the investment arm of cryptocurrency exchange Binance, becoming one of three members of the limited partner's advisory boards for family offices. The Brooker Group launched BrookNFT on Binance's NFT marketplace in March 2022 and became the creator with the largest trading by value for the month of March. The Brooker Group is the #1 largest holder of digital assets among public companies in Southeast Asia, the #2 largest holder in Asia, and the #15 largest holder across the globe. References Companies based in Bangkok Thai companies established in 1994 Bulakul family
Rockton is an unincorporated community in Vernon County, Wisconsin, United States in the town of Whitestown. It is located on the Kickapoo River and is served by Wisconsin Highway 131. Rockton is south of Ontario and north of La Farge; these are the closest villages to the community. References Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin Unincorporated communities in Vernon County, Wisconsin
Chant public devant deux chaises électriques (Public Canto Before Two Electric Chairs) is a play by Armand Gatti written in 1964 and premiered in 1966 at the Théâtre National Populaire. The subject is the Sacco and Vanzetti affair. It made headlines, and was panned by some critics but praised as a masterpiece by others, such as Gérard Guillot. References Bibliography Laura Bellina, Le Chant public d’Armand Gatti, Università Ca’Foscari, Venise, Italie, 1971 Jérémy Mahut, La Représentation de l’Anarchie comme exemple de Théâtre-témoignage : dans Chant public devant deux chaises électriques, pièce d’Armand Gatti, Morte accidentale di un anarchico, pièce de Dario Fo et Gods of the lightning, pièce de Maxwell Anderson, université de Reims, 2007 Gérard Guillot, Chant public devant deux chaises électriques d'Armand Gatti, au TNP. Notre agonie, c'est notre triomphe, Les Lettres françaises no. 1117, 1966-02-03, pp. 16–17 1966 plays French plays Works about Sacco and Vanzetti
Hanneke Kappen (born 1954) is a Dutch singer and radio and TV presenter. Kappen started a musical career by singing in a rock band in the late 1970s during the zenith of the Groningen music scene, but became a radio presenter and from 1981 to 1982 had a weekly show that focused on heavy metal music, only the second such show on Dutch radio. She then moved on to television, presenting programs for a number of public broadcasters. She returned to radio in 1999, while continuing to play and record music. Biography Hanneke Kappen was attending art school when she became a singer for the rock band White Honey from Groningen, with, among others, Erwin Java. This happened at the height of what was later called "the Groninger springtij" (the "Groningen spring tide"), a period when the music scene in Groningen was very lively, and many local acts were propelled to the national stage, including Herman Brood, who picked up Java, the band's guitarist. The group had a minor hit with "Nothing Going On In The City" but disbanded in 1980, just after releasing their first and only album. Kappen continued playing music, including jazz (with her brother, and with guitarist Winfred Buma). Kappen moved into radio, and from 1981 to 1982 presented the radio program Stampij for the public broadcaster KRO, playing heavy metal and hard rock music. This was only the second Dutch radio program (after the VARA's Betonuur, with Alfred Lagarde, 1976–1982) oriented toward heavy metal. After Stampij she moved to television and presented a number of shows for the VARA, including Wereldwijs, Je ziet maar, and . In 1989 she presented the Kinderen voor Kinderen festival, and that same year presented a show, Avonduur met Kappen, that she herself had pitched to the VARA. For Teleac, an educational broadcaster, she presented Werken aan Werk, and the educational program Plein 1. In 1999 she returned to radio and took over presenting the Sunday morning show Dag Zondag for the NPS. By that time she was a mother of two and spent a lot of time travelling; besides her radio and TV work, she had started a study in communication, hosted conferences and symposiums, and was doing promotional work for the city of Groningen as well as the province. She also played music, in a duo called "Kappen & Klat" with Boelo Klat. She has continued to be active as a musician; in 2005 and 2006 she sang on a CD for the Eastgate project of composer Gerard Ammerlaan and performed with his band, and later formed a duo with guitarist Winfred Buma. Discography Source: Poparchief Groninger Some Kinda Woman (White Honey, 1979) Human Electrics (with Gerry Arling, 1989) State of Soul (with Gerry Arling, 1991) Klatwerk (with Boelo Klat, 1994) Kappen & Klat (with Boelo Klat, 1997/2004) Alien Visitors (with Eastgate, 2005) References Living people 1954 births Dutch television presenters Dutch radio presenters Dutch women television presenters Dutch women radio presenters People from Groningen (city) 20th-century Dutch women singers Dutch rock singers
Amal Murshid Abu Mansour () (; 1950 – 31 October 2018) was a Palestinian-Jordanian author and translator to Arabic from English who focused on the genres of education, mathematics, science fiction and science. She had previously worked for the Kuwait Credit and Savings Bank and was secretary for the library of the Executive Office for Occupied Land Affairs in Amman. Mansour was murdered by stabbing in late 2018. Life and career Mansour was born in 1950, in Shweika, which is located in the Tulkarm municipality of Palestine. She was the daughter of the commerce worker Murshid Abu Salah. Mansour was educated at Tulkarm Primary School before going on to be taught at Al-Asma'i School and completed her secondary education at Al-Adawiya Secondary School for Girls in the West Bank. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Language and Literature. Mansour first developed an interest in children's literature when she was taken by her school teacher to go to the local municipal library at the age of nine years old. From 1967 to 1974, Mansour worked for the Kuwait Credit and Savings Bank, before moving to Jordan and resided in Amman. She thus became a secretary for the library of the Executive Office for Occupied Land Affairs between 1975 and 1977. Mansour relocated to Baghdad to be employed in Iraq's Culture House Children between 1977 and 1987. She was a contributor to the editing of the children's magazines Al-Muzmar, My Magazine and Science and Technology. Mansour was the author, the preparator and translator of works for children including Ahmed's Return, A Journey Between the Planets, Fire Birds, Khaled bin Walid, Tariq bin Ziyad, The Three Rays of the Suns, The Unknown Article and The War of the Worlds. She published the books Archeology Book, Colorful Stories, Daughter of the Earth, Fifty Facts About Robots, Folk Tales of Free Asian, Interplanetary Tour, Little Sewing, Me and My Daughter, My First Book on the Universe, Myths and Tales, The Basket, The Cart and The Road to San Giovanni. Mansour also translated several publications from English, which were Bint Arab: Arab and Arab American Women in the United States, Cage Adventure, Crime and Punishment, Measures of Success, My Science for Children, The Birth of Science, The Child in the Family, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, The Odyssey, The Selfish Genie and The Three Puppet Makers. The genres she focused on were educational, mathematics, science fiction and scientific and the works she authored or translated were published by Kuwait's Anahid House and Dar Anahid House as well as Jordan's Ministry of Culture. Personal life She was married to the Palestinian poet and writer Khairy Mansour until his death in September 2018. They had two children. Murder In Mansour's home in the western Amman suburb of Rasheed on the morning of 31 October 2018, the author was killed when she was stabbed eight times reportedly by an Ugandan-born maid whom she had employed for 13 years. The maid stole some of Mansour's possessions inside the house and subsequently attempted to flee Jordan but was arrested when passport officers at Queen Alia International Airport learnt of the author's murder by her son. She was barred from leaving Jordan and an investigation was opened into Mansour's murder. Akeed observed the media coverage of the culprit's identity as well as the newspaper headlines of the murder of Mansour. References 1950 births 2018 deaths People from Tulkarm 20th-century Palestinian women writers 21st-century Palestinian women writers Palestinian translators Palestinian women children's writers Palestinian children's writers 20th-century Arabic-language writers 21st-century Arabic-language writers Deaths by stabbing
Bustillo de Chaves is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 102 inhabitants, and in 2012 it had 79 residents. The village sits along the Navajos river. References Municipalities in the Province of Valladolid
Kandovan (, also Romanized as Kandovān) is a village in Razliq Rural District, in the Central District of Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 239, in 52 families. References Populated places in Sarab County
Karmin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Śmigiel, within Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Śmigiel, south of Kościan, and south of the regional capital Poznań. References Villages in Kościan County
Crown King is an unincorporated community in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States, located at an elevation of 5,771 feet (1,759 m). Crown King has a ZIP Code of 86343; in 2000, the population of the 86343 ZCTA was 133. The site of a former gold mining town, Crown King is 28 miles west of Interstate 17 on Senator Highway, high in the Bradshaw Mountains. The community is named after the Crowned King mine, but the name was shortened to Crown King in 1888. Horsethief Basin Lake resides 6.5 miles southeast of Crown King on Crown King Rd/Forest 259 Rd. History An estimated US$2,000,000 in gold was taken from the Crowned King Mine alone; the mines have been closed since the 1950s and for the past half-century tourism has been the only reliable source of income in the area, despite the fact that the unpaved, mountainous access roads are rocky, rough and slow to drive. The first recorded gold claim in Crown King was "Buckeye" and was filed by Rod McKinnon on July 1, 1875. Over the next 40 years, more than 15 mines or claims were made in the area. At its height, the town had 500 buildings, including several company stores and boarding houses, two Chinese restaurants and a post office. The town was electrified by 1897 and had one telephone at that time. While an active mining town, Crown King was served by the Bradshaw Mountain Railroad. Rail service to the area began in 1904 upon completion of "Murphy's Impossible Railroad" – a series of switchbacks and trestles that ascended the mountain terrain between Cleator and Crown King. The railroad began in Mayer, Arizona, connecting with Murphy's Prescott and Eastern Railroad and extended for 28 miles amid the rocky terrain. Crown King was the terminus (1904–1926) of the railroad, built by Frank M. Murphy to serve the mines of the southern Bradshaw Mountains. However, these mines were never very productive, and the BMRR was a financial failure. The line was abandoned in 1926. Much of the road to Crown King uses the old railroad bed. Of the buildings still standing and in use in Crown King, the Crown King Saloon has maintained its place as the center of activity in town. The Saloon was originally constructed and operated in the nearby mining town of Oro Belle (now also a ghost town). In 1910, it was disassembled and brought to Crown King piece by piece after the mine at Oro Belle had played out. The building was home to a brothel and bar in both towns and now serves the public as a hotel, cafe, and bar. The town has a cemetery nearby. The red one-room schoolhouse was built in 1917 and still serves a small number of K–8 students. High school students typically leave town to attend class 14 miles away in Mayer. The post office was established on July 29, 1888, and was discontinued on May 15, 1954. It has since reopened inside the Crown King General Store. Climate According to the Köppen climate classification system, Crown King has a Mediterranean climate, classified as Csb on climate maps. It is atypical of this type because its dry season only covers the first half of summer and is followed by heavy monsoonal thunderstorms in July and August. An exposed location relative to moist southerly airflows from the Gulf of California gives Crown King among the highest precipitation in Arizona – in fact it holds the official state record for the most precipitation in one calendar month with in August 1951, and the station has thrice approached this record with in December 1967 (including of snow), in February 1980 and in January 1993. The wettest days have been April 17, 1917 with and December 31, 1948 with . The wettest calendar year has been 1978 with and the driest 1960 with . Snowfall can be heavy, with falling in January 1949, although in general snow cover is minimal due to relatively warm days in winter. References Further reading Bruce M. Wilson, Crown King and the Southern Bradshaws: A Complete History, Mesa, Crown King Press, 1990, 104 pages. External links Crown King – ghosttowns.com Crown King Fire District Crown King Elementary School District Crown King Chamber of Commerce Crown King Historical Society Unincorporated communities in Yavapai County, Arizona Populated places established in 1875 1875 establishments in Arizona Territory Unincorporated communities in Arizona Ghost towns in Arizona Cemeteries in Arizona
Innovacorp is a Nova Scotia crown corporation managing an early-stage venture capital fund. The organization was established under Nova Scotia's Innovation Corporation Act, 1994–95, c. 5, s. 1. Its goal is to help early stage Nova Scotia companies commercialize their technologies for export markets. Key industries include information technology, life sciences, clean technology, advanced manufacturing and aerospace. In May 2010, the organization's High Performance Incubation (HPi) earned an international award for its work from the National Business Incubation Association. Innovacorp established a yearly technology start-up competition (I3) with $100,000 dollar winning prize. Notable winners include Tether and Xona Games. History Innovacorp, established by a provincial statute, superseded the Nova Scotia Research Foundation Corporation, which was established in 1946 as the Research Foundation of Nova Scotia. Investments Innovacorp investments include companies such as SimplyCast, CarbonCure, GoInstant, SabrTech, Equals6, AioTV, LiveLenz, TruLeaf, DeNovaMed, Airline Employee Travel Inc (GoBumpFree), Proposify and TitanFile. Beginning in 2015, Innovacorp invested around C$3 million in Meta Materials Inc., a Dartmouth-based developer of "high-performance functional materials and nanocomposites" that was founded in 2013. In 2021, shortly after Meta Materials was listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange, Innovacorp sold its shares, resulting in a $104-million return on investment. References External links 1995 establishments in Nova Scotia Crown corporations of Nova Scotia Organizations established in 1994 Companies based in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Isabelle Vasseur (born 10 April 1959) is a former member of the National Assembly of France. She represented Aisne's 5th constituency from 2007 to 2012, as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). She was elected on 17 June 2007 to the thirteenth legislature (2007–2012) in the 5th district of l'Aisne by beating, in the second round, Dominique Jordain with 53.96% of the votes. She succeeded Daniel Gard the previous deputy (UMP), who was the substitute candidate for Renaud Dutreil in the 2002 election. She was vice president of the UMP in the National Assembly. External links Official page on the National Assembly web site Le Monde of 12 and 19 June 2007 Her homepage References 1959 births Living people Union for a Popular Movement politicians Women members of the National Assembly (France) Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic 21st-century French women politicians
The Pitch Lake is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons. It is located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad, within the Siparia Regional Corporation. The lake covers about 100 acres (0.405 square kilometres) and is reported to be 250 feet (76.2 metres) deep. Pitch Lake is a popular tourist attraction, including a small museum, from where official tour guides can escort people across the lake. The lake is mined for asphalt by Lake Asphalt of Trinidad and Tobago. History The Pitch Lake has fascinated explorers and scientists, attracting tourists since its re-discovery by Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition there in 1595. Raleigh himself found immediate use for the asphalt to caulk his ship. He referred to the pitch as "most excellent... It melteth not with the sun as the pitch of Norway". Raleigh was informed of the lake’s location by the native Amerindians, who had their own story about the origin of the lake. The story goes that the indigenous people were celebrating a victory over a rival tribe when they got carried away in their celebration. They proceeded to cook and eat the sacred hummingbird which they believed possessed the souls of their ancestors. According to legend, their winged God punished them by opening the earth and conjuring the pitch lake to swallow the entire village, and the lake became a permanent stain and a reminder of their sins. The local villages believe this legend due to the many Amerindian artifacts and a cranium that have been discovered, preserved, in the pitch. In the 1840s, Abraham Pineo Gesner first obtained kerosene from a sample of Pitch Lake bitumen. In 1887, Amzi Barber, an American businessman known as "The Asphalt King", secured a 42-year monopoly concession from the British Government for the Pitch Lake for his company, Barber Asphalt Paving Company. It was from this source that many of the first asphalt roads of New York City, Washington D.C., and other Eastern U.S. cities were paved. Since its re-discovery, there have been numerous research investigations into the use and chemical composition of this material. There have been countless theories, postulations, and conclusions as to the size, source, and origin of the asphalt. Geology The origin of The Pitch Lake is related to deep faults in connection with subduction under the Caribbean Plate related to Barbados Arc. The lake has not been studied extensively, but it is believed that the lake is at the intersection of two faults, which allows oil from a deep deposit to be forced up. The lighter elements in the oil evaporate under the hot tropical sun, leaving behind the heavier asphalt. Bacterial action on the asphalt at low pressures creates petroleum in asphalt. The researchers indicated that extremophiles inhabited the asphalt lake in populations ranging between 106 and 107 cells/gram. The Pitch Lake is one of several natural asphalt lakes in the world, including the La Brea Tar Pits (Los Angeles), McKittrick Tar Pits (McKittrick) and Carpinteria Tar Pits (Carpinteria) in the U.S. state of California, and Lake Guanoco in the Republic of Venezuela. The regional geology of southern Trinidad consists of a trend of ridges, anticlines with shale diapiric cores, and sedimentary volcanoes. According to Woodside, "host muds and/or shales become over pressured and under compacted in relation to the surrounding sediments...mud or shale diapirs or mud volcanoes result because of the unstable semi-fluid nature of the methane-charged, undercompacted shales/muds." The mud volcanoes are aligned along east-northeast parallel trends. Woodside goes on to say, "The Asphalt Lake at Brighton represents a different kind of sedimentary volcanism in which gas and oil are acting on asphalt mixed with clay. This asphalt lake cuts across Miocene/Pliocene formations overlying a complicated thrust structure." The first wells were drilled into Pitch Lake oil seeps in 1866. Kerosene was distilled from the pitch in the lake from 1860 to 1865. The Guayaguayare No. 3 well was drilled in 1903, but the first commercial well was drilled at the west end of the lake in 1903. Oil was then discovered in Point Fortin-Perrylands area, and in 1911, the Tabaquite Field was discovered. The Forest Reserve Field was discovered in 1914 and the Penal Field in 1941. The first offshore well was drilled in 1954 at Soldado. Microbiology Evidence of an active microbiological ecosystem in Pitch Lake has been reported. The microbial diversity was found to be unique when compared to microbial communities analyzed at other hydrocarbon-rich environments, including La Brea tar pits in California, and an oil well and a mud volcano in Trinidad and Tobago. Archaeal and bacterial communities co-exist, with novel species having been discovered from Pitch Lake samples. Researchers have also observed novel fungal life forms which can grow on the available asphaltenes as a sole carbon and energy source. See also Notable tar pits List of tar pits Asphalt volcano References External links The Wonderland of Trinidad, by Barber Asphalt Company—a Project Gutenberg eBook Asphalt lakes Landforms of Trinidad and Tobago
Dana McLean Greeley (July 5, 1908 – June 13, 1986) was a Unitarian minister, the last president of the American Unitarian Association and, upon its merger with the Universalist Church in America, was the founding president of the Unitarian Universalist Association. Greeley received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree from Harvard Divinity School in 1933 and was ordained by his home parish church in Lexington, Massachusetts. His first two settlements were the Unitarian churches in Lincoln, Massachusetts (1932-1934) and Concord, New Hampshire (1934-1935). In 1935, at the age of 27, he was called to the prestigious Arlington Street Church in Boston where he served until 1958. After his presidency with the UUA, Rev. Greeley became Visiting Professor of the Church and World Peace at the Meadville Lombard Theological School in Chicago and president of the International Association for Religious Freedom. In 1970 he returned to parish ministry accepting a call from the First Parish in Concord, Massachusetts, where he served until his death in 1986. During his lifetime Rev. Greeley received many awards, including honorary degrees from Meadville Theological School, Emerson College, St. Lawrence University, Tufts University and Portia Law School. Additionally, the Concord congregation and his friends and colleagues created in his memory the Dana Greeley Foundation which supports grassroots efforts toward making the world more peaceful. He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth. References External links Dana McLean Greeley, in the Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography Dana McLean Greeley Foundation for Peace and Justice. Records, 1968-2006. At Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard Divinity School “Eyes on the Prize; Interview with Dana Greeley,” 1985-11-22, American Archive of Public Broadcasting 1908 births 1986 deaths American Unitarian Universalists Harvard Divinity School alumni American Unitarian clergy Unitarian Universalist clergy 20th-century American clergy World Constitutional Convention call signatories
See Business Cycle. Stock market cycles are proposed patterns that proponents argue may exist in stock markets. Many such cycles have been proposed, such as tying stock market changes to political leadership, or fluctuations in commodity prices. Some stock market patterns are universally recognized (e.g., rotations between dominance of value investing or growth stocks). However, many academics and professional investors are skeptical of any theory claiming to precisely identify or predict stock market cycles. Some sources argue identifying any such patterns as a "cycle" is a misnomer, because of their non-cyclical nature. Changes in stock returns are primarily determined by external factors such as the U.S. monetary policy, the economy, inflation, exchange rates, and socioeconomic conditions (e.g., the 2020-2021 coronavirus pandemic). Intellectual capital does not affect a company stock's current earnings. Intellectual capital contributes to a stock's return growth. Economist Milton Friedman believed that for the most part, excluding very large supply shocks, business declines are more of a monetary phenomenon. Despite the often-applied term cycles, the fluctuations in business economic activity do not exhibit uniform or predictable periodicity. According to standard theory, a decrease in price will result in less supply and more demand, while an increase in price will do the opposite. This works well for most assets but it often works in reverse for stocks due to the mistake many investors make of buying high in a state of euphoria and selling low in a state of fear or panic as a result of the herding instinct. In case an increase in price causes an increase in demand, or a decrease in price causes an increase in supply, this destroys the expected negative feedback loop and prices will be unstable. This can be seen in a bubble or crash. The Efficient-market hypothesis is an assumption that asset prices reflect all available information meaning that it is impossible to systematically "beat the market." Publications Conference Board - Consumer Confidence, Conference Board’s Present Situation Index - Major turns in the Conference Board’s Present Situation Index tend to precede corresponding turns in the unemployment rate—particularly at business cycle peaks (that is, going into recessions). Major upturns in the index also tend to foreshadow cyclical peaks in the unemployment rate, which often occur well after the end of a recession. Another useful feature of the index that can be gleaned from the charts is its ability to signal sustained downturns in payroll employment. Whenever the year-over-year change in this index has turned negative by more than 15 points, the economy has entered into a recession. The most useful methods to predict business cycle use methods similar to the organization as Eurostat, OECD and Conference Board. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago - Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) Diffusion Index - The Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) Diffusion Index is a macroeconomic model of Business Cycle Models. [When passing through a value of -0.35, the] “CFNAI Diffusion Index signals the beginnings and ends of [ NBER ] recessions on average one month earlier than the CFNAI-MA3.” … the crossing of a -0.35 threshold by the CFNAI Diffusion Index signaled an increased likelihood of the beginning (from above) and end of a recession (from below)..., Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia - Aruoba-Diebold-Scotti Business Conditions Index (ADS Index) - is published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. The average value of the ADS index is zero. Progressively bigger positive values indicate progressively better-than-average conditions, whereas progressively more negative values indicate progressively worse-than-average conditions. Federal Reserve Bank of New York - Yield Curve - the slope of the yield curve is one of the most powerful predictors of future economic growth, inflation, and recessions., BofA Merrill Lynch - Global Wave - has indicators from around the world such as industrial confidence, consumer confidence, estimate revisions, producer prices, capacity utilization, earnings revisions, and credit spreads. When the Global Wave troughs, THEN the MSCI All Country World equity index is up 14% on average over the next 12 months. JP Morgan - Equities tend to do well in environments featuring rising growth rates as well as falling inflation. S&P 500 return = 9.80% - 6.44 x Max [0, -1.26% - annual change of the GDP growth rate in %]. R2 = 22.4%. See also Technical analysis Market timing Bottom (technical analysis) Market trends and Trend following Histoire des bourses de valeurs (French) References External links Stock market Calendar effect
The 1941 Montana Grizzlies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Montana as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1941 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach Doug Fessenden, the Grizzlies compiled a 6–3 record (1–3 against PCC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 119 to 94. The team played its home games at Dornblaser Field in Missoula, Montana. Montana was ranked at No. 117 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941. Schedule References External links Montana Grizzlies football – 1941 media guide Montana Montana Grizzlies football seasons Montana Grizzlies football
Felice may refer to: Felice, a name used as both a given name, masculine or feminine, and a surname Felice, a 1971 short silent Felice...Felice..., a 1998 Dutch drama film directed by Peter Delpeut Campo Felice, a karstic plateau in the central Apennines, Castel Felice, a SITMAR (Società Italiana Trasporti Marittima) Line liner Nonno Felice, an Italian sitcom Porta Felice, a monumental city gate of Palermo See also Felix (disambiguation) De Felice, a surname San Felice (disambiguation)
The Kitsu Plateau is a lava plateau in northern British Columbia, Canada, located east of Mess Lake in Mount Edziza Provincial Park. It is named in association with Kitsu Peak and Kitsu Creek. Kitsu in the Tahltan language is the word for the northern lights. See also Volcanism of Western Canada Mount Edziza volcanic complex References Lava plateaus Volcanism of British Columbia Tahltan Highland
Orientophiaris is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae. Species Orientophiaris altissima (Kawabe, 1978) See also List of Tortricidae genera References External links tortricidae.com Tortricidae genera Olethreutinae
Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004 is a limited edition live album released by Four Tet on 10 April 2004. All copies of the album were on CD-R and only available through the Domino Records website. The final track on the album is a medley of 5 different tracks. The album was recorded at the Rust nightclub in Copenhagen, Denmark. The cover artwork is by Kathryn Bint. It was included in the 10th anniversary reissue of his third album Rounds. Track listing "She Moves She" – 10:39 "Everything is Alright" – 5:20 "Spirit Fingers" – 7:37 "Glue of the World" – 8:41 "My Angel Rocks Back and Forth" – 9:26 "As Serious as Your Life" – 15:42 Medley – 16:22 "Harmony One" intro "Hands" "No More Mosquitoes" (Jam) "Calamine" (Radio edit Jam) "Tangle" outro Four Tet albums 2004 live albums Domino Recording Company live albums
The 1994 Chatham Cup was the 67th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand. Up to the last 16 of the competition, the cup was run in three regions (northern, central, and southern), with an open draw from the quarter-finals on. National League teams received a bye until the third round (last 64). In all, 141 teams took part in the competition, which consisted of a preliminary round followed by five rounds proper, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition. Some record five rounds prior to the quarter-finals; others note a preliminary round followed by four full rounds. The first of these notations is used in this article. The 1994 final Waitakere City won the final, part of a 31-match undefeated run in all competitions. The Jack Batty Memorial Cup is awarded to the player adjudged to have made to most positive impact in the Chatham Cup final. The winner of the 1994 Jack Batty Memorial Cup was Ivan Vicelich of Waitakere City. Results Third Round * Won on penalties by Central (5-4) Fourth Round Fifth Round Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final References Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation New Zealand 1994 page UltimateNZSoccer website 1994 Chatham Cup page Chatham Cup Chatham Cup Chatham Cup
Peerage of England \|Duke of Cornwall (1337)\|\|none\|\|1422\|\|1453\|\| \|- \|Duke of York (1385)\|\|Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York\|\|1426\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Duke of Norfolk (1397)\|\|John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk\|\|1424\|\|1432\|\|Died \|- \|John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk\|\|1432\|\|1461\|\| \|- \|Duke of Bedford (1414)\|\|John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford\|\|1414\|\|1435\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|Duke of Gloucester (1414)\|\|Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester\|\|1414\|\|1447\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Earl of Warwick (1088)\|\|Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick\|\|1401\|\|1439\|\|Died \|- \|Henry de Beauchamp, 14th Earl of Warwick\|\|1439\|\|1446\|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Earl of Arundel (1138)\|\|John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel\|\|1421\|\|1435\|\|Died \|- \|Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel\|\|1435\|\|1438\|\|Died \|- \|William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel\|\|1438\|\|1487\|\| \|- \|Earl of Oxford (1142)\|\|John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford\|\|1417\|\|1462\|\| \|- \|Earl of Devon (1335)\|\|Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon\|\|1422\|\|1458\|\| \|- \|Earl of Salisbury (1337)\|\|Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury\|\|1428\|\|1462\|\| \|- \|Earl of Stafford (1351)\|\|Humphrey Stafford, 6th Earl of Stafford\|\|1403\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|Earl of Suffolk (1385)\|\|William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk\|\|1415\|\|1450\|\| \|- \|Earl of Huntingdon (1387)\|\|John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon\|\|1417\|\|1447\|\| \|- \|Earl of Somerset (1397)\|\|John Beaufort, 3rd Earl of Somerset\|\|1418\|\|1444\|\| \|- \|Earl of Westmorland (1397)\|\|Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland\|\|1425\|\|1484\|\| \|- \|Earl of Northumberland (1416)\|\|Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland\|\|1416\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron de Ros (1264)\|\|Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros\|\|1421\|\|1431\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros\|\|1421\|\|1464\|\| \|- \|Baron Fauconberg (1295)\|\|Joan Neville, 6th Baroness Fauconberg\|\|1429\|\|1490\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron FitzWalter (1295)\|\|Walter FitzWalter, 7th Baron FitzWalter\|\|1415\|\|1431\|\|Died \|- \|Elizabeth Radcliffe, suo jure Baroness FitzWalter\|\|1431\|\|1485\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzWarine (1295)\|\|Thomazine FitzWarine, suo jure Baroness FitzWarine\|\|1433\|\|1471\|\| \|- \|Baron Grey de Wilton (1295)\|\|Richard Grey, 6th Baron Grey de Wilton\|\|1396\|\|1442\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Clinton (1299)\|\|William de Clinton, 4th Baron Clinton\|\|1398\|\|1431\|\|Died \|- \|John de Clinton, 5th Baron Clinton\|\|1431\|\|1464\|\| \|- \|Baron De La Warr (1299)\|\|Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr\|\|1427\|\|1450\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1299)\|\|Edmund de Ferrers, 6th Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1413\|\|1435\|\|Died \|- \|William de Ferrers, 7th Baron Ferrers of Chartley\|\|1435\|\|1450\|\| \|- \|Baron Lovel (1299)\|\|William Lovel, 7th Baron Lovel\|\|1414\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|Baron Scales (1299)\|\|Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales\|\|1419\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|Baron Welles (1299)\|\|Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles\|\|1421\|\|1461\|\| \|- \|Baron de Clifford (1299)\|\|Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford\|\|1422\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|Baron Ferrers of Groby (1299)\|\|William Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Groby\|\|1388\|\|1445\|\| \|- \|Baron Furnivall (1299)\|\|John Talbot, 6th Baron Furnivall\|\|1407\|\|1453\|\|jure uxoris \|- \|Baron Latimer (1299)\|\|John Nevill, 6th Baron Latimer\|\|1395\|\|1430\|\|Died, his heirs never assumed the title \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Morley (1299)\|\|Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley\|\|1416\|\|1435\|\|Died \|- \|Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley\|\|1435\|\|1442\|\| \|- \|Baron Strange of Knockyn (1299)\|\|Richard le Strange, 7th Baron Strange of Knockyn\|\|1397\|\|1449\|\| \|- \|Baron Zouche of Haryngworth (1308)\|\|William la Zouche, 5th Baron Zouche\|\|1415\|\|1463\|\| \|- \|Baron Beaumont (1309)\|\|John Beaumont, 6th Baron Beaumont\|\|1416\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|Baron Audley of Heleigh (1313)\|\|James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley\|\|1408\|\|1459\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Cobham of Kent (1313)\|\|Joan Oldcastle, 4th Baroness Cobham\|\|1408\|\|1434\|\|Died \|- \|Joan Brooke, 5th Baroness Cobham\|\|1434\|\|1442\|\| \|- \|Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1313)\|\|Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby\|\|1409\|\|1452\|\| \|- \|Baron Dacre (1321)\|\|Thomas Dacre, 6th Baron Dacre\|\|1398\|\|1458\|\| \|- \|Baron FitzHugh (1321)\|\|William FitzHugh, 4th Baron FitzHugh\|\|1425\|\|1452\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Greystock (1321)\|\|John de Greystock, 4th Baron Greystock\|\|1417\|\|1436\|\|Died \|- \|Ralph de Greystock, 5th Baron Greystock\|\|1436\|\|1487\|\| \|- \|Baron Grey of Ruthin (1325)\|\|Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn\|\|1388\|\|1441\|\| \|- \|Baron Harington (1326)\|\|William Harington, 5th Baron Harington\|\|1418\|\|1458\|\| \|- \|Baron Burghersh (1330)\|\|Isabel le Despencer, suo jure Baroness Burgersh\|\|1414\|\|1440\|\| \|- \|Baron Poynings (1337)\|\|Robert Poynings, 5th Baron Poynings\|\|1387\|\|1446\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Bourchier (1342)\|\|Elizabeth Bourchier, suo jure Baroness Bourchier\|\|1409\|\|1433\|\|Died \|- \|Henry Bourchier, 5th Baron Bourchier\|\|1433\|\|1483\|\| \|- \|Baron Scrope of Masham (1350)\|\|John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham\|\|1426\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|Baron Botreaux (1368)\|\|William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux\|\|1392\|\|1462\|\| \|- \|Baron Scrope of Bolton (1371)\|\|Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton\|\|1420\|\|1459\|\| \|- \|Baron Cromwell (1375)\|\|Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell\|\|1417\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|Baron Bergavenny (1392)\|\|Elizabeth de Beauchamp, suo jure Baroness Bergavenny\|\|1421\|\|1447\|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Baron Grey of Codnor (1397)\|\|John Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Codnor\|\|1418\|\|1431\|\|Died \|- \|Henry Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Codnor\|\|1431\|\|1444\|\| \|- \|Baron Berkeley (1421)\|\|James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley\|\|1421\|\|1463\|\| \|- \|Baron Hungerford (1426)\|\|Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford\|\|1426\|\|1449\|\| \|- \|Baron Tiptoft (1426)\|\|John de Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft\|\|1426\|\|1443\|\| \|- \|Baron Latimer (1432)\|\|George Neville, 1st Baron Latimer\|\|1432\|\|1469\|\|New creation \|- \|Baron Fanhope (1433)\|\|John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope\|\|1433\|\|1443\|\|New creation \|- \|} Peerage of Scotland \|rowspan=2\|Duke of Rothesay (1398)\|\|Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay\|\|1430\|\|1430\|\|Died \|- \|James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay\|\|1430\|\|1437\|\|Acceded to the Throne of Scotland \|- \|Earl of Mar (1114)\|\|Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar\|\|1408\|\|1435\|\|Died; for de jure Earl of Mar 1438–1565 see Lords Erskine below \|- \|Earl of Dunbar (1115)\|\|George II, Earl of March\|\|1420\|\|1457\|\| \|- \|Earl of Lennox (1184)\|\|Isabella, Countess of Lennox\|\|1425\|\|1458\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ross (1215)\|\|Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross\|\|1429\|\|1449\|\| \|- \|Earl of Sutherland (1235)\|\|John de Moravia, 7th Earl of Sutherland\|\|1427\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Douglas (1358)\|\|Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas\|\|14240\|\|1439\|\|Died \|- \|William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas\|\|1439\|\|1440\|\| \|- \|Earl of Strathearn (1371)\|\|Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl\|\|1427\|\|1437\|\|Executed for treason, and his titles were forfeited \|- \|Earl of Moray (1372)\|\|Elizabeth Dunbar, 8th Countess of Moray\|\|1429\|\|1455\|\| \|- \|Earl of Orkney (1379)\|\|William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney\|\|1410\|\|1476\|\| \|- \|Earl of Buchan (1382)\|\|Robert Stewart, Earl of Buchan\|\|1424\|\|1431\|\|Died, title extinct \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Angus (1389)\|\|William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus\|\|1403\|\|1437\|\|Died \|- \|James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Angus\|\|1437\|\|1446\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Earl of Crawford (1398)\|\|Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford\|\|1407\|\|1439\|\|Died \|- \|David Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Crawford\|\|1439\|\|1446\|\| \|- \|Earl of Atholl (1404)\|\|Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl\|\|1404\|\|1437\|\|Executed for treason, and his titles were forfeited \|- \|Earl of Menteith (1427)\|\|Malise Graham, 1st Earl of Menteith\|\|1427\|\|1490\|\| \|- \|Earl of Avondale (1437)\|\|James Douglas, 1st Earl of Avondale\|\|1437\|\|1443\|\|New creation \|- \|Lord Erskine (1429)\|\|Robert Erskine, 1st Lord Erskine\|\|1429\|\|1453\|\|de jure 12th Earl of Mar \|- \|Lord Hay (1429)\|\|William Hay, 1st Lord Hay\|\|1429\|\|1462\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Lord Somerville (1430)\|\|Thomas Somerville, 1st Lord Somerville\|\|1430\|\|1438\|\|New creation \|- \|William Somerville, 2nd Lord Somerville\|\|1438\|\|1456\|\| \|- \|Lord Lorne (1439)\|\|Robert Stewart, 1st Lord of Lorne\|\|1439\|\|1449\|\| \|- \|} Peerage of Ireland \|Earl of Ulster (1264)\|\|Richard of York, 8th Earl of Ulster\|\|1425\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|rowspan=3\|Earl of Kildare (1316)\|\|Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Kildare\|\|1390\|\|1432\|\|Died \|- \|John FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Kildare\|\|1432\|\|1434\|\|Died \|- \|Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare\|\|1434\|\|1478\|\| \|- \|Earl of Ormond (1328)\|\|James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond\|\|1405\|\|1452\|\| \|- \|Earl of Desmond (1329)\|\|James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond\|\|1420\|\|1463\|\| \|- \|Baron Athenry (1172)\|\|Thomas II de Bermingham\|\|1428\|\|1473\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Baron Kingsale (1223)\|\|Nicholas de Courcy, 10th Baron Kingsale\|\|1410\|\|1430\|\|Died \|- \|Patrick de Courcy, 11th Baron Kingsale\|\|1430\|\|1460\|\| \|- \|Baron Kerry (1223)\|\|Thomas Fitzmaurice, 8th Baron Kerry\|\|1410\|\|1469\|\| \|- \|Baron Barry (1261)\|\|William Barry, 8th Baron Barry\|\|1420\|\|1480\|\| \|- \|Baron Gormanston (1370)\|\|Christopher Preston, 3rd Baron Gormanston\|\|1422\|\|1450\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Baron Slane (1370)\|\|Thomas Fleming, 2nd Baron Slane\|\|1370\|\|1435\|\|Died \|- \|Christopher Fleming, 3rd Baron Slane\|\|1435\|\|1446\|\| \|- \|rowspan=2\|Baron Howth (1425)\|\|Christopher St Lawrence, 1st Baron Howth\|\|1425\|\|1430\|\|Died \|- \|Christopher St Lawrence, 2nd Baron Howth\|\|1430\|\|1465\|\| \|- \|} References Lists of peers by decade 1430s in England 1430s in Ireland 15th century in England 15th century in Scotland 15th century in Ireland 15th-century English people 15th-century Scottish peers 15th-century Irish people Peers
Trevor S. Harris is an American economist currently the Arthur J. Samberg Professor at Columbia Business School and formerly the Jerome A. Chazen Professor of International Business. His interests have included accounting. Education BComm (Hons.), University of Cape Town, 1976; MComm, 1980; PhD, University of Washington, 1983. Bibliography References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Columbia Business School faculty American economists University of Cape Town alumni University of Washington alumni
Alonzo Robert Spellman (born September 27, 1971) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, and Detroit Lions. He also was a member of the Las Vegas Gladiators in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Ohio State University. Early years Spellman attended Rancocas Valley Regional High School in Mount Holly, New Jersey. As a senior linebacker, he stood tall and weighed approximately . He tallied 104 tackles and 14 sacks, receiving USA Today All-American honors, All-state and New Jersey Player of the Year honors. As a senior in basketball, he averaged 17 points and 22 rebounds per game. College career Spellman accepted a football scholarship from Ohio State University. As a true freshman, he was named a starter at outside linebacker, registering 10 tackles for loss (led the team), 4 sacks (tied for the team lead). Some observers in the media considered that this was his best position and best season in college. As a sophomore, he was moved to defensive end, posting 52 tackles (9 tackles for loss) and 2 sacks. He was suspended for the Liberty Bowl and placed on academic probation, after he was caught sending another person to take a classroom test for him. As a junior, he earned team MVP honors after making 9 tackles for loss, 3 sacks, 3 passes defensed and one forced fumble in 9 games. He declared for the NFL Draft after the season. Professional career Chicago Bears Spellman was selected by the Chicago Bears in the first round (22nd overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft, entering the league as a 20-year-old rookie. He was a backup behind future hall of famer Richard Dent at right defensive end, making 30 tackles, 4 sacks (fourth on the team) and one pass defensed. In 1993, he tallied 28 tackles, and 2.5 sacks. In 1994, new head coach Dave Wannstedt chose not to re-sign Dent and Spellman became the starter at right defensive end. He recorded 60 tackles, 7 sacks (second on the team), 8 passes defensed (third on the team) and one blocked kick. In 1995, he was moved from right to left defensive end during training camp. He collected 66 tackles, 8.5 sacks (second on the team), 5 passes defensed and 4 forced fumbles. In 1996, he posted 78 tackles, 8 sacks (led the team), 2 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles. He became a restricted free agent after the season, when his rookie contract expired. The Jacksonville Jaguars offered him a four-year $12 million contract that was matched by the Bears. In 1997, he injured his left shoulder in the fourth game against the New England Patriots, forcing him miss the next 5 contests. He also experienced some off-field incidents and was suspended for 3 games. He finished with 5 starts in 7 games, 15 tackles, 2 sacks and 2 passes defensed. On November 26, he was re-instated to play against the Detroit Lions. On June 12, 1998, he was waived after he refused to leave his publicist's house for eight hours during a standoff with the police, until being arrested. The next day, he left Good Shepherd Hospital, shirtless and shoeless in freezing weather. Dallas Cowboys On July 28, 1999, after being out of football for a year, the Dallas Cowboys took a gamble and signed him as a free agent after he was diagnosed and received treatment for bipolar disorder. He was moved from defensive end to defensive tackle during training camp, and went on to register 16 starts, 43 tackles (tied for tenth on the team), 2 tackles for loss, 22 quarterback pressures (led the team) and 5 sacks (tied for second on the team). In 2000, he started 15 games, finishing with 33 tackles (3 for loss), 7 quarterback pressures, 2 passes defensed and 5 sacks (second on the team). During his time with the Cowboys he was a solid player, but never regained the previous form he showed with the Chicago Bears. Detroit Lions On August 12, 2001, he signed as a free agent with the Detroit Lions. He was cut to make room for wide receiver Bert Emanuel on October 24. Las Vegas Gladiators (AFL) On October 18, 2005, he was signed by the Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League, after being out of football for 4 years. He played middle guard in the defense. NFL career statistics Struggles with bipolar disorder Spellman exhibited erratic behavior during his time with the Bears. The first public incident occurred in March 1998 when Spellman became enraged when a doctor was late for an appointment. He pulled a telephone off of a wall and threatened suicide. Complicating matters, Spellman had access to alcohol and a firearm and by this time weighed approximately 300 lbs (136 kg). Authorities were called in, and friend and former teammate Mike Singletary persuaded Spellman to check into a hospital. Spellman shortly left the hospital of his own accord. Spellman was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, but refused to take medication, instead becoming increasingly reliant on illicit drugs and alcohol. This led to even more erratic behavior and run-ins with the law. These problems, along with his refusal to undergo arthroscopic surgery on his injured shoulder led to Spellman's release by the Bears. Spellman started taking medication and successfully managed his disorder during his time with the Cowboys and Lions. However, after his NFL career ended, Spellman stopped taking his medication and again ran into problems with the law. Most notably, he had a manic episode on July 23, 2002 in which he disrupted a flight from Cincinnati to Philadelphia. Spellman initially suggested that the flight was going to crash, then became verbally abusive to other passengers and threatened members of the flight crew. The plane was forced to make an emergency landing. Spellman was released, but then damaged property at his brother's home and was taken to a psychiatric hospital. He was later arrested on charges of interference with a flight crew. Although doctors confirmed that he had bipolar disorder, Spellman was determined to be legally sane and spent 18 months in federal prison. In interviews with ESPN, Spellman has said he now knows how important it is to take the medication for his disorder. He had hoped to return to the NFL, but his age and history presented significant barriers to a comeback. He is now "100 percent into" mixed martial arts. Spellman was arrested again on January 29, 2008, leading authorities on a pursuit after being involved in an apparent altercation at a Tulsa, Oklahoma convenience store. The chase ended after three of the tires on Spellman's car were deflated by spike strips and pepper-spray pellets were fired after Spellman refused to get out of the vehicle. In June 2012, Spellman was released from prison after pleading no contest to ten counts of eluding police officers on the 2008 charge. Spellman was arrested again on November 2, 2015, after a motor vehicle stop for several outstanding warrants. After being taken into custody he was found in possession of marijuana. He was charged with possession of less than 50 grams of marijuana and turned over to another jurisdiction for the warrant. Personal life After a few years off from football, Spellman attempted to make a comeback but was unable to land a job with an NFL team. He ended up signing with the Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League. Spellman recorded one sack in his first season with the Gladiators. Spellman made his mixed martial arts debut on November 11, 2006, defeating Antoine Hayes by unanimous decision. The fight was part of XFO 13, "Operation Beatdown", and took place at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. See also List of Arena Football League and National Football League players References External links AFL stats 1971 births Living people People from Mount Holly, New Jersey Rancocas Valley Regional High School alumni Players of American football from Burlington County, New Jersey American football defensive linemen Ohio State Buckeyes football players Chicago Bears players Dallas Cowboys players Detroit Lions players Las Vegas Gladiators players People with bipolar disorder American sportspeople convicted of crimes
Muhammad Fikri bin Junaidi (born 2 April 2000 in Singapore) is a Singaporean footballer who plays as a midfielder for. Career Junaidi started his senior career with Geylang International. In 2020, he signed for Young Lions in the Singapore Premier League, where he has made one league appearance and scored zero goals. Career statistics Club Notes References External links Teen Fikri gets 2nd German stint before going to ITE Singaporean men's footballers 2000 births Living people Young Lions FC players Men's association football midfielders
The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated edition in Low German of Martin Luther's High German translation of the Bible. Illustrations in the bible are woodcuts from the Hans Stern publishing family in early Lüneburg, Germany. History Bible The bible's history was shaped primarily by: Martin Luther (Bible translator), Johannes Bugenhagen (scholar and pastor), Duke Augustus of Saxony, Hans Stern (bookbinder and publisher) and Johann Vogt (Bible printer). Martin Luther (1483–1546) was the first one to translate the Bible into German from the original languages in which it was written. Before Luther, any German translations of the Bible had been made mainly from Latin. Luther came to believe that salvation came by grace through faith in Christ as taught in the Bible, and he wanted to bring the Bible to the German people. Martin Luther was born in 1483 at Eisleben in Saxony. Luther began working on his translation in 1522 at Eisenach in Saxony. Martin Luther's six-part translation of the Bible was first published in 1534. At this time, Saxony was one of many separate states making up the land of Germany. Variant dialects of two basic languages were spoken in Germany: High German in the highlands to the south and Low German in the lowlands to the north. Luther translated the Bible into a dialect of High German that was spoken in Saxony. As each part of his High German translation was published, a Low German translation was soon prepared and published by his associates, among whom was Johannes Bugenhagen. Martin Luther's last translation of the Bible was made in 1545. The 1614 Low German Bible is a rare, illustrated Luther Bible. Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558) was a scholar and was pastor to Martin Luther at St. Mary's church in Wittenberg. Johannes Bugenhagen has also been called second Apostle of the North. Among his major accomplishments was organization of Lutheran churches in north Germany and Scandinavia. Johannes Bugenhagen was one of Martin Luther's associates assisting in Bible translation. Additionally he made a Low German translation of each part of Luther's Bible. Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his seal carries a harp. The name and coat of arms of Duke Augustus of Saxony (1526–1586) are engraved on the front parchment cover of the 1614 Bible. Augustus came to the throne in Saxony eight years after Luther's last 1545 Bible translation. Soon afterwards this last 1545 Bible translation became authorized as a standard in Saxony. Augustus married Anna, daughter of Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway. This marriage allied Saxony not only to a royal house of Scandinavia, but also to the north state of Schleswig-Holstein which was ruled by Anna's uncle, Adolf (reign 1544–86). The coat of arms of Adolf, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein also appears in the 1614 Bible on the back cover. In the last years of Augustus' life, Hans Stern was a bookbinder in Lüneburg, a city in Lower Saxony where Low German was spoken. Hans Stern became a bookseller, and later, a book publisher. His first book as a publisher was the Low German Bible, with Johann Vogt in Goslar as printer. In his letter of dedication after the title page, Hans Stern wrote that he wanted to print the Low German language in a Bible with "a beautiful clear type, good paper, elegant illustrations, very useful tables, concordances and summaries, and other features put in the finest and most careful order." Hans Stern began printing Low German bibles, but after 1621 he only printed High German bibles, for by that time Low German was disappearing as a written language. Hans Stern's family in Lüneburg today carries the oldest family-owned printing house in the world, and the original woodcut blocks for illustrations in his 1614 Bible have been on display in the Lüneburg Library. Language Low German, also called Low Saxon, is a language that has been spoken mainly in the lowlands (plains and coastal areas) of northern Germany (including Pomerania, West Prussia and East Prussia), northeastern Netherlands and some parts of Denmark. High German has traditionally been a language of the more mountainous areas of Germany south of the Uerdingen line, Switzerland and Austria. Variant dialects are still characteristic to the Low German language. Low German has a history as a language. Many words in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are also of Low Saxon origin. Low Saxon first appears in writing in the 8th century. It flourished mostly in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. After Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1534, Low German began disappearing as a written language as High German became more standard in schools. The 1614 Low German Bible has a place in the history of Low German literature. Access There are seven known copies of the Bible today. They are displayed in: British Library, Royal Danish Library, Stuttgart Library, Lüneburg Archives, Newberry Library, Boerne Library. See also Luther Bible Low German Johannes Bugenhagen Literature Edmonds, Bettie. "The 1614 Low German Bible." Available from Boerne Public Library. Based on research by Marie and Helene Norsieck, Henriette Pierson, and Kenneth Hovey, Associate Professor of English, University of Texas at San Antonio. Early printed Bibles Low German Bible Low German literature Individual Bibles Bible translations into German
Boronia pinnata is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae, and is endemic to New South Wales. It is an erect, woody shrub with pinnate leaves and groups of between three and forty pink flowers arranged in leaf axils. It flowers in spring and early summer and is found in coastal areas between Ballina and Jervis Bay. Description Boronia pinnata is an erect, woody shrub that typically grows to a height of about and is glabrous, apart from the flowers. The leaves are pinnate with up to thirteen narrow elliptic to narrow oblong leaflets. The entire leaf is long and wide in outline and the leaflets are mostly long and wide on a petiole long. Between three and twenty, sometimes as many as forty flowers are arranged in groups in the leaf axils. The groups are on a peduncle long, the individual flowers on a pedicel long. The four sepals are triangular, long and about wide. The four petals are bright pink, long with a few hairs on the back. The eight stamens have hairy edges. Flowering occurs from September to January and the fruit is a glabrous capsule long. Taxonomy and naming Boronia pinnata was first formally described in 1798 by James Edward Smith who published the description in his book ''Tracts relating to natural history. The specific epithet (pinnata) is a Latin word meaning "feathered" or "plumed". This was the only pinnate-leaved species of boronia described by Smith. Distribution and habitat This boronia grows in dry forest and heath on sandstone in near-coastal areas between the Nowra district and Ballina. Use in horticulture One of the easier boronias to grow in gardens, B. pinnata does best in a sheltered position with rocks aiding a shallow root run and it benefits from light pruning. References pinnata Flora of New South Wales Plants described in 1798 Taxa named by James Edward Smith
The 1841 Boston mayoral election saw the reelection of Whig Party incumbent Jonathan Chapman to a third consecutive term. It was held on December 13, 1841. Candidates Chapman was renominated by the Whig Party. Nathaniel Greene was the Democratic Party nominee. Results See also List of mayors of Boston, Massachusetts References 1841 Boston Boston mayoral 19th century in Boston Boston mayoral election
Perochirus is a genus of geckos endemic to the Philippines, Oceania, and Japan, commonly known as Micronesian geckos, Polynesian geckos, or tropical geckos. Species Three species are recognized as being valid: Perochirus ateles – Duméril's tropical gecko, Micronesia saw-tailed gecko Perochirus guentheri – Günther's tropical gecko, Vanuatu saw-tailed gecko Perochirus scutellatus – shielded tropical gecko, atoll giant gecko Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Perochirus. References Further reading Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Perochirus, new genus, p. 154). Lizard genera Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
The Wuvulu-Aua language is a language spoken on the Wuvulu and Aua Islands, and by speakers across the Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. Although the Wuvulu-Aua language has a similar grammatical structure, word order, and tense to other Oceanic languages, it has an unusually complex morphology. Wuvulu Island is located in the Papua New Guinea Manus Province and reaches about 10 feet above sea level. As a member of the Admiralty Islands, the Wuvulu and Aua islands are a part of the Bismarck Archipelago that includes other provinces such as the New Ireland province, the East New Britain province, the Morobe province and much more. Wuvulu is spoken by an estimated 1,600 people in the Manus Province. There are approximately 1,000 speakers of the language on Wuvulu and 400 on Aua. The remaining speakers of Wuvulu inhabit either the other islands located in the Papua New Guinea territory. Wuvulu is most similar to Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, and other Oceanic languages scattered around the Admiralty Islands. Wuvulu-Aua is one of only three languages categorized in the Western subgroup of the Admiralty language. The other two languages are Seimat, and Kaniet, which is now an extinction language. There are three different dialects of Wuvulu that are unique to the different clans located on the island: the Onne dialect, the Auna dialect, and the Aua dialect which is native to the Aua island. Each dialect differs in phoneme, distinguishing them from each other. However, the individual islands Wuvulu and Aua have a lexical and phonological distinction. Classification The Wuvulu-Aua language is part of the Austronesian language family. Additionally, it belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian language group, which is one of the major Nuclear Austronesian language families. Next, based on location, Wuvulu-Aua is in the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian family. If classified more explicitly, it is a member of the Oceanic Western Admiralty Island language family. In fact, Wuvulu-Aua is made up of two languages, Wuvulu and Aua. These two languages, however, vary in the pronunciation of certain consonants like . History Most researchers believed that the Proto-Eastern Malayo Polynesian (PEMP) language was produced in the area called "Bird's Head", which is located on the northwest island of New Guinea. Later, PEMP developed different descendent languages, of which Proto-Oceanic (PO) was one. PO not only reached to the northern coast of New Guinea and Indonesia, but also to Wuvulu, an island of the Bismarck archipelago. There are about thirty-one languages in the Admiralty subgroup of Oceanic languages that are derived from PO. Twenty-eight languages belong to the Eastern Admiralty subgroup, and three other languages (Wuvulu-Aua, Seimat and Kaniet) belong to the Western Admiralty subgroup. Demographic The ancestors of the Wuvulu people made ponds by digging holes and pouring in fresh water to plant hula and the great taro around the pond. Wuvulu people also planted sweet potato, tapioca, and cabbage in their gardens. Fishing is important to Wuvulu society and they have many different methods. One method is to have a group of women form a large half-circle with a fishing net while walking along the reef. The fish hide behind the rocks due to the movement of the tide and the women can easily catch them by lifting the stone. They mainly depend on bush when they are building houses or constructing a canoe. During the German colonial period, locals faced difficulties as the trees were cut down by Germans. The people of Wuvulu often help each other build houses and gardens. Food is often cooked with coconut milk. It is taboo for the local people to eat coconut crab, shellfish, and turtles even though some of them cannot refuse the allure of these foods. The population of Wuvulu was dramatically reduced at the end of the last century by malaria and other diseases spread by outsiders. At that time, at least 90% of the population died of foreign diseases. Christianity is very popular on the island; every Sabbath (Saturday), the residents gather to sing songs written in Hawaiian. Sounds and phonology Vowels Wuvulu-Aua has three distinct dialects, two on Wuvulu island, and one on Aua island. The Auna dialect is spoken on Aua Island, while the Onne dialect is spoken on Wuvulu. The Wuvulu-Aua language has a very small phoneme inventory consisting of 20 phonemes. There are ten vowels; five vowels and five of their long counterparts, and 10 consonants. There are two front vowels and , two back vowels and , and is the only central vowel. High, mid and low vowels are all spread fairly even in terms of frequency. High vowels are the most frequent and mid vowels are the least frequent. There are five long vowels within the Wuvulu language. These five long vowel phonemes share the same phonetic quality as their standard vowel counterparts; however, they are longer in duration. In Wuvulu, there are 20 possible diphthongs of the five basic vowels discussed above. There are eight falling pairs , , , , , , , and , eight rising pairs , , , , , , , and , and four level pairs , , , and . The terms rising, falling and level refer to the rise or fall of the sonority of the diphthongs. Within Wuvulu, there are three vowel pairs that do not exist that are common in other languages. The pairs eo, oe, and ae do not occur in Wuvulu. Previous research suggests that diphthongs are not phonemic in Wuvulu. Consonants There are several publications on Wuvulu-Aua phonology, but they disagree on the allophones of the phonemes , , and . Two publications, Blust 1996 and 2008, vary the number of consonant phonemes, reducing from 14 to 12. The third publication, Hafford 2012, further reduces the consonant phonemes to 10. Wuvulu-Aua contains four plosives, , , , and . There are three approximates , , and . There is one fricative which is usually voiceless however when placed between vowels it can become voiced. And finally, there are two nasals and . There are no consonant clusters within the language. There are only three consonants that contain possible allophones. has three allophones - , , and ; has three allophones - , , and ; and has three allophones - , , and . All allophones are environmentally conditioned. The fricatives and are sometimes voiced intervocalically. The voiceless fricative is sometimes voiced -> . In rapid speech the voiceless fricative is sometimes voiced -> . The use of is not conditioned by a phonological rule. Older generations of Wuvulu-Aua speakers still use the phone. The alveolar trilled is also regularly used by older generations and is understood by children. will generally be used, otherwise and are uttered in complementary distribution (Hafford, 2015, pg. 38). If is adjacent to a [+high] vowel, will become a voiced alveolar stop -> 'child'. Wuvulu has four plural pronouns. For each of the plural pronouns, can be deleted -> (Hafford, 2015, pg. 39). Conditioned variants and have been proposed by Blust 2008. This proposal is a correction from Blust 1996 which proposed that , , , and are all free variation phones. All dialects of Wuvulu-Aua claim that is not a phone as borrowed words from English replace with ʔ. Syllable structure The syllable structure in Wuvulu is (C)V. This means that the vowel is the nucleus of the syllable and can be either a standard vowel, long vowel or a diphthong. The consonant, on the other hand, is optional. All vowels hold one mora of weight; however, long vowels and diphthongs hold two moras of weight. Stress If a syllable in Wuvulu contains a long vowel or diphthong, it is considered "heavy". Therefore, long vowels and diphthongs always carry stress. Similarly, stressed is considered to be linked to vowel length. If a syllable ends with a vowel that is short in length, then they have penultimate stress. Thus, 'sink' has penultimate stress because its final vowel is short in length. If a syllable ends with a vowel that is long in length or a diphthong, then it has ultimate stress; 'my village' has ultimate stress because its final vowel is long in length. Morphosyntax Proto-Oceanic is the ancestor of Wuvulu; though the grammatical structure of Wuvulu is similar, there are also differences. Proto-Oceanic noun-phrase sentence structure is as follows: art + (number/quantifier)+ noun + modifier + demonstrative. In Wuvulu, however, the noun-phrase sentence structure is: (art/demonstrative) + (number/quantifier) + modifiers + noun + modifier . Noun phrases Similar to Proto–Oceanic, nouns are categorized as personal, local, and common. Personal nouns are nouns related to the speaker, such as kin terms or the personal names of people. Local nouns are names of places. All other nouns are common nouns like 'tree'. This category also includes words like 'under' (preposition). Compounds, reduplication, and onomatopoeia are the three ways to construct nouns. Compounds are when two words combine together to form a new word. For example ('spotted triggerfish') is formed from ('table') and ('sea bird'). ('driftwood') and ('bicycle') are examples of reduplication. Onomatopoeic words include or ('knock'), which mimics the sound of knocking on a door. Verb phrases Wuvulu has a single word that contains 20 morphemes (morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning in a language), which is the most complicated single verb among the 500 Oceanic languages. Verbs can be attached by subject and object clitics and can have added mood, aspect, completion, etc. Example: 'to throw' 'throw it!' 'Throw the stone' bound with object marker The verb root takes the transitive morpheme (-ca) When an intransitive word changes to a transitive word, the causative maker must be added to the word. Example: to 'run' (transitive) 'make it run' (intransitive) When a noun changes to a verb, the suffix has to be put at the end of the original word. If the verb is intransitive, then the marker is used to change into transitive word. Adverb There are six different adverb morphemes to describe verbs, including complete, frequent, infrequent, eventual, intensified, and sequential. (Note: these markers are prefixes.) The marker describes actions done completely. The marker describes actions done frequently. The marker describes actions done infrequently. The marker describes actions done eventually. The marker describes actions done with strong emotion. The marker describes actions done prior to other actions. Wuvulu also has suffix adverbs. The marker describe actions done within a limit, similar to only in English. The markers (intransitive) and (transitive) describe actions done repeatedly. Verbal clitics Pronominal clitics in Wuvulu are modified forms of free pronouns that are bound to the edges of verb stem. Verb clitics are able to be used as subjects, objects of a clause, or co-located in a clause with noun phrases. Subject proclitics Wuvulu is one of the few languages to have a structure similar for subject proclitics, which was thought to be exclusive to Proto-Oceanic. There are three possibilities as to where the Wuvulu subject proclitics are from. Example: Clause structure Clause structure is divided into verbal clauses and verbless clauses. Verbless is constructed by two nouns that are close together. In this kind of sentence, pause【，】separated between the subject and predicate. Ex: ia, futa ('He, (is a) chef'). According to Foley & Van Valin (1984) and Van Valin & LaPolla (1997), verbal clauses can be described with one model. [ Clause [ Adjunct ] [ Core [Nucleus] ] Adjunct Example: Yesterday the PL man 3SG=Real-cast-have-TR the.PL tuna at sea 'Yesterday the men caught the tuna at sea.' According to the model above: [ Clause [ Adjunct ] [ Core [Nucleus] ] Adjunct [ [ yesterday ] [ the men ] [ they=caught ] the tuna] at sea Syntax Wuvulu, like the other 30 languages in the Admiralty Islands language family, is a subject–verb–object (SVO) language. However, it has a tendency towards verb–object–subject syntax because Wuvulu is very similar to Proto-Oceanic, in which verbal agreement marking and its propensity for the subject constituent are at the end of the sentence. Verbless clauses The predicate nominal is formed by two close noun phrases. Usually, the first noun phrase is the subject and the second is the predicate. Example: PRON.3SG chief ' He is a chief.' The predicate locative is formed when a noun is followed by a location noun. Example: Pron.3SG PROPN 'He is there.' Verbal clauses Existential clauses express the existence of something by using the verb , equivalent to there is in English. Declarative clauses are used to denote a situation. (Note: realis and irrealis mood will be used) Example: 3SG=REAL-work=3SG 'He did it.' Imperative clauses are a sentence without a subject, but a second-person subject is assumed. Example: mi-to=nia! DIR-get=3SG 'Come get it!' Deontic clauses are like imperative clauses but in a command form. Example: 2PL=DEON-go 'You must leave!' Verbal morphology Among the Oceanic languages, Wuvulu has one of the most complex morphologies. Unlike Proto-Oceanic, Wuvulu does not use derivational morphology. It gets verb derivation from nouns and adjectives. Wuvulu also gets transitive verbs from intransitive verbs. To get verb derivation from nouns or adjectives (intransitive) and adjectives by adding a suffix (-i) to the noun or adjective. A verb from noun creates a sentence that means 'to be [noun or adjective]' when adding -i. When the suffix is combined with the prefix, the meaning of the sentence can be changed to 'to cause/let something become [noun or adjective]'. Example: 'the stone' 3SG=REAL-stone-DER 'It is stone.' 3SG=REAL-CAUS-stone-DER-TR PRON.3DU 'She turned the two to stone.' Intransitive verbs are formed from transitive verbs by adding the causative marker . Example: ʔi=na-poni 3SG=REAL-run 'He ran.' ʔi=na-fa-poni=a 3SG=REAL-CAUS-run=3SG 'She made it run.' Transitive Transitive verbs can come from adjectives when adding the causative marker -fa. Example: ʔi=na-fa-rawani=nia 3SG=REAL-CAUS-good=3SG 'He treated her well.' ʔi=na-fa-afelo=ia 3SG=REAL-CAUS-bad=3SG 'He destroyed it (lit. caused it to be bad).' Preverbal morphology "Preverbal morphemes within the Wuvulu verb phrase, consists of positions for subject clitics, and inflectional prefixes denoting mood/aspect and direction". Example: (SUBJECT=) (MOOD/ASPECT-) (DIRECTION-) VERB (-ADVERBIAL) (=OBJECT) (-DIRECTIONAL) Generally, the Oceanic language family tends to have pre-verbal morphemes that are free or prefixed. But in Wuvulu, pre-verbal and post-verbal morphemes are bounded by the verb stem, except for subjects and objects, which can be free nominals, verbal clitics, or both. Mood Like Proto-Oceanic, Wuvulu also lacks a tense category. Though it lacks a tense category, it tends to use mood, aspect markers, and time phrases to express tenses. The realis mood/marker inflection conveys past tense. () ro=na-biri=ʔia 3PL=REAL-work=3SG 'They did it.' However, an irrealis mood/marker does not convey past tense. ro=ʔa-biri=ʔia 3PL=IRR-work=3SG 'They are about to do it.' Demonstratives Demonstratives (i.e. spatial deictics) are used to position tangible objects/persons concerning speech-act participants. Articles and third-person pronouns are heavily related to demonstratives in numerous languages. There are numerous variations including time or temporal deictics, among others, but spatial deictics are a particularly essential element of comprehensive communication. To interpret a deictic, one must consider the specific context in terms of who said it, where it was said, and who it was directed at, as these are uniquely context-dependent. Wuvulu consists of demonstrative identifiers that allow for determining the proximity or spatial position in relation to the speaker. This is expressed by three forms, essential to determining the position in space of the subject, which is a concept inherited from Proto-Oceanic. As can be seen in table 1, the sequences 'close', 'far', and 'unspecified' are used to understand each specific context, using the distance in relation to the speaker. Broadly speaking, Oceanic languages utilize a three-way distinction between proximal, intermediate, and distal forms, but the way in which the distinction appears varies between languages. (Notably, refers to 'near' in spatial deictics, but is glossed as 'now' in a temporal context, and close anaphor in discourse reference. This alludes to the morphological complexity seen in Wuvulu.) This tends to be the observed close geographical trend of languages using a three-way contrast, but Loniu, a language spoken on Manus island (a neighboring island in the Bismarck Archipelago) features a two-way contrast, and is one of the closest geographical neighbors to Wuvulu and Aua. This may be due to a variety of reasons, but it demonstrates the significant variation in influences impacting specific languages to result in the diversity seen today. The demonstrative family of morphemes used in Wuvulu allows for many possible uses. Below is a table of the glossed translations of each plural form, including the distance of each spatial deictic. As can be seen below, the plural demonstrative is used to mark the plurality (people vs. singular person) through an unspecified distance; there is no particular distance in this context the speaker is trying to emphasize. the people REAL-jump on boat 'the people boarded the ship' Further, in the clearest sense, spatial deictics can be seen through speech acts from speaker to hearer, referring to proximity in space. This can be seen in: these stars REAL very light 'these stars are very bright' where is used to signify a particular constellation of stars that is close when compared to another constellation not explicitly stated here, but is being referenced. Similarly, those star REAL bright 'those stars are bright' where , the plural demonstrative, is used to indicate a far distance, as 'those' stars are far, relative to another undefined group of stars. These two examples allow for a clear demonstration of the requirement for spatial deictics, that they can be used to express the difference between relative spatial positioning. While not a related language (and thus, not to be directly compared), this distinction occurs in English discourse through words like that or those, allowing for a depth of communication not otherwise available. These elements can be seen at work in the languages of the Oceanic region, and often follow similar patterns in terms of semantic organization to allow for these distinctions to be made. Singular demonstrative identifiers and articles are modified in instances of animation, as well as spatial context. The below close demonstratives allow for determination of what is being referred to, whether inanimate or animate. It is interesting to note that plural identifiers of demonstratives in Wuvulu-Aua do not account for animation, and where animation is expressed, it is limited to humans or spiritual beings or deities with personality. 'this father' 'this canoe' When discussing the living father, the animate demonstrative is used, but for the inanimate canoe, is used, showing a distinction for the living being. This distinction is not limited to close demonstratives, but is seen in far and unspecified distances also: 'that father' 'that canoe' 'the father' 'the canoe' These distinctions are summarized in the table above, and allow the hearer to determine within the context what is being referred to, as given by the deictic that marks for animation and position in space. This allows for further depth of discourse within the language, and is an important process within language formation to allow for nuanced discourse. Functions of demonstratives Particular referents Demonstratives in Wuvulu can be referents and surround a noun phrase (NP) to emphasize it as the focus of the sentence. This is key as it allows for clarification in discourse and serves in identification purposes. For example: this person this REAL-marry yesterday 'this particular person married yesterday' Pronominal demonstratives Demonstratives can also function in the position of a pronoun as NP arguments. They are in a phrase-initial position, with an adjectival modifier position before the head noun, when they used to be phrase-final. For example, is the object of the verb in: 3PL-DEON-move-get-come-that 'They must fetch that (person).' They can also be used post-verbally, working with the third person subject clitic = '3SG' or = '3PL', seen in these examples: 3SG=REAL-move-DIR that 'That (thing) came.' 3PL=REAL-move-DIR those 'Those (people/things) came.' In discourse, pronominal demonstratives are not used very often as they are highly complex, and have limited situations for application. Adverbial demonstratives Demonstratives can also act as adverbs to highlight the location of verbs. While adverbs function to provide additional information to a situation (i,e. location), combining these with spatial deictics allows for future clarification and accuracy within discourse. ʔi ‘at’ (prepositional) and iei ‘there’ are demonstrative morphemes that express location, as seen in the following examples: 3SG=REAL-put=3SG here 'He put it here.' 3PL=DEON-stay there 'They must stay there.' 3PL=DEON-stay there 'They must stay there (distant)' The prepositional is utilized before a locational form, to indicate things nearby or in the vicinity of the specific thing in question. Negation Wuvulu negation can be broadly divided into verbal negation and clausal negation. Verbal negation in Wuvulu takes the form of an inflectional morpheme. It occurs in the pre-stem position of the verb (the position occupied by inflections between the subject marker and the verb stem itself). Within the pre-stem position, the negation marker specifically occurs between the mood marker and the aspect marker. The location of the negation marker in the pre-stem position is show below. The Wuvulu negation marker can take one of two forms: or . The form always occurs after the deontic morpheme, , resulting in the form 'must not'. Below is an example of negating a verb. {\| \| (1) \|\|oma'oma'a \|\|fei \|\|tala \|ba \|ro-nei-'a-we-no-'ua-mai \|- \| \|\|rd-oma'a\|\|the\|\|road \|cmpz \|p-must-neg-ev-move-adv-come \|- \| \|\| colspan="8" \|'Watch the road so that they do not just come [and surprise us].' \|} The marker is always used with the irrealis mood, therefore falling after the irrealis marker , as in (2), to mark situations which were expected to occur, but have not. {\| \| (2) \|\|i-mina-1apa'a \|\|manumanu \|i-'a-ta-we-no-mai \|hinene \|- \| \|\|3s-adv-know \|thing \|3s-irr-neg-ev-move-come \|later \|- \| \|\| colspan="7" \|'He completely knows things that have not yet occurred (has the ability to predict or divine).' \|} The form also commonly occurs with the eventuality marker , as seen in (2), resulting in . This is used to refer to events that have not happened yet, and alone simply refers to those that have not happened. Clausal negation in Wuvulu can be further divided into clausal (the negation of an entire clause), and constituent (the negation of a particular constituent within a clause). For clausal negation the word occurs before the clause being negated. An example of this is found below. {\| \| (3) \|\|Lomi \|lagu-na-bigi-bigi \|suta \|- \| \|\|neg\|\|3dl-real-rd-work \|taro garden \|- \| \|\| colspan="6" \|'The two were not working the taro garden.' \|} For constituent negation, can also function as a negator, as can the word . In both cases, the word occurs directly before the constituent being negated. Examples of each marker are below. {\| \| (4) \|\|Lomi \|na-'aida \|hara-na, \|yoi \|ma'ua \|meni \|Beatau \|- \| \|\|neg\|\|real-know \|name-3s \|2s \|but \|this \|propn \|- \| \|\| colspan="10" \|'You do not know his name, but this is Beatau.' \|} {\| \| (5) \|\|agu-a-di-poni \|aba \|tafi-u \|meni \|ua \|hani'u \|- \| \|\|ldl-irr-adv-run \|neg \|sister-ls \|this \|but \|demon \|- \| \|\| colspan="9" \|'Let's leave. This isn't my sister, but (a) devil.' \|} A negated clause using is often coordinated by the conjunction to a contrastive positive clause. Examples of with and without this contrastive clause are (5) and (6) respectively. {\| \| (6) \|\|ma \|agia \|aba \|ale- 'ei \|- \| \|\|and\|\|no \|neg \|like- Pl \|- \| \|\| colspan="7" \|'But no—it's not like that.' \|} Clausal and constituent negation are frequently used to express negative conditions, as seen twice in (7). {\| \| (7) \|\|ma \|naba \|lomi \|lagu-na-fi-siba-i \|lagu \|ei \|fi-tafi \|lomi \|i-ma-mara \|fei \|Haua \|- \| \|\|and\|\|if \|neg \|3dl-real-rcpr-anger-hrm \|two \|the \|rcpr-sister-hrm \|neg \|3s-rd-dry \|the \|propn \|- \| \|\| colspan="14" \|'And if the two hadn't been cross— the two sisters, Haua wouldn't have been created.' \|} Note that the word appears to occur in free variation with . It can be seen below in (8) in which it functions as a clausal negator. However, according to Hafford (1999), this free variation may require further research before it can be confirmed. {\| \| (8) \|\|lo'e \|fau-fau-na \|- \| \|\|neg\|\|rd-power-3s \|- \| \|\| colspan="5" \|'He did not have power.' \|} Possession Possession in Wuvulu can be indicated in two ways: either by a bound possessor suffix attached to the head noun of a noun phrase, or by juxtaposing noun phrases. The head noun always precedes the possessive marker/possessor, whether the possessor is indicated by the bound suffix, or by a juxtaposed noun phrase, as demonstrated in the examples in this section. Possessed nouns, as for other Oceanic languages, are classified in terms of either indirect or direct possession (similar to alienable or inalienable possession, respectively), with indirectly possessed nouns being divided further into three categories, as detailed below. Possessor suffixes In the case of possessor suffixes, the suffix differs based on whether the possessor is first-, second- or third-person. These suffixes are only used when there is a single possessor – that is, they cannot be used in the case of more than one possessor (e.g. "their farm", where their indicates two or more people). For a possessor suffix to be applied to an indirectly possessed noun, there are three possessum nouns ("classifiers") which must be used in the place of an explicit reference to the indirectly possessed object. The classifiers correspond to three categories of objects: for edible things, for drinkable things, and for general indirect possession. Hafford (1999) states, "These classifiers act as nouns… taking quantifiers, articles and bound agreement suffixes." Accordingly, the possessor suffixes attach either to a directly possessed noun, or a classifier noun corresponding to an indirectly possessed object (e.g.: 'your taro' = 'your edible thing' = -). That is, indirectly possessed nouns can only take a possessor suffix when they are represented by a possessum noun. Hafford (2015) states, "The suffixed possessum noun is optionally followed by a more specific alienable noun as in, , 'my food, taro'". The category of directly possessed nouns includes body parts (except for genitalia) and names, as well as direct objects such as "familiar places (e.g., one's 'house'), and indispensable objects (such as 'canoe' and 'bush knife')." Possessor suffixes are also applied to kin terms, for instance, 'mother' , 'father' , and 'child' . As mentioned above, genitalia fall into the category of the general indirect possessum noun , contrary to other body parts, which are treated as directly possessed. This may be due to a desire to maintain modesty, allowing the speaker to refer to genitalia without explicitly referring to the particular body part. The following table outlines the possession suffixes which can be utilized in Wuvulu: See the examples below for a demonstration of the usage of the bound suffixes to indicate direct and indirect possession. The first two examples are for direct possession, for first- and second-person respectively. The third example is for indirect possession, for third-person. The example of , 'name' is given (Hafford, 1999) – a directly possessed noun utilizing the first-person suffix: For second person affixation, another example is provided (Hafford, 1999), using the directly possessed noun , 'work': In the following example (Hafford, 1999), we see the third-person possessor suffix applied to the possessum noun for edible things. Juxtaposed noun phrases Possession can be indicated by the juxtaposition of noun phrases. This method can be used to indicate possession by multiple possessors, as well as a single possessor. The condition that indirectly possessed nouns are represented by a possessum noun also holds for this method of indicating possession, and in such cases, "the classifier precedes the possessor noun phrase as in 'possession of theirs'", demonstrated in example (12) below. Example (12) also demonstrates the application of this method for multiple (dual, in this case) possessors (Hafford, 1999): The method can also be applied for both direct and indirect possession. The possessed noun phrase precedes the possessor noun phrase, and multiple layers of possession can be embedded into one phrase. An example of this layering of possession in English is an expression such as "the house of the son of the doctor" (the doctor in "the son of the doctor", and the son in "the house of the son" are both possessors). An example from Wuvulu of layered possession is given below (Hafford, 1999): Vocabulary The Wuvulu phonemic inventory consists of 10 consonants, 10 vowels, and 10 diphthongs. Wuvulu diphthongs separate vowels phonetically, despite the fact that when spoken, the vowels create one phonetic sound Within the Wuvulu language, the vowel "a" dominates as most common, having a one-third frequency in the language. Wuvulu has two numerical systems, one for animate objects and one for inanimate objects. Both numerical systems are a senary, or base-6 numerical systems, where the numbers following six are multipliers of six. For example, the word for two inanimate objects is , whereas the number for two animate objects is . There are several basic words that is stable and do not change hugely which include the words for 'blood' (), 'stone' () and 'the sun' (). Each number less than or equivalent to four is representative of the Proto-Oceanic language. Any number following four demonstrative of a multiplicative construct, similarly found in the Marshall Islands. For example, the number five in Wuvulu is . in Wuvulu is 'one', while means 'hand'. On one hand, there are five fingers, hence, 'one hand' translating to . Similarly, for larger numbers the system becomes more complex. translates to 'eight'; when the word is broken down, means 'four', is 'multiply', and is 'two'. Loosely translated, it means 'four multiply two'. Therefore, translates to 'eight' in Wuvulu. People and locations addressed must use proper nouns with the morpheme added as a prefix to any name. The use of this prefix is not limited to proper nouns but can also be used for pronouns, such as when addressing a relative like "auntie", "sister", or "mother". Wuvulu family names can either be based on the patriarch's name or clan names. Some family names are named after locations due to settlers associating locations with clan names. Notes References Diessel, Holger (2013). Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives. In Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/41 Himmelmann, Nikolaus (1996). Demonstratives in Narrative Discourse: A Taxonomy of Universal uses. University of Koln. pp. 205 – 243. Ross, Malcom (2004). Demonstratives, local nouns and directional in Oceanic languages: a diachronic perspective. National Library of Australia. pp. 175 – 200. Further reading External links Kaipuleohone's Robert Blust collection includes written materials and audio recordings of Wuvulu Two additional Wuvulu texts are archived in Kaipuleohone (JH1-001, JH1-002) Paradisec has a collection of Wuvulu texts, stories and songs from PNG from James Hafford Paradisec has several other collections that include Wuvulu materials Admiralty Islands languages Languages of Manus Province
Ratnakar is an Indian name derived from Sanskrit Ratna. Ratnakar Hari Kelkar (1904–1985), reviser and translator of the Bible Ratnakar Matkari (born 1938), Marathi writer Ratnakar Pai (1928–2009), Hindustani classical music vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana Ratnakar Pandey, a politician from India Ratnakar Bank, a scheduled commercial bank in Maharashtra Dashyu Ratnakar, a 1962 Ollywood/Oriya film directed by Prabhat Mukherjee Dasyu Ratnakar Ratnakar (2019 film), a 2019 Assamese-language film by Jatin Bora See also Ratna (disambiguation) Kar (disambiguation) Indian given names
Heartland is a 1979 American film, directed by Richard Pearce, starring Rip Torn and Conchata Ferrell. The film is a stark depiction of early homestead life in the American West. It is based on a memoir by Elinore Pruitt Stewart, titled Letters of a Woman Homesteader (1914). Plot In 1910 Wyoming, a widow and her seven-year old daughter travel by train to two great unknowns - a strange land and life in a remote frontier with a man they never met. Production Set in southwestern Wyoming, where Stewart homesteaded, the movie was filmed in central Montana. The soundtrack features New Orleans clarinetist George Lewis playing the hymn "What a Friend We Have in Jesus." Reception In 1980, the film was featured as a "Buried Treasure" (a film that received little attention during its initial run) by film critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel on an episode of the TV show, Sneak Previews, (the latter put the film as one of the best films of 1981). Cast Rip Torn as Clyde Stewart Conchata Ferrell as Elinore Randall Stewart Barry Primus as Jack Megan Folsom as Jerrine Lilia Skala as Mrs. Landauer Amy Wright as Clara Jane Jerry Hardin as Cattlebuyer Mary Boylan as Ma Gillis Jeff Boschee as Land Office Agent #1 Robert Overholzer as Land Office Agent #2 Bob Sirucek as Dan Byrd Marvin Berg as Justice of the Peace Gary Voldseth as Cowboy Mike Robertson as Cowboy Doug Johnson as Cowboy Awards In 1980, the film shared the Golden Bear award for Best Film at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival, and one year later on the Top Ten Films from National Board of Review alongside cinematic heavyweights like Academy Award for Best Picture winner Chariots of Fire and the Steven Spielberg blockbuster Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. See also Elinore Pruitt Stewart Homestead, Wyoming, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places American Midwest Days of Heaven, the 1978 Terrence Malick film similar in content References External links 1979 films Films set in the 1910s Films set in Wyoming Films shot in Montana Golden Bear winners 1979 drama films Films directed by Richard Pearce American drama films American Playhouse 1970s English-language films 1970s American films
```objective-c /* * * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public * * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * * along with this library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not, write to * the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, * Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. / #ifndef EditingBehavior_h #define EditingBehavior_h #include "core/CoreExport.h" #include "core/editing/EditingBehaviorTypes.h" namespace blink { class KeyboardEvent; class CORE_EXPORT EditingBehavior { public: explicit EditingBehavior(EditingBehaviorType type) : m_type(type) { } // Individual functions for each case where we have more than one style of editing behavior. // Create a new function for any platform difference so we can control it here. // When extending a selection beyond the top or bottom boundary of an editable area, // maintain the horizontal position on Windows and Android but extend it to the boundary of // the editable content on Mac and Linux. bool shouldMoveCaretToHorizontalBoundaryWhenPastTopOrBottom() const { return m_type != EditingWindowsBehavior && m_type != EditingAndroidBehavior; } // On Windows, selections should always be considered as directional, regardless if it is // mouse-based or keyboard-based. bool shouldConsiderSelectionAsDirectional() const { return m_type != EditingMacBehavior; } // On Mac, when revealing a selection (for example as a result of a Find operation on the Browser), // content should be scrolled such that the selection gets certer aligned. bool shouldCenterAlignWhenSelectionIsRevealed() const { return m_type == EditingMacBehavior; } // On Mac, style is considered present when present at the beginning of selection. On other platforms, // style has to be present throughout the selection. bool shouldToggleStyleBasedOnStartOfSelection() const { return m_type == EditingMacBehavior; } // Standard Mac behavior when extending to a boundary is grow the selection rather than leaving the base // in place and moving the extent. Matches NSTextView. bool shouldAlwaysGrowSelectionWhenExtendingToBoundary() const { return m_type == EditingMacBehavior; } // On Mac, when processing a contextual click, the object being clicked upon should be selected. bool shouldSelectOnContextualMenuClick() const { return m_type == EditingMacBehavior; } // On Mac and Windows, pressing backspace (when it isn't handled otherwise) should navigate back. bool shouldNavigateBackOnBackspace() const { return m_type != EditingUnixBehavior && m_type != EditingAndroidBehavior; } // On Mac, selecting backwards by word/line from the middle of a word/line, and then going // forward leaves the caret back in the middle with no selection, instead of directly selecting // to the other end of the line/word (Unix/Windows behavior). bool shouldExtendSelectionByWordOrLineAcrossCaret() const { return m_type != EditingMacBehavior; } // Based on native behavior, when using ctrl(alt)+arrow to move caret by word, ctrl(alt)+left arrow moves caret to // immediately before the word in all platforms, for example, the word break positions are: "\|abc \|def \|hij \|opq". // But ctrl+right arrow moves caret to "abc \|def \|hij \|opq" on Windows and "abc\| def\| hij\| opq\|" on Mac and Linux. bool shouldSkipSpaceWhenMovingRight() const { return m_type == EditingWindowsBehavior; } // On Mac, undo of delete/forward-delete of text should select the deleted text. On other platforms deleted text // should not be selected and the cursor should be placed where the deletion started. bool shouldUndoOfDeleteSelectText() const { return m_type == EditingMacBehavior; } // Support for global selections, used on platforms like the X Window // System that treat selection as a type of clipboard. bool supportsGlobalSelection() const { return m_type != EditingWindowsBehavior && m_type != EditingMacBehavior; } // Convert a KeyboardEvent to a command name like "Copy", "Undo" and so on. // If nothing, return empty string. const char interpretKeyEvent(const KeyboardEvent&) const; bool shouldInsertCharacter(const KeyboardEvent&) const; private: EditingBehaviorType m_type; }; } // namespace blink #endif // EditingBehavior_h ```
The Sessions Band is an American musical group that has periodically recorded and toured with American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen in various formations since 1997. History The Sessions Band was first formed in October 1997. That September, Springsteen had organized a fiesta-themed party at his Colts Neck, New Jersey farm and invited the New York–based band The Gotham Playboys to provide entertainment. The next month, Springsteen was invited to donate a recording to an upcoming tribute album to folk singer Pete Seeger. He re-contacted the Playboys and some additional musicians whom he knew through E Street Band violinist Soozie Tyrell, and recorded a number of songs on November 2, 1997. These included "We Shall Overcome", which was released on the 1998 tribute album, Where Have All The Flowers Gone: The Songs Of Pete Seeger. The group was then disbanded for an extended period. In late 2004, while reviewing material for a possible follow-up to his Tracks box set, Springsteen stumbled upon these recordings and decided to release them as a stand-alone project. There was not enough material, however, so he reformed the band for what would become known as the Second Seeger Session on March 19, 2005. The third and, so far, final Seeger Session took place on January 21, 2006. On April 25, 2006, the album was released as We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (so titled as each of the album's thirteen songs had been previously recorded or performed by Pete Seeger). The subsequent Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour took this musical approach even further, with a travelling group partly composed of musicians from the sessions. On October 3, 2006, the album was reissued as We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions – American Land Edition with five additional tracks. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album at the 49th Grammy Awards held in February 2007, and had sold 700,000 copies in the United States by January 2009; the RIAA certified it with gold record status. Members of the Sessions Band occasionally guested on Springsteen and the E Street Band's 2007–2008 Magic Tour. After E Street Band organist Danny Federici ceased touring with the band due to melanoma in November 2007, and his subsequent death in April 2008, Sessions Band member Charles Giordano joined the E Street Band for the remainder of the Magic Tour and has been with the band ever since. On Springsteen's 2009 Working on a Dream Tour with the E Street Band, Giordano was joined in the touring band by Sessions Band members Cindy Mizelle and Curtis King, who sang backup vocals. Curt Ramm also toured with the E Street Band for much of the final leg of the tour, playing trumpet on select songs. On Springsteen's 2012 Wrecking Ball Tour, Giordano, Mizelle, and King were joined in full-time roles by Ramm on trumpet, Ed Manion on saxophone, and Clark Gayton on trombone. Other members of the band occasionally guested at shows on the Working on a Dream Tour. Sam Bardfeld along with a string section that he fronted, appeared at a few shows on Springsteen's The River Tour 2016. Springsteen has indicated he would like to do another project with the Sessions Band in the future. On May 16, 2015, Springsteen reunited with a version of the Sessions Band for a four-song set at the Kristen Ann Carr Fund's "A Night To Remember" event in tribute to Thom Zimny at Tribeca Grill in New York City. The band, billed for the evening as the Tribeca Playboys, consisted of Charles Giordano on accordion, Jeremy Chatzky on upright bass, Larry Eagle on drums, Sam Bardfeld and Soozie Tyrell on fiddle, Losa Lowell on vocals and guitar, Ed Manion on saxophone, and Curt Ramm on trumpet; the group was also joined by guests Nils Lofgren on guitar, Curtis King on vocals, and restaurateur and venue host Drew Nieporent on washboard. Band members Seeger Sessions Studio Band Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, B3 organ, and percussion Sam Bardfeld – violin Art Baron – tuba Frank Bruno – guitar Jeremy Chatzky – upright bass Mark Clifford – banjo Larry Eagle – drums and percussion Charles Giordano – B3 organ, piano, and accordion Ed Manion – saxophone Mark Pender – trumpet, backing vocals Richie "La Bamba" Rosenberg – trombone, backing vocals Patti Scialfa – backing vocals Soozie Tyrell – violin, backing vocals Lisa Lowell-backing vocals Sessions Band (touring band) The band ranged in size from 17 and 20 members on stage, depending upon availability on a given night. About half the members had played on the Seeger Sessions album, while the other half were new. Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, occasional harmonica Marc "Chocolate Genius" Thompson – acoustic guitar, background vocals, some featured lead vocals Patti Scialfa – acoustic guitar, background vocals, some featured duet vocals Frank Bruno – acoustic guitar, some background vocals, occasional drums and washboard Soozie Tyrell – violin, background vocals Sam Bardfeld – violin Greg Liszt – banjo Marty Rifkin – pedal steel guitar Charles Giordano – accordion, piano, organ Jeremy Chatzky – upright bass, occasional electric bass Larry Eagle – drums Lisa Lowell – background vocals Curtis King – background vocals Cindy Mizelle – background vocals Art Baron – tuba, occasional trombone Eddie Manion – saxophones Mark Pender and/or Curt Ramm – trumpet Richie "La Bamba" Rosenberg and/or Clark Gayton – trombone Discography Where Have All The Flowers Gone: The Songs of Pete Seeger (1998) We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions - American Land Edition (2006) Bruce Springsteen with The Sessions Band: Live in Dublin (2007) Give Us Your Poor (2007) References Bruce Springsteen Musical groups established in 1997 Musical backing groups
The Late News is a British late evening news programme that was broadcast on ITV television network on Friday at 11:00pm between 18 January 2008 to 6 March 2009. It was produced by ITN. The thirty-minute news programme, introduced alongside a revamped News at Ten that aired from Monday to Thursday, enabled ITV to air dramas and entertainment programming past 10:00pm on Friday evenings. The Late News was initially presented by News at Ten newscasters Mark Austin and Julie Etchingham. After two months, The Late News was realigned with ITV News branding and presented by one newscaster, although continued to be introduced by continuity announcers and billed in television listings as The Late News until its demise. Following an increase in viewing figures for News at Ten, ITV cancelled The Late News on 2 March 2009 in order for the 10:00pm programme to air every weeknight at that time. Presenters References External links 2008 British television series debuts 2009 British television series endings British television news shows English-language television shows ITN ITV news shows
In enzymology, a 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene + NADP+ 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-(dimethylamino)phenylazobenzene:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene oxide reductase, dimethylaminoazobenzene N-oxide reductase, NADPH-dependent DMAB N-oxide reductase, and NADPH:4-(dimethylamino)phenylazoxybenzene oxidoreductase. References EC 1.7.1 NADPH-dependent enzymes Enzymes of unknown structure
The 2014 Al-Safira offensive, code-named "Zaeir al Ahrar” ("The Freemen Roar"), was a short-lived operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian civil war in Aleppo Governorate, in an attempt to attack "three sites of the army which are al-Adnaneyyi, al-Zeraa al-Foqaneyyi and al-Ezraa al-Tahtatnia in order to open a road to attack the Defense Factories where helicopters take off in order to drop barrel bombs onto Aleppo, Idlib and Hama". The defense factories produced the barrel bombs that are dropped onto the city of Aleppo and its countryside. Rebel offensive On 8 October, the rebel Ahrar ash-Sham announced the start of a battle called "Zaeir al Ahrar". That day, rebels of this group captured the villages of Qashotah, al Barzaneyyi, Diman, al Zera’ah al Tehtaneyyi and al Zera’ah al Foqaneyyi near the Defense Factories. At least 14 soldiers and 5 rebels were killed, while two helicopters were downed while trying to take off from the Defense Factories. On 9 October, the Army claimed to have conducted a counterattack on rebel forces in Al-Barzaaniyya, Al-Zara’a, Bashkawi, Banaan Al-Hass, Kafr Akkar, and Al-‘Adnaniyya, resulting in the recapture of several of these villages. The Army also claimed that the rebels had refocused their offensive to the Khanasser countryside. On 10 October, rebels captured the village of Abotbeh, leading to the death of 9 soldiers and losses among the rebels. This village is close to the town of Tal Abour, 2 km away from the Defense Factories. Rebels also captured the village of Sad’ayya overnight, before it was recaptured later that day. Army counter-attack On 12 October, the Army launched a counter-attack and regained control over the villages that were captured by the rebels since 8 October. References Al-Safira Al-Safira Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government October 2014 events in Syria As-Safira District
Mary Amelia Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury (16 August 1750 – 22 November 1835), known as Emily Mary Cecil, was an English aristocrat, Tory political hostess and sportswoman. The marchioness's eccentricity was frequently remarked upon, in particular her style of dress; her clothes were often of her own design. Early life Emily Cecil was born in Dublin as Mary Amelia Hill, the daughter of Wills Hill, 2nd Viscount Hillsborough (later the first Marquess of Downshire), and his first wife, Margaretta Fitzgerald (1729–1766), sister of James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster. Her father was the Secretary of State for the Colonies under Lord North from 1768 to 1772, a critical period leading toward the American War of Independence. Life Emily married James Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, the heir of James Cecil, 6th Earl of Salisbury, on 2 December 1773. After marriage, she became a prominent political hostess of the Tory party. Unusually for a woman at the time, she not only took part in the sport of fox hunting but also became the first Englishwoman to serve as a Master of Foxhounds, taking over the command of the Hatfield Hunt from her husband in 1775. Children The couple had four children: Lady Georgiana Charlotte Augusta Cecil (d. 1860), married Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley Lady Emily Anne Bennet Elizabeth Cecil (d. 1858), married George Nugent, 1st Marquess of Westmeath and had issue Caroline Cecil, died young James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury (1791–1868) Death Following her husband's death, Lady Salisbury continued to live with her son and grandchildren at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, where she died in a fire on 27 November 1835 at the age of eighty-five. It was thought that feathers in her hat caught alight when she was at her writing-desk and caused the conflagration. The fire destroyed the west wing of the house and only a few bones of hers were found. References Salisbury English political hostesses 1750 births 1835 deaths Deaths from fire Emily Daughters of British marquesses Wives of knights Masters of foxhounds in England

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