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The Gympie Music Muster is an Australian music festival held in and around the Amamoor Creek State Forest at Amamoor Creek near Gympie, Queensland, Australia.
The Muster started as a community fundraiser in 1982 and has now grown to a four-day festival attracting musicians from across Australia and internationally. The 2015 Gympie Muster attracted a crowd of over 23,000.
A fundraising initiative of the Apex Club of Gympie, the Muster is a registered charity with all profits distributed among worthy community groups and charity partners, both locally and nationally. An ever-growing number of community groups are also involved in the staging of the event, and for most, it is their major fundraiser for the year. There is a real sense of community ownership in the Muster with now more than 35 local community groups involved in the event's success. It's also the second largest country music festival in Australia, after Tamworth.
History
Since its inception, the Muster has raised more than $15,000,000 dollars for local community groups and charity partners Australia-wide.
In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Gympie Music Muster was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an "event and festival".
In 2020 the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. In 2021 the Muster was cancelled again due to COVID restrictions, the Queensland–New South Wales border being closed on 23 June. Greg Cavanagh, chairman of Gympie Music Muster, said in 2021 "We would put the entire future of this festival in jeopardy if we charged ahead this year ….", and "… it was simply too risky with most patrons and artists coming from outside of Queensland". The line-up in 2021 was to feature all Australian artists including: Troy Cassar-Daley, Kasey Chambers, Graeme Connors, Lee Kernaghan and Busby Marou.
Location
The music festival is sited beside the Amamoor Creek State Forest. In 2012, a fully equipped field hospital was staffed in an effort to ensure safety and deal with medical emergencies.
The venue for The Muster is beside the picturesque Amamoor Creek State Forest in the Sunshine Coast hinterland, 40-kilometres southwest of Gympie. The event is family friendly with children under 12 admitted free.
There are over 50 hectares of well maintained, planned camping facilities, plenty of hot showers and toilets, and a central entertainment for those who want to immerse themselves in The Muster experience and facilities include food stalls, bars and baristas. The entry ticket price gives Muster patrons free camping and access to the multiple venues and all performances.
35 years of Mates, Music and Making a Difference
In late August 2016, Australia's largest charity festival kicked off for four days of mates, music, and making a difference.
Celebrating its 35th year in 2016, the festival delivered Australian Music with 120 artists in over 300 performances across the multiple venues of the festival.
2016 headline acts included a who's who of Australia's biggest stars of Country Music including Kasey Chambers, John Williamson, Beccy Cole, The McClymonts, Troy Cassar-Daley and Adam Harvey. They were joined from Canada by Gord Bamford, Delta Blues artist Corey Harris and also from the US comedian Rodney Carrington plus a host of Aussie favorites including O’Shea, The Wolfe Brothers, Shane Nicholson and others.
Co-founder of The Gympie Muster and legendary country musician, Berard Webb of The Webb Brothers, says The Muster has always been about ‘mates, music and making a difference.’
Mates4Mates is Gympie Muster's charity partner for 2016. Mates4Mates supports current and ex-serving Australian Defence Force members (and their families) who have physical or psychological wounds, injuries or illnesses as a result of their service. They have Family Recovery Centres located in Brisbane, Townsville and Hobart.
Past Performers
As well as mainstream Australian country the event showcases the breadth of contemporary Australian country: from folk and Bush ballad, to alternative country. Notable musical artists performing at the Muster in previous years include: Keith Urban, Rodney Carrington, Gord Bamford, Kasey Chambers, Troy Cassar-Daley, The McClymonts, Caitlyn Shadbolt.
See also
List of country music festivals
List of festivals in Australia
Country music
References
External links
2013 Gympie Music Muster Special on Ben Sorensen's REAL Country
2014 Gympie Music Muster Special on Ben Sorensen's REAL Country
Gympie Country Music Muster oral history 2 April 2003, State Library of Queensland
Blues festivals in Australia
Bluegrass festivals
Folk festivals in Australia
Music festivals established in 1982
Music festivals in Queensland
Gympie
Country music festivals in Australia
Rock festivals in Australia |
The 2012 Horizon League baseball tournament took place from May 23 through 27. All six of the league's teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at UIC's Les Miller Field. Top seeded won their first Horizon League Championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
Seeding
The league's six teams are seeded one through six based on winning percentage, using conference games only.
Results
All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team.
Most Valuable Player
Mark Johnson was named Most Valuable Player of the Tournament. Johnson was an outfielder for Valparaiso.
References
Tournament
Horizon League baseball tournament
Horizon League Baseball
Baseball in Illinois |
Recovery was launched at Ayre in 1819. She traded between Great Britain and North America and the Caribbean. She suffered three major maritime incidents, the first in 1822 and the second in 1826. Her crew abandoned her at sea in August 1829.
Career
Recovery first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1819.
On 25 May 1822 Recovery, Hamlyn, master, was driven ashore south west of Campbeltown. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana to Greenock. Recovery was refloated on 30 May. The paddlesteamer towed her into Greenock. Recovery had lost her anchors and cables and had been obliged to throw some of her cargo, spars, and stores overboard. While Recovery had been on her journey the naval schooners and stopped her in the Gulf of Florida. The schooners were on anti-piracy patrol; they treated Recovery with "great politeness".
Recovery, Wilson, master, arrived at Greenock on 5 October 1826 from Jamaica. She had left Jamaica on 5 August. On 7 September she experienced a dreadful gale during which she lost the sternboat, part of the bulwarks, two water casks and sundry articles.
Loss
Although the 1829 volume Lloyd's Register showed a voyage to Bombay, that appears to have been an intention. There is no readily available evidence for such voyage.
On 28 August 1829 her crew abandoned Recovery, Patterson, master, in the Atlantic Ocean. A heavy sea had hit her on 24 August at , causing substantial damage and washing overboard one crew member and both her boats. She developed a leak that the pumps could not overcome, forcing her crew to abandon her. Lyra, May, master, rescued the 13 surviving crew members. Recovery was on a voyage from Trinidad to London. Lyra had been on her way to England from St Johns, New Brunswick and she brought the survivors into Plymouth.
Notes
Citations
1819 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of England
Maritime incidents in May 1822
Maritime incidents in September 1826
Maritime incidents in August 1829 |
The Embassy of Laos in Washington, D.C. is the Lao People's Democratic Republic's diplomatic mission to the United States. It is located at 2222 S Street N.W. in Washington, D.C.'s Kalorama neighborhood.
The Ambassador is Khamphan Anlavan.
The building was previously the home of United States Senator from Pennsylvania David A. Reed.
References
External links
Official website
wikimapia
Laos
Washington, D.C.
Laos–United States relations |
The bonobo (; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes). While bonobos are, today, recognized as a distinct species in their own right, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of Pan troglodytes, due to the physical similarities between the two species. Taxonomically, the members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina—composed entirely by the genus Pan—are collectively termed panins.
Bonobos are distinguished from common chimpanzees by relatively long limbs, pinker lips, a darker face, a tail-tuft through adulthood, and parted, longer hair on its head. Some individuals have sparser, thin hair over parts of their bodies. The bonobo is found in a area within the Congo Basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Central Africa. The species is predominantly frugivorous, compared to the often highly omnivorous diets and hunting of small monkeys, duiker and other antelope exhibited by common chimpanzees. The bonobo inhabits primary and secondary forest, including seasonally inundated swamp forest. Because of political instability in the region, and the general timidity of bonobos, there has been relatively little field work done observing the species in its natural habitat.
According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at The George Washington University, the ancestors of the genus Pan split from the human line about 8 million years ago; moreover, bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago.
Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. As the two species are not proficient swimmers, the natural formation of the Congo River (around 1.5–2 million years ago) possibly led to the isolation and speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river. There are no concrete figures regarding population, but the estimate is between 29,500 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is most threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and movement (as well as ongoing civil unrest and political infighting), with commercial poaching being, by far, the most prominent threat. Bonobos typically live 40 years in captivity; their lifespan in the wild is unknown, but it is almost certainly much shorter.
Etymology
Formerly the bonobo was known as the "pygmy chimpanzee", despite the bonobo having a similar body size to the common chimpanzee. The name "pygmy" was given by the German zoologist Ernst Schwarz in 1929, who classified the species on the basis of a previously mislabeled bonobo cranium, noting its diminutive size compared to chimpanzee skulls.
The name "bonobo" first appeared in 1954, when Austrian zoologist Eduard Paul Tratz and German biologist Heinz Heck proposed it as a new and separate generic term for pygmy chimpanzees. The name is thought to derive from a misspelling on a shipping crate from the town of Bolobo on the Congo River near the location from which the first bonobo specimens were collected in the 1920s.
Taxonomy
The bonobo was first recognised as a distinct taxon in 1928 by German anatomist Ernst Schwarz, based on a skull in the Tervuren Museum in Belgium which had previously been classified as a juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Schwarz published his findings in 1929, classifying the bonobo as a subspecies of chimpanzee, Pan satyrus paniscus. In 1933, American anatomist Harold Coolidge elevated it to species status. Major behavioural differences between bonobos and chimpanzees were first discussed in detail by Tratz and Heck in the early 1950s. Unaware of any taxonomic distinction with the common chimpanzee, American psychologist and primatologist Robert Yerkes had already noticed an unexpected major behavioural difference in the 1920s.
Bonobos and chimpanzees are the two species which make up the genus Pan, and are the closest living relatives to humans (Homo sapiens).
According to studies published in 2017 by researchers at The George Washington University, bonobos, along with common chimpanzees, split from the human line about 8 million years ago; moreover, bonobos split from the common chimpanzee line about 2 million years ago.
Nonetheless, the exact timing of the Pan–Homo last common ancestor is contentious, but DNA comparison suggests continual interbreeding between ancestral Pan and Homo groups, post-divergence, until about 4 million years ago. DNA evidence suggests the bonobo and common chimpanzee species diverged approximately 890,000–860,000 years ago due to separation of these two populations possibly due to acidification and the spread of savannas at this time. Currently, these two species are separated by the Congo River, which had existed well before the divergence date, though ancestral Pan may have dispersed across the river using corridors which no longer exist. The first Pan fossils were reported in 2005 from the Middle Pleistocene (after the bonobo–chimpanzee split) of Kenya, alongside early Homo fossils.
According to A. Zihlman, bonobo body proportions closely resemble those of Australopithecus, leading evolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith to suggest that bonobos may be a living example of our distant human ancestors. According to Australian anthropologists Gary Clark and Maciej Henneberg, human ancestors went through a bonobo-like phase featuring reduced aggression and associated anatomical changes, exemplified in Ardipithecus ramidus.
The first official publication of the sequencing and assembly of the bonobo genome was released in June 2012. The genome of a female bonobo from Leipzig Zoo was deposited with the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank) under the EMBL accession number AJFE01000000 after a previous analysis by the National Human Genome Research Institute confirmed that the bonobo genome is about 0.4% divergent from the chimpanzee genome.
Genetics and genomics
Relationships of bonobos to humans and other apes can be determined by comparing their genes or whole genomes. While the first bonobo genome was published in 2012, a high-quality reference genome became available only in 2021. The overall nucleotide divergence between chimpanzee and bonobo based on the latter is 0.421 ± 0.086% for autosomes and 0.311 ± 0.060% for the X chromosome. The reference genome predicts 22,366 full-length protein-coding genes and 9,066 noncoding genes, although cDNA sequencing confirmed only 20,478 protein-coding and 36,880 noncoding bonobo genes, similar to the number of genes annotated in the human genome. Overall, 206 and 1,576 protein-coding genes are part of gene families that contracted or expanded in the bonobo genome compared to the human genome, respectively, that is, these genes were lost or gained in the bonobo genome compared to humans.
Description
The bonobo is commonly considered to be more gracile than the common chimpanzee. Although large male chimpanzees can exceed any bonobo in bulk and weight, the two species broadly overlap in body size. Adult female bonobos are somewhat smaller than adult males. Body mass ranges from with an average weight of in males against an average of in females. The total length of bonobos (from the nose to the rump while on all fours) is . Male bonobos average when standing upright, compared to in females. The bonobo's head is relatively smaller than that of the common chimpanzee with less prominent brow ridges above the eyes. It has a black face with pink lips, small ears, wide nostrils, and long hair on its head that forms a parting. Females have slightly more prominent breasts, in contrast to the flat breasts of other female apes, although not so prominent as those of humans. The bonobo also has a slim upper body, narrow shoulders, thin neck, and long legs when compared to the common chimpanzee.
Bonobos are both terrestrial and arboreal. Most ground locomotion is characterized by quadrupedal knuckle-walking. Bipedal walking has been recorded as less than 1% of terrestrial locomotion in the wild, a figure that decreased with habituation, while in captivity there is a wide variation. Bipedal walking in captivity, as a percentage of bipedal plus quadrupedal locomotion bouts, has been observed from 3.9% for spontaneous bouts to nearly 19% when abundant food is provided. These physical characteristics and its posture give the bonobo an appearance more closely resembling that of humans than the common chimpanzee does. The bonobo also has highly individuated facial features, as humans do, so that one individual may look significantly different from another, a characteristic adapted for visual facial recognition in social interaction.
Multivariate analysis has shown bonobos are more neotenized than the common chimpanzee, taking into account such features as the proportionately long torso length of the bonobo. Other researchers challenged this conclusion.
Behavior
General
Primatologist Frans de Waal states bonobos are capable of altruism, compassion, empathy, kindness, patience, and sensitivity, and described "bonobo society" as a "gynecocracy". Primatologists who have studied bonobos in the wild have documented a wide range of behaviors, including aggressive behavior and more cyclic sexual behavior similar to chimpanzees, even though bonobos show more sexual behavior in a greater variety of relationships. An analysis of female bonding among wild bonobos by Takeshi Furuichi stresses female sexuality and shows how female bonobos spend much more time in estrus than female chimpanzees.
Some primatologists have argued that de Waal's data reflect only the behavior of captive bonobos, suggesting that wild bonobos show levels of aggression closer to what is found among chimpanzees. De Waal has responded that the contrast in temperament between bonobos and chimpanzees observed in captivity is meaningful, because it controls for the influence of environment. The two species behave quite differently even if kept under identical conditions. A 2014 study also found bonobos to be less aggressive than chimpanzees, particularly eastern chimpanzees. The authors argued that the relative peacefulness of western chimpanzees and bonobos was primarily due to ecological factors. Bonobos warn each other of danger less efficiently than chimpanzees in the same situation.
Social behavior
Bonobos are unusual among apes for their matriarchal social structure (extensive overlap between the male and female hierarchies leads some to refer to them as gender-balanced in their power structure). Bonobos do not have a defined territory and communities will travel over a wide range. Due to the nomadic nature of the females and evenly distributed food in their environment, males do not gain any obvious advantages by forming alliances with other males, or by defending a home range, as chimpanzees do. Female bonobos possess sharper canines than female chimpanzees, further fueling their status in the group. Although a male bonobo is dominant to a female in a dyadic interaction, depending on the community, socially-bonded females may be co-dominant with males or dominant over them, even to the extent that females can coerce reluctant males into mating with them.
At the top of the hierarchy is a coalition of high-ranking females and males typically headed by an old, experienced matriarch who acts as the decision-maker and leader of the group. Female bonobos typically earn their rank through experience, age, and ability to forge alliances with other females in their group, rather than physical intimidation, and top-ranking females will protect immigrant females from male harassment. While bonobos are often called matriarchal, and while every community is dominated by a female, some males will still obtain a high rank and act as coalitionary partners to the alpha female, often taking initiative in coordinating the groups movements. These males may outrank not only the other males in the group, but also many females. Certain males alert the group to any possible threats, protecting the group from predators such as pythons and leopards.
Aggressive encounters between males and females are rare, and males are tolerant of infants and juveniles. A male derives his status from the status of his mother. The mother–son bond often stays strong and continues throughout life. While social hierarchies do exist, and although the son of a high ranking female may outrank a lower female, rank plays a less prominent role than in other primate societies. Relationships between different communities are often positive and affiliative, and bonobos are not a territorial species. Bonobos will also share food with others, even unrelated strangers. Bonobos exhibit paedomorphism (retaining infantile physical characteristics and behaviours), which greatly inhibits aggression and enables unfamiliar bonobos to freely mingle and cooperate with each other.
Males engage in lengthy friendships with females and, in turn, female bonobos prefer to associate with and mate with males who are respectful and easygoing around them. Because female bonobos can use alliances to rebuff coercive and domineering males and select males at their own leisure, they show preference for males who are not aggressive towards them.
Aging bonobos lose their playful streak and become noticeably more irritable in old age. Both sexes have a similar level of aggressiveness.
Bonobos live in a male philopatric society where the females immigrate to new communities while males remain in their natal troop. However, it is not entirely unheard of for males to occasionally transfer into new groups. Additionally, females with powerful mothers may remain in their natal clan.
Alliances between males are poorly developed in most bonobo communities, while females will form alliances with each other and alliances between males and females occur, including multisex hunting parties. There is a confirmed case of a grown male bonobo adopting his orphaned infant brother.
A mother bonobo will also support her grown son in conflicts with other males and help him secure better ties with other females, enhancing her chance of gaining grandchildren from him. She will even take measures such as physical intervention to prevent other males from breeding with certain females she wants her son to mate with. Although mothers play a role in aiding their sons, and the hierarchy among males is largely reflected by their mother's social status, some motherless males will still successfully dominate some males who do have mothers.
Female bonobos have also been observed fostering infants from outside their established community.
Bonobos are not known to kill each other, and are generally less violent than chimpanzees, yet aggression still manifests itself in this species. Although female bonobos dominate males and selectively mate with males who do not exhibit aggression toward them, competition between the males themselves is intense and high-ranking males secure more matings than low-ranking ones. Indeed, the size difference between male and female bonobos is in fact more pronounced in bonobos than it is in chimpanzees, as male bonobos do not form alliances and therefore have little incentive to hold back when fighting for access to females. Male bonobos are known to attack each other and inflict serious injuries such as missing digits, damaged eyes and torn ears. Some of these injuries may also occur when a male threatens the high ranking females and is injured by them, as the larger male is swarmed and outnumbered by these female mobs.
Due to the promiscuous mating behavior of female bonobos, a male cannot be sure which offspring are his. As a result, the entirety of parental care in bonobos is assumed by the mothers. However, bonobos are not as promiscuous as chimpanzees and slightly polygamous tendencies occur, with high-ranking males enjoying greater reproductive success than low-ranking males. Unlike chimpanzees, where any male can coerce a female into mating with him, female bonobos enjoy greater sexual preferences and can rebuff undesirable males, an advantage of female-female bonding, and actively seek out higher-ranking males.
Bonobo party size tends to vary because the groups exhibit a fission–fusion pattern. A community of approximately 100 will split into small groups during the day while looking for food, and then will come back together to sleep. They sleep in nests that they construct in trees.
Female bonobos more often than not secure feeding privileges and feed before males do, although they are rarely successful in one-on-one confrontations with males, a female bonobo with several allies supporting her has extremely high success in monopolizing food sources. Different communities favour different prey. In some communities females exclusively hunt and have a preference for rodents, in others both sexes hunt, and will target monkeys.
In captive settings, females exhibit extreme food-based aggression towards males, and forge coalitions against them to monopolize specific food items, often going as far as to mutilate any males who fail to heed their warning.
In wild settings, however, female bonobos will quietly ask males for food if they had gotten it first, instead of forcibly confiscating it, suggesting sex-based hierarchy roles are less rigid than in captive colonies.
Female bonobos are known to lead hunts on duikers and successfully defend their bounty from marauding males in the wild. They are more tolerant of younger males pestering them yet exhibit heightened aggression towards older males.
Sociosexual behaviour
Sexual activity generally plays a major role in bonobo society, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting, a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution, and postconflict reconciliation. Bonobos are the only non-human animal to have been observed engaging in tongue kissing. Bonobos and humans are the only primates to typically engage in face-to-face genital sex, although a pair of western gorillas has also been photographed in this position.
Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons. When bonobos come upon a new food source or feeding ground, the increased excitement will usually lead to communal sexual activity, presumably decreasing tension and encouraging peaceful feeding.
More often than the males, female bonobos engage in mutual genital-rubbing behavior, possibly to bond socially with each other, thus forming a female nucleus of bonobo society. The bonding among females enables them to dominate most of the males. Adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community. This migration mixes the bonobo gene pools, providing genetic diversity. Sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group.
Bonobo clitorises are larger and more externalized than in most mammals; while the weight of a young adolescent female bonobo "is maybe half" that of a human teenager, she has a clitoris that is "three times bigger than the human equivalent, and visible enough to waggle unmistakably as she walks". In scientific literature, the female–female behavior of bonobos pressing genitals together is often referred to as genito-genital (GG) rubbing. This sexual activity happens within the immediate female bonobo community and sometimes outside of it. Ethologist Jonathan Balcombe stated that female bonobos rub their clitorises together rapidly for ten to twenty seconds, and this behavior, "which may be repeated in rapid succession, is usually accompanied by grinding, shrieking, and clitoral engorgement"; he added that it is estimated that they engage in this practice "about once every two hours" on average. As bonobos occasionally copulate face-to-face, "evolutionary biologist Marlene Zuk has suggested that the position of the clitoris in bonobos and some other primates has evolved to maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse". The position of the clitoris may alternatively permit GG-rubbings, which has been hypothesized to function as a means for female bonobos to evaluate their intrasocial relationships.
Bonobo males engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior. The most common form of male–male mounting is similar to that of a heterosexual mounting: one of the males sits "passively on his back [with] the other male thrusting on him", with the penises rubbing together due to both males' erections. In another, rarer form of genital rubbing, two bonobo males hang from a tree limb face-to-face while penis fencing. This also may occur when two males rub their penises together while in face-to-face position. Another form of genital interaction (rump rubbing) often occurs to express reconciliation between two males after a conflict, when they stand back-to-back and rub their scrotal sacs together, but such behavior also occurs outside agonistic contexts: Kitamura (1989) observed rump–rump contacts between adult males following sexual solicitation behaviors similar to those between female bonobos prior to GG-rubbing. Takayoshi Kano observed similar practices among bonobos in the natural habitat. Tongue kissing, oral sex, and genital massaging have also been recorded among male bonobos.
Wild females give birth for the first time at 13 or 14 years of age. Bonobo reproductive rates are no higher than those of the common chimpanzee. However, female bonobo oestrus periods are longer. During oestrus, females undergo a swelling of the perineal tissue lasting 10 to 20 days. The gestation period is on average 240 days. Postpartum amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) lasts less than one year and a female may resume external signs of oestrus within a year of giving birth, though the female is probably not fertile at this point. Female bonobos carry and nurse their young for four years and give birth on average every 4.6 years. Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. Mothers will help their sons get more matings from females in oestrus.
Adult male bonobos have sex with infants, although without penetration. Adult females also have sex with infants, but less frequently. Infants are not passive participants. They quite often initiate contacts with both adult males and females, as well as with peers. They have also been shown to be sexually active even in the absence of any stimulation or learning from adults.
Infanticide, while well documented in chimpanzees, is apparently absent in bonobo society. Although infanticide has not been directly observed, there have been documented cases of both female and male bonobos kidnapping infants, sometimes resulting in infants dying from dehydration. Although male bonobos have not yet been seen to practice infanticide, there is a documented incident in captivity involving a dominant female abducting an infant from a lower-ranking female, treating the infant roughly and denying it the chance to suckle. During the kidnapping, the infant's mother was clearly distressed and tried to retrieve her infant. Had the zookeepers not intervened, the infant almost certainly would have died from dehydration. This suggests female bonobos can have hostile rivalries with each other and a propensity to carry out infanticide.
The highly sexual nature of bonobo society and the fact that there is little competition over mates means that many males and females are mating with each other, in contrast to the one dominant male chimpanzee that fathers most of the offspring in a group. The strategy of bonobo females mating with many males may be a counterstrategy to infanticide because it confuses paternity. If male bonobos cannot distinguish their own offspring from others, the incentive for infanticide essentially disappears. This is a reproductive strategy that seems specific to bonobos; infanticide is observed in all other great apes except orangutans.
It is unknown how the bonobo avoids simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and its effects.
Peacefulness
Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are hostile to males from outside the community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them. This does not appear to be the behavior of bonobo males or females, which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders.
While bonobos are more peaceful than chimpanzees, it is not true that they are unaggressive. In the wild, among males, bonobos are half as aggressive as chimpanzees, while female bonobos are more aggressive than female chimpanzees. Both bonobos and chimpanzees exhibit physical aggression more than 100 times as often as humans do.
Although referred to as peaceful, bonobo aggression is not restricted to each other, and humans have also been attacked by bonobos, and suffered serious, albeit non-fatal, injuries.
Bonobos are far less violent than chimpanzees, though, as lethal aggression is essentially nonexistent among bonobos while being not infrequent among chimpanzees.
It has been hypothesized that bonobos are able to live a more peaceful lifestyle in part because of an abundance of nutritious vegetation in their natural habitat, allowing them to travel and forage in large parties.
Recent studies show that there are significant brain differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. Bonobos have more grey matter volume in the right anterior insula, right dorsal amygdala, hypothalamus, and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, all of which are regions assumed to be vital for feeling empathy, sensing distress in others and feeling anxiety. They also have a thick connection between the amygdala, an important area that can spark aggression, and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which has been shown to help control impulses in humans. This thicker connection may make them better at regulating their emotional impulses and behavior.
Bonobo society is dominated by females, and severing the lifelong alliance between mothers and their male offspring may make them vulnerable to female aggression. De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: "All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances" and that "when first writing about their behaviour, I spoke of 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts. There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony."
Surbeck and Hohmann showed in 2008 that bonobos sometimes do hunt monkey species. Five incidents were observed in a group of bonobos in Salonga National Park, which seemed to reflect deliberate cooperative hunting. On three occasions, the hunt was successful, and infant monkeys were captured and eaten.
There is one inferred killing in the wild, and a confirmed lethal attack in captivity. In both cases, the attackers were female and the victims were male.
Diet
The bonobo is an omnivorous frugivore; 57% of its diet is fruit, but this is supplemented with leaves, honey, eggs, meat from small vertebrates such as anomalures, flying squirrels and duikers, and invertebrates. The truffle species Hysterangium bonobo is eaten by bonobos. In some instances, bonobos have been shown to consume lower-order primates. Some claim bonobos have also been known to practise cannibalism in captivity, a claim disputed by others. However, at least one confirmed report of cannibalism in the wild of a dead infant was described in 2008. A 2016 paper reported two more instances of infant cannibalism, although it was not confirmed if infanticide was involved.
Cognitive comparisons to chimpanzees
In 2020 the first whole-genome comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos was published and showed genomic aspects that may underlie or have resulted from their divergence and behavioral differences, including selection for genes related to diet and hormones. A 2010 study found that "female bonobos displayed a larger range of tool use behaviours than males, a pattern previously described for chimpanzees but not for other great apes". This finding was affirmed by the results of another 2010 study which also found that "bonobos were more skilled at solving tasks related to theory of mind or an understanding of social causality, while chimpanzees were more skilled at tasks requiring the use of tools and an understanding of physical causality". Bonobos have been found to be more risk-averse compared to chimpanzees, preferring immediate rather than delayed rewards when it comes to foraging. Bonobos also have a weaker spatial memory compared to chimpanzees, with adult bonobos performing comparably to juvenile chimpanzees.
Similarity to humans
Bonobos are capable of passing the mirror-recognition test for self-awareness, as are all great apes. They communicate primarily through vocal means, although the meanings of their vocalizations are not currently known. However, most humans do understand their facial expressions and some of their natural hand gestures, such as their invitation to play. The communication system of wild bonobos includes a characteristic that was earlier only known in humans: bonobos use the same call to mean different things in different situations, and the other bonobos have to take the context into account when determining the meaning.
Two bonobos at the Great Ape Trust, Kanzi and Panbanisha, have been taught how to communicate using a keyboard labeled with lexigrams (geometric symbols) and they can respond to spoken sentences. Kanzi's vocabulary consists of more than 500 English words, and he has comprehension of around 3,000 spoken English words.
Kanzi is also known for learning by observing people trying to teach his mother; Kanzi started doing the tasks that his mother was taught just by watching, some of which his mother had failed to learn. Some, such as philosopher and bioethicist Peter Singer, argue that these results qualify them for "rights to survival and life"—rights which humans theoretically accord to all persons (See great ape personhood).
In the 1990s, Kanzi was taught to make and use simple stone tools. This resulted from a study undertaken by researchers Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, and later Gary Garufi. The researchers wanted to know if Kanzi possessed the cognitive and biomechanical abilities required to make and use stone tools. Though Kanzi was able to form flakes, he did not create them in the same way as humans, who hold the core in one hand and knap it with the other, Kanzi threw the cobble against a hard surface or against another cobble. This allowed him to produce a larger force to initiate a fracture as opposed to knapping it in his hands.
As in other great apes and humans, third party affiliation toward the victim—the affinitive contact made toward the recipient of an aggression by a group member other than the aggressor—is present in bonobos. A 2013 study found that both the affiliation spontaneously offered by a bystander to the victim and the affiliation requested by the victim (solicited affiliation) can reduce the probability of further aggression by group members on the victim (this fact supporting the Victim-Protection Hypothesis). Yet, only spontaneous affiliation reduced victim anxiety—measured via self-scratching rates—thus suggesting not only that non-solicited affiliation has a consolatory function but also that the spontaneous gesture—more than the protection itself—works in calming the distressed subject. The authors hypothesize that the victim may perceive the motivational autonomy of the bystander, who does not require an invitation to provide post-conflict affinitive contact. Moreover, spontaneous—but not solicited—third party affiliation was affected by the bond between consoler and victim (this supporting the Consolation Hypothesis). Importantly, spontaneous affiliation followed the empathic gradient described for humans, being mostly offered to kin, then friends, then acquaintances (these categories having been determined using affiliation rates between individuals). Hence, consolation in the bonobo may be an empathy-based phenomenon.
Instances in which bonobos have expressed joy have been reported. One study analyzed and recorded sounds made by human infants and bonobos when they were tickled. Although the bonobos' laugh was at a higher frequency, the laugh was found to follow a spectrographic pattern similar to that of human babies.
Distribution and habitat
Bonobos are found only south of the Congo River and north of the Kasai River (a tributary of the Congo), in the humid forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ernst Schwarz's 1927 paper "Le Chimpanzé de la Rive Gauche du Congo", announcing his discovery, has been read as an association between the Parisian Left Bank and the left bank of the Congo River; the bohemian culture in Paris, and an unconventional ape in the Congo.
The ranges of bonobos and chimpanzees are separated by the Congo River, with bonobos living to its south and chimpanzees to the north.
Ecological role
In the Congo tropical rainforest, the very great majority of plants need animals to reproduce and disperse their seeds. Bonobos are the second largest frugivorous animals in this region, after elephants. It is estimated that during its life, each bonobo will ingest and disperse nine tons of seeds, from more than 91 species of lianas, grass, trees and shrubs. These seeds travel for about 24 hours in the bonobo digestive tract, which can transfer them over several kilometers (mean 1.3 km; max: 4.5 km), far from their parents, where they will be deposited intact in their feces. These dispersed seeds remain viable, germinating better and more quickly than unpassed seeds. For those seeds, diplochory with dung-beetles (Scarabaeidae) improves post-dispersal survival.
Certain plants such as Dialium may even be dependent on bonobos to activate the germination of their seeds, characterized by tegumentary dormancy. The first parameters of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by bonobos are present. Behavior of the bonobo could affect the population structure of plants whose seeds they disperse. The majority of these zoochorous plants cannot recruit without dispersal and the homogeneous spatial structure of the trees suggests a direct link with their dispersal agent. Few species could replace bonobos in terms of seed dispersal services, just as bonobos could not replace elephants. There is little functional redundancy between frugivorous mammals of the Congo, which face severe human hunting pressures and local extinction. The defaunation of the forests, leading to the empty forest syndrome, is critical in conservation biology. The disappearance of the bonobos, which disperse seeds of 40% of the tree species in these forests, or 11.6 million individual seeds during the life of each bonobo, will have consequences for the conservation of the Congo rainforest.
Conservation status
The IUCN Red List classifies bonobos as an endangered species, with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals. Major threats to bonobo populations include habitat loss and hunting for bushmeat, the latter activity having increased dramatically during the first and second Congo Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, due to the presence of heavily armed militias (even in remote, "protected" areas such as Salonga National Park). This is part of a more general trend of ape extinction.
As the bonobos' habitat is shared with many people, the ultimate success of conservation efforts still relies on local and community involvement. The issue of parks versus people is salient in the Cuvette Centrale, within the bonobos' range. There is strong local, and broad-based Congolese, resistance to establishing national parks, as indigenous communities have previously been driven from their forest homes by the forming of parks. In Salonga National Park (the only national park in bonobo habitat), there is no local involvement, and surveys undertaken since 2000 indicate the bonobo, the African forest elephant, the okapi, and other rare species have been devastated by poachers and the thriving bushmeat trade. In contrast, areas do exist where the bonobo and ecological biodiversity still thrive without any established park borders, due to the indigenous beliefs/taboos against killing bonobos and other animals.
During the wars in the 1990s, researchers and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were driven out of the bonobo habitat. In 2002, the Bonobo Conservation Initiative initiated the Bonobo Peace Forest Project (supported by the Global Conservation Fund of Conservation International), in cooperation with national institutions, local NGOs, and local communities; the Peace Forest Project works with local communities to establish a linked constellation of community-based reserves managed by local and indigenous people. This model, implemented mainly through DRC organizations and local communities, has helped bring about agreements to protect over of the bonobo habitat. According to Amy Parish, the Bonobo Peace Forest "is going to be a model for conservation in the 21st century".
The port town of Basankusu is situated on the Lulonga River, at the confluence of the Lopori and Maringa Rivers, in the north of the country, making it well placed to receive and transport local goods to the cities of Mbandaka and Kinshasa. With Basankusu being the last port of substance before the wilderness of the Lopori Basin and the Lomako River—the bonobo heartland—conservation efforts for the bonobo use the town as a base.
In 1995, concern over declining numbers of bonobos in the wild led the Zoological Society of Milwaukee (ZSM), in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with contributions from bonobo scientists around the world, to publish the Action Plan for Pan paniscus: A Report on Free Ranging Populations and Proposals for their Preservation. The Action Plan compiles population data on bonobos from 20 years of research conducted at various sites throughout the bonobo's range. The plan identifies priority actions for bonobo conservation and serves as a reference for developing conservation programs for researchers, government officials, and donor agencies.
Acting on Action Plan recommendations, the ZSM developed the Bonobo and Congo Biodiversity Initiative. This program includes habitat and rain-forest preservation, training for Congolese nationals and conservation institutions, wildlife population assessment and monitoring, and education. The ZSM has conducted regional surveys within the range of the bonobo in conjunction with training Congolese researchers in survey methodology and biodiversity monitoring. The ZSM's initial goal was to survey Salonga National Park to determine the conservation status of the bonobo within the park and to provide financial and technical assistance to strengthen park protection. As the project has developed, the ZSM has become more involved in helping the Congolese living in bonobo habitat. They have built schools, hired teachers, provided some medicines, and started an agriculture project to help the Congolese learn to grow crops and depend less on hunting wild animals.
With grants from the United Nations, USAID, the U.S. Embassy, the World Wildlife Fund, and many other groups and individuals, the ZSM also has been working to:
Survey the bonobo population and its habitat to find ways to help protect these apes
Develop antipoaching measures to help save apes, forest elephants, and other endangered animals in Congo's Salonga National Park, a UN World Heritage Site
Provide training, literacy education, agricultural techniques, schools, equipment, and jobs for Congolese living near bonobo habitats so that they will have a vested interest in protecting the great apes – the ZSM started an agriculture project to help the Congolese learn to grow crops and depend less on hunting wild animals.
Model small-scale conservation methods that can be used throughout Congo
Starting in 2003, the U.S. government allocated $54 million to the Congo Basin Forest Partnership. This significant investment has triggered the involvement of international NGOs to establish bases in the region and work to develop bonobo conservation programs. This initiative should improve the likelihood of bonobo survival, but its success still may depend upon building greater involvement and capability in local and indigenous communities.
The bonobo population is believed to have declined sharply in the last 30 years, though surveys have been hard to carry out in war-ravaged central Congo. Estimates range from 60,000 to fewer than 50,000 living, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
In addition, concerned parties have addressed the crisis on several science and ecological websites. Organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, the African Wildlife Foundation, and others, are trying to focus attention on the extreme risk to the species. Some have suggested that a reserve be established in a more stable part of Africa, or on an island in a place such as Indonesia. Awareness is ever increasing, and even nonscientific or ecological sites have created various groups to collect donations to help with the conservation of this species.
Hybridization with chimpanzees
Researchers have found that both central (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) share more genetic material with bonobos than other chimpanzee subspecies. It is believed that genetic admixture has occurred at least two times within the past 550,000 years. In modern times hybridization between bonobos and chimpanzees in the wild is prevented as populations are allopatric and kept isolated on different sides of the Congo river.
Within captivity, hybrids between bonobos and chimpanzees have been recorded. Between 1990 and 1992, five pregnancies were conceived and studied between a male bonobo and two female chimpanzees. The two initial pregnancies were aborted due to environmental stressors. The following three pregnancies however lead to the birth of three hybrid offspring.
A bonobo and chimpanzee hybrid called Tiby was also featured in the 2017 Swedish film The Square.
See also
Basankusu, DR Congo – base for bonobo research and conservation
Bonobo Conservation Initiative
Chimpanzee genome project
Claudine André
Great ape personhood
Great Ape Project
International Primate Day
Kanzi
List of apes – notable individual nonhuman apes
Lola ya Bonobo
Koba, a fictional bonobo and antagonist of the Planet of the Apes reboot series
Notes
References
Further reading
Books
Articles
Journal articles
External links
Evolution: Why Sex?
Bonobos: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
Primate Info Net Pan paniscus Factsheet
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos – TED
WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature / World Wildlife Fund) – Bonobo species profile
San Diego Zoo Library: Bonobo, Pan paniscus
Apes
Mammals described in 1929
Primates of Africa
Fauna of Central Africa
Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tool-using mammals
Extant Pleistocene first appearances
Taxa named by Ernst Schwarz |
The Statesman's Yearbook is a one-volume reference book published annually since 1864 providing information on the countries of the world. It is published by Palgrave Macmillan.
History
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the British Prime Minister Robert Peel suggested to
Alexander Macmillan (of the family publishing house) the publication of “a handbook presenting in a compact shape a picture of the actual conditions, political and social of the various states in the civilised world.”
The first volume was published for 1864. Frederick Martin was its foundational editor, and presided over the book for twenty years, during which time it became established as a leading reference work.
According to Steinberg in 1866, the words Martin used in the preface of the first issue of the Statesman's Year-Book still applied to every volume a century later: "The great aim has been to insure an absolute correctness of the multiplicity of facts and figures given in the Statesman's Year-Book. For this purpose, none but official documents have been consulted in the first instance, and only when these failed or were manifestly imperfect, recourse has been had to authoritative books and influential newspapers, magazines and other reliable information."
His successor, well-known Scottish journalist John Scott Keltie, took over in 1883. A talented author, editor and scholar and a passionate geographer, he introduced the insertion of thumbnail maps of each country and large political world maps. The cartographic illustration of networks of communication began in 1899 when two maps displayed the railways, navigable waters and telegraphic lines of Africa.
After Scott-Keltie's death in 1927, his sometime co-editor Mortimer Epstein took over and edited the work for over twenty years including, remarkably, during World War II when the book continued to be published yearly, despite the rationing of paper.
Epstein died in 1946, and his successor Henry Steinberg was faced with the challenge of producing a new Statesman's Yearbook for an ever-changing world, as new countries came into being and others ceased to exist. His passion for the task, sharp mind and amiable nature meant that The Statesman’s Yearbook swiftly adapted to the new world order.
Steinberg continued as Editor until 1969 when his assistant, John Paxton, took over. Brian Hunter edited between 1990 and 1997 and Barry Turner took over in 1997.
List of editors
Frederick Martin (1864–1883)
Sir John Scott-Keltie (1883–1926)
Mortimer Epstein (1927–1946)
S. H. Steinberg (Sigfrid Henry Steinberg) (1946–1969)
John Paxton (1969–1990)
Brian Hunter (1990–1997)
Barry Turner (1997–2014)
Current edition
See also
Whitaker's Almanack
The World Factbook
The Annual Register
References
External links
www.palgrave.com/reference
Hathi Trust. Statesman's Yearbook fulltext, 1865-1908, 1876-1921, etc.
Almanacs
Palgrave Macmillan books
Publications established in 1864
Yearbooks |
{{Infobox song
| name = Faith of the Heart
| cover = Rod Stewart - Faith of the Heart.jpg
| alt =
| caption = United States single cover
| type = single
| artist = Rod Stewart
| album = Patch Adams: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| B-side = 'Patch Adams "Main Title
| released =
| recorded = 1999
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = Pop rock
| length = 4:17
| label = Universal
| writer = Diane Warren
| producer = Guy Roche
| prev_title = When We Were the New Boys
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = Run Back Into Your Arms
| next_year = 2000
}}
"Faith of the Heart" is a song written by Diane Warren and performed by Rod Stewart, for the soundtrack to the 1998 film, Patch Adams. Stewart's version charted at number 3 on the US Adult Contemporary chart and number 60 on the UK Singles Chart. It was warmly received by critics. The song was later covered in 1999 by Susan Ashton for her album Closer and released as her first single in the country music genre.
It was also recorded by English tenor Russell Watson as "Where My Heart Will Take Me" in order to be used as a theme to the 2001 television series Star Trek: Enterprise. This version of the song was used on four occasions as wake-up calls onboard Space Shuttle missions, and performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Watson also recorded a special version of the song to be played for the final wake up of the New Horizons exploration spacecraft on December 6, 2014.
Development and release
"Faith of the Heart" appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams. It was released on the Universal Records label and produced by Guy Roche. The B-side of the release was the main title theme to the film. The song was released less than a month after Stewart's separation from his wife Rachel Hunter.
Reception
The song was most successful in the Billboard Adult Contemporary within the United States, reaching third place in the chart. The performance of the single placed it in twentieth spot on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the year end 1999.
William Ruhlmann at the website Allmusic described "Faith of the Heart" as a power ballad which is "a standard effort for its genre". Chuck Taylor, reviewed the song for Billboard and said that it was one of Stewart's "more enjoyable performances in the last couple of years", and thought that the song could have just as easily been sung by Celine Dion or LeAnn Rimes.
Susan Ashton cover version
Susan Ashton was previously known for being a singer of contemporary Christian music, but decided to move into the country music genre after signing a deal with Columbia Records. She developed the album Closer, which featured a cover of the Rod Stewart single "Faith of the Heart". It was the first release from the album, but was not as successful as the following single, "You're Lucky I Love You". She considered between 800 and 1000 songs to appear on the album, reducing the number down to ten.
Reception
Tim Anderson, writing in his Country Beat column for Yakima Herald-Republic described Susan Ashton's "Faith of the Heart" as "a definite winner" but that it "did take a couple listens to really hook" him. The release of the single by Ashton was predicted by Brian Mansfield for USA Today as being the first of a career that would increase sales for the country music genre following Aston's previous success with Christian music.
Russell Watson cover version
"Where My Heart Will Take Me" is a reworked version of "Faith of the Heart" which was performed by English tenor Russell Watson as the theme song to the 2001 television series Star Trek: Enterprise. It was also used on four occasions as wake-up calls on Space Shuttle missions, and was performed by Watson at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. It was poorly received by some Star Trek fans who created petitions and protested against the use of the song as a theme.
Development and release
It was the first time that an actual vocal theme was used in a Star Trek series. Watson had been approached by the producers of Enterprise and the song's writer, Diane Warren. As he was a fan of Star Trek and as Warren had already written a song for his second album, he agreed to the proposal. The song was featured on the soundtrack to Enterprise and Watson's 2002 album, Encore. The song was re-recorded for the third and fourth seasons of Enterprise. An instrumental version of the theme was played over the closing credits of the series' first episode, "Broken Bow", but was not used again in the series. One two-part episode from its fourth season, "In a Mirror, Darkly", replaced the theme with a different instrumental composition to reflect that storyline taking place in an alternate universe. As of 2019 it stands as the only Star Trek theme by a female composer.
The song has been used on four occasions as the music selected for wake-up calls on space missions. The first was on 16 June 2002 for the Space Shuttle Endeavour during mission STS-111 to the International Space Station. It was again used on 2 August 2005 for mission STS-114, the first mission of the Space Shuttle programme following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. It was broadcast to the seven crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery, and had been chosen as a surprise for the crew by Deputy Shuttle Programme Manager Wayne Hale. NASA astronaut Richard Mastracchio selected "Where My Heart Will Take Me" for broadcast on 9 August 2007 onboard Endeavour for STS-118. The final broadcast on board a Space Shuttle was on May 23, 2009 during STS-125, the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. On this occasion it was broadcast to the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis. It was the third science fiction themed wake-up call in a row, the previous day having been the Cantina Band composition by John Williams for Star Wars, and two days prior was Alexander Courage's Theme from Star Trek.
Reception
Following the pilot episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, "Broken Bow", and the debut of the song as the series' theme tune, the reception among Star Trek fans was mostly negative. Such was the response, that online petitions were formed and a protest held outside Paramount Studios against the use of the song. One petition stated that "We wish to express our unmitigated disgust with the theme song that has been selected for the new 'Enterprise' series, it is not fit to be scraped off the bottom of a Klingon's boot." Actor Simon Pegg, who played engineer Montgomery Scott in Star Trek and Star Trek Beyond later said that he had never watched Enterprise due to the song, which he described as "dreadful soft-rock" and "probably the most hideous Star Trek moment in history". The song was mentioned in the review of the Enterprise first season DVD set by DVD Talk. It was called "sappy", and the reviewer said that it "never felt appropriate and serves only to undercut the emotional strength of the images on screen".
Executive producer of Enterprise, Rick Berman, praised the song, saying that it was a song "that's got a lot of hopefulness and uplifting qualities to it. And I like it. I've met a lot of other people who like it, but I've also heard a tremendous amount of banter about people who don't." Enterprise'' co-creator Brannon Braga also defended the song, saying of the protest, "There are some people who love the song and there are people who think it's cheesy. They came with a petition with 1,000 signatures. But plenty of people find the song very uplifting." Watson also said of the response to the song, "Something new happens, and people aren't quite sure of it. But they'll get used to it. By the time they've watched the 20th episode, they'll be thinking, 'Well, it's not that bad after all."
Live performances
Russell Watson performed "Where My Heart Will Take Me" as part of the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games, alongside a choir. The choir subsequently performed the song at a ceremony to mark the retirement of Bishop Christopher Mayfield from his post as Bishop of Manchester.
Charts
Rod Stewart version
Year-end charts
Susan Ashton version
References
External links
1999 singles
Rod Stewart songs
Songs written by Diane Warren
Songs written for films
Susan Ashton songs
Rock ballads
1998 songs
Television drama theme songs
1990s ballads
Star Trek: Enterprise
Universal Records singles
Capitol Records Nashville singles |
HD 132406 b is a long-period, massive gas giant exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star HD 132406. HD 132406 b has a minimum mass 5.61 times the mass of Jupiter. The orbital distance from the star is almost twice that of from Earth to the Sun. The orbital period is 2.7 years.
An astrometric measurement of the planet's inclination and true mass was published in 2022 as part of Gaia DR3, and this was updated in 2023.
References
External links
simulation HD 132406
Boötes
Giant planets
Exoplanets discovered in 2007
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets detected by astrometry |
The Markbygden Wind Farm is a series of interconnected wind farms in the Markbygden area west of Piteå, Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The project is expected to be completed by 2025 and could have a total capacity of up to 4,000 megawatts (MW), comprising up to 1,101 wind turbines. The project was initially co-developed by Svevind AB and wind turbine manufacturer Enercon.
Combined the Markbygden Wind Farm is already the biggest wind farm in Europe, on track to be one of the biggest onshore windfarms in the world.
Layout
The project is divided into three larger phases plus two pilot projects, subdivided as follows:
History
The original plan was forged amongst Svevind and Enercon. If fully constructed, the 55 billion kronor (€5.1 billion, US$6.9 billion) project would be the largest onshore wind farm in Europe and one of the biggest in the world. The wind farm will cover some , comprising up to 1,101 wind turbines and is expected to produce up to 12 TWh/year of electricity. The project received the approval by the Norrbotten County authorities in April 2009. On 4 March 2010, the Swedish Government decided to permit Markbygden Vind AB to build and run up to 1,101 wind turbines with a maximum height of in the Markbygden area of Piteå Municipality.
Status as of October 2021
Phase 1
Phase 1 consists of three wind farms or projects; the 101.1 MW Ersträsk, 644.4 MW Markbygden ETT, and 84.6 MW Skogberget. Markbygden ETT was sold by Svevind to others. Ersträsk is developed by wind turbine manufacturer Enercon.
The first wind farm in Markbygden's phase 1 project was commissioned in 2014 and consists of 36 turbines, Enercon E-92, with a hub height of . From December 2015, Svevind and Enercon set up a new structure. With that Enercon was taking over Svevind's shares of the operational Skogberget and Ersträsk wind farms.
Markbygden ETT ("ETT" means "one" in Swedish) and with its 179 wind turbines is one of the largest single onshore wind farms in Europe.
All power generated by the entire Markbygden phase 1 wind farms is transferred via the Råbäcken transformer station to the Swedish 400kV national grid.
Phase 2
Markbygden phase 2 is the westernmost part of the wind power project in Markbygden with an area that covers about . On 10 December 2015, the Environmental Court ruled on the second phase of the Markbygden project. The decision subsequently gained legal force. This second phase will be connected to a new 400kV transformer station called Trolltjärn. The Markbygden phase 2 project is developed by Enercon since December 2015. The installed capacity may be as large as 844 MW.
As of October 2021, 63 Enercon E-138 turbines with a total installed power of 252.7 MW are operational.
Credit Suisse acquired 85% of the 63-turbine northern project in 2020.
Plans for about 100 more turbines still exist.
Phase 3
Markbygden phase 3 is the third, last and potentially the largest part of the overall wind power project in Markbygden. It is located between the villages of Koler and Långträsk in the western part of the project and Blåsmark to the east, entirely within Piteå municipality. The area of Markbygden phase 3 is approximately long and wide. The area is about in total. The wind farm of Markbygden phase 3 will consist of up to 442 wind turbines. The permit was granted on 17 March 2016. The decision of the Environmental impact assessment committee was appealed, after which the Land and Environmental Court announced a decision on the case on 16 June 2017. The decision of the Land and Environmental Court has thereafter been appealed to the Land and Environmental Superior Court, which approved it in 2018. The Markbygden phase 3 wind farms are planned to be connected to the existing 400kV transformer station Råbäcken as well the transformer station Trolltjärn.
The Önusberget 750 MW share of phase three was acquired by German asset manager Luxcara in April 2019, powered by 137 GE Cypress 5.5MW turbines for 25 years.
See also
Wind power in Sweden
Renewable energy in Sweden
References
External links
Proposed wind farms in Sweden |
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Damascus, Syria.
Prior to 7th century
965 BCE – Ezron, King of Aram-Zobah conquers Damascus
843 BCE – Hazael assassinated Ben-Hadad I and made himself king of Damascus.
732 BCE – Neo-Assyrian Empire conquers Damascus
572 BCE – Neo-Babylonians conquered Damascus
538 BCE – Achaemenid Empire annexes Damascus
333 BCE – Alexander the Great conquers Damascus
112 BCE – Damascus fell to Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.
150 CE – Damascus became a Roman provincial city under Trajan.
4th century – Temple of Jupiter built by the Romans.
7th–19th centuries
613 – Sasanian captured Damascus during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
634 – Arab conquest of Damascus under Khalid ibn al-Walid.
715 – Great Mosque built by Al-Walid I by converting the church of St John the Baptist constructed by Arcadius.
789 – Qubbat al-Khazna built.
1078 – Citadel of Damascus built.
1126 – Crusaders attacked Damascus.
1129 – Crusaders march on Damascus.
1142 – Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa established.
1154 – Nur al-Din Bimaristan built.
1196 – Mausoleum of Saladin built.
1215 – Al-Adiliyah Madrasa founded.
1216 – Citadel of Damascus rebuilt.
1224 – Al-Rukniyah Madrasa built.
1229 – Damascus besieged
1234 – Aqsab Mosque built.
1250 – Qaymariyya hand city over to al-Nasir Yusuf in bloodless coup.
1254 – Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa established.
1260 – Kitbuga, a confidant of the Mongol Ilkhan Hulagu, captured Damascus. Then, it was captured five days after the Battle of Ain Jalut by the Mamluk Sultanate.
1277 – Al-Zahiriyah Library established.
1400 – Timur, the Turco-Mongol conqueror, besieges Damascus.
1515 – Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa built.
1516 – Ottomans under Selim I conquered Damascus from the Mamluks.
1518 – Salimiyya Takiyya built.
1558 – Sulaymaniyya Takiyya built.
1566 – Salimiyya Madrasa established.
1574 – Khan al-Harir built.
1605 – Printing press established.
1736 – Khan Sulayman Pasha built.
1750 – Azm Palace built.
1752 – Khan As'ad Pasha built.
1832 – Captured by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
1840 – Return of the city to Turkish domination, when the Egyptians were driven out of Syria.
1860 – Massacre; the Moslem population rose against the Christians.
1885 – Bakdash (ice cream parlor) established.
1900 – Population: 154,000. (approx date)
20th century
1918 – October: Arab troops led by Emir Feisal, and supported by British Armed Forces, capture Damascus, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule.
1920 – July: French Armed Forces occupy Damascus, forcing Feisal to flee abroad.
1923 – University founded.
1925/6 – French forces bombard Damascus.
1928 – Al-Wahda Club of Damascus founded.
1935 – Population: 193,912.
1939 – Chapel of Saint Paul inaugurated.
1946 – Population: 303,952.
1947 – Al-Jaish Sports Club founded.
1960 – Syrian Television begins broadcasting.
1961 – September: Discontent with Egyptian domination of the United Arab Republic prompts a group of Syrian Army officers to seize power in Damascus and dissolve the union.
1964 – Population: 562,907 (estimate).
1970 – Population: 836,668 city; 923,253 urban agglomeration.
1977 – Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts founded.
1981
Bomb explodes near Syrian Air Force headquarters.
Azbakiyah bombing
1983 – Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology founded.
1984 – Al-Assad National Library established.
1985 – Population: 1,196,710 (estimate).
1986 – Bombings
1994 – Population: 1,549,000 (estimate).
2000 – Spring
21st century
2004 – Damascus Opera House inaugurated.
2006
February: "Danish and Norwegian embassies in Damascus are set on fire."
September: "Attack on the US embassy."
2008 – Population: 1,680,000 (estimate).
2009 – Damascus Securities Exchange founded.
2011
March: Protest; crackdown.
Syrian civil war begins.
2012
January 2012 al-Midan bombing
March 2012 Damascus bombings
April 2012 Damascus bombings
10 May 2012 Damascus bombings.
Summer 2012 Damascus clashes
Battle of Damascus (2012)
2013
Damascus offensive (2013)
2018
May: Syrian Armed Forces recapture the entire city of Damascus.
See also
Timeline of Syrian history
Timelines of other cities in Syria: Aleppo, Hama, Homs, Latakia
References
Bibliography
Published in 19th century
. (+ 1898 ed.)
Published in 20th century
R. Stephen Humphreys. "Urban Topography and Urban Society: Damascus under the Ayyubids and Mamluks." In his, Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry. Minneapolis, 1988. pp. 209–32.
Michael Chamberlain, Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. pp. 27–68.
Published in 21st century
External links
Damascus
Damascus
damascus
Years in Syria |
Epicrates assisi is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The species is found in Brazil.
References
Epicrates
Reptiles of Brazil
Reptiles described in 1945 |
Lake Aibugir is a lake in northern Daşoguz Province, Turkmenistan as part of the Amu Darya Plain. It is 77 km from the nearest district, Köneürgenç.
The lake was previously not an independent body of water as it was connected to the Aral Sea and referred to as the Aibugir Bay, however due to desertification in the 20th century, the two bodies of water no longer connect. The lake now consists of the western-most portion of the Aibugir Bay, of which the Turkmenistan border is established around.
References
Lakes of Turkmenistan |
A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. "Regressive" describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate progresses from high to low, so that the average tax rate exceeds the marginal tax rate. In terms of individual income and wealth, a regressive tax imposes a greater burden (relative to resources) on the poor than on the rich: there is an inverse relationship between the tax rate and the taxpayer's ability to pay, as measured by assets, consumption, or income. These taxes tend to reduce the tax burden of the people with a higher ability to pay, as they shift the relative burden increasingly to those with a lower ability to pay.
The regressivity of a particular tax can also factor the propensity of the taxpayers to engage in the taxed activity relative to their resources (the demographics of the tax base). In other words, if the activity being taxed is more likely to be carried out by the poor and less likely to be carried out by the rich, the tax may be considered regressive. To measure the effect, the income elasticity of the good being taxed as well as the income effect on consumption must be considered. The measure can be applied to individual taxes or to a tax system as a whole; a year, multi-year, or lifetime.
The opposite of a regressive tax is a progressive tax, in which the average tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation rises. In between is a flat or proportional tax, where the tax rate is fixed as the amount subject to taxation increases.
Examples
Poll taxes
Lump-sum tax
A tax with a cap, above which no taxes are paid, such as the American Social Security Tax, which does not apply to wages over an annual limit.
So-called "sin taxes" (pigovian taxes) have also been criticized for being regressive, as they are often consumed more (or at least at a greater proportion) by the poor. Such taxes are often imposed at a flat rate so they will make up a greater proportion of the final price of cheaper brands, compared to the higher-quality products generally consumed by the wealthy. For example, "people in the bottom income quintile spend a 78% larger share of their income on alcohol taxes than people in the top quintile." Tobacco in particular is highly regressive, with the bottom quintile of income paying an effective rate 583% higher than that of the top quintile.
An allowance reduction in an income tax system allows for an individual's personal allowance to be withdrawn, making a higher marginal tax for a limited band before returning to the underlying rate. In the UK, there is an effective 60% band at £100,000, which returns to 40% at £120,000.
Non-uniform excise taxation based on everyday essentials like food (fat tax, salt tax), transport (fuel tax, fare hikes for public transport, mobility pricing), energy (carbon tax) and housing (council tax, window tax) is frequently regressive on income. The income elasticity of demand of food, for example, is usually less than 1 (inelastic) (see Engel's law) and therefore as a household's income rises, the tax collected on the food remains almost the same. Therefore, as a proportion of available expenditure, the relative tax burden falls more heavily on households with lower incomes. Some governments offer rebates to households with lower incomes, ostensibly in an effort to mitigate the regressive nature of these taxes.
A related concept exists where production and importation of essential goods are strictly controlled, such as milk, eggs, cheese and poultry under Canada's supply management system, the result being that the products will sell for a higher price than they would under a free market system. The difference in price is often criticized for being a "regressive tax" even though such products are generally not taxed directly.
Payroll taxes, such as FICA and Unemployment Insurance in the United States, and consumption taxes such as value-added tax and sales taxes are regressive in that they both raise prices of purchased goods. Lower-income earners save and invest less money, so pay a larger proportion of their income toward these taxes, directly for sales tax and as the price increase required to make revenue covering payrolls for payroll taxes.
Property tax in regards to automobiles, better known as the "car tax" in some jurisdictions.
Lotteries have been described as a disguised regressive tax.
Implementations
In 2005, the Swiss canton of Obwalden implemented a regressive taxation system. It was struck down by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland in 2007, because it ran counter to the Swiss Federal Constitution.
Regressive taxes are implemented in the United States primarily through sales taxes, excise taxes, and payroll taxes. Sales taxes are imposed by state and local governments on goods and services, impacting lower-income individuals more as they spend a larger portion of their income on necessities subject to these taxes. Excise taxes, such as those on gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol, also tend to affect lower-income households disproportionately because they consume a higher percentage of their income on these taxed items. Additionally, the Social Security payroll tax is regressive up to a certain income threshold, as it applies to all workers but only taxes a portion of their earnings, exempting higher-income earners beyond that threshold. These regressive tax mechanisms result in lower-income individuals paying a larger share of their income in taxes compared to higher-income individuals, contributing to income inequality concerns in the U.S.
See also
Lump-sum tax
Progressive tax
Proportional tax
Tax incidence
Laffer curve
Suits index
Ghetto tax
Progressivity in United States income tax
Notes
External links
Taxation and redistribution
Tax incidence |
Elizabeth Humfrey, known professionally as Betsy (stylized as BETSY) is a Welsh singer from Pembrokeshire. She is signed to Warner Bros. worldwide, and was signed to Columbia Records in the US and Canada prior to May 2017. Betsy toured the UK from 25 August 2017, prior to a self-titled debut album which was issued by Warner Brothers on 29 September 2017.
Early life
Betsy was raised on a rural goose farm in Nevern, Wales. Her mother bought the goose business next to their home, and it subsequently moved to their house. She became interested in music at a young age as she was so immersed in it: she claims that "[there] was always loads of singing in school and church, plus Eisteddfods. My father and uncle were in a local band so it was a big part of family life". Although she wanted to pursue music as a career, her parents encouraged her to have a sensible back-up plan, so she enrolled in a course in Womenswear at London's Central St Martins art college. She was later offered an internship at the fashion house Balenciaga, and later spent over a year working at the company designing for their catwalk shows. Despite this, her passion for music continued to eat away at her, so she eventually left the company and returned to her brother's bedroom in Wales to produce a three-track demo. After sending it out to various industry figures, she received no replies until a friend at her PR firm gave the demo to her later-manager who was looking for female vocalists.
After signing her management deal, she was given £500 to write songs for six weeks in her brother's caravan. The same caravan appears in many of her early press shots; Betsy recalls having to clean the caravan for five days as "[some] guy had been living in it before me and he'd only fried everything". After completing a number of songs, her management pitched her to various record labels, and she landed deals with Columbia in the US and Canada and Warner Bros for the rest of the world.
Betsy cites Shirley Bassey, Annie Lennox, Cher, and Tina Turner as inspirations.
Career
Betsy's first appearance as a vocalist was on Joe Goddard's 2014 single, "Endless Love". Her solo debut, "Fair", arrived on 22 January 2016 to rave reviews. Its parent EP - similarly titled "Fair" - followed on 18 March 2016. A number of singles - including "Lost & Found", "Wanted More", "Waiting" and "Little White Lies" - preceded her debut self-titled album which was released on 29 September 2017.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
References
Living people
People from Pembrokeshire
Warner Records artists
21st-century Welsh women singers
Welsh pop singers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Ibertrans Aérea was an airline based in Madrid, Spain. It was established in 1991 and operated passenger and cargo services, including charters and wet leases for other airlines. Its main base was Madrid Barajas International Airport.
Fleet
The Ibertrans Aérea fleet included the following aircraft (at March 2007):
1 Embraer EMB 120ER Brasilia
1 Embraer EMB 120RT Brasilia
2 Fairchild Merlin IV
Accidents
On 19 February 1998, two people, the commander and the pilot died when an Ibertrans general aviation plane crash in the borough of Gavà shortly after taking off from Barcelona's international airport.
References
Defunct airlines of Spain
Airlines established in 1991
Spanish companies established in 1991 |
Cand.scient.pol. (; ; English: candidate of political science) is a candidate's degree (i.e. an advanced degree) in political science, awarded by several Danish universities. The degree currently requires five years of study; it historically required six years of study. The current five-year degree is equivalent to, and is translated into English as, a Master of Science degree in political science.
Until 2008, the equivalent degree awarded in Norway was called cand.polit, which in Denmark is a degree in economics.
20% of all members of parliament hold a cand.scient.pol. degree.
References
Academic degrees of Denmark
Political science education
Political science terminology
Latin words and phrases |
Group E of UEFA Euro 2020 took place from 14 to 23 June 2021 in Saint Petersburg's Krestovsky Stadium and Seville's La Cartuja. The group contained host nation Spain, Sweden, Poland and Slovakia.
The matches were originally scheduled to be played at Bilbao's San Mamés and Dublin's Aviva Stadium. However, due to a lack of guarantees regarding spectators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, UEFA announced on 23 April 2021 that the matches scheduled in Bilbao were moved to Seville, and the group stage matches scheduled in Dublin were reallocated to Saint Petersburg.
Teams
Notes
Standings
In the round of 16,
The winner of Group E, Sweden, advanced to play the third-placed team of Group C, Ukraine.
The runner-up of Group E, Spain, advanced to play the runner-up of Group D, Croatia.
Matches
Poland vs Slovakia
Spain vs Sweden
Sweden vs Slovakia
Spain vs Poland
Slovakia vs Spain
Sweden vs Poland
Discipline
Fair play points were to be used as a tiebreaker if the head-to-head and overall records of teams were tied (and if a penalty shoot-out was not applicable as a tiebreaker). These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows:
yellow card = 1 point
red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points
direct red card = 3 points
yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points
Only one of the above deductions was applied to a player in a single match.
Notes
See also
Poland at the UEFA European Championship
Slovakia at the UEFA European Championship
Spain at the UEFA European Championship
Sweden at the UEFA European Championship
References
External links
Group E overview at UEFA.com
UEFA Euro 2020
Spain at UEFA Euro 2020
Sweden at UEFA Euro 2020
Poland at UEFA Euro 2020
Slovakia at UEFA Euro 2020 |
Lokalise is a cloud-based localization and translation management system for agile teams. The company was founded in Riga, Latvia, and is a distributed company; all employees are remote workers. It has over 300 employees from over 25 countries.
History
Lokalise was founded in 2017 by Nick Ustinov and Petr Antropov. In 2020, the company raised its first funds, reaching $6M in a series A round after bootstrapping for the 3 years following its foundation.
The founders decided to raise external capital to accelerate company growth. After raising one of the largest first-time investments for a Latvian-founded startup company, Lokalise went fully remote.
Since 2020, Nick Ustinov has been a member of the Forbes Technology Council.
In 2020, the company was named one of the top 100 European cloud companies valued under $1B by Accel.
In 2021, Sifted included Lokalise in the list of VC's 21 European SaaS startups to boom in 2021. The list was compiled by Bill Leaver from Sifted after consulting with industry leaders such as Evgenia Plotnikova, Ben Blume, Itxaso del Palacio, Carlos Gonzalez-Cadenas, and Dhruv Jain.
Product
The software was designed primarily "for tech-driven teams managing iOS, Android apps, web, games, IoT or digital content, and software in general". It has been recognized for its "web-based collaborative editor, cross-platform projects and localization keys, automatic screenshot matching, numerous integration options, and plugins," as well as its time-saving features. Typical users include developers, product, project, and localization managers, designers, marketers, translators, and content managers.
Lokalise is used by more than 2,000 customers from 80 countries. Some notable customer names include Amazon, Gojek, Depositphotos, Revolut, Yelp, Virgin Mobile, and Notion.
References
External links
Software-localization tools
Collaborative software |
The 1999–2000 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Arizona in the 1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Lute Olson. The team played its home games in the McKale Center in Tucson, Arizona, and was a member of the Pacific-10 Conference. The Wildcats finished the season in first place in the Pacific-10 conference with a 15–3 record. Arizona reached the Second Round in the 2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, losing to Wisconsin 59-66 and finishing the season with a 27–7 record.
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#; color:white;"| Regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#;"| NCAA tournament
|-
NCAA Division I tournament
West
Arizona (#1 seed) 71, Jackson State 47
Arizona 59, Wisconsin 66
Rankings
References
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball seasons
Arizona Wildcats
Arizona
Arizona Wildcats
Arizona Wildcats |
Michael Scott Bankhead (born July 31, 1963) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from -. Bankhead also pitched for Team USA in the 1984 Olympic Games. He attended the University of North Carolina.
Early life and education
Michael Scott Bankhead was born on July 31, 1963, in Raleigh, NC. He graduated from Reidsville High School in Reidsville, NC, and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 1982 and 1983, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star in both seasons.
Professional career
Kansas City Royals
Bankhead was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the first round, 16th pick, of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft.
He appeared in only 31 games in the minors before being called up by the Royals. He made his Major League debut on May 25, , going four innings, giving up two hits and striking out four while giving up no earned runs to get his first win. He finished the '86 season going 8–9 with a 4.61 ERA in 24 games, 17 for starts.
Seattle Mariners
On December 10, , he was traded by the Royals with Mike Kingery and Steve Shields to the Seattle Mariners for Rick Luecken and Danny Tartabull. In his first month with the Mariners, Bankhead went 4–1 with a 2.94 ERA, but he developed tendinitis and ended the season with a dismal 9–8 record and 5.42 ERA.
Bankhead established himself as a sharp pitcher in , but it wasn't until , when he went on a hot streak after the All-Star break, that he proved himself a winning pitcher. He finished the '89 season going 14–6 with a 3.34 ERA and was named co-MVP of the team along with Alvin Davis.
In his next two seasons shoulder trouble would limit Bankhead to just 21 appearances. On December 20, , he was granted free agency.
Cincinnati Reds
On January 22, , he signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He would revive his career and in just one season he was 10–4 with a 2.93 ERA in 54 games. On April 24, 1992, Bankhead picked up his only MLB career save during a marathon 16 inning victory over the Padres. Bankhead pitched a scoreless 16th inning to close out a 7-6 Reds victory. On October 28, , he was granted free agency.
Boston Red Sox
Bankhead was signed as a free agent with the Boston Red Sox on December 8, 1992. In two seasons, and with the Sox he went 5–3 with a 3.88 ERA in 67 games.
New York Yankees
On September 1, , Bankhead was purchased by the New York Yankees from the Red Sox but never played for them that season because of the strike. He was granted free agency at the end of the season but re-signed with the Yankees. In , Bankhead went 1–1 in 20 games, including one start. On July 25, he was released by the Yankees.
Oakland Athletics
On August 4, , Bankhead signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics but never made an appearance for them at the Major League level. He was released by the A's on September 10.
See also
Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Scott Bankhead at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1963 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from North Carolina
Bellingham Mariners players
Boston Red Sox players
Calgary Cannons players
Cincinnati Reds players
Edmonton Trappers players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Memphis Chicks players
New York Yankees players
North Carolina Tar Heels baseball players
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in baseball
Omaha Royals players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
San Bernardino Spirit players
Seattle Mariners players
Wareham Gatemen players
Baseball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics |
VMware Fusion is a software hypervisor developed by VMware for macOS systems. It allows Macs with Intel or the Apple M series of chips to run virtual machines with guest operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, or macOS, within the host macOS operating system.
Overview
VMware Fusion can virtualize a multitude of operating systems, including many older versions of macOS, which allows users to run older Mac software that can no longer be run under the current version of macOS, such as 32-bit and PowerPC applications.
History
VMware Fusion, which uses a combination of paravirtualization and hardware virtualization made possible by the Mac transition to Intel processors in 2006, marked VMware's first entry into Macintosh-based x86 virtualization. VMware Fusion uses Intel VT present in the Intel Core microarchitecture platform. Much of the underlying technology in VMware Fusion is inherited from other VMware products, such as VMware Workstation, allowing VMware Fusion to offer features such as 64-bit and SMP support. VMware Fusion 1.0 was released on August 6, 2007, exactly one year after being announced.
Along with the Mac transition to Apple silicon in 2020, VMware announced plans for Fusion to support the new M-series platform and ARM architecture, releasing a tech preview for M1 chips in September 2021. In November 2022, VMware Fusion 13 was released, allowing ARM virtualization on Apple Silicon chips. Coinciding with the release, VMware implemented support for TPM 2.0 and OpenGL 4.3, along with improvements to VMware Tools on Windows 11. VMware Fusion 13 retains support for Intel Macs, distributing the software as a universal binary.
System requirements
Most Macs launched in 2015 or later with Apple Silicon or Intel processors for VMware Fusion 13, most Macs launched in 2012 or later for VMware Fusion 12, most Macs launched in 2011 or later for VMware Fusion 11, any x86-64 capable Intel Mac for VMware Fusion 8
macOS Monterey or later for VMware Fusion 13, macOS Catalina or later for VMware Fusion 12, Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan or later for VMware Fusion 11, Mac OS X 10.9 Mavericks or later for VMware Fusion 8
Operating system installation media for virtual machines
Version history
See also
Desktop virtualization
Hardware virtualization
VMware Workstation
VMware Workstation Player
References
Further reading
External links
Fusion
Virtualization software
MacOS software |
Glendale is a village in the town of Burrillville, Rhode Island, United States. It is located at . The United States Postal Service has assigned Glendale the ZIP Code 02826.
References
Villages in Providence County, Rhode Island
Burrillville, Rhode Island
Providence metropolitan area
Villages in Rhode Island |
The 2008 Phillips 66 Big 12 men's basketball tournament was the 2008 edition of the Big 12 Conference's championship tournament held at the Sprint Center in Kansas City from March 13 until March 16, 2008. It was the 12th Big 12 tournament in the series. Texas and Kansas shared the regular season title, with Texas receiving the top seed in the tournament due to its win over Kansas earlier in the season. The top four seeds, including the two regular season champs, Oklahoma, and Kansas State automatically advanced to the quarterfinal round.
The first round featured several close games, with a combined 29-point margin of victory for the four matchups. Oklahoma State upset Texas Tech in a game that flip-flopped throughout, and the 12-seed Colorado Buffaloes defeated the 5-seed Baylor Bears in double overtime. This was both the first double-overtime game in tournament history and the first 12-seed win in tournament history. Texas A&M and Nebraska both won their games against Iowa State and Missouri, respectively.
Regular season and tournament seeding
To kick off the beginning of the 2007–2008 Big 12 men's basketball season a poll of the head coaches of the Big 12 men's basketball programs found that Kansas was the preseason favorite to win the conference for a second consecutive year and receiving 10 of 12 first place votes. In second place was Texas, the 2006–2007 season's runner-up for both the regular season title and tournament title. Texas A&M was dubbed for third place and received the remaining 2 first place votes. Aggies head coach Billy Gillespie left at the end of the previous season to take up the head coaching position at Kentucky. Another important coaching change came when Bob Huggins left Kansas State after one season to return to his alma mater, West Virginia. Nonetheless, KSU was selected for fourth place in the poll, the school's highest ever selection in the conference pre-season poll. Missouri and Oklahoma tied for fifth place while Oklahoma State and Texas Tech came in seventh and eighth place, respectively. Baylor, Nebraska, Iowa State, and Colorado took the final four spots, respectively. With identical conference records of 13–3, the Texas Longhorns and the Kansas Jayhawks share the 2008 regular season title. Because Texas won the head-to-head game with Kansas, they claim the No. 1 seed for the tournament.
† – Denotes Tournament Champion.
* – Denotes Regular Season Champion
1 – Texas Tech and Missouri were invited to the 2008 College Basketball Invitational but declined the offer.
Source:
Schedule
Bracket
Source:
Game summaries
First round
Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma State
James Anderson led the Cowboys with 18 points and eight rebounds, including a crucial 12-foot jump shot with 45 seconds left to increase his team's lead to 73–70. The game was close throughout, with each team holding the lead for a good share of the game. Texas Tech's Alan Voskuil led his team in scoring with 19 points, but as Red Raider's coach Pat Knight said, "We missed eight lay-ups in the second half, missed four out of five free throws. We made a lot of dumb mistakes. It comes from being casual... It was a hard-fought game offensively and defensively. We just made too many dumb mistakes." Texas Tech had recently suffered a 109–51 loss to Kansas, which set a school record for largest loss deficit. Knight, however, said, "This is probably the most disappointed I've been because this was a game we were in." The Red Raiders briefly took the lead in the second half, but a Byron Eaton three put the Cowboys back in the lead.
Baylor vs. Colorado
After gaining the lead early, Colorado managed to hold off a 2nd-half Baylor rally, taking the game into overtime twice. With the win, the Buffaloes became the first 12-seed to win a game in the tournament's eleven-year history. The game was also the first double-overtime game in tournament history. Colorado had a 15-point lead in the second half, only to see Baylor go on a 14–1 run to get back in it. With several botched possessions and failed chances to win on both sides, the game went into overtime twice. Baylor came within two during the second OT, but Kevin Rogers missed two free throws and Colorado quickly scored. A few late free throws added to the lead and gave CU the win. Baylor (21–10) had just completed one of the best seasons in the school's history, with hopes to gain an invite to the national tournament, but the loss to Colorado placed these hopes in doubt. Colorado shot 72% from the field in the first half, setting another tournament record for field goal percentage in a half.
Nebraska vs. Missouri
Aleks Maric led Nebraska with 17 points and 13 rebounds in a win over Missouri. Missouri came to within one point with under two minutes left, but series of Nebraska free throws, along with a blocked shot by Maric in the final minute, took Nebraska to the next round. Missouri (16–16) suffered this season after a Columbia fight left one of its star players with a broken jaw. They were ahead near the end of the first half, but the Cornhuskers went on a 10–3 run late and scored at the buzzer to carry the halftime lead, 28–30.
Texas A&M vs. Iowa State
In a physical game dominated by defensive play, Texas A&M scored their second-ever Big 12 tournament win in history. The Cyclones were held to 27% shooting from the field throughout, and their high-scorer Craig Brackins' 20 points and 12 rebounds were not enough to carry the team. The Aggies made 43% of their field goals, and were led by Donald Sloan, whose mother had died earlier that day, and Dominique Kirk with 12 points each. A&M was sitting on the bubble this year, needing some tournament wins to secure a spot in the NCAA championship tournament. With a combined 42 points in the first half, this game had the lowest scoring half in tournament history since 2003. Also, the combined margin of victory for all the tournament's first-round game was 29, the second lowest in history. The only Big 12 tournament with a lower combined margin of victory in the first round was 2006 with 28 points.
Quarterfinals
Oklahoma State vs. Texas
A late three put the Cowboys ahead at the half, but D. J. Augustin led the Longhorns on a 14–0 run to start the second half, putting OSU far behind. Damion James held the lead in stats for Texas with 23 points and 11 rebounds. The Cowboys, with Ibrahima Thomas' 19 points, had rallied from 7 points behind to gain the lead at halftime, but went the first eight minutes of the second half without a field goal. A late rally pulled them to within three, but Texas managed to hold them off and win by seven.
Colorado vs. Oklahoma
After going scoreless for the first five minutes, Colorado fought back, holding star Sooner forward Blake Griffin to four points and keeping the game close. Other Sooners, such as Tony Crocker, Longar Longar, and Taylor Griffin, managed to make up the difference, scoring a combined 33 points in what was a largely defensive game. Both teams made only about a third of their shots from the field. Colorado's Richard Roby lead both teams in scoring with 18 points, and in rebounds with 10, and he broke a school point record with 2,001 total for his career. However, this along with Colorado's slow play, waiting the shot clock out for each possession, was not enough to keep the Sooners from advancing to meet Texas in the semifinals.
Kansas vs. Nebraska
Kansas State vs. Texas A&M
Dominique Kirk hit five 3-pointers and had 19 points, and Josh Carter hit two free throws with 7 seconds left to help Texas A&M hold off third-seeded Kansas State 63–60.
Texas A&M (24–9) shot 50 percent—a huge improvement from its first-round game against Iowa State—and didn’t let anyone besides Michael Beasley do much of anything, winning its second straight conference tournament game after going 1–11 the previous 11 years.
Beasley had 25 points and nine rebounds, but Bill Walker (10 points) was the only other double-figures scorer for Kansas State (20–11), which still got into the NCAA tournament despite the loss.
Semifinals
Texas vs. Oklahoma
Kansas vs. Texas A&M
Championship
Kansas vs. Texas
All-Tournament Team
Most Outstanding Player – Brandon Rush, Kansas
See also
2008 Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament
2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
2007–08 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
References
External links
Official 2008 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament Bracket
Tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
College sports tournaments in Missouri |
The 1921 Grand National was the 80th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 18 March 1921.
The race was won by Shaun Spadah, a 100/9 bet ridden by Fred Rees and trained by George Poole for owner Malcolm McAlpine. The winner was the only horse to complete the course without falling.
In second place was The Bore, who remounted after falling at the second-last fence, having raced alongside the winner since Turkey Buzzard fell at Becher's Brook on the second circuit. All White and Turkey Buzzard were also remounted to finish third and fourth respectively. No other horses completed the race. Thirty-five horses ran and all returned safely to the stables.
Finishing Order
Non-finishers
References
1921
Grand National
Grand National
20th century in Lancashire |
Kostroga is a non-operational PKP railway station in Kostroga (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
References
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Bytów County |
Ignatius Isaac II (, ) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1709 until his resignation in 1723.
Biography
Isaac ʿAzar was born at Mosul in 1647, and was the son of Maqdisi 'Azar and Maryam. He had brothers named Matthew and Jacob, and two uncles, George and Rizq Allah, through his mother. Isaac became a monk at the nearby monastery of Saint Matthew, where he and his uncle George were both ordained as priests in 1669 by Basil Yeldo, Maphrian of the East. In 1673, Isaac and George aided Basil Yeldo in renovating the monastery of Saint Matthew, for which the three of them were imprisoned by the governor of Mosul for a short while. Basil Yeldo appointed Isaac as the abbot of the monastery of Saint Matthew in 1675, and he was later ordained as archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew by Patriarch Ignatius Abdulmasih I in early 1684 at the monastery of Saint Ananias, upon which he assumed the name Severus. This took place at the same time as George's ordination as Basil Yeldo's successor as Maphrian of the East.
In April 1687, Isaac was ordained as Maphrian of the East at the Great Church of Mardin by his uncle George, who had been elevated to patriarch of Antioch at the same time, upon which he assumed the name Basil. Throughout George's tenure as patriarch, Isaac was entrusted with the administration of the whole church, and thus he ordained several bishops and a number of presbyters, deacons and monks. At Amida, he rebuilt the church of Saint Jacob in 1691, and renovated the church of Saint Mary in 1693, and added the nave of Saint Jacob of Serugh, on instruction from the patriarch. In 1701, he received permission from the Ottoman government to rebuild the churches of Mardin after having travelled to Constantinople and other places, accompanied by the priest Shukrallah.
Whilst Isaac was at Aleppo, George died on 5 June 1708. A synod was subsequently held at the monastery of Saint Ananias in 1709, with Maphrian Basil Lazarus of Tur Abdin presiding, and Isaac was unanimously chosen to succeed George as patriarch of Antioch. After having received a firman from the Ottoman government recognising his ascension to the patriarchal office, Isaac was consecrated as patriarch by Basil Lazarus at Amida on 8 February 1709, upon which he assumed the name Ignatius. Isaac served as patriarch until ill health led him to resign, and, as a result, a synod was convened at the monastery of Saint Ananias on 20 July 1723, at which Dionysius Shukrallah, archbishop of Aleppo, was elected as patriarch with Isaac's approval. Isaac returned to Mosul, where he died on 11 or 18 July 1724, and was buried in his father's mausoleum at the Church of Saint Thomas. As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained seventeen bishops.
Works
At the time of the reconstruction of the church of Saint Jacob at Amida in 1691, Isaac issued a decree on behalf of the Shamsis, a small former sun-worshipping sect that had joined the Syriac Orthodox Church yet faced suspicion, to attest to their adherence to the Church. The decree was a copy of a document written by the monk David of Homs in c. 1460; it was later found by Patriarch Ignatius George V in 1825 and copied again in Garshuni.
He also composed a short grammar book in Syriac in 15 chapters on etymology and morphology whilst maphrian, before 1699.
Episcopal succession
As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained the following bishops:
Dioscorus Shukr Allah, archbishop of Gazarta (1687)
Timothy Shukr Allah, archbishop of Amida (1690)
Severus Malke, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew (1694)
Athanasius Murad, archbishop of Gazarta (1695)
Timothy ‘Ata Allah, bishop of Edessa (1699)
Dionysius Shukr Allah, archbishop of Aleppo (1709)
Basil Lazarus III, Maphrian of the East (1709)
Basil Simon II, Maphrian of Tur Abdin (1710)
John of Mardin, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai, Gargar, and Ḥisn Manṣūr (1712)
Basil Matthew II, Maphrian of the East (1713)
Gregorius Job, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai (1714)
Timothy ’Isa, archbishop of monastery of Saint Ananias and Mardin (1718)
Severus Elias, archbishop of Edessa (1718)
Dioscorus Aho, archbishop of Gazarta (1718)
Gregorius ‘Abd al-Ahad, archbishop of Jerusalem (1719)
Iyawannis Karas, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Behnam (1722)
Basil George, archbishop (1722)
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
People from Mosul
Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783
1647 births
1724 deaths
Assyrians from the Ottoman Empire
18th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
17th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
Maphrians
Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire
Syriac writers
Oriental Orthodox bishops in the Ottoman Empire
18th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
17th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire |
Zahra O. Redwood (born c. 1985) was crowned Miss Jamaica Universe on 25 March 2007. She is the first Rastafarian to enter and win a beauty pageant in Jamaica and also the first Rastafarian beauty queen to represent Jamaica internationally in the Miss Universe pageant held in Mexico City on 28 May 2007.
In addition to being the first Rastafarian to be crowned a beauty queen in Jamaica and to represent Jamaica internationally in the Donald Trump/NBC co-owned Miss Universe pageant, Redwood's win was significant because her crowning on 25 March coincided with the same date as the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. Redwood was voted Most Congenial by her fellow competitors, and also copped the award for Most Aware, bringing her number of awards on the crowning night to three: Winner, Most Congenial and Most Aware.
References
1980s births
Living people
Miss Universe 2007 contestants
Jamaican beauty pageant winners |
The Brazilian Dental Journal is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of dentistry. It is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed. The publication of this journal is financially supported by the Fundação Odontológica de Ribeirão Preto da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, the Programa de Apoio a Publicações Científicas do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico,> the Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. The editors-in-chief are Jesus Djalma Pécora, Paulo Cesar Saquy, and Manoel Damião de Sousa Neto.
External links
Dentistry journals
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1990 |
The Hollinwood Branch Canal was a canal near Hollinwood, in Oldham, England. It left the main line of the Ashton Canal at Fairfield Junction immediately above lock 18. It was just over long and went through Droylsden and Waterhouses to terminate at Hollinwood Basin (Hollinwood Top Wharf). It rose through four locks at Waterhouses (19–22) and another four at Hollinwood (23–26). Immediately above lock 22 at Waterhouses was Fairbottom Junction where the Fairbottom Branch Canal started. Beyond Hollinwood Basin there was a lock free private branch, known as the Werneth Branch Canal, to Old Lane Colliery, which opened in 1797. It is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Local Nature Reserve.
History
The Hollinwood Branch Canal was comparatively rural in character apart from mills and factories at Droylsden. Its main purpose was to carry coal from numerous local collieries to the many mills and factories in the neighbourhood of the Ashton Canal. Passengers were also carried along its length.
This canal was extensively used until about 1928 when trade began to decline rapidly due to competition from railways and roads. However, this was not the only problem as mining subsidence was becoming serious and it unofficially closed in 1932, although parts of it remained navigable. It was not until 1955 that most of it was officially closed and the short remaining section from the main line at Fairfield Junction was officially closed in 1961.
Future
Much of the line of the former canal remained intact, and there are now plans to re-open it as an amenity canal; these plans have the support of the local authorities. However, the problems of restoring this canal are far more challenging than those of restoring the Stockport Branch Canal. Not only is it suffering from the effects of mining subsidence but also its line has been severed twice by the Manchester ring road, which would require the construction of aqueducts to cross it. Another aqueduct would also be required to replace one across a railway that was demolished some time ago. The line up to Hollinwood Basin could not be restored because buildings now obstruct it but there are plans to connect the rest of it to the Rochdale Canal by means of a short new canal from just below the site of lock 23. Such a link was originally planned in 1792, but never constructed.
The first part of the restoration has started, with a £100 Million redevelopment scheme for Droylsden including housing, flats, restaurants, shops and offices, centred on a new marina which is connected to the line of the canal, and which was opened in September 2008. About of canal from the junction with the Ashton Canal have been refurbished, and new waterside facilities for boaters are available near lock 18. The original plans would have blocked further restoration of the canal, but were changed after representations were made by the Hollinwood Canal Society, and the canal will now pass under a building which will span the route.
Features
The Hollinwood Branch Canal at Waterhouses is unique among Britain's canals and it is now part of the Daisy Nook Country Park owned by the National Trust. In it included every type of canal feature, as well as some more unusual ones as well. Over this length these features were once to be found, starting and ending with road bridges over the canal:
A road bridge (Waterhouses Bridge)
A tunnel (Waterhouses, Boodle or Dark Tunnel). This was opened out in the 1920s.
A single-arched stone aqueduct over the River Medlock (Waterhouses Aqueduct)
A flight of four locks (19–22), the inner pair of which were staircase locks in that the top gates of the lower lock were also the bottom gates of the upper lock (Waterhouses Locks)
A small brick-built hut by lock 21 that is believed to have been used for the payment of wages
A canal junction where the Fairbottom Branch Canal started (Waterhouses Junction)
The towpath of the Fairbottom Branch Canal crossed the Hollinwood Branch Canal on a swivel bridge located across the head of lock 22.
An overspill weir crossed by the towpath on a low pier of stone blocks
A lock-keeper's cottage, which doubled as an office for the collection of tolls
A pumping engine (beam engine) used to back pump water from the canal below lock 19 to the canal above lock 22
A wooden flume over the pump house yard used to carry the water from the pump house back to the canal
A footbridge over the canal having a wrought-iron balustrade (Occupation Bridge)
A cast-iron aqueduct over Crime Lane (Crime Aqueduct)
A lake at the side of the canal that resulted from canal works at the time construction. As built, the canal severed the course of a brook and a culvert was made below the canal to accommodate this. A landslip blocked this and the waters were impounded on the offside of the canal. The new lake and canal became one and the lake was officially known as Crime Bank Reservoir but it is far better known by its later name of Crime Lake.
A road bridge (Crime Bridge)
Mention must be made of a neighbour of the pumping engine known as ‘Fairbottom Bobs’. This was a Newcomen steam engine (more accurately a Newcomen atmospheric engine) used to pump water from a coal mine. The water was pumped along a wooden flume for a distance of about and then discharged into the Fairbottom Branch Canal at Fenny Fields Bridge.
In 1929 this engine was dismantled and taken to the United States by Henry Ford who had it completely restored. It was then placed at the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan.
Name
The name "Fairbottom Bobs" is older than the Newcomen engine. It was used to describe the pumps driven by water wheels driven by the River Medlock. The 'bobs' were L-shaped linkages designed to convert the circular motion of the wheels into an up-and-down pumping action. Early maps show the Newcomen engine as "Mr. Lees' Engine" and the Ashton Company had to negotiate with Mr. Lees (in 1798) to have the water redirected into the canal when it was built.
Points of interest
See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
References
Bibliography
External links
Hollinwood Canal Society
Pennine Waterways - Hollinwood Branch Canal
History of Greater Manchester
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester
Canals in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Canal restoration
Local Nature Reserves in Greater Manchester
Canals opened in 1796
Chadderton
1796 establishments in England |
Eastern Michigan University was founded in 1849 by the state of Michigan, and opened in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School. Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies.
In 1899, the school became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the twentieth century as Michigan's premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a four-year degree program.
With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after World War II, the school became Eastern Michigan College in 1956. In 1959 the school became Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School.
Today the university's total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students.
Origins
Michigan State Normal School (1849–1898) was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School. Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies.
Adonijah Welch served as the first principal of Michigan State Normal School from 1851 to 1865. Later in his life Welch served as a United States Senator from Florida and as the first president of Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University).
The normal schools were aimed to train teachers for common schools, which were being established at a rapid rate in new towns throughout the state. Michigan created a state educational system modeled on that of Germany. When the school was founded, the state of Michigan had only been admitted to the union for 12 years. Michigan State Normal School was the first educator training school west of the Allegheny Mountains.
Students could enroll in Michigan State Normal School at a much earlier age than the typical student today. Admission requirements indicated that students enrolling in the English Course must be at least 14 years of age. Those wishing to take the Classical Course must be at least 13 years of age. When it opened, Normal could admit students with high school diplomas or pass the entrance exam. Normal was able to grant high school diplomas and teaching certificates to qualified graduates. Classes started on March 29, 1853, with a total of one hundred and twenty-two enrolled.
In 1853, students could choose from two programs of study. The first was a two-year plan of study called the "English Course" and the other was the three-year "Classical Course." The English Course aimed to educate future teachers a broad range of academic subjects that would be need to be taught in primary schools. The Classical Course focused on language instruction for educators who would teach at a secondary level. Tuition rates were $3 per term for students preparing to be teachers and $4 for Classics. Those preparing for college paid $8 a term for Classics and $6 for English. This was a method to encourage students to become educators.
None of the original buildings from the Michigan State Normal School survived. Many of the buildings were built with wood frames, which does not last over time for most buildings. Many of the buildings at the heart of the campus were rebuilt.
The school grew rapidly in student population and variety of classes offered. During the 1880s the school went through a period of questioning whether to focus on pedagogy (the art of teaching) and specific techniques, or to focus on a broad academic background in order to offer students a balanced education. After over two decades of debate, the current principal Richard Gause Boone chose the direction of a broader education. His decision set the direction and future for what EMU is today.
In 1889, the nearby Ypsilanti Water Tower was built. During 1890, the two oldest buildings that still remain on campus (Starkweather and Welch Hall) opened.
On October 22, 1896, Theodore Roosevelt visited the Michigan State Normal School campus.
A new foundation
Michigan State Normal College (1899-1955) was established under Richard Gause Boone, the principal who lobbied to establish Normal as four-year college. In 1899, the school became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Around this time Alpha Sigma Tau, a national Panhellenic sorority was founded at EMU on November 4, 1899. Normal began the twentieth century as Michigan's premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a four-year degree program. During this time the University added ground-breaking programs.
In 1900, student athletes unofficially adopted the nickname "Normalites." Athletes wore either a "Y" for Ypsilanti or an "N" for Normal. It was not until 1929 when the school adopted the nickname "Hurons".
In 1901, Normal was the first school in Michigan to offer an industrial arts program. In 1915, it was the first program in the nation to train teachers to serve the disabled. In 1940, it was the first teacher training school to offer a program in library services. During World War II, the school trained soldiers for the military.
Between 1900 and the 1950s, around 20 buildings were built on the present-day campus. Like many other universities during World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II, the school survived and expanded further. Between 1899 and 1955 Sherzer Hall (1903), Pease Auditorium (1914), Boone Hall (1914), Roosevelt (1924), Ford (1929)McKenny Union (1930), Briggs Hall (1937), King Hall (1939), Rackham (1940), Munson Hall (1941), Hover (1941), Pierce Hall (1948), Jones Hall (1948), Brown Hall (1949), 600 W. Forest Street (the original President's House, 1950), Goddard (1955), and Bowen Field House (1955) were built. Pease Auditorium was built in 1914, the campus' first auditorium. By 1939, residence halls were established, allowing students to live on campus. The first was King Residence Hall.
In 1956 the weekly student newspaper was renamed the Eastern Echo.
Rebirth
Eastern Michigan College (1956–1958) only existed for a short time. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after World War II, the school became Eastern Michigan College in 1956. In a similar path, Western Michigan University, Northern Michigan University, and Central Michigan University all started as normal schools and eventually became universities. During the EMC's existence Strong Hall (1957), Buell Hall (1957), Downing Hall (1958), Snow Health Center (1959), and Quirk (1959) were built.
In 1959 the school became a university, gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School (graduate classes were offered since 1939). Eastern became a university the same year as Central Michigan University. In the same year, the College of Education, the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Graduate School were the first three colleges in the newly created university.
On the night of October 13, 1960 Senator John F. Kennedy visited Eastern Michigan University. A few hours later in the early morning of October 14, he gave a speech at the University of Michigan, challenging students to serve their country abroad in the name of peace. This was the beginning of the Peace Corps.
Several expansions in colleges followed the establishment of the university. The College of Business began in 1964, followed by the College of Human Services in 1975. The last college added was the College of Technology in 1980. Eventually the College of Human Services was renamed the College of Health and Human Services on April 21, 1982. The name change was to better reflect the various majors in the college.
More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education (which includes EMU Online), the Centers for Corporate Training, the World College, and numerous community-focused institutes.
In 1972, Patricia Swan became the first African-American homecoming queen.
Between 1960 and 2001, apartment and residence hall expansions included Cornell Courts (Phase I-1961), Wise Hall (1964), Best Hall (1965), Phelps/Sellers(1965), Cornell Courts (Phase II-1966), Westview (Phase I-1967), Walton/Putnam (1968), Westview (Phase II-1969), and Hoyt/Pittman/Hill Halls (1969).
Between 1964 and 1999, academic, athletic, and administrative expansions included Warner Gymnasium (1964), Sill Hall (1965), Porter College of Ed. (1967), Pray-Harrold (1967), Rynearson Stadium (1968), Oestrike Baseball Stadium (1968), Mark Jefferson Science Building (1969), Alexander (1980), Olds/Robb Rec. (1982), Geddes Town Hall School (1986), Coatings Research Institute (1987), Corporate Education Center (1989) Gary Owen College of Business (1991), Pond/Lake House (1993), Terrestrial and Aquatic Research Facility (1998), the Convocation Center (1998), and the Bruce T. Halle Library (1998).
EMU began investigating the appropriateness of its Huron Indian logo after the Michigan Department of Civil Rights issued a report in October 1988 suggesting that all schools using such logos drop them. The report indicated that the use of Native American names, logos, and mascots for athletic teams promoted racial stereotypes. The EMU Board of Regents voted on May 22, 1991, to replace the Huron name with the Eagles. This was chosen from three recommendations, the other two names submitted being the Green Hornets and Express. Eventually in 1994, EMU adopted the mascot "Swoop" for the university.
On Oct. 30, 1996, President Bill Clinton visited EMU to present a speech on women in the business community, which was hosted in Bowen Field House. In May 2000, President Bill Clinton delivered the commencement address at Eastern Michigan University's Convocation Center.
Six years later, the university gained national attention when student Laura Dickinson was sexually assault and murdered on campus in her residence hall room. Orange Taylor III, also a student, was convicted of the murder. A subsequent investigation by Detroit law firm Butzel Long found that EMU had violated the Clery Act by not notifying students and named Jim Vick, Vice President of Student Affairs, as the main source of the cover-up. Several senior administrators were subsequently fired, resigned, or disciplined; among those who were fired were university president John Fallon and Vice President for Student Affairs Jim Vick. In July 2007, the U.S. Department of Education fined EMU then-record $350,000 for violating the Clery Act by not reporting the crimes to students. On December 13, 2007, EMU settled with the family and estate of Laura Dickinson for $2.5 million; the settlement does not include any admission of liability by EMU.
Major recent construction includes the Everett L. Marshall Building (2000) (which is home to the Eastern Michigan University College of Health & Human Services), University House (2003), and the Student Center (2006). A new student center opened in 2006 replacing McKenny Union (which was then renamed "McKenny Hall"). Recent changes include the McKenny Hall renovation (2007), expansion of the Science Complex in 2011 (formerly known as "Mark Jefferson Science Building"), the indoor practice facility (2010), and the renovation of Pray-Harrold classroom building (2011).
Today the university's total student population averages about 23,000, of whom 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or master's level, although the university has doctoral programs in Educational Leadership, Technology, and Psychology.
EMU's first female president was Susan W. Martin, Ph.D., who took office as EMU's twenty-second president on July 7, 2008, and served until July 7, 2015.
The university's current interim president is Kim Schatzel, who took office on July 8, 2015.
Presidents
EMU has had 26 presidents, which includes presidents under the school's previous names of Eastern Michigan College, Michigan State Normal School, and Michigan State Normal College. 24 men (including three interim appointments) and two women have served as president (including one interim appointments).
Buildings
Today EMU is composed of more than 122 buildings across of its academic and athletic campus. It also has more than 15 residence halls and apartment complexes.
Historic districts
Established in 1984, the Eastern Michigan University Historic District is an L-shaped parcel of land on the south side of campus across Cross Street from the Ypsilanti Water Tower.
Several buildings since the university's founding have been deemed historically significant, and they were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the "Eastern Michigan University Historic District."
Notes
Eastern Michigan University
Eastern Michigan |
Alfred Benjamin Meacham (1826–1882) was an American Methodist minister, reformer, author and historian, who served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon (1869–1872). He became a proponent of American Indian interests in the Northwest, including Northern California. Appointed in 1873 as chairman of the Modoc Peace Commission, he was severely wounded during a surprise attack on April 11 by warriors, but saved from death by Toby Riddle (Winema), a Modoc interpreter.
Meacham continued to work for justice for American Indians. He wrote a lecture-play about the Modoc War, and made a national tour with Modoc and Klamath representatives in 1874–1875. He helped represent American Indian tribes to Washington officials, and testified about relocation issues to Congress. In 1880 he served on the Ute Commission. Meacham published two books about the war. The reformer Wendell Phillips wrote the introduction to the first book, and Meacham dedicated the second and named it for Winema Riddle.
Early life and education
Meacham was born on April 29, 1826, in Orange County, Indiana, where his parents Anderson Meacham and Lucinda Wasson had moved from North Carolina because of their objection to slavery. When he was still a child, the family moved further west to Iowa, where he came to know people of the Sauk and Fox tribes. In Indiana and Iowa he was educated in the common schools.
In 1844, he worked with others hired to assist with the Sauk and Fox removal 100 miles to the west across the Mississippi River, and saw their grief. He realized they would never voluntarily have left "the graves of their fathers."
Marriage and family
Meacham married Orpha Caroline Ferree (1827–1888) in Brighton, Iowa, on October 28, 1852. She had also been born in Indiana. He had returned from working in California to marry her. They traveled together back to the West Coast by way of New Orleans and the Isthmus of Panama. They had three children together: Clara B., b. 1855, who married Dr. J. N. Prather of Iowa; George F., b. 1856, who married Lucia M. Mills of Seattle, Washington, where he moved as an adult; and Nellie Francis, b. 1859, who married Charley Troup (died of tuberculosis) and later Colonel J. W. Redington of Walla Walla, Washington.
Career
As a young man, Meacham went to California in 1850 trying to find gold during the gold rush. After his marriage in Iowa, he returned with his wife Orpha to California, where they lived in Solano County for a time.
In 1863 they went to Washington Territory, east of the Cascade Mountains in eastern Washington, near Walla Walla in the Blue Mountains. He worked at mining and farming. This area was in present-day northeast Oregon. The future Umatilla Indian Reservation was established near present-day Meacham.
Meacham became a prominent figure in Oregon politics; its delegation supported him for Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Oregon in 1866. At the time, Andrew Johnson was president, and his administration learned that Meacham did not support him. His nomination to office was not supported.
He supported Ulysses S. Grant in the presidential election of 1868. Under Grant's Peace Policy (also called the Quaker Policy) to appoint clergy rather than military to administer U.S. Indian affairs, Meacham was appointed in 1869 as U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon. He was instrumental in trying to bring peace to the Klamath Reservation, where the Modoc had been relocated. They complained of harassment by their traditional enemies, the Klamath.
A Modoc band left the reservation to return to Northern California and their traditional territory. Meacham recognized their problems with the Klamath and recommended to the Commission of Indian Affairs (CIA) that a sub-agency be set up for them at the southern border at Yainax. The Department of Interior never acted on his recommendation, and the problems increased.
Many settlers continued to complain about the Modoc, who did more raiding during the winter because the U.S. government did not provide them with adequate supplies. In early 1872, during the crisis, T.B. Odeneal was appointed as U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Oregon, replacing Meacham. He "knew almost nothing of the background of the situation and had never met Jack or the Modocs" but was charged with "getting the Modocs to leave Lost River." In turn, Odeneal appointed a new U.S. Indian agent, who was also unfamiliar with the parties and conditions. They turned to military solutions, trying to force the Modoc back to Oregon, and the Modoc War started in 1872.
In the spring of 1873, Meacham was drawn back into the conflict when he was appointed as chairman of the Modoc Peace Commission to try to end the Modoc War. The government believed his knowledge of Captain Jack would be useful, but Meacham refused to participate unless assured that Odeneal would not be on the commission. He was distressed that the issues with the Modoc had resulted in war. Although severely injured in 1873 when Modoc warriors attacked the peace commissioners, Meacham was saved from being killed by Winema (Toby) Riddle, a bilingual Modoc woman who served as a U.S. interpreter. She yelled that soldiers were coming and interrupted the warriors, who fled. Meacham recovered and continued to work to improve conditions for the Modoc and other American Indians.,
Working for Indian justice
Meacham wrote a lecture-play, The Tragedy of the Lava Beds, about the war. He arranged a national speaking tour for Winema and her husband Frank Riddle (who took their son Charka with them), as well as other Modoc and Klamath tribal representatives. He wanted to inform Americans about the issues related to the Modoc War and Indian relocation in general. In 1874, Meacham and the delegation spoke before a group organized by the social activist and reformer Wendell Phillips. In 1875, the delegation addressed Alfred Henry Love's Universal Peace Union in Philadelphia and a meeting of Peter Cooper's U.S. Indian Commission in New York City.
In 1879, Meacham brought Chief Joseph and other Nez Perce to Washington, D.C., to speak to government officials. During the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes, Meacham served on the 1880 Ute Commission with George W. Manypenny, a former Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the railroad executive Otto Mears to plan and oversee the relocation of the Colorado Ute tribe, led by Chief Ouray, to a new reservation in Utah.
In addition to public lectures, Meacham reported on Native American issues by publishing a journal called The Council Fire and Arbitrator, with Dr. Thomas Bland in 1878. He also wrote two books dealing with the Modoc War: Wigwam and Warpath; or, The Royal Chief in Chains, a history of the War, was published in 1875 with an introduction by Wendell Phillips. The former abolitionist wrote,
To show the folly of our method, examine the south of the Great Lakes, and you will find in every 30 miles from Plymouth to Omaha the scene of an Indian massacre. And since 1789 we have spent about one thousand million of dollars in dealing with the Indian. Meanwhile, under British rule, on the north side of these same lakes, there has been no Indian outbreak, worth naming for a hundred years, and hardly one hundred thousand dollars have been spent directly on the Indians of Canada. What is the solution to this astounding riddle? This, and none other. England gathers her Indian tribes as ordinary citizens, within the girth of her usual laws.... With us martial law, or no law at all, is their portion; no civil rights, no right to property that a white man is bound to respect...
Meacham published Wi-ne-ma (The Woman-Chief) and Her People in 1876 and dedicated it to Toby Riddle, who had saved his life.
This book is written with the avowed purpose of doing honor to the heroic Wi-ne-ma who at the peril of her life sought to save the ill fated peace commission to the Modoc Indians in 1873. The woman to whom the writer is indebted, under God, for saving his life.Alfred B. Meacham, Wi-ne-ma (The Woman-Chief) and Her People, Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1876, at Internet Archive, online text
Meacham petitioned Congress for years to award a military pension to Winema Riddle for her heroism; in 1891 Congress finally approved the pension, one of the few enacted for a woman and a Native American.
Lecture-play
Tragedy of the Lava Beds (1874)
Books
Wendell Phillips, "Introduction", Wigwam and Warpath; or, The Royal Chief in Chains, Boston: John P. Dale & Co., (1875), at Internet Archive, full online text
Wi-ne-ma (The Woman-Chief) and Her People, Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1876, at Internet Archive, full online text
References
External links
1826 births
1882 deaths
American abolitionists
American Methodist clergy
People of the Modoc War
Native Americans' rights activists
Oregon politicians
Oregon Superintendents for Indian Affairs
Oregon Republicans
Activists from Oregon
Methodist abolitionists |
The 1934 Michigan gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1934. Republican nominee Frank Fitzgerald defeated Democratic nominee Arthur J. Lacy with 52.41% of the vote.
General election
Candidates
Major party candidates
Frank Fitzgerald, Republican
Arthur J. Lacy, Democratic
Other candidates
Arthur E. Larsen, Socialist
John Anderson, Communism
Donald D. Alderdyce, Farmer–Labor Party
Robert Fraser, Socialist Labor
Lincoln E. Buell, Commonwealth
Robert R. Pointer, People's Progressive
Ann L. Medow, National
Edward N. Lee, American
Results
Primaries
Republican primary
Democratic primary
References
1934
Michigan
Gubernatorial
November 1934 events |
Philibert Orry, count of Vignory and lord of La Chapelle-Godefroy (born in Troyes on 22 January 1689 – died at La Chapelle-Godefroy on 9 November 1747), was a French statesman.
Life
The fifth child of Jean Orry, a leading economist, Philibert Orry served as a cavalry captain during the War of Spanish Succession, before becoming a member of the Parlement of Paris, then master of requests in 1715. He was an intendant in Lille (1715-1718), Soissons (1722-1727), and Roussillon (1727-1728).
Orry was named Controller-General of Finances in 1730 and combined this function with being director general of the Bâtiments du Roi ("the king's buildings") in 1736, after the death of the duc d'Antin. Orry remained Controller-General until 1745, making him the longest continuously-serving holder of the office in the eighteenth-century.
An able economist, Orry had to restore the dixième ("tenth") tax and declared the venality of municipal officials, successfully balancing the budget in 1739-40. Applying the principles of Colbert, he sought to develop the domestic manufacture of textiles and paper, and was involved in the production of porcelain in Vincennes in 1740. He supported trade with Canada and the Indies by reforming the statutes of the Compagnie des Indes.
As director general of buildings, he established the bi-annual public Paris Salon, and became the vice-protecteur of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture ("Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture") in April 1737. His directorship has, generally, been harshly judged. The marquis d'Argenson spoke with contempt of "the bad, bourgeois taste of Monsieur Orry". However, Orry's selection of Charles-Joseph Natoire in 1730 to decorate his château de La Chapelle-Godefroy (see below) reveals, on the contrary, a certain discernement in artistic matters: Natoire was one of the most promising young history painters, and his two main rivals - François Boucher and Carle Van Loo - were both abroad.
As director general of Ponts et Chaussées (bridges and highways), Orry finished the Crozat canal and maintained and developed France's road system. He sent to the intendants, in 1738, a detailed instruction on the duty (la corvée royale) for all inhabitants to spend a fortnight a year on the construction and maintenance of transport routes, classed in five categories. The corvée made France's major road network the finest in Europe, and before the Revolution, a great part of the public roads existed thanks to this institution. This policy of improved communications also led to the completion of the Cassini map in 1744.
Facing opposition from Madame de Pompadour, Orry resigned in 1745.
He was the Treasurer of the Order of the Holy Spirit from February 1743 to his death in 1747.
Residences
Orry owned the château de La Chapelle-Godefroy in Saint-Aubin near Nogent-sur-Seine, inherited from his father in 1719. "M. Orry", wrote the duc de Luynes in his Mémoires, "has always appeared to have no ambition, always regretting not being able to live on his estate, near Nogent, and always ready to go there with pleasure." He transformed and expanded considerably the seigneurial estate. He owned two paintings by Jean-Antoine Watteau, the Enchanteur and the 'Aventurière, which today are in the musée des Beaux-Arts in Troyes.
Orry also possessed an estate, Petit Bercy, in Paris.
References
External links
Notice sur le site du comité d'histoire du ministère français de l'économie, des finances et de l'industrie (In French)
1689 births
1747 deaths
People from Troyes
Heads of the Bâtiments du Roi
French Ministers of Finance |
The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) is a statutory government organization operating under the Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Its headquarters are situated in Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was initially known as the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983 and transformed into the Bangladesh Computer Council through Act No. 9 of the National Parliament in 1990.
Since its inception, the BCC has been an important advocate for the country's technological development, specifically in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In collaboration with government organizations in Bangladesh, this organization is responsible for developing national ICT plans, strategies, and policies, empowering Digital Bangladesh, implementing e-government, and collaborating with various government organizations and private sector partners. They also set ICT standards and specifications, develop ICT infrastructure, provide advice on IT technology utilization and security measures, identify issues related to national cyber security and cybercrimes, and investigate, remediate, prevent, and suppress these issues.
The BCC has undertaken numerous projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure, such as BanglaGovNet, Info-Sarker Phases II and III, Connected Bangladesh, and others, many of which have already been completed. It has also significantly contributed to human resource development by providing training to thousands of individuals, including the disabled, transgender and third-gender communities, and women entrepreneurs.
The BCC has been organizing various competitions and events to promote information technology education in the country, including the National Children and Youth Programming Contest, the International Blockchain Olympiad, and the International Collegiate Programming Contest. These events provide opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds to showcase their skills and passion for this field, advance the country's startup ecosystem, and increase computer programming's popularity among the younger generation. In 2022, the BCC organized the 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Final in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The organization has received several awards and recognitions for its achievements in promoting ICT in Bangladesh, such as the WITSA award, WSIS Winner Prize, ASOCIO Digital Government Award, Open Group President Award, Public Administration Award 2017, etc.
History
The Government of Bangladesh established the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983. Nevertheless, the National Computer Board (NCB) took over the role of the NCC in 1988. In 1989, the "Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance" was put into effect. The following year, the National Parliament enacted Act No. 9, "Bangladesh Computer Council Act, 1990", which transformed the National Computer Board into a statutory body under the name "Bangladesh Computer Council". BCC continued to function under the President's Secretariat until 1991. In 1991, this organization was placed under the Ministry of Science and Technology, which later became the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology.
Over the years, the BCC has evolved and expanded its scope of activities to meet the growing demands of the ICT sector. In 2011, the BCC was placed under the newly created Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB).
Objectives
The Bangladesh Computer Council operates with the following objectives to advance ICT in Bangladesh:
Setting and implementing national information technology policies, strategies, and plans for effective application and expansion of ICT in the country
Empower Digital Bangladesh.
Implement e-government.
Collaborate with the different government agencies and private sector partners to execute National ICT Plans.
Foster research and development in ICT.
Develop skilled human resources for IT-based industries.
Responsibilities
The key responsibilities of the Bangladesh Computer Council include:
Encouraging the use of ICT for social and economic development
Developing the practical infrastructure for the use of computers in various sectors of the national economy and improving the quality of education, training, and professional standards related to computers
Helping Bangladeshi citizens become competitive in the field of information technology
Developing human resources and skills in computer technology and exporting these resources to the global market
Formulating and implementing national ICT strategies and policies
Cooperating with the government and other organizations in the use of ICT and providing them with advice
Promoting the use of ICT in government and other organizations
Providing advice on security measures for the use of ICT
Building training centers, libraries, and laboratories for computer science, providing the necessary equipment, and maintaining them
Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on ICT
Publishing reports, projects, and periodicals on computer science and ICT
Organizing discussions and workshops on computer science, ICT, and other related topics and conducting training on these topics
Providing grants for research, education, and training in ICT
Communicating and cooperating with all relevant government, private, domestic, and foreign organizations in the interest of achieving national goals in the field of ICT
Negotiating and signing contracts with domestic and foreign organizations with the prior approval of the government as necessary for the performance of the BCC's functions
Carrying out any special duties assigned by the government related to computer science
Defining the standards and specifications of computer science and ICT
Taking any necessary steps to perform the above-mentioned functions
These responsibilities encompass a wide range of initiatives and projects aimed at contributing to the development of the ICT sector in Bangladesh.
Organizational Structure
The BCC has a robust organizational structure that allows it to handle its wide range of responsibilities and initiatives efficiently. The Executive Director is the highest-ranking official and is responsible for overseeing all operations of this organization. Under the Executive Director, there are three primary Divisions, each headed by a Member, and each of these divisions further consists of several subdivisions, each overseen by a Director. The Technical Division handles technical matters such as data center operations, Certifying Authority activities, Object Identifier (OID) operations, and government-level ICT support services. The Policy, Strategy, and Development Division is responsible for formulating and overseeing information technology policies, strategies, and development efforts. The Capacity Development and Human Resources Division is in charge of capacity building and human resource functions for the ICT sector.
Regional Offices
BCC has established seven regional offices in different parts of the country, which collaborate with local governments and non-governmental organizations to develop and implement national information and technology policies, strategies, and plans. These offices also assist in the implementation of e-government initiatives at the local level. Furthermore, They provide ICT training, develop ICT curricula, and support human development by hosting workshops, seminars, and online practice and e-learning activities in their respective regions with the collaboration of the local ICT industry. Regional offices of this organization:
Rajshahi office
Chattogram office
Khulna office
Sylhet office
Barishal office
Faridpur office and
Rangpur office.
BCC's Council Committee
The BCC's Council Committee is a group of 12 individuals from various government departments. The council is in charge of supervising and directing the council's operations. According to the information available, the members of the Council Committee are as follows:
Chairperson: The Honorable State Minister of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology
Vice-Chairperson: Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology
Member Secretary: Executive Director of Bangladesh Computer Council
Members: There are 7 members in the BCC's Council Committee.
Activities & Services
CA Operation and Security
BCC's CA Operations and Security serves as the sole official Certifying Authority of the Government of Bangladesh. Its duties entail overseeing CA operations, enforcing regulations, and managing Electronic Signatures and a secure repository of electronic signature certificates. This guarantees a reliable infrastructure for secure electronic transactions and communications in Bangladesh while providing secure digital certificates, web-based SSL certificates, PKI tools, and e-signatures to government organizations.
Network Operations Center
The National Network Operation Center (NOC) was formed in 2014 to operate and maintain the e-government Network. It focuses on network security, planning, research and development, operation, upgrade, and maintenance of nationwide government networks. NOC provides internet, intranet, extranet, and government video conference networks for the Honorable President, Honorable Prime Minister, Ministries, Bangladesh Secretariat, and field administration. NOC provides consultation with other government organizations in preparing network standards and specifications. Currently, it is providing network operation and maintenance services in 18,834 government offices up to the upazila level. It also monitors the network connectivity of 2600 unions under the national priority project named ‘Info Sarker-3’.
Data center
BCC operates a Tier III-certified National Data Center in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive range of services to government organizations. This data center provides secure and reliable cloud services and the storage and management of digital data for various government agencies and organizations in the country.
The National Data Center offers a range of Cloud computing services, including Elastic Cloud Server (ECS), Image Management Services (IMS), Elastic Volume Service (EVS) for Cloud Storage, Volume Backup Service (VBS), and Cloud Server Backup Service (CSBS) for Cloud Backup. In addition, it provides Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic IP (EIP), Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), and Virtual Firewall (VFW) for Cloud Network Services. Other services offered are virtual Private Servers, Load Balancing, Email Service, Web Hosting, Backup, and Colocation Services. A dedicated security team is in place to monitor and handle any security incidents that may arise.
Software and Hardware Quality Testing and Certification (SHQTC)
This SHQTC facilitates the testing (functional, performance, and security) of all software, applications, and mobile apps developed and procured by the government entity for e-government service delivery. It also conducts hardware testing, ensures quality assurance, and coordinates software certification.
Research and development
BCC is dedicated to conducting research and development work on emerging technologies in the field of information technology. This includes the development of cutting-edge applications and the proper usage and application of the Bengali language in IT. This organization is dedicated to providing its clients and partners with innovative and research-derived solutions to various problems using cutting-edge technology. It formulates appropriate standards for implementing e-governance and software and hardware for capacity development, and it works on interoperability. It establishes and manages appropriate centers or systems to develop the innovative power of potential ICT graduates. It works on the development of IT personnel according to domestic and international markets and the commercialization of ICT.
Policy, strategy, and planning
BCC assists the Government of Bangladesh in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. This organization coordinates with government institutions, conducts studies and surveys, and develops management information systems to address national needs.
ICT-related consultancy services
BCC provides ICT-related consultancy services to government and public organizations. These services include requirements analysis for hardware and software, technical specification preparation, requirement analysis for automation, tender document preparation, and tender evaluation for government organizations with e-government empowerment initiatives. Additionally, they provide on-demand websites and software development. Furthermore, BCC offers ICT professional recruitment assistance.
Condemnation service
BCC provides a crucial condemnation service for computers and related equipment, ensuring proper identification and removal of outdated, obsolete, or non-functional hardware for all government offices in Bangladesh. This service encourages responsible electronic waste disposal and the adoption of advanced technologies.
Object identifiers
BCC is the country Registration Authority (RA) for Object identifiers (OIDs). They received approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on July 30, 2012, to function as the country's RA. As the RA, this organization is responsible for allocating and managing OIDs within the country's OID allocation structure, which starts with country OID 2.16.50. The BCC oversees OID registration, ensures compliance, approves OIDs for the global repository, collaborates with ITU-T, defines valid objects, and assists OID users. As the country's RA, this organization facilitates a secure PKI and other IT initiatives.
BGD e-GOV CIRT
The Bangladesh e-government Computer Incident Response Team, also known as the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Bangladesh, is responsible for preventing and responding to cyber security threats within the country. They work closely with international partners to ensure the safety of Bangladesh's cyberspace. Their duties include receiving reviews, responding to computer security incidents, conducting research and development, and providing guidance on security threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, they assist government organizations, financial organizations, law enforcement agencies, academia, and civil society in improving overall cyber security. They also provide the necessary support to the 'Digital Security Agency'.
BGD e-GOV CIRT offers a range of essential services, including incident handling, digital forensics, cyber security training, threat intelligence, IT audits, cyber sensors, risk assessment, and awareness building. These services help organizations identify and respond to security incidents, evaluate potential security gaps, and build awareness about the importance of cyber security.
Bangladesh National Digital Architecture
The Government of Bangladesh has developed a National Enterprise architecture framework called the Bangladesh National Digital Architecture Framework based on leading standards, practices, and frameworks like Open Group's TOGAF 9. This framework has been customized to meet the specific requirements and strategic objectives of the country.
It consists of various key components that aim to establish the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture Framework. Such a component is the eGovernment Interoperability Framework, which ensures seamless integration and communication across different government departments and agencies. The Mobile Service Delivery Platform defines the architecture and standards for efficient mobile service delivery. The National e-Service Bus acts as a middleware application or platform, facilitating the integration of e-services.
Training and development
BCC offers various training courses and programs, as well as job fairs, workshops, seminars, and programming competitions nationwide. They also provide specialized training and events for disadvantaged communities, including the disabled and third-gender communities. Women entrepreneurs can also access various training opportunities.
Bangladesh Korea Institute of Information and Communication Technology (BKIICT)
To satisfy the rising demand in both the national and international job markets, BCC maintains an ICT training institute called BKIICT that provides a variety of ICT-related programs, including standard certification courses, diplomas, and post-graduate diplomas. The institute also provides customized courses for government officials to improve their ICT skills and efficiency. Besides, BKIICT conducts aptitude tests for ICT candidates applying for jobs in various government departments and organizations on behalf of those institutions. They also conduct computer proficiency tests and provide lab rental services according to government requirements.
Information-Technology Engineers Examination in Bangladesh
BCC's Bangladesh ICT-Engineers Examination Center, known as BD ITech, is responsible for the annual administration of the Information Technology Engineers Examination (ITEE) in Bangladesh. The ITEE is an internationally recognized information technology examination developed by Japan's Information Technology Promotion Agency (IPA). This exam applies to both IT and non-IT professionals and graduates, and their knowledge and skills in this field can get international recognition. Since 2013, BD-iTech has been entrusted by the Japanese government to conduct, implement, and certify ITEE exams in Bangladesh.
Projects
BCC is conducting various national-level projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure. Some such projects are:
Contributions
Human Resource Development
The BCC has made significant contributions to ICT human resource development. The BCC and its various projects have trained over 2,36,000 individuals, including 187,200 males and 46,800 females, in various ICT skills until April 3, 2023. Notably, from 2010 to 2022, BKIICT and 7 regional centers trained 36,000 individuals in diploma/PGD and short-term courses, preparing them for global employment opportunities. BCC has also empowered teachers and students, with 7,890 teachers trained as master trainers and 112,189 students receiving Basic ICT training.
The council has provided training in emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things (IoT), Blockchain, Robotics, Big Data, Medical Scribe, and Cyber Security to government employees, educational institution teachers, entrepreneurs, and IT professionals. BCC has partnered with esteemed organizations such as Coursera, Facebook, and the National University of Singapore to enrich the training landscape in the country. Moreover, this organization has set up an assessment and certification platform to foster skilled manpower development and further fuel the growth of the IT industry in Bangladesh.
Infrastructure Development
The Bangladesh Computer Council has been actively involved in the development of ICT infrastructure in Bangladesh to realize the Digital Bangladesh vision. Their projects have been instrumental in the implementation of Digital Bangladesh. One of their most significant contributions is the expansion of the ICT Tower (formally known as the BCC Tower) to accommodate various important institutions related to ICT. The building has been transformed into a "Center of Excellence" for all ICT-related government work.
The organization established Union Information and Service Centers (UISCs) through solar power in various unions without electricity, which were later renamed Union Digital Centers (UDCs). They have also established Digital Centers like UISC at various offices in different upazilas across the country. This organization has set up computer labs and smart classrooms in different educational institutions. They have also established cybercenters at various universities and colleges.
Moreover, BCC has set up the National Data Center (Tier III), providing uninterrupted services to various government offices. The Disaster Recovery Center located in Jessore has been established, along with the 7th largest National Data Center (Tier-IV) Center in the world at Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City, Kaliakair, Gazpur.
BCC has established a nationwide government network connectivity backbone under different projects, providing high-speed internet connections through optical fiber cable and the latest technology in video conferencing in several government offices across the country. Apart from this, the organization has set up Agricultural Information and Communication Centers and Telemedicine Centers. They have also established WiFi networks in the Bangladesh Secretariat and ICT Tower and Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity in the Bangladesh Police. At present, the process of providing connectivity to the unions in remote areas is underway under the Connected Bangladesh project. BCC has connected India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh by optical fiber cable to increase data exchange capacity. This organization has set up a 50-meter-high self-supported tower under the project entitled ‘Digital Island Moheskhali’ to introduce high-speed internet service. They have also set up an IP camera-based surveillance system to make Sylhet a "Safe City" under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project.
BCC has an Idea Fab Lab, a Specialized Network Lab, a Software and Hardware Quality Testing Lab, a Digital Forensic Lab, a Cyber Range, and a Cyber Defense Training Center. These labs are facilitated with world-class, advanced devices and technology. In addition, this organization has deployed cyber-sensor technology on various critical information infrastructures.
Standards development
As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standards lies with the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), while the task of technical drafting and declaration is carried out by the BCC. The organization has already developed several standards and simultaneously modernized the existing ones. Bangladesh Standards are:
Bangladesh Standard Specification for Bangla Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (Third Revision) (BDS 1520:2018): It defines the character encoding scheme for the Bangla script, facilitating information exchange and compatibility across various computer systems and applications in Bangladesh. This specification ensures seamless communication and data sharing, promotes the development of localized software and content in the Bengali language, and ultimately enhances accessibility and inclusivity for the Bengali-speaking population in the digital realm.
Bangladesh Standard Specification for Computer Bangla Keyboard (First Revision) (BDS 1738:2018): This standard outlines the standardized requirements for keyboards specifically designed to input the Bengali script into computer systems. Introduced in 2018, this standard ensures uniformity and compatibility among computer Bengali keyboards, facilitating efficient and accurate typing of Bengali characters. BDS 1738 defines the layout, key arrangement, and functional characteristics of the keyboard, ensuring it meets the needs and preferences of Bangla language users in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCII-based Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Computer Council has addressed this need by drafting the Bangladesh Standard Code for Information Interchange (BSCII). This code was created by reviewing popular Bengali language software based on ASCII in Bangladesh, and it includes a total of 210 Bengali letters, symbols, and compound letters. Its purpose is to define the character encoding system used for the interchange of information.
Notable Events
National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018
The BCC organized the 'National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018' to nurture the interest of children and adolescents in information technology education. Students from different schools across the nation participated in this competition, which concluded with an award ceremony at the BCC auditorium on .
National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) 2020
On February 22, 2020, the National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) organized by the BCC was held at the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Teams from different public and private universities took part in the event.
National ICT Competition 2020 for Persons with Disabilities
The BCC held the National ICT Competition for Youth with Disabilities on November 21, 2020, with different contestants from various regions. The competition was held at regional offices, including the head office in Dhaka.
iDEATHON
The BCC and South Korea organized the 'iDEATHON' contest to promote startup entrepreneurs in Bangladesh in 2020. The top 5 startups were awarded prestigious titles, and 10 entrepreneurs from the winning startups received a 6-month training program in South Korea, enhancing their expertise and capabilities. The competition aimed to advance the country's startup ecosystem.
Bangabandhu Innovation Grant 2021
The iDEA project under the BCC organized the 'Bangabandhu Innovation Grant-2021' to encourage young entrepreneurs and startups in honor of the Golden Jubilee of Independence and Mujib Year. Startups and innovators from different countries, including Bangladesh, participated in the event. The winning startup is awarded a grant of USD 100,000.
Sheikh Russel Day 2021
On the auspicious occasion of 'Sheikh Russell Day 2021,' the Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated a distribution program for 600 laptops to 600 disabled persons trained in ICT by the "Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) including NDD through ICT" project under the BCC.
Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021
The fourth Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 was organized in collaboration with the Information and Communication Technology Division, Dhaka University’s Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, the Bangladesh Open Source Network, and the Bangladesh Computer Council.
International Blockchain Olympiad 2021
The International Blockchain Olympiad (IBCOL) 2021, organized by the ICT Division of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Computer Council, Blockchain Olympiad Bangladesh, and Technohaven Company Limited, took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on October 8–10, 2021, coinciding with Bangladesh's Golden Jubilee of Independence.
Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities
Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh actively participated in the Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities. The event, held online from South Korea, witnessed outstanding performances from four contestants representing Bangladesh, who were recognized with four prizes, including the esteemed Best Award (1st place).
Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021
The Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021 aimed to encourage university students, researchers, and developers to explore the Bengali language and technology. The competition sparked enthusiasm and increased interest in working with Bengali language-related AI and information technology.
National High School Programming Competition 2021
The National High School Programming Competition (NHSPC), organized by the BCC in 2021, encourages 6th–12th grade students in high schools, colleges, and madrasas to explore computer programming. The aim is to increase computer programming's popularity among young students.
National Girls Programming Competition (NGPC) 2021
The 5th National Girls Programming Competition 2021 is jointly organized by the ICT Division, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Daffodil International University. Female students from various universities across the country participated in this competition.
45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals
The 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 6 to November 11, 2022. The event was organized in partnership with the ICT Division of Bangladesh, the ICPC Foundation, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the University of Asia Pacific.
National High School Programming Contest 2022
To motivate the students more in ICT and programming and to help them test their programming skills at a national level, the ICT Division of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Computer Council are jointly organizing the National High School Programming Contest 2022 with the slogan ‘জানুক সবাই দেখাও তুমি’.
Awards
WITSA award
The Innovation Design and Entrepreneurship Academy (iDEA) Project of the BCC was runner-up in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) category of the 2020 WITSA Global ICT Excellence Awards.
WSIS Winner Prize 2020
In 2020, the e-recruitment platform of BCC received this award under the e-Employment category at the 9th annual WSIS Winner Prizes for Recruitment Process Management as a Shared Service for Government Agencies of Bangladesh.
WSIS Winner Prizes 2019
In 2019, BCC won the WSIS Winner Prizes for the Establishment of Bangladesh National Digital Architecture (BNDA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF).
WSIS Champion Prize 2019
In 2019, BCC received the WSIS Champion Prize for the Development of National ICT Infra-Network for Bangladesh Government (Info-Sarker) Project.
ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award
The Info-Sarker Phase 3 project of the BCC has been recognized with the esteemed ICT sector award ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award by the Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO).
E-Asia 2017 Award
During the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Summit 2017, the BCC's Info-Sarker Phase 3 initiative also won the E-Asia 2017 Award.
DCD APAC Award 2019
The 4-Tier National Data Center (4TDC) Project of the BCC was awarded the DCD APAC Award 2019 in the Data Center Construction Category.
Open Group President Awards 2018
The Bangladesh Computer Council received the 'Open Group President Awards 2018' in the category of innovation for their work in developing the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture (BNEA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). This achievement was recognized for its contribution to making government information and services interoperable, ultimately supporting the goal of establishing a "Digital Bangladesh" by the year 2021.
Open Group President Awards 2019
The Bangladesh Computer Council has been awarded "The Open Group President's Award" in the category of "Architecture Enabled Government Transformation" for the e-recruitment system in 2019.
Public Administration Award 2017
The Hon'ble Prime Minister presented the Public Administration Award 2017 to the Bangladesh Computer Council in recognition of their significant contribution to public service.
References
Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology|Information and Communication Technology Division
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Information technology in Bangladesh
Information technology
|
Abdul Tashfin Rehman (born 23 June 1980) is a Pakistani-born Kenyan former cricketer.
Abdul Rehman was born at Lahore in the Pakistani province of Punjab in June 1980. He later emigrated to Kenya, where he played club cricket for Kenya Kongonis Cricket Club. In November 2011, he toured Namibia with Kenya and played in four Twenty20 matches against the Namibia national cricket team at Windhoek, Playing as a bowler, Abdul Rehman took 5 wickets in his four matches, with best figures of 3 for 21. As a batsman, he scored 11 runs with a highest score of 6. Abdul Rehman later played club cricket for Sir Ali Muslim Club.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Cricketers from Lahore
Pakistani emigrants to Kenya
Kenyan cricketers |
Devante Darrius Rodney (born 19 May 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Rochdale.
He spent his youth at the academies at Manchester City and Sheffield Wednesday, before signing with Hartlepool United in January 2017. He made his senior debut four months later and established himself in the first-team in the 2017–18 season. He was sold on to Salford City in June 2018, though spent the second half of the 2018–19 season on loan at National League rivals FC Halifax Town, before returning to Salford to help the club to win promotion into the English Football League with victory in the 2019 play-off final. He spent much of the 2019–20 season out on loan at Stockport County and FC Halifax Town. He signed with Port Vale in July 2020 and finished as top-scorer for the 2020–21 campaign, before joining Walsall for an undisclosed fee in January 2022. He transferred to Rochdale in June 2022.
Career
Youth career
Rodney began his career in the youth team of Manchester City at the age of nine. He remained in Manchester for six years before joining the academy of Sheffield Wednesday.
Hartlepool United
On 6 January 2017, Rodney joined EFL League Two side Hartlepool United. He was reportedly not one of manager Craig Hignett's main targets and was assigned squad number 38 and sent to play for Sam Collins's reserve team. The club already had an established strike force in Pádraig Amond and Billy Paynter. New manager Dave Jones handed Rodney his professional debut on 1 April, in a 2–0 defeat to Portsmouth at Victoria Park. He scored two goals against Doncaster Rovers on the final day of the 2016–17 season as Hartlepool fought relegation, his goals were almost enough to keep the club up until Mark O'Brien scored a late winner for Newport County against Notts County to send Hartlepool down to the National League.
His next goal came on 14 October 2017, in a 2–1 win at South Shields in the FA Cup; manager Craig Harrison noted that "he’s had some great opportunities in the last four to five games. He could have had five goals to his name by now quite easily". Speaking the following March, new manager Matthew Bates said that Rodney was impressive in training and just needed to translate his hard work into goals. On 17 April, he was sent off for two bookable offences in a 1–0 home win over Leyton Orient. He ended the 2017–18 season with three goals in 22 starts and 22 substitute appearances as "Pools" posted a 15th-place finish and he turned down the club's offer of a new contract in the summer.
Salford City
On 15 June 2018, Rodney signed for newly-promoted National League team Salford City for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £20,000. In February 2019, he joined league rivals FC Halifax Town on loan for a month. He formed a successful strike partnership with fellow loanee Manny Duku and his loan deal was extended until the end of the 2018–19 season on 30 March. He scored seven goals in twelve games for Jamie Fullarton's "Shaymen". He returned to Moor Lane at the end of the loan period and came on as an extra time substitute in the National League play-off semi-final victory over Eastleigh. He also featured in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium, coming on as a 55th-minute substitute for Gus Mafuta as the "Ammies" beat AFC Fylde 3–0 to secure promotion into the English Football League.
On 8 October 2019, Rodney was loaned back to the National League with Stockport County until January 2020; he had tried to rejoin Halifax but had to instead go to Edgeley Park as a deal could not be arranged. He returned to Salford in January 2020 on the expiry of his loan period, having scored three goals in 14 matches playing on the right-wing for Jim Gannon's "Hatters". The following day he went out on loan again, returning to FC Halifax Town; manager Pete Wild said that he was "absolutely ecstatic" to secure the player's services ahead of strong competition from other clubs. He enjoyed another successful loan spell at The Shay, scoring five goals in eight games. Rodney was released from his contract at Salford after manager Graham Alexander confirmed he would not be offered a new deal on 17 May. Halifax qualified for the play-offs, due to take place two months late in July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England, but Wild confirmed that Rodney would not be featuring as he was in negotiations to sign for another club.
Port Vale
On 7 July 2020, Rodney signed a three-year contract with League Two side Port Vale; manager John Askey brought him to the club to compete with Tom Pope, Mark Cullen and fellow new signing Theo Robinson. He scored his first goal for the "Valiants" on 19 September, in a 2–0 win at Exeter City. Speaking in November, coach Dave Kevan said that Rodney had been "a little bit stop start" and that "he just needs to be consistent and believe in the abilities and the strengths and qualities he has as a player and recognise he can do damage at this level". Kevan said that Rodney gave his best performance yet in a 6–3 win at Bolton Wanderers on 5 December despite him not getting on the scoresheet as he "was a real outlet for us and he really occupied their back three". He began the 2020–21 season playing out wide, before spending time out with COVID-19 and then establishing himself as the club's central striker in December. He was named in the League Two Team of the Week for his performance in a 1–1 draw with Forest Green Rovers on 15 December. He was nominated for the EFL League Two Player of the Month award after scoring four goals in four games in January, including a brace in a 5–1 win over Southend United. He was named as the club's Young Player of the Year after finishing as top-scorer with 12 goals from 44 games.
He was given a three match ban for an off the ball incident which had been missed by the match officials in a 2–1 win at Swindon Town on 11 September 2021. Speaking in the January transfer window, director of football David Flitcroft admitted that contract talks with the player had "flatlined" but that transfer bids from other clubs had been rejected as they had not met the club's valuation.
Walsall
On 28 January 2022, Rodney signed for fellow League Two side Walsall for an undisclosed fee (with add-on fees), signing a two-and-a-half year contract. Rodney said that he had spoken with head coach Matthew Taylor and technical director Jamie Fullarton – who he had worked with Halifax, and felt that the "Saddlers" playing style and ambitions were a good match for him. Taylor was sacked the following month, and new head coach Michael Flynn said that Rodney just needed to score his first goal at the Bescot Stadium in order to gain confidence. Teammate Conor Wilkinson said that Rodney was sharp in training and that his build up play was excellent, though he would end the 2021–22 season without a goal in his two starts and twelve substitute appearances.
Rochdale
On 15 June 2022, Rodney signed for Rochdale from Walsall on a two-year deal after Walsall and Rochdale agreed a transfer; manager Robbie Stockdale said that "we want hungry players who we can also develop, and Devante falls into that category". He finished as the club's top-scorer with 12 goals from 45 games in the 2022–23 season, as Rochdale were relegated following a last place finish in the English Football League; this tally included a brace against Sutton United in the final home game of the season at Spotland Stadium.
Style of play
Rodney is a forward with pace, energy and a high work rate. Speaking in July 2020, Port Vale manager John Askey said that: "he is strong and quick and he has decent ability as well. There are things in his game he needs to improve, his hold up play and his heading. But his main asset is his pace and strength."
Career statistics
Honours
Salford City
National League play-offs: 2019
References
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Manchester
Black British sportsmen
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Manchester City F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
FC Halifax Town players
Stockport County F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players |
HistoryMiami Museum, formerly known as the Historical Museum of Southern Florida, is a museum located in Downtown Miami, Florida, United States. HistoryMiami Museum is the largest history museum in the State of Florida. HistoryMiami houses four permanent galleries and up to three traveling exhibits, Archives and Research Center, the South Florida Folklife Center, the Education Center, and City Tours program. Each February, HistoryMiami also hosts the annual Miami International Map Fair, the largest map fair in the Western Hemisphere.
Founded as the Historical Museum of Southern Florida in 1940, HistoryMiami is the second oldest cultural institution in South Florida, and is a Smithsonian affiliate. It was accredited by the American Alliance of Museums in 1979.
The Society opened its first museum in 1962. After moving twice, the museum has been located in the Miami-Dade Cultural Center since 1984. The Society and Museum were renamed in HistoryMiami in 2010. In 2014 the museum more than doubled its space when took over the space formerly occupied by the Miami Art Museum in the cultural center. The museum operates a non-circulating library, conducts city tours, and has educated more than 500,000 students in the area's rich history.
HistoryMiami Museum programs include exhibitions, city tours, education, research, collections and publications on the importance of the past in shaping Miami's future. It adopted the HistoryMiami brand name in 2010.
Description
Located in the Miami-Dade Cultural Plaza in Miami, Florida, HistoryMiami Museum is a facility and home to more than one million historic images and 30,000 three-dimensional artifacts, including a 1920s trolley car, gold and silver recovered from 17th- and 18th-century shipwrecks, artifacts from Pan American World Airways, and rafts that brought refugees to Miami.
One of the museum's permanent exhibitions, Tropical Dreams: A People’s History of South Florida, covers 12,000 years of history and examines the development of the region and its people against key historic events, including early Native American settlement, the Spanish Exploration period, and World War II up to the present. Also on display is a world-class temporary exhibit, Operation Pedro Pan: The Cuban Children’s Exodus, which explores the largest recorded child refuge in the Western Hemisphere through historic images, oral histories and personal items, such as letters and photographs. HistoryMiami also includes the Archives and Research Center, which contains historic photos and documents useful to scholars, distant learners, industry professionals. The lower level has classrooms used for educational programming and lectures, administrative offices, and part of the museum's object collection.
HistoryMiami is the official repository for all archaeological material recovered in Miami-Dade County.
HistoryMiami publishes Tequesta, an annual scholarly journal focused on South Florida history since 1940.
Notable staff
Jorge Zamanillo (born 1969), executive director from 2016 to 2022
See also
Downtown Miami Historic District
Lummus Park Historic District
National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami, Florida
Timeline of Miami, Florida history
References
External links
Museums in Miami
Museums established in 1940
History museums in Florida
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Smithsonian Institution affiliates
1940 establishments in Florida |
Oh Olsun is a 1973 Turkish comedy film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.
Cast
Tarık Akan - Ferit Haznedar
Hale Soygazi - Alev
Hulusi Kentmen - Fehmi Haznedar, Ferit's Father
Kemal Sunal - Fazil
Metin Akpınar - Doktor Metin
Halit Akçatepe - Ferdi
Münir Özkul - Burhan Usta, Alev's Father
Adile Naşit - Ferit's Mother
References
External links
1973 romantic comedy films
Films set in Istanbul
Turkish romantic comedy films
1970s pregnancy films
1973 films
Turkish pregnancy films
1970s Turkish-language films |
These pages list all described species of the spider family Araneidae as of Nov. 5, 2013.
List of Araneidae species: A
List of Araneidae species: B–F
List of Araneidae species: G–M
List of Araneidae species: N–Z
Lists of spider species by family |
El Kenissia is a locality in Tunisia, North Africa.
El Kenissia is south of Hadrumetum and is notable for the ruins of Civitas Pophtensis, a civitas of Roman North Africa, which include a Punic era temple complex, which was excavated by the French, and a Roman Era theater.
See also
Louis Carton
References
Roman towns and cities in Tunisia
Ancient Berber cities
Archaeological sites in Tunisia
Catholic titular sees in Africa |
The Royal Society of Literature Ondaatje Prize is an annual literary award given by the Royal Society of Literature. The £10,000 award is for a work of fiction, non-fiction or poetry that evokes the "spirit of a place", and is written by someone who is a citizen of or who has been resident in the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland.
The prize bears the name of its benefactor Sir Christopher Ondaatje. The prize incorporates the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize, which was presented up to 2002 for regional fiction.
Winners
References
Royal Society of Literature awards
Commonwealth literary awards
Awards established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
British non-fiction literary awards
British fiction awards
P |
José Isidro Moreno Árcega (born 19 February 1972) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. He served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico, and previously served in the Congress of the State of Mexico.
References
1972 births
Living people
Lawyers from Mexico City
Politicians from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Congress of the State of Mexico
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni |
The brown-capped laughingthrush (Trochalopteron austeni) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in the Patkai range, where its natural habitat is subtropical and tropical moist montane forests.
References
brown-capped laughingthrush
Birds of Northeast India
Birds of Myanmar
brown-capped laughingthrush
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Jøssund is a former municipality in the old Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1896 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality encompassed northern coastal area of the present-day municipality of Ørland in Trøndelag county. The main church for Jøssund was Jøssund Church in the village of Jøssund which was the administrative centre of the municipality. Other villages in Jøssund included Lysøysundet and Vallersund.
History
The municipality of Jøssund was established on 1 January 1896 when it was split off from the large municipality of Aafjord. Initially, Jøssund had a population of 1,529.
During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Jøssund (population: 1,917) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Bjugn (population: 1,240), Nes (population: 1,107), and the northern part of Stjørna (population: 676) to form a new, larger municipality of Bjugn.
Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Jøssund farm (). The first element comes from the word which means "narrow" or "thin". The old name did originally start with an "m", but over time the initial letter disappeared from the spelling and pronunciation (sometime before the early 16th century). The last element is which means "sound" or "strait". Historically, the name's spelling has varied. In the 1500s and 1600s it was spelled using the letter ß, and by the 1700s, it was written in its current form.
Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor.
Mayors
The mayors of Jøssund:
1896–1902: Johan Normann (V)
1903–1919: Johannes Berg (H)
1920–1931: Albert Guldvik (V)
1932–1941: Bjarne Opland (V)
1942–1945: Eilert Herfjord, Jr. (NS)
1945–1945: Bjarne Opland (V)
1946–1953: Nils Lysø (Ap)
1954–1959: Jens Sundet (Ap)
1960–1963: Erling Hansen (Ap)
Municipal council
The municipal council of Jøssund was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:
See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
References
Former municipalities of Norway
Ørland
1896 establishments in Norway
1964 disestablishments in Norway |
was the 5th daimyō of Kubota Domain in Dewa Province, Japan (modern-day Akita Prefecture), and then 23rd hereditary chieftain of the Satake clan. His courtesy title was Ukyō-no-taifu and Jijū, and later Sakonoeshōshō and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
Biography
Satake Yoshimine was the second son of Satake Yoshinaga of Iwasaki Domain and thus the grandson of Satake Yoshizumi. His mother was a daughter of Matsura Shigenobu of Hirado Domain. He was initially named Yoshiyuki (義恭). He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1702. In 1715, he was posthumously adopted by Satake Yoshitada and became daimyō of Kubota. His position was confirmed in an audience with Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna later the same year. In 1717, he visited his domain for the first time. His courtesy title was promoted to Sakonoeshōshō in 1744.
The opposite in personality and temperament from his predecessor, he abolished all sumptuary laws and did his utmost to live a life of profligate luxury, driving the domain and even his retainers into the verge of bankruptcy.
Yoshimine was married to a daughter of Kuroda Nagakiyo of a cadet branch of Fukuoka Domain, and had at least two concubines and four daughters; however, he had no male heir, He attempted to adopt Satake Yoshiaki (1723-1758) of Iwasaki Domain as his successor, but this was strenuously opposed by the clan elders, so he adopted Satake Yoshikata (1692-1742) of Kubota-Shinden Domain instead. However, when Yoshikata died in 1742, he was forced to choose another heir and adopted Yoshikata's son Satake Yoshimasa (1728-1753) in his place.<ref name="Shichinomiya"
See also
Satake clan
References
1695 births
1715 deaths
Satake clan
Tozama daimyo
People of Edo-period Japan |
Albert II of Holstein ( – 28 September 1403 in Dithmarschen (Ditmarsh)) was the ruling Count of Holstein-Rendsburg from his father's death, in 1381 or 1384, until 1397. From 1397 until his death, he was Count of Holstein-Segeberg.
Life
He was a son of Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and his wife, Ingeborg of Mecklenburg. After his father's death, his uncle Nicholas coordinated, as the senior member of the House of Schauenburg, the cooperation of the various Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein. Nicholas died on 28 August 1397. After Nicholas' death, Albert II and his elder brother Gerhard VI divided the counties of Holstein and Stormarn among themselves. Albert II chose Segeberg as his residence, he also wanted a share of the Duchy of Schleswig, which Gerhard VI held as a fief from King Olaf II of Denmark. However, under Danish law, he was not entitled to part of the fief.
His father-in-law, Duke Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg raided Ditmarsh. This triggered a renewal in 1402-1404 of the ongoing feud between Ditmarsh and the Counts of Holstein-Rendsburg. The background of this conflict was that the farming communities of Ditmarsh were officially subjects of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, but in practice, Ditmarsh was an independent area, subject only to the Emperor. For decades, the Counts of Holstein-Rendsburg tried to subjugate the area. After his raid, Eric withdrew across Albert II's territory, and the farmers of Ditmarsh accused Albert II of complicity. Albert II denied having anything to do with Eric's raid. The lower nobility and councillors pushed Albert and Gerhard to renew their attempts to conquer Ditmarsh. Albert followed this advice energetically. During the fighting in Ditmarsh, he fell off his horse while making an evasive maneuver, and died of his injuries.
Marriage
Albert was married to Agnes (d. before 1415), a daughter of Duke Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1412) and Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1416). The marriage remained childless.
References
Erich Hoffmann, Geschichte Schleswig-Holsteins, vol. 4/2: Spätmittelalter und Reformationszeit, Neumünster, 1990.
Georg Waitz, Schleswig-Holsteins Geschichte in drei Büchern, vol. 1, book 1, Göttingen 1851
Footnotes
Counts of Holstein
House of Schauenburg
1369 births
1403 deaths
14th-century German nobility |
Czech cuisine () has both influenced and been influenced by the cuisines of surrounding countries and nations. Many of the cakes and pastries that are popular in Central Europe originated within the Czech lands. Contemporary Czech cuisine is more meat-based than in previous periods; the current abundance of farmable meat has enriched its presence in regional cuisine. Traditionally, meat has been reserved for once-weekly consumption, typically on weekends.
The body of Czech meals typically consists of two or more courses; the first course is traditionally soup, the second course is the main dish, and the third course can include supplementary courses, such as dessert or compote (). In the Czech cuisine, thick soups and many kinds of sauces, both based on stewed or cooked vegetables and meats, often with cream, as well as baked meats with natural sauces (gravies), are popular dishes usually accompanied with beer, especially Pilsner, that Czechs consume the most in the world. Czech cuisine is also very strong in sweet main courses and desserts, a unique feature in European cuisines.
History
The 19th-century Czech language cookbook by Karolína Vávrová shows influences of French cuisine in the order of multi-course meals common throughout the Habsburg monarchy, beginning with soup, followed by fish entrees, meat and sweets. Vávrová deviates from this standard order for the sweets of type. These flour-based sweets, including baked puddings, strudels, doughnuts and souffles could be served either before or after the roast meats, but stewed fruits, creamy desserts, cakes, ice cream, and cookies were to always be served after the roast and for multiple dessert courses would follow this stated order.
Side dishes
Dumplings () (steamed and sliced like bread) are one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and are typically served with meals. They can be either wheat or potato-based and are sometimes made from a combination of wheat flour and dices made of stale bread or rolls. Puffed rice can be found in store-prepared mixtures. Smaller Czech dumplings are usually potato-based. When served as leftovers, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with eggs. Czech potato dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or sauerkraut. Fried onion and braised cabbage can be included as a side dish.
There are many other side dishes, including noodles and boiled rice. Potatoes are served boiled with salt, often with caraway seed and butter. Peeled and boiled potatoes are mixed into mashed potatoes. New potatoes are sometimes boiled in their skins, not peeled, from harvest time to new year. Because of the influence of foreign countries, potatoes are also fried, so French fries and croquettes are common in restaurants.
Buckwheat, pearl barley and millet grains are rarely served in restaurants. These are more commonly a home-cooked, healthier alternative. Pasta is common, either baked, boiled, cooked with other ingredients, or served as a salad. Pasta is available in different shapes and flavors. This is an influence of Italian and Asian cuisine. Rice and buckwheat noodles are not common but are becoming more popular. Gluten-free pasta is also available, made from corn flour, corn starch, or potatoes.
Breads and pastries
Bread ( or ) is traditionally sourdough baked from rye and wheat, and is flavoured with salt, caraway seeds, onion, garlic, seeds, or pork crackling. It is eaten as an accompaniment to soups and dishes. It is also the material for Czech croutons and for slices of bread fried in a pan on both sides and rubbed with garlic. Rolls (), buns (), and braided buns () are the most common forms of bread eaten for breakfast; these are often topped with poppy seeds and salt or other seeds. A bun or a roll baked from bread dough is called a . A sweet roll or is a crescent-shaped roll made from sweetened dough containing milk. It is smeared with egg and sprinkled with poppy seeds before baking, giving it a golden-brown colour.
Soups
Soup (, colloquially ) plays an important role in Czech cuisine. Soups commonly found in Czech restaurants are beef, chicken or vegetable broth with noodlesoptionally served with liver or nutmeg dumplings; garlic soup () with croutonsoptionally served with minced sausage, raw egg, or cheese; and cabbage soup () made from sauerkrautsometimes served with minced sausage. is a Wallachian variety and contains sour cream, bacon, potatoes, eggs and sausage.
Pea (), bean and lentil soups are commonly cooked at home. Goulash soup () and are made from beef or pork tripe cut into small pieces and cooked with other ingredients; the meat can be substituted with oyster mushrooms. Potato soup () is made from potato, onion, carrot, root parsley and celeriac, spiced with caraway seed, garlic and marjoram. Fish soup () made with carp is a traditional Christmas dish.
Other common Czech soups are champignon or other mushroom soup, tomato soup, vegetable soup, onion soup () and bread soup (served in a hollowed-out loaf of bread). is a traditional South Bohemian soup containing water, cream, spices, mushrooms, egg (often a quail's egg), dill and potatoes. It is typical in its thickness, white color and characteristic taste. The main ingredient is mushrooms, which gives it the dish's scent. is a regional specialty soup made from rye sourdough, mushrooms, caraway and fried onion.
Meat dishes
Traditional Czech dishes are made from animals, birds or fish bred in the surrounding areas.
Pork is the most common meat, making up over half of all meat consumption. Beef, veal and chicken are also popular. Pigs are often a source of meat in the countryside, since pork has a relatively short production time, compared to beef.
is the meat and offal of pork cut into tiny pieces, filled in a casing and closed with sticks. Meat from the neck, sides, lungs, spleen, and liver are cooked with white pastry, broth, salt, spices, garlic and sometimes onions. , known as Kielbasa in the United States, is a smoked meat sausage-like product made from minced meat. It is spicy and durable. is a pork meat sausage-like product containing pork blood and pearl barley or pastry pieces. is a meat or poultry product consisting of little pieces of meat in jelly/aspic from connective tissue boiled into mush, served with onion, vinegar and bread. is a simple dish made from rather fatty pork meat (head or knuckle). These pieces of lower quality meat are boiled in salted water. Pork cracklings () and bacon () are also eaten.
In restaurants one can find:
is a stew usually made from beef, pork or game with onions and spices. It is usually accompanied with or sometimes bread. It is also traditionally served at home as a pot of will last for several days. Czech is not to be confused with Hungarian "", which is a soup more similar to Czech (a soup). is the Hungarian equivalent of Czech .
Roast pork with dumplings and cabbage (, colloquially ) is often considered the most typical Czech dish. It consists of cabbage and is either cooked or served pickled. There are different varieties, from sour to sweet.
Marinated sirloin ( or simply ; is the name for both the sauce and the meat (pork side or beef side) used for this dish; means in cream, and it means that the sauce is with cream. Braised beef, usually larded, with a saucea thick sauce of carrot, parsley root, celeriac and sometimes cream. This dish is often served with , chantilly creamsweet, whipped creamcranberry compote () and a slice of lemon.
Baked mincemeat ()later only mincemeat (), is a dish made from minced pork meat (beef is also possible).
Ham () is made from pork or beef, braised, dried or smoked.
Schnitzel () is a Czech meat dish. The word means "sliced/cut (out) piece". These are usually small slices of veal, pork or chicken covered with Czech 'triplecoat', made from putting and pressing a piece pounded and sliced into smooth flour on both sides, then covered in whisked egg and breadcrumbs and fried on both sides. is served with potato side-dishes. The Czech triplecoat is used in some households at Christmas to cover carp or trout decorated with lemon slices.
is a burger usually made from pork, beef, minced fish or other meat. It is often mixed with egg and commonly crumbled with Czech triplecoat. It can be vegetable-based with pastry pieces or flour and in both versions fried on both sides or baked.
Smoked meat () with potato dumplings, fried onion and cooked spinach.
Beef with tomato sauce ( or ) is served with dumplings. Dill sauce ( or ) is often on menus too.
Rabbit is commonly bred in the countryside. Hare with wild game is also served. Mutton, lamb, kid, boar, horse or deer are not as common.
Commonly-found poultry dishes are:
Goose, duck, turkey and chicken. Pheasant, partridge, guineafowl, pigeon and other game birds are not as common.
Roast duck () is served with bread or potato dumplings and braised red cabbage.
Chicken in paprika sauce () or hen in paprika sauce () is chicken or hen stewed with onion, paprika and cream.
Roast turkey with bacon () is turkey larded with, or wrapped in bacon, roasted with bacon and butter; it is not very common.
Fishmostly trout and carpis commonly eaten at Christmas. Otherwise many fish are imported, including sardines, fillet, salmon, tuna, and anchovy. Other types of fish are slowly becoming popular too. Crayfish used to be very common in rivers, but are nowadays rarer and are protected. Prawns or lobsters are imported instead.
Other dishes
Mushrooms are often used in Czech cuisine as different types grow in the forests. Czechs make an average of 20 visits to the forest annually, picking up to 20,000 tonnes of mushrooms. Bolete, parasol and other kinds of mushroom are often found. In the shops, you can buy common mushrooms (), oyster mushrooms (), shiitake, wood ear and dried forest mushrooms. are shallow-fried mushrooms with onion and spices. Mushroom Jacob () is a dish prepared from cooked hulled grain (barley), then strained, mixed with cooked mushrooms, fried onion, garlic, fat and black pepper, and baked in the oven. It is served at Christmas. Mushrooms are often triple-coated and fried. Cauliflower can be fried in the Czech triplecoat.
(colloquially ) is a fried cheese battered in Czech triplecoat usually Edam (also Hermelín), about 1 cm thick coated in flour, egg and bread crumbs like Wiener schnitzel, fried and served with tartar sauce and potatoes or french fries.
Homemade noodles with ground poppy seeds are called ; these are served with powdered sugar and melted butter. A similar dish is potato buns with poppy seeds (), and are called cones (), because they resemble the cones of coniferous trees.
Omelettes () are often served with peas.
Pancakes () of plate size or palm size are common.
The most traditional vegetables are carrots, celery, parsley, turnip, cauliflower, lettuce, onion, leek, garlic, cabbage, kale and chives. In gardens, one can also find tomatoes, bell peppers, courgettes, pumpkins, melons, sunflowers, poppies, potatoes and beet.
Peas and lentils are, together with bean pods, the most common. They are served as soup or as cooked mash with pickled cucumber and fried onion, occasionally with sausage or smoked meat. (shoulet) is a mix of boiled peas with barley, fat and other ingredients.
is a baked dish made with layers of sliced rolls or buns called , sliced apples and milk or eggs. It is served with cinnamon and raisins.
or (Strudel) can be sweet with apples, raisins, walnuts, grated coconut or cherryor savoury with cabbage, spinach, cheese or meat.
Semolina porridge () is served with sugar, honey, cinnamon or cocoa with butter on the top. Optionally, sliced apples or apricots are added as toppings. Healthier versions substitute semolina for oatmeal or rice.
Stuffed bell peppers () are stuffed with meat or rice with vegetables.
or lecsó is a stew made from peppers, onions, tomatoes and spices.
Spaghetti () is coming in as an Italian influence.
Eggs are often used in Czech cuisine because many families outside of cities breed hens. Scrambled eggs () are common. Fried eggs (, literally "ox eye") are often served with bread or potatoes and spinach. Boiled eggs are also popular. Stuffed eggs are made from halved, shelled, hard-boiled eggs. The yolk is carefully removed into a separate bowl, mixed with salt, mustard and spices and stuffed back. It can be decorated.
Dairy products have their place in Czech cuisine too. Edam () is a Dutch-based type of cheese and Niva is a Czech blue cheese. A common pub food, nakládaný hermelín, or pickled cheese, is a cheese similar to Camembert that is aged in olive oil and spices. Typically served with bread and an assortment of fresh vegetables. Sour cream is commonly used as part of various cream-based sauces.
Snacks
(regionally called or in Pilsen and or in Czech Silesia) are fried pancakes similar to rösti made of grated raw potato, flour, carrots or sour cabbage, and rarely sausage. They are spiced with marjoram, salt, pepper, and garlic, and usually sized to fit the cooking dish. Smaller variants are often eaten as a side dish.
, singular (literally "drowned men"), are piquantly pickled bratwursts () in sweet-sour vinegar marinaded with black pepper, bay leaf, onion and chili peppers. They are often available in Czech pubs, but are uncommon in better restaurants.
is a soft cheese, from the same family as brie and camembert, marinated with peppers and onions in oil. It is a pub-food.
Beer cheese () is a soft cheese, usually mixed with raw onions and mustard, which is spread onto toasted bread. It is also a pub-food.
Open sandwiches, known as ("garnished breads") or , are not made from normal Czech bread, but from roll-like, bigger pastry called , sliced and garnished. They may be served with mayonnaise, ham, egg, fish, salads or spreads on the top. They are usually decorated with fresh sliced or pickled cucumber, tomato, red or yellow bell pepper, sliced radish, or parsley. are similar to , but smaller and in many varieties. All are served in a small amountone mouthful impaled on a stick.
or "" is an aged cheese with a strong odour. It is made in and sold from Loštice, a small town in Moravia. The tradition of making this cheese dates back to the 15th century. can be prepared in a number of ways—it can be fried, marinated, or added to .
Dried apple chips () and dried banana chips.
Potato, beet and celery chips (crisps) are common snacks.
Roasted peanuts are common.
The "Czech hot dog" (, also called pikador in South Bohemia) is a street food consisting of boiled or steamed sausage dipped in mustard or ketchup served in a roll with a hole made inside, not in a sliced bun like the common hot dog. It is influenced by German cuisine.
Langoše (fried bread) are influenced by Hungarian cuisine. They are usually served with garlic, Edam cheese and ketchup, or some combination of the three.
Sweets
Czech coffeehouses are known for their strong coffee, sweet pastries and famous patrons who have included Franz Kafka, Antonín Dvořák, Václav Havel and Albert Einstein. Served warm or cold, strudel (optionally topped with ice cream, whipped cream or powdered sugar), is served at almost every coffee shop, apple being the most common variety.
Sweets filled with fruit, poppy seed and quark are prevalent and come in diverse forms including cakes, (pies), tarts, fritters, and dumplings (). The tradition of making pies has been preserved in American Czech communities who have settled in the Midwestern United States and Texas. They are laborious to make and usually prepared for special celebrations, births, funerals and they also have a role in Czech wedding traditions where they are distributed to friends and family in place of wedding invitations. The most common fillings are poppy seed, apricots () and prunes.
Dough prepared for dumplings may include potatoes, and while the combination of fruits, jams and cheeses varies among households, plums (), apricots or strawberries () are common. The finished dumplings are boiled and often garnished with butter, poppy seeds or grated cheese, and a sweetener (traditionally dried and powdered pears, but sugar is used in modern adaptations). Also filled with fruit or jam (and sometimes garnished with poppy seeds) are the Czech crepes called . Traditional Czech sponge cake (), served most often for breakfast, is made with cream, eggs and sugar and seasonal fruits, especially whole cherries.
is a yeast pastry similar to ; the same filling is wrapped in pieces of dough and baked, but is not visible in the final product.
Sweet dumplings with custard sauce () are small pieces of yeast pastry poured with cream made from egg yolks and wine (nowadays is šodó usually replaced with vanilla pidding). The recipe comes from Czech roots, however, the bordering countriesmainly Slovakia, Poland, and Hungaryconsider as food that came from their country.
Pudding is a flavoured custard combined in layers. is served in a glass topped with fruit or shaped in a mould.
Braided bread () and buns (mazanec) are prepared for Christmas, along with many kinds of biscuits and Christmas sweets (). and are the same type of pastry as Jewish Challah.
Easter Lamb () is prepared for Easter. The dough is from eggs, sugar and flour. Lemons can be added. It is baked in a mould in the shape of a lamb. It can be decorated.
is from dough similar to that used for Easter Lamb, often with cocoa dough in the middle. It is round, 10–15 cm high, made in a mould and is often served with coffee.
are smaller types of pancakes prepared with yeast in the batter. They are eaten with jam or warm forest fruits.
and see List of doughnut varieties.
is made in two ways:
Like gingerbread, but without ginger and with added honey. Gingerbread cookies are decorated with shapes; popular themes are heart shapes, three-dimensional cottages and even whole decorated villages are madeespecially in the Pardubice Region where the tradition was established in the 16th century.
Like a cake with cinnamon and honey.
is a sponge cake roulade filled with jam.
(poured) is a pancake-like batter poured onto a baking sheet. Pieces of fruitapples, pears or cherriesmeasuring 1x2 cm are spread on it and it is then sprinkled with sugar.
is a sponge cake with ground poppy seeds.
is a sponge cake with grated carrots and mrkvánky are small turovers filled with plum or pear jam and with grated carrot added to the dough
With the exception of , and , sweets are consumed with tea or coffee in the late afternoon break, rather than immediately after a main meal.
is a treat made out of frozen curd; it is popular with children and has been produced since 1961.
Beverages
The Czech Republic has the highest per-capita consumption of beer in the world. The most common style, which originated here, is Pilsner. Aside from beer, Czechs also produce wine mostly in the region of Moravia and a unique liquors Becherovka. Czech Slivovitz and other pálenka (fruit brandies) is traditionally distilled in the country and are considered national drink. More recently new drinks became popular, among them Tuzemák, traditionally marketed as "Czech rum", is made from potatoes or sugar beets. A mixed drink consisting of Becherovka and tonic water is known under the portmanteau of ("concrete"). Another popular mixed drink is Fernet Stock mixed with tonic, called "" or "" (literally "Bavarian beer"). Kofola is a non-alcoholic Czech soft drink somewhat similar in look and taste to Coca-Cola, but not as sweet. Kofola was invented in Communist Czechoslovakia as a substitute to the Coca-Cola that they would not import, but it became so popular that production has continued well past the end of Communism in the country.
See also
Beer in the Czech Republic
Moravian cuisine
Slovak cuisine
Polish cuisine
Austrian cuisine
German cuisine
Zelný trh
References
External links
Cooking Czech - Czech Recipes for North American Kitchens
Czech cuisine, Typical Czech specialties
The Communist Cookbook That Defined Prague’s Cuisine
Czech Gastronomy
Czech cuisine
Czech traditional food |
The Hero's Journey to the Third Pole () is an Icelandic documentary film from 2020, directed by Andri Snær Magnason and Anní Ólafsdóttir. It documents the efforts of Anna Tara Edwards and musician to put on a concert to raise awareness of bipolar disorder, and mental illness more generally, in Nepal.
The Hero's Journey to the Third Pole premiered at Háskólabíó in Reykjavík on ; its international premiere was at CPH:DOX in Copenhagen on .
The film was nominated in five categories at the 2021 Edda Awards, and Högni won the award for Best Music (Tónlist ársins).
References
External links
The Hero's Journey to the Third Pole at the Icelandic Film Centre
2020 films
Icelandic documentary films |
Bandar Malacca was a federal constituency in Malacca, Malaysia, that was represented in the Dewan Rakyat from 1959 to 1974.
The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and was mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.
History
It was abolished in 1974 when it was redistributed.
Representation history
State constituency
Election results
References
Defunct Malacca federal constituencies
Constituencies established in 1958
Constituencies disestablished in 1974 |
Binjor - 4MSR (Thed of the local villagers) is an archaeological site in India, near the international border between Punjab and Rajasthan. It is situated a couple of kilometers from Binjor village, Anupgarh tehsil, Sri Ganganagar district.
Site location
The 4MSR site is 5 km west of Anupgarh Fort & Binjor village is further 1.5 km west. 4MSR archaeological site is immediate south of Anupgarh-Binjir Road.
Excavation
4MSR, in the Ghaggar river (Ghaggar-Hakra River) valley and excavated by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), is widely considered as an Early Harappan and Mature Harappan site (Indus Valley civilization). There are no indications that a Late Harappan phase existed. In the Ghaggar river valley, explorations and excavations had been done in several sites. These sites included Kalibangan, 46 GB and Binjor 1, 2, 3 and 4, Rakhigarhi and Baror.
"The purpose of the present excavation at 4MSR is to learn about the Early Harappan deposits, relationship with other contemporary sites and to fill the gap between the Late Harappan phase and the Painted Grey Ware culture", Sanjay Manjul, Director, the Institute of Archaeology and head of the excavation at 4MSR, said.
Finds
During 2017 excavation, 4000 years old high protein multi-grain laddus were found along with terraçota seal, two bull figurines, etc all of which were part of rituals, likely ancestral worship. Inclusion of various items shows their significance in the agrarian society of that era.
See also
List of Indus Valley civilisation sites
List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation
References
Indus Valley civilisation sites
History of Rajasthan
Former populated places in India
Archaeological sites in Rajasthan |
Zovenj (, also Romanized as Zavanj; also known as Zanaj, Zanech, Zonj, and Zownj) is a village in Negel Rural District, Kalatrazan District, Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 741, in 179 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Towns and villages in Sanandaj County
Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province |
Dunville is a neighborhood located in the Town of Placentia, in Canada. it was earlier called Northeast or North East Placentia. The name was formed from "Dunphy's Village" a part of Northeast Placentia. It is a community that makes up the north-eastern section of the Town of Placentia. It stretches approximately 8 km along the northern shore of the North-East Arm of Placentia Bay.
The Post Office was established in 1895 and the first Post Master was Joachim Connors. Dunville was incorporated as a town on June 11, 1963. By 1966, it had a population of 1,606. Along with Freshwater, Argentia, and Jerseyside, it became part of Placentia in 1991.
It was flooded quite badly by Tropical Storm Chantel on August 1, 2007, when approximately 200 mm of rain fell within 6 hours. This washed away several roads and caused a large amount of other damage.
Dunville is served by one K-6 school St. Anne's Academy.
See also
Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador
Placentia Bay
Argentia
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Former towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador |
Paul Nikolaus Cossmann (6 April 1869 – 19 October 1942) was a German journalist.
Biography
Born in Baden-Baden into a Jewish family, his parents were cellist Bernhard Cossmann and his wife Mathilde Hilb, the daughter of a Karlsruhe merchant. He never married. He converted to Roman Catholicism in 1905, and subsequently was a devout practitioner of the faith.
The elder Cossmann had been working in Moscow, but returned to his native country so that his son could be educated "as a German in Germany". While a gymnasium student in Frankfurt, he became a friend and devoted admirer of Hans Pfitzner; the two were the same age. He studied the natural sciences and philosophy, with a focus on Arthur Schopenhauer, and settled on a career in journalism. He launched Süddeutsche Monatshefte in Munich in 1903, leading it for the next three decades and soon establishing the review as one of the leading German cultural magazines of its day. During World War I, he intransigently promoted victory for Germany, while the magazine's special editions propelled its circulation upward, both on the front and among civilians. He retained a nationalist outlook in the wake of the German defeat, joining Münchener Neuesten Nachrichten as a political adviser in 1921.
Cossmann's tireless struggle against the Treaty of Versailles and campaigns about the related topics of war debt (1922) and the stab-in-the-back myth (1925) earned him the reputation of a ruthless nationalism. He was falsely accused of pursuing causes on behalf of a political party or wealthy backers, but in fact Cossmann acted from conviction. While the stab-in-the-back furore served to poison the political atmosphere, he had actually sought to integrate German workers into the societal mainstream. While a fanatic when it came to his version of the truth, he was reportedly an unusually kind man possessed of warm social feeling, as well as a tireless promoter of charitable initiatives. He was imprisoned in March 1933 for more than a year as an unconditional opponent of Adolf Hitler. From 1934 to 1938, he lived in seclusion in Isartal, studying the Church Fathers. In 1938, he was sent to a Munich-area concentration camp for Jews. In the summer of 1942, already seriously ill, he was deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp, where he soon died in the hospital. During his stay there, he consoled and spiritually strengthened his fellow inmates, some of whom revered him as a saintly figure.
References
1869 births
1942 deaths
People from Baden-Baden
19th-century German Jews
German Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
German people of World War I
German nationalists
German male journalists
German magazine editors
German magazine founders
German conservatives in the German Resistance
German people who died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto |
Đuro "George" Mihaljević (born 28 February 1936) is a Croatian-American former football player and coach.
Career
Mihaljević began his career with the youth team of Radnički in 1948. Between the ages of 18 and 22 he played professionally in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, before moving to the United States, where he joined the Army. After retiring as a player, he became the first ever coach of the St. Louis Stars during the 1967 season.
Personal life
Mihaljević has five children. His eldest son Joe Mihaljević was also a professional footballer, and currently runs the Mihaljevic Soccer School, now in Folsom, California, a soccer school which his father founded in St. Louis, Missouri.
References
External links
Mihaljevic Soccer School
1936 births
Living people
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Yugoslav men's footballers
American men's soccer players
FK Radnički Beograd players
Yugoslav First League players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Yugoslav football managers
American soccer coaches
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) coaches
Expatriate soccer coaches in the United States
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Vittorio Paggio (born 19 September 1973), known by the stage name Omar Galanti, is an Italian pornographic actor.
Biography
Galanti began his career as a porn actor in 2004 and to date has starred in about 500 porn productions. In 2010 he signed as exclusive contract as director with Evil Angel's Buttman Magazine Choice niche.
Omar Galanti started his career in low budget pornographic productions in Milan in 2004.
All productions were impressed by his attitude and his professionalism. He started to be very requested from different directors and finally he was also noticed by Rocco Siffredi.
He started to cooperate constantly with Rocco Siffredi in 2006, appearing in most movies of the most famous Italian actor and director for the next 4 years.
Despite this, his career was full of ups and downs until he signed an exclusive contract as director with Evil Angel's Buttman Magazine Choice niche in 2010. He released several movies until 2017 when, after a controversial disagreement with all the adult industry in Hungary and USA, he decided to retire from the adult industry.
He is actually living in Italy and running a bike shop, cultivating his passion for mountain bike and cycling.
Galanti has appeared on TV programs such as Le Iene and Lucignolo. In 2008 he was a contestant in the FX reality show Ciak si giri.
Partial filmography
Mucchio selvaggio - 2007, regia di Matteo Swaitz
Belle streghe in calore - 2011, regia di Marco Nero
Awards and nominations
2006 Ninfa Prize nominee - Best Supporting Actor - Those fucking nuts
2007 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
2008 AVN Award winner – Best Sex Scene in a Foreign-Shot Production - Furious Fuckers Final Race
2008 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
2009 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer Of The Year
2009 Hot d'Or nominee - Best European Actor - Dans Règlements De Comptes
2010 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
2011 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
2011 AVN Award nominee - Best Director – Foreign Non-Feature - Omar's Russian Impact!
2012 AVN Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
2013 XBIZ Award nominee - Male Foreign Performer of the Year
References
1973 births
Italian male film actors
Italian male pornographic film actors
Italian pornographic film directors
Living people
People from Gattinara
Playgirl Men of the Month |
Ñ, or ñ (, ), is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by placing a tilde (also referred to as a in Spanish, in order to differentiate it from other diacritics, which are also called ) on top of an upper- or lower-case . It became part of the Spanish alphabet in the eighteenth century when it was first formally defined, but it has subsequently been used in other languages, such as Galician, Asturian, the Aragonese Grafía de Uesca, Basque, Chavacano, some Philippine languages (especially Filipino and Bisayan), Chamorro, Guarani, Quechua, Mapudungun, Mandinka, Papiamento, and Tetum alphabets, as well as in Latin transliteration of Tocharian and many Indian languages, where it represents or . It represents in Crimean Tatar, Kazakh, ALA-LC romanization for Turkic languages, the Common Turkic Alphabet, Nauruan and romanized Quenya. In Breton and in Rohingya, it denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel.
Unlike many other letters that use diacritics (such as in Catalan and Spanish and in Catalan, French, Portuguese and sometimes in Spanish), in Spanish, Galician, Basque, Asturian, Leonese, Guarani and Filipino is considered a letter in its own right, has its own name (Spanish: ), and its own place in the alphabet (after ). Historically, it came from a superscript abbreviation for a doubled . Its alphabetical independence is similar to the Germanic , which came from a doubled .
History
Historically, arose as a ligature of ; the tilde was shorthand for the second , written over the first; compare umlaut, of analogous origin. It is a letter in the Spanish alphabet that is used for many words—for example, the Spanish word "year" ( in Old Spanish) derived from . Other languages used the macron over an or to indicate simple doubling.
Already in medieval Latin palaeography, the sign that in Spanish came to be called ("little comma") was used over a vowel to indicate a following nasal consonant ( or ) that had been omitted, as in tãtus for tantus or quã for quam. This usage was passed on to other languages using the Latin alphabet although it was subsequently dropped by most. Spanish retained it, however, in some specific cases, particularly to indicate the palatal nasal, the sound that is now spelt as . The word tilde comes from Spanish, derived by metathesis of the word título as tidlo, this originally from Latin TITVLVS "title" or "heading"; compare cabildo with Latin CAPITULUM.
From spellings of anno abbreviated as año, as explained above, the tilde was thenceforth transferred to the and kept as a useful expedient to indicate the new palatal nasal sound that Spanish had developed in that position: año. The sign was also adopted for the same palatal nasal in all other cases, even when it did not derive from an original , as in (from Latin ligna) or (from Latin SENIOR).
Other Romance languages have different spellings for this sound: Italian and French use , a consonant cluster that had evolved from Latin, whereas Occitan and Portuguese chose and Catalan even though these digraphs had no etymological precedent.
When Morse code was extended to cover languages other than English, a sequence ( — — · — — ) was allotted for this character.
Although is used by other languages whose spellings were influenced by Spanish, it has recently been chosen to represent the identity of the Spanish language, especially as a result of the battle against its obliteration from computer keyboards by an English-led industry.
Cross-linguistic usage
In Spanish it represents a palatal nasal. This is also the case of Philippine languages, Aymara, Quechua, Mapudungún, Guarani, Basque, Chamorro, Leonese, Yavapai, and Iñupiaq, whose orthographies have some basis in that of Spanish. Many languages of Senegal also use it in the same way. Senegal is unique among countries of West Africa in using this letter.
It also represents a palatal nasal in Galician and Uruguayan Portuguese.
In Tetum, it was adopted to represent the same sound in Portuguese loanwords represented by , although this is also used in Tetum, as is , influenced by Indonesian.
In Tagalog, Visayan, and other Philippine languages, most Spanish terms that include are respelled with . The conventional exceptions (with considerable variations) are proper names, which usually retain and their original Spanish or Hispanicised spelling (, , , ). It is collated as the 15th letter of the Filipino alphabet. In old Filipino orthography, the letter was also used, along with , to represent (except at the end of a word, when would be used) if appropriate instead of a tilde, which originally spanned a sequence of and (as in ), such as pan͠galan ("name"). That is because the old orthography was based on Spanish, and without the tilde, pangalan would have been pronounced with the sequence (therefore pang-GAlan). The form became a more common way to represent until the early 20th century, mainly because it was more readily available in typesets than the tilde spanning both letters.
It is also used to represent the velar nasal in Crimean Tatar and Nauruan. In Malay, the Congress Spelling System (1957–1972) formerly used it for before . In Turkmen, it was used for until 1999. In Latin-script writing of the Tatar language and Lule Sámi language, is sometimes used as a substitute for ꞑ, which is not available on many computer systems. In addition to Tatar, represents in the Common Turkic Alphabet.
In the Breton language, it nasalises the preceding vowel, as in , which corresponds to the French name and has the same pronunciation.
It is used in a number of English terms of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, piña colada, piñata, and El Niño. The Spanish word cañón, however, became naturalized as canyon. Until the middle of the 20th century, adapting it as nn was more common in English, as in the phrase "Battle of Corunna". Now, it is almost always left unmodified. The Society for the Advancement of Spanish Letters in the Anglo Americas (SASLAA) is the preeminent organization focused on promoting the permanent adoption of into the English language.
In Gilbertese, and represents the geminated forms of and .
Cultural significance
has come to represent the identity of the Spanish language. Latin publisher Bill Teck labeled Hispanic culture and its influence on the United States "Generation Ñ" and later started a magazine with that name. Organizations such as the Instituto Cervantes and the National Association of Hispanic Journalists have adopted the letter as their mark for Hispanic heritage. It was used in the Spanish Republican Air Force for aircraft identification. The circumstances surrounding the crash of serial 'Ñ' Potez 540 plane that was shot down over the Sierra de Gúdar range of the Sistema Ibérico near Valdelinares inspired French writer André Malraux to write the novel L'Espoir (1937), translated into English as Man's Hope and made into the movie named Espoir: Sierra de Teruel.
In 1991, a European Community report recommended the repeal of a regulation preventing the sale in Spain of computer products not supporting "all the characteristics of the Spanish writing system," claiming that it was a protectionist measure against the principles of the free market. This would have allowed the distribution of keyboards without an "Ñ" key. The Real Academia Española stated that the matter was a serious attack against the language. Nobel Prize winner in literature Gabriel García Márquez expressed his disdain over its elimination by saying: "The 'Ñ' is not an archaeological piece of junk, but just the opposite: a cultural leap of a Romance language that left the others behind in expressing with only one letter a sound that other languages continue to express with two."
Among other forms of controversy are those pertaining to the anglicization of Spanish surnames. The replacement of with another letter alters the pronunciation and meaning of a word or name, in the same manner that replacing any letter in a given word with another one would. For example, Peña is a common Spanish surname and a common noun that means "rocky hill"; it is often anglicized as Pena, changing the name to the Spanish word for "pity", often used in terms of sorrow.
When Federico Peña was first running for mayor of Denver in 1983, the Denver Post printed his name without the tilde as "Pena." After he won the election, they began printing his name with the tilde. As Peña's administration had many critics, their objections were sometimes whimsically expressed as "ÑO."
Since 2011, CNN's Spanish-language news channel incorporates a new logo wherein a tilde is placed over both .
Another news channel, TLN en Español, has , with taking the place of the expected , as its logo.
As part of April Fool's Day, in 2013, Puerto Rican linguistics professor Aida Vergne penned a mock newspaper article stating that the Royal Spanish Academy had opted to eliminate from Spanish, instead being replaced by the original in Old Spanish. As the Academy had previously eliminated letters such as and , such an allegation was taken seriously and occasionally the Academy has to resort to deny and clarify the allegation.
The Google Doodle for 23 April 2021 celebrated as part of UN Spanish Language Day.
Computer usage
In Unicode has the code U+00D1 (decimal 209) while has the code U+00F1 (decimal 241). Additionally, they can be generated by typing N or n followed by a combining tilde modifier, ̃, U+0303, decimal 771.
In HTML character entity reference, the codes for and are Ñ and ñ or Ñ and ñ.
has its own key in the Spanish and Latin American keyboard layouts (see the corresponding sections at keyboard layout and Tilde#Role of mechanical typewriters). The following instructions apply only to English-language keyboards.
On Android devices, holding N or n down on the keyboard makes entry of and possible.
On Apple Macintosh operating systems (including Mac OS X), it can be typed by pressing and holding the Option key and then typing N, followed by typing either N or n.
On the iPhone and iPad, which use the Apple iOS operating system, the is accessed by holding down the key, which opens a menu (on an English-language keyboard). Apple's Mac OS X 10.7 Lion operating system also made the available in the same way.
The lowercase can be made in the Microsoft Windows operating system by typing or on the numeric keypad (with Num Lock turned on); the uppercase can be made with or . Character Map in Windows identifies the letter as "Latin Small/Capital Letter N With Tilde". A soft (not physical) Spanish-language keyboard is easily installed in Windows.
In Microsoft Word, can be typed by pressing Control-Shift-Tilde () and then an .
On Linux it can be created by pressing Ctrl+Shift+U and then typing '00d1' or '00f1', followed by space or Ctrl to end the character code input. This produces or .
Another option (for any operating system) is to configure the system to use the US-International keyboard layout, with which can be produced either by holding Alt Gr and then pressing N, or by typing the tilde () followed by .
Yet another option is to use a compose key (hardware-based or software-emulated). Pressing the compose key, then , and then results in . A capital can be substituted to produce , and in most cases the order of and can be reversed.
Use in URLs
may be used in internationalized domain names, but it will have to be converted from Unicode to ASCII using punycode during the registration process (i.e. from www.piñata.com to www.xn--piata-pta.com).
In URLs (except for the domain name), may be replaced by %C3%91, and by %C3%B1. This is not needed for newer browsers. The hex digits represent the UTF-8 encoding of and . This feature allows almost any Unicode character to be encoded, and it is considered important to support languages other than English.
See also
Tilde
English terms with diacritical marks
Other symbols for the palatal nasal
Gn (digraph)
Nh (digraph)
Nj (letter)
Ny (digraph)
Ɲ
Ń
Њ
Ň
(IPA symbol)
Other letters with a tilde
Ã
Ẽ
G̃
Ĩ
M̃
Õ
P̃
Ũ
Ṽ
References
External links
Breton language
Latin letters with diacritics
Phonetic transcription symbols
Spanish language |
In the run up to the 1993 Spanish general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Spain during the term of the 4th Cortes Generales. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held on 29 October 1989, to the day the next election was held, on 6 June 1993.
Voting intention estimates refer mainly to a hypothetical Congress of Deputies election. Polls are listed in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" columns on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.
Electoral polling
Nationwide polling
Graphical summary
Voting intention estimates
The table below lists nationwide voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.
Voting preferences
The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.
Victory preference
The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a general election taking place.
Victory likelihood
The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a general election taking place.
Leadership polling
Notes
References
1993 elections in Spain |
```elm
module Internationalization.Types exposing (..)
type alias TranslationSet =
{ english : String
, portuguese : String
}
type Language
= English
| Portuguese
type TranslationId
= About
| AboutJarbas
| AboutSerenata
| SearchFieldsetReimbursement
| SearchFieldsetCongressperson
| FieldsetSummary
| FieldsetTrip
| FieldsetReimbursement
| FieldsetCongressperson
| FieldsetCongresspersonProfile
| FieldsetCompanyDetails
| FieldsetCurrencyDetails
| FieldsetCurrencyDetailsLink
| FieldYear
| FieldDocumentId
| FieldApplicantId
| FieldTotalValue
| FieldTotalNetValue
| FieldNumbers
| FieldCongresspersonId
| FieldCongressperson
| FieldCongresspersonName
| FieldCongresspersonDocument
| FieldState
| FieldParty
| FieldTermId
| FieldTerm
| FieldSubquotaNumber
| FieldSubquotaDescription
| FieldSubquotaGroupId
| FieldSubquotaGroupDescription
| FieldCompany
| FieldCnpjCpf
| FieldDocumentType
| FieldDocumentNumber
| FieldDocumentValue
| FieldIssueDate
| FieldIssueDateStart
| FieldIssueDateEnd
| FieldIssueDateValidation
| FieldClaimDate
| FieldMonth
| FieldRemarkValue
| FieldInstallment
| FieldBatchNumber
| FieldPassenger
| FieldLegOfTheTrip
| FieldProbability
| FieldSuspicions
| FieldEmpty
| ReimbursementSource
| ReimbursementChamberOfDeputies
| ReceiptFetch
| ReceiptAvailable
| ReceiptNotAvailable
| RosiesTweet
| Map
| CompanyCNPJ
| CompanyTradeName
| CompanyName
| CompanyOpeningDate
| CompanyLegalEntity
| CompanyType
| CompanyStatus
| CompanySituation
| CompanySituationReason
| CompanySituationDate
| CompanySpecialSituation
| CompanySpecialSituationDate
| CompanyResponsibleFederativeEntity
| CompanyAddress
| CompanyNumber
| CompanyAdditionalAddressDetails
| CompanyNeighborhood
| CompanyZipCode
| CompanyCity
| CompanyState
| CompanyEmail
| CompanyPhone
| CompanyLastUpdated
| CompanyMainActivity
| CompanySecondaryActivity
| CompanySource
| CompanyFederalRevenue
| ResultTitleSingular
| ResultTitlePlural
| ReimbursementTitle
| Search
| NewSearch
| Loading
| PaginationPage
| PaginationOf
| ReimbursementNotFound
| SameDayTitle
| SameSubquotaTitle
| BrazilianCurrency String
| ThousandSeparator
| DecimalSeparator
| Suspicion String
| DocumentType Int
``` |
The Turkmen Agricultural University named after Saparmurat Niyazov (), often abbreviated as TOHU, is the largest higher education institution in Turkmenistan. This university only provides studies in the fields of agriculture. It is named after Saparmyrat Nyýazow, Turkmenistan's first president.
History
In 1930, the Agricultural Institute was constructed in the capital city of Ashgabat. Until 1998, the institution was named after Mikhail Kalinin, after which, it was named after the then-serving president Saparmurat Niyazov. In 1998, was awarded university status, and had a name change. In 2012, the training center CLAAS was opened.
Faculties
The university consists of 8 departments:
Agronomy
Agricultural mechanization
Textile production
Processing of agricultural products
Veterinary
Hydromelioration
Agroecology
Economics and management of agriculture
Alumni
Annamurat Soltanov, Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan
Esenmyrat Orazgeldiýew, former Agriculture Minister of Turkmenistan
Serdar Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan
References
Universities in Turkmenistan
Buildings and structures in Ashgabat
1930 establishments in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Education in the Soviet Union
Education in Turkmenistan
Educational organizations based in Turkmenistan
Universities and colleges established in 1930
Saparmurat Niyazov |
Bulbophyllum carnosilabium is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
carnosilabium |
The Animal Protection Party (APP) was a political party founded in England in 2006 to represent an animal rights perspective. It stood four candidates in the 2010 general election. The party de-registered in 2016.
2010 general election
The APP stood in four constituencies in the May 2010 British general election, chosen because the sitting MP was viewed by the APP as representing the interests of people or industries that use animals.
Sarah Coats, a recycling company administrator, stood in Meon Valley, a new constituency where Wickham Laboratories is based. Coats received 255 votes (0.3%); the seat was taken by George Hollingbery for the Conservatives.
Carrie Holliman (listed by the Electoral Commission as the party leader) stood in Huntingdon, where Huntingdon Life Sciences is based, against Conservative MP Jonathan Djanogly. She received 181 votes (0.3%). Djanogly held the seat.
Jim Kapetanos stood in Vauxhall against the Labour MP Kate Hoey, chair of the Countryside Alliance, which promotes hunting. He received 96 votes (0.2%) and Hoey comfortably held the seat.
Keith Mann, who had previously been jailed for arson, stood in Oxford West and Abingdon against the Liberal Democrat MP Evan Harris; the area had been the focus of protests against the building of Oxford University's Biomedical Sciences Building. Mann received 143 votes (0.3%); Harris lost the seat to Nicola Blackwood for the Conservative Party. Mann said, "I wanted to challenge because of his support for animal testing in Oxford, but also because of his desire to extend the abortion time limit."
See also
Animal Welfare Party
List of animal advocacy parties
References
External links
Election leaflets from electionleaflets.org
Animal advocacy parties
Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
Animal welfare organisations based in the United Kingdom
2006 establishments in England
Political parties established in 2006
2016 disestablishments in England
Political parties disestablished in 2016 |
Martin Schütz (14 November 1963 – 25 February 2018) was a Swiss theoretical chemist and quantum chemist.
Life
Martin Schütz was born at Burgdorf (BE) in Middle Switzerland, the son of Jakob and Sylvia Schütz.
His first year of university level education was spent studying Electrical Engineering at Zürich's ETH (Technology Institute) during 1983/84. He then switched to the University of Bern where he studied Physical Chemistry between 1984 and 1989, receiving his first degree on 25 May 1989 in exchange for a dissertation entitled "Laser spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations of molecular solvent clusters". He stayed on at Bern undertaking research for his doctorate which he received on 13 May 1993. This time his work was concerned with investigating "vibronic effects in hydrate clusters": the resulting dissertation was entitled "Structures and Vibrations of Hydrate clusters with aromatic Chromophores". Schütz's work was supervised by Prof. Samuel Leutwyler, both in respect of the dissertation with which he completed his first degree course and for his doctorate. There was still much about his doctoral work that remained experimental, and his next research priority involved a focus on the underlying theory.
Schütz now returned to the Technology Institute at Zürich where he spent the year 1993/94 in a supportive role at the Interdisciplinary Project Centre for Super Computers. In 1994 he accepted an opportunity to move to Sweden where he joined the group working with Björn Roos at Lund University, just outside Malmö in the extreme south of the country. He remained at Lund with a post-doctoral fellowship for three years, working on the development of integral-direct correlation methodologies. In 1996 Schütz and his fellow researcher Roland Lindh received the SUP’Prize at the SUP'EUR 96 "computing in science" event at Kraków in recognition of the work. He moved closer to home in 1997 when he joined the group working with Hans-Joachim Werner at Stuttgart. It was at Stuttgart that on 15 February 2001 Schütz received his habilitation (higher post-graduate degree) for work on "Electron Correlation in Large Molecular Systems: From Integral-Direct to Linear Scaling Local Correlation Methods", following which he accepted a lectureship at the university.
In 2004 Schütz was appointed to a full professorship in Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Regensburg. He moved on again in 2016, accepting the professorship in Theoretical Chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin which became vacant through the retirement of Professor Emeritus Joachim Sauer.
Martin Schütz was only 54 when he died from illness, surrounded by his family, on 25 February 2018.
Works
The principal focus of Schütz's research was on "ab initio calculations" of the electronic structures of extended molecules (local correlation methods), excited electronic states, and intermolecular forces. During his time at Stuttgart he successfully developed correlation methods scaled in a linear sequence according to molecule size, building on work undertaken by Peter Pulay during the 1980s. The work that Schütz undertook during the first couple of years of the third millennium invokes Post–Hartree–Fock methodologies, applying coupled cluster techniques, and extending to molecules with triple substitutions. Previously they had been limited to small molecules because of the absence of scalability of the methods conditioned by cononinical (and therefore not localised) orthogonal molecular orbital bases.
References
Academic staff of the University of Regensburg
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
20th-century Swiss chemists
21st-century Swiss chemists
People from Burgdorf, Switzerland
People from Emmental District
1963 births
2018 deaths |
Fighter V is a Swiss melodic rock band, formed in 2019 in Hergiswil. Their sound is influenced by the 80s hard rock and arena rock with bands like Whitesnake, Journey, Survivor and Bon Jovi. The band has played several headliner shows across Central Europe and performed as the support act for various rock bands like The Dead Daisies, Fozzy, Bonfire, Shakra, The New Roses, John Diva & the Rockets of Love and Kissin' Dynamite. Their current album Fighter was released in October 2019 via Rock Attack Records and Avalon Marquee (Japan).
History
In 2019 the group was founded by the former members of the hair rock band Haïrdrÿer (Luca Troxler, Dave Niederberger, Felix Commerell, Lucien Egloff, Marco Troxler).
Their debut album Fighter was released on October 11, 2019 on the label Rock Attack Records with worldwide distribution by Cargo Records. It was recorded in Sweden with producer Jona Tee, keyboardist of the Swedish hard rock band H.E.A.T, in spring 2019. The album was positively reviewed by various magazines and webzine such as Metal Planet Music, Stormbringer.at and Classic Rock. The release was followed by an extensive tour through Central Europe from October 2019 to May 2020, among others as the support act for The New Roses and Kissin' Dynamite. Their announced support tour with Axel Rudi Pell in spring 2020, as well as several festival shows have been postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Music videos were produced for the single releases City Of Sinners, Dangerous, Fighter and Can't Stop The Rock.
On 22 January 2020, the band released a special edition of their album Fighter for the Japanese market on the label Marquee Avalon. The Japan edition contains an exclusive acoustic version of their song Dangerous as a bonus track.
Due to ongoing voice problems (sulcus vocalis), front singer Dave Niederberger announced his departure from the band in spring 2021. The situation then led to the departure of guitar player Marco Troxler and bass player Luca Troxler. The remaining members Felix Commerell and Lucien Egloff decided to continue the band with Emmo Acar as their new lead singer. He was introduced in August 2021 with an acoustic video of their song Save your love for me. In September 2021, the band announced Andreas Grob on guitar and Roman Stalder on bass as their new members. However, Andreas Grob left the band after half a year due to work-related circumstances. According to his statement, the enormous time and effort that comes along with the band were the reason for his resignation. He was replaced by Thomy Gunn, who played his first shows with Fighter V in spring 2022.
With the new lineup, Fighter V played several headliner shows starting in October 2021 and was part of the UrRock Music Festival 2021 together with bands like Nazareth and Girish and The Chronicles. The planned support tours with The New Roses in autumn 2021 and with Axel Rudi Pell in spring 2022 was canceled / postponed due to corona restrictions.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Videography
Music videos
Live videos
Members
Current
Felix Commerell - synthesizer, keyboards (2019–present)
Lucien Egloff - drums (2019–present)
Emmo Acar - vocals (2021–present)
Roman Stalder - bass (2021–present)
Thomy Gunn - guitar (2022–present)
Former
Dave Niederberger - vocals (2019 - 2021)
Marco Troxler - guitar (2019 - 2021)
Luca Troxler - bass (2019 - 2021)
Andreas Grob - guitar (2021 - 2022)
Timeline
External links
Official Website of Fighter V
Fighter V at Discogs
References
Swiss hard rock musical groups
Glam rock groups |
Richard Allen Markowitz (September 3, 1926 in Santa Monica, California – December 6, 1994 in Santa Monica, California) was an American film and television composer. He was the father of singer Kate Markowitz.
Biography
As a Santa Monica High School student, Markowitz led a big band called Dick Allen and the Teenagers under the name Dick Allen. Following his graduation
in 1943 he performed military service in World War II. After the war, Markowitz studied music in Paris and under Arthur Honegger and Arnold Schoenberg. While in Paris he played in jazz clubs and met his wife Haru Yanai.
Markowitz began film composing with the 1958 film Stakeout on Dope Street for director Irvin Kershner. He collaborated again with Kernsher on the films The Young Captives, (1959), Hoodlum Priest (1961), and Face in the Rain (1963). He collaborated with his wife on the score of the film Roadracers (1959) where Haru wrote lyrics to the songs. His other film scores included One Man's Way (1963), Bus Riley's Back in Town (1965), Wild Seed (1965), Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966), The Shooting (1966), which starred Warren Oates and Jack Nicholson, Cry for Me, Billy (1972), and Circle of Power (1981).
In 1961 he composed the score for Bert I. Gordon's The Magic Sword and began his television career composing the theme song and background music to The Rebel where the theme song was sung by Johnny Cash.
He again scored a well known Western TV series when he replaced Dimitri Tiomkin in conducting the theme and background music to The Wild Wild West. Keeping with the Western genre he scored the television movie (Scalplock) that spawned the series The Iron Horse as well as providing music for a variety of American television series and made for TV movies such as Weekend of Terror (1970), The Hanged Man (1974), Brinks: The Great Robbery (1976), Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976) and Death Car on the Freeway (1979).
Television series scored by Markowitz
The Invaders
Bus Riley's Back in Town
The FBI
The Wild Wild West
Mission: Impossible
Mannix
Quincy, M.E.
Police Story
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
Columbo
Dynasty ( 2 episodes 1986 )
Television
"Episode(s)" denotes the listing may be incomplete.
References
External links
In Memoriam Richard Markowitz (1926–1994)
American film score composers
1926 births
1994 deaths
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American composers
American male film score composers
20th-century American male musicians
American military personnel of World War II |
The Dumfries Burghs by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 20 July 1909. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
Vacancy
John Gulland had been Liberal MP for the seat of Dumfries Burghs since the 1906 general election. On 5 July 1909, he was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury, which meant, in accordance with the times, that he was required to resign his seat and seek re-election to parliament.
Electoral history
The seat had been Liberal since the party was created. They easily held the seat at the last election, with an increased majority;
Candidates
The local Liberal Association re-selected 45-year-old John Gulland to defend the seat.
The Conservatives chose Bryce Duncan as their candidate.
Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for 20 July 1909.
Result
The Liberals held the seat with a reduced majority;
Aftermath
Gulland retained the seat at the following general election;
References
History of Dumfriesshire
Dumfries Burghs by-election
1900s elections in Scotland
Dumfries Burghs by-election
Dumfries Burghs by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Scottish constituencies
Politics of Dumfries and Galloway |
The Catalpa Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story, five-bay center passage structure built in two principal stages. The older section is a two-story, three-bay side-hall parlor house with service wing erected around 1825–1840. A two-story one-room plan frame addition was attached shortly thereafter. Also on the property are an early 19th-century dairy and smokehouse, a late 19th-century privy, a modern garage, a mid-19th-century corn crib, an early 20th-century gambrel-roofed barn, and an early 19th-century tobacco house.
The Catalpa Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
References
External links
, including photo from 1985, at Maryland Historical Trust
Houses in Somerset County, Maryland
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, Maryland |
Nora Young (1917-2016) was a competitive Canadian cyclist who was inducted posthumously into the Canadian Cycling Hall of Fame on September 30, 2018.
Young was one of the top Canadian female cyclists in the 1930s and 1940s.
She also competed in a number of other sports such as softball, hockey, basketball, and others. She continued to win medals into her 70s and 80s.
Early career
Nora Young was born in Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, England (September 8, 1917), the youngest of ten children, and her family immigrated to Fort William (now Thunder Bay) when she was two years old. She grew up playing hockey on Lake Superior and in backyard rinks, with Eaton's catalogues under her wool socks for shin pads, always the only girl on the ice. As she grew older, she began to play for girls’ hockey teams in the area such as the Port Arthur Maroons. In the late 1920s, when Young was about 10, her family moved to Toronto so her father could find work as the Great Depression began. They settled first in Cabbagetown, and then moved to Parkdale.
In her teens, Young began participating in organized sports in the city, starting with softball at age 11. At the time, women were beginning to participate in organized sports at a mass level in the 1920s and 30s, a phenomenon colloquially referred as the Golden Age of Women's Sports in North America, Young being a paradigm of the era.
Nora and The Golden Age
A national champion in three sports (cycling, javelin, basketball), Young competed in top venues all over North America during the Golden Age, in front of the likes of William Randolph Hearst and Mary Pickford. She was a natural athlete and a rare “all-rounder” who excelled in multiple sports. For example:
She was an ace player at Sunnyside Stadium (famous across North America for women's softball) where she was coached by legendary athlete Bobbie Rosenfeld.
She was a basketball player who helped her Toronto team to capture the national championship (Underwood trophy) in 1948.
She was a member of the Toronto Ladies hockey team when it was invited to demonstrate the sport at Madison Square Gardens in New York, and then participate in a “barnstorming” tour, playing games across the United States.
Cycling and Nora
Among her many athletic pursuits, and beyond her considerable prowess in many of them, Young excelled the very most at cycling - it was also her favourite sport.
She competed constantly in the cycling competitions of her day, starting in the early 1930s, and usually winning or placing near the top of the weekly women's races on dirt tracks the Canadian National Exhibition (where the top female cyclists of the time competed). Often Young was racing on her women's coaster bike – because that's what she had – except in cases where she borrowed a professional bike from one of her male colleagues. It was at the CNE that she set a national record in the ¼ mile time trial in the 1930s, winning the Corcoran trophy.
She also distinguished herself at major long-distance road races in Toronto (sometimes as the only female competitor) and at a historically significant women's demonstration held as part of a Six-Day Race at Maple Leaf Gardens. This event will be featured in "Undeniably Young: Nora Young and the Six-Day Race", an animated film in progress.
The 1950s and Beyond
Outside of her sporting career, Young also had a career in the workforce. She was employed in a variety of jobs during her peak years as an athlete, from domestic servant (in her teens) to lab technician . She served in Europe in WWII in the Canadian Women's Army Corps as a jeep driver and canteen operator. In 1959, Young bought a house in the Danforth area of Toronto on her own (a rare thing for a woman in those days). She retired from her job early, in her 50s, as she was beginning to experience arthritis that affected her work. She also stopped cycling for a while, but missed it, and began racing training again in the 1970s.
Later life
In the 1980s she embarked on a second astonishingly successful athletic career in masters athletic tournaments. As a masters athlete, she competed in Canada, across the U.S., and even in Australia, in cycling and a number of other sports, accumulating numerous medals and setting many records, and often beating others much younger than she was.
In 2005, Young moved from Toronto to Newcastle, Ontario, where she lived independently during her final years; she finally gave up bike riding at the age of 92. She died in Bowmanville on March 26, 2016, at 98, a friend and inspiration to many and a true pioneer and lifelong athlete.
References
1917 births
2016 deaths
Canadian female cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Canada
Cyclists from Ontario |
Maynaguri Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is reserved for scheduled castes.
Overview
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 16 Maynaguri Assembly constituency (SC) covers Mainaguri municipality and Maynaguri community development block,
Maynaguri Assembly constituency is part of No. 3 Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency) (SC).
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election Results
2021 Election
2016 Election
2014 bye election
In the 2014 by election, Ananta Deb Adhikari of All India Trinamool Congress defeated Dinabandhu Roy (Palu) of Revolutionary Socialist Party by 31,790 votes. The former RSP MLA switched over to Trinamool Congress and had to face election again.
2011
In the 2011 elections, Ananta Deb Adhikari of RSP defeated his nearest rival Juthika Roy Basunia of Trinamool Congress.
# Trinamool Congress did not contest this seat in 2006.
1977-2006
In the 2006, 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections, Bachchamohan Roy of RSP won the Maynaguri assembly seat (SC) defeating his nearest rivals Gokul Kumar Roy of BJP, Purnaprabha Barman of Trinamool Congress and Manmatha Ray Basunia of Congress respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nityananda Adhikary of RSP defeated Manamatha Ray Basunia of Congress in 1991. Tarak Bandhu Roy of RSP defeated Manmatha Ray Basunia of Congress in 1987, Mridulendra Deb Rakshit of ICS in 1982 and Bhabendra Nath Roy Hakim of Janata Party in 1977.
1957–1972
Bijoy Krishna Mohanta of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Jajneswar Roy of Congress won in 1969 and 1967. Kamini Mohan Roy of Congress won in 1962. Janjneswar Roy of Congress won in 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Surendra Nath Roy of Congress won from Mainaguri. Jajneswar Roy and Mangaldas Bhagat, both of Congress, won from the Central Duars joint seat.
References
Assembly constituencies of West Bengal
Politics of Jalpaiguri district |
The 1983 Volta a Catalunya was the 63rd edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 7 September to 14 September 1983. The race started in Salou and finished at Igualada. The race was won by José Recio of the Kelme team.
General classification
References
1983
Volta
1983 in Spanish road cycling
September 1983 sports events in Europe |
The list of shipwrecks in 1891 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1891.
January
2 January
8 January
9 January
11 January
Unknown date
February
3 February
5 February
6 February
7 February
18 February
19 February
20 February
March
1 March
9 March
13 March
15 March
17 March
19 March
20 March
April
2 April
6 April
15 April
19 April
23 April
28 April
May
2 May
3 May
17 May
21 May
June
4 June
16 June
July
18 July
Unknown date
August
27 August
Unknown date
September
5 September
6 September
7 September
13 September
Unknown date
October
1 October
3 October
10 October
13 October
Unknown date
November
9 November
11 November
15 November
22 November
December
4 December
5 December
8 December
10 December
18 December
23 December
29 December
Unknown date
References
1891 |
Combat Survival Training School is a survive, evade, resist, escape (SERE) school for the Royal Australian Air Force. Its base is at RAAF Base Townsville. Its motto is "Adapt and Return".
All Australian Defence Force aircrew are required to complete a 15-day SERE course delivered by the Combat Survival Training School. As well as teaching survival skills, including how to evade enemy personnel, students are instructed in techniques to resist interrogation and escape captivity. In 2014, it was reported that the course was "one of the hardest things that any air force flyer will do".
References
RAAF training units
Survival training
Military units in Queensland |
Chester G. Starr (October 5, 1914 in Centralia, Missouri – 22 September 1999 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American historian. An authority on ancient history, he specialized in the ancient art and archeology of the Greco-Roman civilization. According to the University of Michigan, he was "the acknowledged dean of ancient history in America."
Starr studied at Cornell University, with Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner. Between 1940 and 1953 he was lecturer in history at the University of Illinois, Urbana. He became a professor in the same department, a position he held until 1970, when he moved to the University of Michigan. From 1973 to 1985 he held the Bentley Chair at Michigan. In 1974 he became the first president of the American Association of Ancient Historians.
During World War II Starr served in the history section of the U.S. Army, posted to the headquarters of the United States Fifth Army in Italy from 1942 to 1946. As a result of that commission, he wrote a nine-volume compilation entitled Fifth Army History, and a popular book about it titled From Salerno to the Alps (1948).
Among his historical works are twenty-one books, dozens of articles and over one hundred book reviews. His best-known text, A History of the Ancient World, was reissued with successive enlargements between 1965 and 1991. His historiographical methodology has been described as Hegelian, especially in Civilization and the Caesars: The Intellectual Revolution in the Roman Empire (1954). In what has been called his greatest work: The Origins of Greek Civilization (1961), he dismantled the Nordic theory, which sought to interpret Greek cultural achievements in terms of a master race. His approach focused on individuals as agents of historical change, in contrast to the dominant methodology of the time: the Annales School and the Braudelian concept of longue durée.
Among his other works are The Awakening of the Greek Historical Spirit (1968), Economic Growth of Early Greece (1977), The Beginnings of Imperial Rome: Rome in the Mid-Republic (1980), The Flawed Mirror (1983) and Past and Future in Ancient History (1987).
Notes
Historians of the United States
1914 births
1999 deaths
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American historians
People from Centralia, Missouri
Cornell University alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty |
The Life and Times of Jonny Valiant is the first studio album by the American rapper Rittz. The album was released on April 30, 2013, by Strange Music. The album has guest appearances by Big K.R.I.T., Mike Posner, Suga Free, Tech N9ne, Krizz Kaliko and Yelawolf.
Background
In August 2012, Rittz signed to Tech N9ne's Strange Music record label. In November 2012, in an interview with HipHopDX, Rittz explained that he was 11 songs into his first album, saying, "With the 11 songs that I got already, the way I work is that I get the base set. If I can get the base set of the overall sound I’m looking for - the vibe of the album - then I can sprinkle in the other types of records. Story song, insert here. Girl song, insert here. But the music; the production; the beats actually set the tone. I think I’ve gotten that. So, as long as I’ve gotten that - I was a little worried at first because I wasn’t set on the beats. But now I got it. Now it’s just time to put in the spices and make it a complete thing."
Singles
The first video for the album was released on March 28, 2013, for the song "For Real". The first single, "Switch Lanes" featuring Mike Posner, was released on April 12, 2013. On April 10, 2013, the music video was released for "Like I Am". On May 13, 2013, the music video was released for "Switch Lanes" featuring Mike Posner.
Critical response
The Life and Times of Jonny Valiant was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Edwin Ortiz of HipHopDX gave the album four out of five stars, saying, "While Rittz hasn’t yet reached his recording pinnacle, The Life And Times Of Jonny Valiant provides a thorough impression of his abilities as well as what he can strive for in the coming years. Going on nearly two decades since he first grasped the notion of becoming an emcee, it may have taken longer than expected, but Rittz is finally seeing the fruits of his labor flourish." David Jeffries of AllMusic gave the album a positive review, saying, "This debut effort should still satisfy those who follow Tech N9ne and the Strange Music roster, as stoner anthems, swaggering club music, and punch line-filled putdowns are the man's bread and butter." Dave William of XXL gave the album an XL, saying, "While these struggles might seem like a bit of a downer on paper, Rittz should win over listeners with the unmistakable honesty he raps with. He’s a highly affable “underdog,” one who can rap about his misfortunes with confidence, hope and determination."
Nathan S. of DJBooth gave the album four out of five stars, saying, "Hip-hop needs someone every outsider can relate to, someone who remains dedicated to being himself (and sounds damn good in the process). If Rittz can continue to do that, and Jonny Valiant suggests he can, he’ll attract more fans than any poser possibly could." Peter Marrack of Exclaim! gave the album five out of ten, saying, "One of the few uplifting moments on Rittz's new album occurs when he's shouting out his homies in Toronto — Droppin' Knowledge booked Rittz for a spot date in late 2011, which contributed to the Atlanta, GA rapper's early buzz. The rest of the album is morose, a diatribe against commercial rap bloated with personal confessions."
Commercial performance
In its first week of release the album entered the Billboard 200 at number 25 and sold 14,000 copies in the United States. In its second week the album sold 3,200 copies. In its third week, the album sold 2,300 copies bringing its total sales to 19,000.
Track listing
Charts
References
2013 debut albums
Rittz albums
Strange Music albums
Albums produced by Mike Posner |
Ruth Osborne (also Benson) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Terri Dwyer. She first appeared in January 1996 as the cousin of Natasha Andersen (Shenah Ronay), and departed in 2001. She made guest appearances between 2003 and 2004, and another in 2008. Dwyer expressed interest in returning full-time in 2009.
Her notable storylines included a "controversial lesbian affair" with Jasmine Bates (Elly Fairman), and relationships with Kurt Benson (Jeremy Edwards), and Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard). Another storyline saw her form a relationship with Lewis Richardson (Ben Hull) which ended when he physically assaulted her, and due to feeling guilty committed suicide.
Character creation and casting
Ruth was introduced by producer Phil Redmond in January 1996 as the cousin of established character Natasha Andersen (Shebah Ronay). Her family were introduced ten months later and are still part of the serial today. Dwyer was cast as Ruth after auditioning for the part. On getting the role Dwyer said "they took a big risk on me. I had done nothing in terms of acting, and for two years I never understood why I wasn't sacked. I thought I was appalling." On her audition Dwyer said "here were all these girls from stage school, and I came away thinking I didn't stand a chance. Three auditions later, I got the job." Dwyer first auditioned for the role after driving a friend to an audition for a role at Hollyoaks which she entered herself for fun and later got the job. On her initial time on the show Dwyer has since said "'Looking back at my first scenes, I think 'Oh no, how could they possibly televise this?'. For the first two years I kept expecting to be sacked".
Dwyer quit Hollyoaks in 2001. She said "I played Ruth for six years and I think the audience was bored of her and I was bored of playing her." Ruth returned again in 2008 for her father's funeral. Of a potential return, Dwyer said in 2009 "if Hollyoaks came to me with a great script I would definitely go back".
Characterisation
Dwyer described the character saying "I like Ruth but she does my head in a bit. She whinges a bit much, is a bit miserable and gets on my nerves". On Ruth Dwyer also said "She engages her mouth before her brain!" The Daily Mirror described her as "chic but sensible Ruth" and "troubled". The Sunday Mail labelled her "sexy".
Storylines
Ruth arrives as a student and begins to date heartthrob Kurt Benson (Jeremy Edwards). Ruth's father Jack (James McKenna), mother Celia (Carol Noakes) and younger brother Darren (Adam Booth) moved into Hollyoaks village where they buy the local pub The Dog in the Pond. Ruth is shocked to discover her father and best friend Dawn Cunningham (Lisa Williamson) had slept together. Ruth's decided that she didn't want to see Dawn again, causing hating Dawn's family for the rest of her life, but, she forgives her when she discovers that Dawn had leukemia, which leads her to death. Ruth began getting hassle from Spike who tried to entrap her, but Kurt intervened and accidentally pushed Spike off the scaffolding. Kurt is charged, causing more problems in their relationship. Kurt becomes paranoid that Ruth thinks he is guilty and he breaks up with her and leaves, going to Hull. Ruth follows him and they marry. Ruth's troubles with Spike continue when she discovers that Spike, amongst other builders will be going to repair the college. Spike traps Ruth in a room and tries to force himself on her, but Rob Hawthorne (Warren DeRosa) steps in to rescue her.
Ruth's marriage with Kurt is on the rocks as they argue, especially about spending Christmas with Ruth's family. It goes from bad to worse when Rob organises a hill walk in Wales and after Ruth has another argument with Kurt, she ends up going off with Lewis Richardson (Ben Hull). Ruth and Lewis take refuge in a cave where they kiss. Ruth then decides to go off to London for some work placement, leaving Kurt home alone. When Ruth returns, she is devastated to learn that Kurt is having an affair with Kate Patrick (Natasha Symms) and Ruth tells Kurt their marriage is over. Ruth gets into a fight with Kate that ends with Kate trying to drown her. In a fit of rage, Kurt intervened, trying to teach Kate a lesson by drowning her. In a wake of the fight, Ruth and Kurt do some soul searching and realised that they are not right for each other, prompting Kurt to leave Hollyoaks, and more bad news for Ruth, as she discovers that Kurt had died from a ski accident. Ruth has a short relationship with flatmate Jasmine Bates, but she later throws her out of the flat.
Following his separation and death, Ruth begins to rekindle her affair with Lewis, but they both agree to keep their relationship secret. Ruth takes a break from her relationship with Lewis and meets Luke Morgan (Gary Lucy) who seduces her. However, Ruth is embarrassed to discover he is only 16 and on top of that when she confesses to Lewis what has happened he dumps her. Ruth decides that there was nothing left for her at Hollyoaks village and decides to move to the States, but Lewis makes a mad dash to the airport to stop her, prompting Ruth to stay. During the first late night special, Lucy Benson (Kerrie Taylor) is kidnapped by Rob Hawthorne and taken to a disused watertank, with Ruth, Lewis and Tony in pursuit. The gang survive and rescue Lucy.
Ruth finds out that she is pregnant and without Lewis knowing, has an abortion. Ruth then discovers that Lewis had lied about how big his debt to Lorraine Wilson is, prompting Ruth to hit Lewis before Lewis hits her back in retaliation. Lewis tells Ruth that he had slept with Lorraine to pay off his debt, which leaves Ruth heartbroken. Ruth and Lewis finally break up and Ruth than begins to date John Stuart, her colleague, but it soon ends. In a special 16-part late-night show Hollyoaks: Movin' On, Lewis beats Ruth up before trying to force himself on her, leaving Ruth for dead. Ruth is badly hurt and in hospital is told Lewis has died after taking an overdose of painkillers. Ruth has a brief relationship with friend Tony but later leaves Hollyoaks to start a new life in London.
On 24 December 2003 Ruth returns to Hollyoaks village. She rekindles her relationship with Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) despite his marriage to Mandy Richardson (Sarah Jayne Dunn) and later becomes pregnant. She returns to London where she loses the baby. She later returns to the village and supports Tony when he is accused of beating Mandy. She's later discover that Dawn's brother Max Cunningham (Matt Littler) was the one who held the key for his sister affair with her father, causing her to not forgive him. Ruth returns on 5 August 2008 for the 'funeral' of Jack, unaware that the whole thing is an insurance scam, she tells her stepmother Frankie (Helen Pearson) she is engaged.
Reception
The Liverpool Daily Post called her "one of the nation's best-loved soap babes". The Daily Record listed her among "The soap stars who boosted the ratings with their shocking clinches" for her part in a lesbian storyline. The Daily Record described her saying she "overacts her way through another scene" when she finds vows Kurt is out of her life for good. The Daily Record also commented on Ruth's relationship with Lewis saying "He's just turned from one of the most easy-going blokes around into a woman-beater. Yep, when he finds out Ruth has aborted the baby, he hits her. Not a good move at all. It might be Ruth, but we can't condone this, can we? I'd smash both their heads together, the rotten pair." They described the storyline as a cracker and the attempted rape scenes as "some of the grittiest storylines ever seen in a soap". All About Soap magazine placed Kurt and Ruth's wedding at number nineteen on their twenty greatest soap weddings list.
The Daily Record'''s Merle Brown commented on Ruth saying "while they're at it, why not blow up Ruth, and put her out of her misery. Terri Dwyer, who plays her (after a fashion) is wooden as well, and seeing her painful attempts at emotional scenes is just too much to take." Brown also listed her amongst his least favourite soap characters saying "Lewis, my least favourite soap character of all time (although Ruth is right up there with him), is feeling guilty about his tryst with Lorraine and refuses to sleep with her again. Which opens the gates, methinks for Ruth to find out, and a big barney to ensue. Great. I can hardly wait to see Terri Dwyer overact her way through this one." Upon Dwyer receiving a nomination Brown later added "if Terri Dwyer wins Best Actress I shall really have to complain. How can she even be nominated?". The Sunday Mail commented on her time in the show saying she has had "controversial storylines" including "attempted rape, married young, kicked out by her husband over an affair, then widowed, a lesbian kiss with a 17-year-old, and now an unwanted pregnancy. No wonder the blonde babe gets most of the show's fan letters." The Daily Mirror commented that her Christmas return put the "cracker back into Christmas".
Ruth in Hollyoaks was also known as a rather loud mouthed character, evidence of this is seen in an episode where while she is talking Lucy Benson's hand covers her mouth in order to gag her but Ruth continues to try and talk but just makes muffled sounds under Lucy's hand.
The Daily Record commented negatively on Ruth's relationship with Kurt saying that the pair needed a "mallet on the head" after their marriage breakdown. They added that "Ruth is still doing the angst-ridden facial expression in Hollyoaks this week as she and hubby Kurt are nowhere nearer sorting out their relationship" and later said Kurt "is still pleading for a reconciliation with Ruth".
Ruth and flatmate Jasmine Bates sleep together after spending the night sharing a bottle of wine. The Daily Record described the storyline saying "Wait until the TV watchdog people see this week's Hollyoaks - lesbian kissing scenes at tea-time. Phil Redmond brought you your first lesbian kiss in Brookside a good few years ago now and there was uproar. Now he's at it again in his teen-soap as a good old heart-to-heart between Jas and Ruth over a bottle of wine leads to something more. The next morning, Ruth is not a happy girl at all, as she regrets her night of passion with her flatmate. Oh dear. Sparks will fly." The Daily Record'' described the brief relationship saying "In Hollyoaks it's the end of the road as Jas moves out of Ruth's flat after their night of passion. Ruth, it seems, is not one for the ladies."
References
Hollyoaks characters
Television characters introduced in 1995
Fictional English people of Scottish descent
Osborne family (Hollyoaks)
British female characters in television |
Six-Shooter Justice is a 1917 American Western film featuring Harry Carey.
Plot
As described in a film magazine review, John Gregg (Witting) and his daughter Mary (Du Brey) become lost and accept the guidance of Miguel Hernandez (Steele), a good-looking bad man. Mary takes a liking to the bad man and will have nothing to do with Cheyenne Harry (Carey), a bad-looking good man. Miguel robs John of his gold and takes Mary to Burro Springs. Henry follows and kills Miguel to protect Mary, and takes John's gold off the body of Miguel. Mary realizes that looks can be deceiving.
Cast
Harry Carey as Cheyenne Harry
Claire Du Brey as Mary Gregg, the Prospector's Daughter
William Steele as Miguel Hernandez (as William Gettinger)
A. E. Witting - John Gregg as the Prospector (as Arthur Witting)
See also
Harry Carey filmography
References
External links
1917 films
1917 Western (genre) films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Fred Kelsey
1917 short films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1910s American films |
Vratno (; ) is a settlement in the Žumberak/Gorjanci Hills in the Municipality of Šentjernej in southeastern Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
References
External links
Vratno on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Šentjernej |
The French term pure laine (, often translated as 'old stock' or 'dyed-in-the-wool'), refers to Québécois people of full French Canadian ancestry, meaning those descended from the original settlers of New France who arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries. Terms with a similar meaning include de souche (of the base of the tree, or root) and old stock as in "Old Stock Canadians".
Many French-Canadians are able to trace their ancestry back to the original settlers from France— a number are descended from mixed marriages between the French, Scottish and Irish settlers. Unions sharing Roman Catholic faith were approved by the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec. Many English emigrants in the region, especially after 1763 when Quebec was ceded to Britain, were ultimately assimilated into Francophone culture.
The term is associated with nativism and ethnic nationalism in Quebec, and its usage has been criticized for excluding immigrants from Québécois identity and culture.
History
The genealogy of the pure laine – dating back to original settlers of New France in the seventeenth century – has been the subject of detailed research. Prior to 1663 the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal recruited women to come to Montreal, then known as Ville-Marie. King Louis XIV – following the advice of Jean Talon, Intendant of New France – sponsored about 800 female immigrants the King's Daughters or les filles du Roi to increase the number of marriages and therefore the population of New France. The Sisters of Notre-Dame facilitated their settling in Ville-Marie. In his 1992 PhD dissertation Yves Landry listed 770 of the approximately 800 by name.
From the seventeenth century into the twentieth century, French Canadians lived in relative geographic and linguistic isolation. Their "settlements, internal migrations, and natural population increase" were well-documented with "3 million records covering the whole province of Quebec over four centuries." By 2015 "extended pedigrees of up to 17 generations" were constructed from "a sample of present-day individuals." In an article published in 2001 in the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, McGill University professor Charles R. Scriver, observed there is "important evidence of social transmission of demographic behavior that contributed to effective family size and population structure." Founder populations, like the descendants of the early French immigrants, have an important role in the study of genetic diseases. With an unusually high prevalence of genetic disorders in the subpopulations of Quebec, they became the subject of human genetics research. Clusters of hereditary disorders in eastern Quebec in the twentieth century were traced to immigrants from Perche, France who arrived in the seventeenth century.
Catholic priest and historian Lionel Groulx (1878–1967) was the key figure behind the rise of Quebec nationalism which stressed "territoriality and the use of the Quebec state" in the first half of the twentieth century. Jean Éthier-Blais claimed that among Quebec nationalist intellectuals the twentieth century was Groulx century — "le siècle de l'abbé Groulx." Groulx's best-known novel L'Appel de la race, challenged the narrative surrounding French-English relationships in Quebec and revisited the history of Canada from a French Canadian perspective. In the 1920s following the publication of this novel, French Canadian nationalism "espoused the thought of Lionel Groulx", retained Catholicism and abandoned Henri Bourassa's pan-Canadian perspective. In 1998, Xavier Gélinas, then-Curator at the Canadian Museum of History (French: Musée canadien de l’histoire), then known as the Canadian Museum of Civilization, presented a talk at a conference on Quebec history in which he argued that even in the 1980s Groulxism remained as an important ideology among Quebecois. Groulx's work is considered to be a contributing factor to the Quiet Revolution in 1960 even though the Quebec nationalism of the révolution tranquille was "a-religious and ethnically pluralistic." Expressions such as Canadiens français pure laine, Québécois pure laine or révolution tranquille became powerful evocative symbols charged with ideology and identity. Gélinas challenged the thesis of French Canadian historian Esther Delisle whom he described as pure laine. Delisle's controversial PhD political science dissertation and the book entitled The Traitor and the Jew based on her thesis, argued that Groulx and the newspaper Le Devoir were antisemitic and supported fascism.
Controversy and Debate
The use of pure laine was brought to the forefront following its controversial usage in the front-page article by Jan Wong in Canada's nationally distributed newspaper, The Globe and Mail on September 16, 2006, three days after the shooting at Dawson College in Montreal. In her article entitled "Get under the desk," Wong argued that the frequent and historic use of the term pure laine revealed a uniquely Québécois brand of racism. "Elsewhere, to talk of racial 'purity' is repugnant. Not in Quebec." Furthermore, she suggested that the school shootings might have been related to the fact that the perpetrators were not old-stock French Québécois and they had been alienated by a Quebec society concerned with "racial purity."
Wong's accusations were denounced by National Post journalist, Barbara Kay, then-Premier Jean Charest and the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste (SSJB). SSJB President Jean Dorion declared "There is no obsession for racial purity in Quebec, definitely not. The expression 'pure laine' is absolutely obsolete."
However the term was still frequently used in both English and French media. And in 2007, the Taylor-Bouchard Commission included the recommendation that the use of the expression "Québécois de souche" be ended and replaced with the term "Quebecers of French-Canadian origin." The Commission investigated reasonable accommodation of immigrants into Quebec society.
According to David Austin, author of Fear of a Black Nation (2013), which was based on Austin's two decades of inquiry including interviews and international archival research,
Similar terms in English
Old-stock Canadians
The English-Canadian equivalent to pure laine is "old stock", referring to the descendants of those original settlers of British Canada and French Canada who immigrated in the 17th and 18th centuries. Liberal MP Stéphane Dion used the term in 2014: "If I'm fishing with a friend on a magnificent lake in the Laurentians ... and I see a small boat in the distance ... usually it's two middle-aged old-stock French-Canadians or English-Canadians."
See also
Québécois people
Pur et dur
References
Further reading
Taras Grescoe. Sacre Blues: An Unsentimental Journey Through Quebec. Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 2004.
Quebec nationalism
Culture of Quebec
Quebec political phrases
French words and phrases
Racism in Quebec |
Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa, ) is a bridge crossing the Kolok River () at the Malaysia–Thailand border, connecting Bukit Bunga town in Kelantan with Buketa village in Waeng District, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. It is the newest border crossing between Malaysia and Thailand and the third bridge crossing the Kolok river. The bridge was one of the co-operative projects under the framework of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT).
The project, costing RM9.2 million with each both governments paying half, was given to a Malaysian contractor. The groundbreaking for the bridge was held on 14 October 2004 by the prime ministers of both countries. Construction was delayed, especially on the Thai side, with escalations in the insurgency in nearby Thai provinces, and it took 11 months of work to be completed 3 years later. It was officially opened on 21 December 2007 by the Malaysian prime minister, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, and the Thai prime minister, Surayud Chulanont.
See also
Rantau Panjang–Sungai Golok Bridge
References
Bridges in Kelantan
Bridges in Thailand
International bridges
Malaysia–Thailand border crossings
Bridges completed in 2007
Box girder bridges |
Dheimison Benavides Martins (born 1 August 1989), simply known as Dheimison, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Brazilian club Maringá Futebol Clube
Honours
Audax
Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão: 2008
Maringá
Campeonato Paranaense Série B: 2017
Red Bull Brasil
Campeonato Paulista do Interior: 2019
Red Bull Bragantino
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2019
Portuguesa
Copa Paulista: 2020
References
External links
1989 births
Men's association football goalkeepers
Brazilian men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Grêmio Osasco Audax Esporte Clube players
Esporte Clube Água Santa players
Maringá Futebol Clube players
Rio Claro Futebol Clube players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Red Bull Bragantino players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo |
Queen Louise's Children's Hospital () was a hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark from 1879 to 1971. It was named for and supported by Louise of Hesse-Kassel.
References
Defunct hospitals in Copenhagen
Hospitals established in 1879
1879 establishments in Denmark
Hospitals disestablished in 1971
1971 disestablishments in Denmark |
Heavy metal detox, or detoxification, is the removal of metallic toxic substances from the body. In conventional medicine, detoxification can also be achieved artificially by techniques such as dialysis and (in a very limited number of cases) chelation therapy. There is a firm scientific base in evidence-based medicine for this type of detoxification . Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various other types of detoxification such as "diet detoxification" .
The detox is performed to rid the body of toxic metals.
Toxic metals, including heavy metals, are individual metals and metal compounds that negatively affect people's health. Some toxic, semi-metallic elements, including arsenic and selenium, are discussed in this page. In very small amounts, many of these metals are necessary to support life. However, in larger amounts, they become toxic. They may build up in biological systems and become a significant health hazard. This page provides a starting point for technical and regulatory information about toxic metals.
Arsenic
Common sources of exposure to higher-than-average levels of arsenic include hazardous waste sites and surrounding areas, and areas with high levels of arsenic naturally occurring in soil, rocks, and water. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause death.
Beryllium
Elemental beryllium has a wide variety of applications. Occupational exposure most often occurs in mining, extraction, and in the processing of alloy metals containing beryllium. Beryllium causes lung and skin disease in 2 to 10 percent of exposed workers.
Cadmium
Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial workplaces, particularly where any ore is being processed or smelted. Several deaths from acute exposure have occurred among welders who have unsuspectingly welded on cadmium-containing alloys or with silver solders.
Hexavalent chromium
Forms of hexavalent chromium can be toxic. Calcium chromate, chromium trioxide, lead chromate, strontium chromate, and zinc chromate are known human carcinogens. An increase in the incidence of lung cancer has been observed among workers in industries that produce chromate and manufacture pigments containing chromate.
Lead
Occupational exposure to lead is one of the most prevalent overexposures. Industries with high potential exposures include construction work, most smelter operations, radiator-repair shops, and firing ranges.
Mercury
Common sources of mercury exposure include mining, production, and transportation of mercury, as well as mining and refining of gold and silver ores. Other more common sources can be found in silver dental fillings, fluorescent bulbs. High mercury exposure results in permanent nervous system and kidney damage.
References
Detoxification |
Rhytiphora viridis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.
References
viridis
Beetles described in 1938 |
In linguistics, a prosodic unit is a segment of speech that occurs with specific prosodic properties. These properties can be those of stress, intonation (a single pitch and rhythm contour), or tonal patterns.
Prosodic units occur at a hierarchy of levels, from the syllable, the metrical foot and phonological word to the intonational unit (IU) and to a complete utterance. However, the term is often restricted to intermediate levels which do not have a dedicated terminology. Prosodic units do not generally correspond to syntactic units, such as phrases and clauses; it is thought that they reflect different aspects of how the brain processes speech, with prosodic units being generated through on-line interaction and processing, and with morphosyntactic units being more automated.
Defining characteristics
Prosodic units are characterized by several phonetic cues, such as a coherent pitch contour. Breathing, both inhalation and exhalation, only occurs at the boundaries (pausa) between higher units. Several short contours may carry an additional overall gradual decline in pitch and slowing of tempo; this larger unit is termed a declination unit (DU). At the boundaries (pauses) between declination units, the pitch and tempo reset; for this reason the final one of the shorter internal contours is said to have final prosody, whereas the others are said to have continuing prosody.
These two levels of the hierarchy may be schematized as follows:
{| class=wikitable
! colspan=4 | Declination unit
|-
| continuing IU, || continuing IU, || continuing IU, || final IU.
|}
Transcription
In English orthography, a continuing prosodic boundary may be marked with a comma (assuming the writer is using commas to represent prosody rather than grammatical structure), while final prosodic boundaries may be marked with a full stop (period).
The International Phonetic Alphabet has symbols (single and double pipes) for "minor" and "major" prosodic breaks. Since there are more than two levels of prosodic units, the use of these symbols depends on the structure of the language and which information the transcriber is attempting to capture. Very often, each prosodic unit will be placed in a separate line of the transcription. Using the single and double pipes to mark continuing and final prosodic boundaries, we might have American English,
Jack,
preparing the way,
went on.
or French,
Jacques,
préparant le sol,
tomba.
The last syllable with a full vowel in a French prosodic unit is stressed, and that the last stressed syllable in an English prosodic unit has primary stress. This shows that stress is not phonemic in French, and that the difference between primary and secondary stress is not phonemic in English; they are both elements of prosody rather than inherent in the words.
The pipe symbolsthe vertical bars and used above are phonetic, and so will often disagree with English punctuation, which only partially correlates with prosody.
However, the pipes may also be used for metrical breaksa single pipe being used to mark metrical feet, and a double pipe to mark both continuing and final prosody, as their alternate IPA descriptions "foot group" and "intonation group" suggest. In such usage, each foot group would include one and only one heavy syllable. In English, this would mean one and only one stressed syllable:
Jack,
preparing the way,
went on.
In many tone languages with downdrift, such as Hausa, the single pipe may be used to represent a minor prosodic break that does not interrupt the overall decline in pitch of the utterance, while marks either continuing or final prosody that creates a pitch reset. In such cases, some linguists use only the single pipe, with continuing and final prosody marked by a comma and period (full stop), respectively. The major break mark may also be doubled, , for the most salient (full stop) breaks.
In transcriptions of non-tonal languages, the three symbolspipe, comma, and periodmay also be used, with the pipe representing a break more minor than the comma, the so-called list prosody often used to separate items when reading lists, spelling words, or giving out telephone numbers.
In Eastern European tradition, the non-IPA dotted line may be used for list prosody, and the non-IPA wavy line for an unexpected interruption or breaking off of speech, which is indicated with a final hyphen when common punctuation is used.
Cognitive implications
While each prosodic unit may carry a large information load in rehearsed speech, in extemporaneous conversation the amount of information is much more limited. There is seldom more than a single lexical noun in any one IU, and it is uncommon to have both a lexical noun and a lexical verb in the same IU. Indeed, many IUs are semantically empty, taken up by filler words such as um, well, or y'know. Chafe (1994) believes that this reflects the constraints of information processing by the brain during speech production, with chunks of speech (IUs) corresponding to chunks of cognitive output. It is also a possibility that the distribution of information across IUs is designed to maximize language comprehension by the other party.
See also
Phonological hierarchy
Tone terracing
Upstep
Notes
References
Chafe, Wallace. 1994. Discourse, Consciousness, and Time: The flow and displacement of conscious experience in speaking and writing. University of Chicago Press.
Dubois, John W., Susanna Cumming, Stephan Schuetze-Coburn, Danae Paolino eds. 1992. Discourse Transcription. Volume 4 of the Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics.
Phonology
Phonetics
Cognitive science
Prosody (linguistics) |
Mainz-Laubenheim station () is a railway station in the municipality of Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
References
Laubenheim
Buildings and structures in Mainz |
Borgholm () is a city and the seat of Borgholm Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 4,401 inhabitants in 2020. It is located on the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea, at the Kalmar Strait-side of Öland, north of Färjestaden.
Borgholm is one of Sweden's historical towns with a former city status (stad). The city is best known for its once-magnificent fortress – Borgholm Castle – which is now in ruins. Borgholm is, despite its small population, for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city. Statistics Sweden, however, only counts localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants as cities.
Borgholm is the main city of Öland, but remains one of the smallest cities in Sweden.
Geography
The city is situated some north of the Öland Bridge, which connects the island with the city of Kalmar on the mainland.
Etymology
The name Borgholm is documented to be found from the 1280s. The foreland Borg- is considered to refer to the old ancient castle which is believed to have been located on the site of the castle ruins, but according to another interpretation refers to the eye-catching topography of the site. The significance would then be that berg- is the correct interpretation, and support for this can be found in Gotlandic, where borg can mean beach hill or high sand dune, and that berg-meaning has been well spread throughout the East Nordic area.
History
During the Viking Age, there was a marketplace in Köpingsvik dating from the 8th century.
The oldest evidence refers to the medieval castle, which was on the site. The oldest evidence is a letter issued by Magnus Birgersson at the castle. Borgholm's castle was located in Borg parish, whose parish church was located next to the castle, and the oldest preserved parts date from the beginning of the 12th century. Borgholm's then castle was destroyed in connection with Sören Norby's siege of the castle in 1520 after which Borgholm was transformed into a royal court.
The city received its charter in 1816 and emerged as a spa-town in the shadow of the ruins of the once mighty Borgholm Castle, which burned down in 1806. So important and magnificent was this castle, that it has become the city arms, and the ruins are the best known attraction in the municipality, perhaps on the entire island of Öland. Slightly further south is Halltorps Estate, a historic royal estate linked to Borgholm Castle. Borg parish was most recently dissolved at the beginning of Gustav Vasa's government and merged with Räpplinge. The church was blown up in connection with the Kalmar War. Borgholm, however, continued to function as a fishing village and port for crossings between Öland and the mainland, the port has previously been called Borghamn.
In 1620, Borgehamn gained rights as a Lidköping under the city of Kalmar. During the fortress construction period under Karl X Gustav's government, Borgholm experienced a certain flourishing, but at the time of the issuance of the city privileges for Borgholm, Borgehamn's köping had only about 30 inhabitants, within what became the city area there were then only three farms and four cottages. In 1816, the city of Borgholm was formed, the only city on Öland and a small town seen from a national perspective with only 109 inhabitants in 1821. A new port was built in 1855–1857, and in 1864 Borgholm became a health resort, which meant a certain boost for the city. The air on Öland and especially in Borgholm was considered beneficial, and well-to-do guests flocked in from the rest of Sweden, often by boat. There was a connection between Stockholm, via Borgholm to Hamburg. During this time many beautiful villas and even hotels were built. In 1851 there were 545 inhabitants and in 1901 926 inhabitants.
In 1906 the Borgholm – Böda Railway was opened and in 1910 also the Södra Ölands Järnväg towards Mörbylånga and Ottenby. The railway was closed in 1961. At the turn of the century in 1900, tourism also began to gain momentum, especially after the royal family's residence Solliden was completed. Since the Öland Bridge was inaugurated in 1972, the town has increasingly become a commuter town towards Kalmar.
The city serves as the centre of northern Öland and is one of the most popular summer resorts in Sweden.
Borgholm Castle has its modern counterpart outside Borgholm. The Swedish Royal Family has its official summer residence at Solliden Palace a couple of kilometres outside the city centre. The Crown Princess Victoria's birthday is annually celebrated on July 14 at the Borgholm Sports Field.
Environs
There are small reaches of the Stora Alvaret geological formation in the environs of Borgholm, which level exposures of limestone host a variety of rare species of butterflies and wildflowers, some of which are endemic to Öland.
Gallery
References
External links
Borgholm Municipality - Official site
Populated places in Borgholm Municipality
Municipal seats of Kalmar County
Swedish municipal seats
Öland
Coastal cities and towns in Sweden |
The Arado Ar 69 was a two-seat German beginner's school and sport biplane with an open cockpit, developed in 1933 by Arado Flugzeugwerke.
Design & development
Three prototypes were built, the Ar 69 V1 and Ar 69 V2 were powered by Hirth HM 504A engines and the V3 was powered by a BMW Bramo Sh.14a radial engine. Featuring swept wings constructed from wood, and a welded steel tube fuselage, the V1 and V2 represented the planned Ar 69A production aircraft, and the V3 would have evolved into the Ar69B production model. No production aircraft were built, due to the success of the rival Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz.
Specifications (Ar 69 V3)
References
Biplanes
1930s German sport aircraft
Arado aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933 |
Omar Ashour is a British-Canadian security and military studies academic and a former martial arts champion.
Academic career
Ashour is the author of How ISIS Fights: Military Tactics in Iraq, Syria, Libya and Egypt (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021) and The Deradicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements, (London, New York: Routledge, 2009). Ashour has published about de-radicalization, counter-narratives, and transitions to democracy.
Martial Arts
Ashour is a Taekwondo master and a kickboxer. He was a member of the Egyptian National Taekwondo team. His record includes a bronze medal in the World Junior Taekwondo Championship and a silver medal in Africa’s Taekwondo championship. He was the Egyptian national champion six times in the bantam and feather weight categories. He was also the two-times national champion in Chinese Kickboxing (Sanshou). In 2007, he joined the Canadian National Karate Team and won the Gold medal in the All Japan Koshiki Karate-Do Federation Championship in the middle-weight category, defeating seven-times World Champion, Masamitsu Hisataka via unanimous decision.
References
Canadian political scientists
Academics of the University of Exeter
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Caloptilia bistrigella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Flores in the Azores.
The larvae feed on Myrica faya.
References
bistrigella
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1940 |
The Quartz Lake Patrol Cabin in Glacier National Park is a significant resource both architecturally and historically as shelters, one-day's travel (8–12 miles) apart, for rangers patrolling the backcountry. The National Park Service Rustic log cabin was built in 1930 by local builder Austin Weikert, using National Park Service standard plan G913. The cabin is adjacent to the western shore of Quartz Lake.
References
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Residential buildings completed in 1930
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Flathead County, Montana
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
1930 establishments in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park
National Park Service rustic in Montana |
Hugh William Morris (2 July 1929 – 20 May 2010) was a New Zealand businessman who co-founded McDonald's New Zealand in 1976.
Morris established the first McDonald's in New Zealand in 1976 with business partners Lionel Whitehead, Gary Lloydd, Ray Stonelake, and his brother, Wally Morris. The first McDonald's restaurant opened in Porirua on 7 June 1976. Morris emphasised employee training and franchising, and headed the McDonald's New Zealand company for more than 20 years, until his retirement in the mid-1990s.
Morris died on 20 May 2010, after an extended illness. He was survived by his wife, Meryl, three children and three stepchildren.
References
1929 births
2010 deaths
New Zealand businesspeople
Fast-food chain founders
People from Oxford, New Zealand |
The Vanch-Yakh Glacier (; ) is a large glacier in the Yazgulem Range, Pamir Mountains, of north-central Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan. The glacier is long and narrow, currently extending for and covering over . It is the longest glacier in the world outside of the polar regions. The maximum thickness of the glacier is , and the volume of the Fedchenko and its dozens of tributaries is estimated at —about a third the volume of Lake Erie.
Path and location
The glacier follows a generally northward path to the east of the Garmo Peak. The glacier begins at an elevation of above sea level, and eventually melts and empties into the Balandkiik River near the border with Kyrgyzstan at an elevation of . Its waters eventually feed down the Muksu, Surkhob, Vakhsh, and Amu Darya rivers into the Aral Sea.
To the west is the Academy of Sciences Range, Mount Garmo, Ismoil Somoni Peak, Peak Korzhenevskaya and the headwaters of the Vanj River and Yazgulyam River. To the south is Independence Peak and to the east Gorbunov Peak (6,025 meters). To the north is Altyn Mazar.
Discovery
The glacier was discovered in 1878, and is named after Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, a Russian explorer (but not discoverer of the glacier). The Fedchenko was not fully explored until 1928 by a German-Soviet expedition under Willi Rickmer Rickmers. Between 1910 and 1913 the glacier expanded and moved forward by , blocking up the Balyandlik River the following year. It continued to recede between 1928 and 1960, stopping its inflows such as the Kosinenko, Ulugbeck, Alert and several others.
In 2023, Tajikistan officially renamed the glacier as part of a de-russification program.
See also
List of glaciers
Notes
References
"Fedchenko Glacier". Encyclopædia Britannica online edition. Retrieved 8 December 2005.
"The First National Communication of the Republic of Tajikistan under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Repeblic of Tajikistan Ministry for Nature Protection. Dushanbe: 2002.
"Tajikistan 2002: Vital Maps and Graphics on Climate Change" . Tajikistan Met Service. Retrieved 18 August 2005.
"Tajikistan - Topography and Drainage". U.S. Department of the Army. Published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Online version retrieved 8 December 2005.
External links
Map of glaciation in the Pamir Mountains
Google Maps satellite photo of Fedchenco Glacier (solid white line running approximately vertically in center of image)
Current weather and 5-day forecast, from CNN
Glaciers of Tajikistan
Pamir Mountains |
Baghdad Khatun (; died 16 December 1335) (lit. Queen Baghdad), was a Chobanid princess, the daughter of Chupan. She was the empress consort of the Ilkhanate as the wife of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan.
Family
Baghdad Khatun was the daughter of Amir Chupan, who was the leading Mongol amir of the Ilkhanid period. She had four full brothers Hasan, Demasq Kaja, Timurtash and Shaikh Mahmoud.
Marriages
Hasan Buzurg
In 1323, Baghdad Khatun married Amir Shaikh Hasan Buzurg, the son of Amir Husayn Kurkan, the son of Amir Aq Buqa Jalayir. In 1325 Abu Sa'id, aged twenty, fell in love with Baghdad and wanted to marry her, although she was married to Shaikh Hasan. He requested her hand from her father Chupan through intermediaries. At that time it was understood that according to the Genggisid
law any woman sought by the Khan was to be given a divorce by her husband and sent to the emperor's harem.
On the other hand, Chupan did not obey Abu Sa'id's order in the case of his own daughter. In fact, Chupan did not refuse his order openly, but he put him off. He sent his daughter and son-in-law to Qarabagh and Abu Sa'id to Baghdad for the winter. But after the winter, Chupan did not give any answer to Abu Sa'id and in order to relive the situation, he realized that the best course of action was for him to absent himself from the emperor's court for a few days. When he went, he took vizier Giyath al-Mulk and other amirs, which provoked the Sultan against him.
When Chupan left for Khurasan, the rival amirs
instigated the Abu Sa'id against Chupan's son Dimasq Kaja, and had him executed in 1327. After the execution of his son, Chupan spoke reproachfully about Abu Sa'id, and in a
combat with his soldiers he was killed.
Abu Sa'id
After Chupan, there was no hindrance for Abu Sa‘id to marry Baghdad. This time, he sent Qazi to ask Baghdad from her husband Hasan. Bagdad was divorced and married by Abu Sa'id. After her marriage, Baghdad began to take an active part in all administrative and fiscal affairs. Abu Said gave her very rich yarlighs, which means that, besides her political power, she had also very rich economic resources. She became very effective in political matters with vizier Giyath al-Din Mahmud Rashidi. She took revenge of her father and her brother. By using this opportunity she executed enemies of her father and her brothers. Abu Sa'id's mother, Hajji Khatun regarded Baghdad as a rival to her influence over Abu Sa'id.
She received the title Khodawandigar (Great lord). Using her power, Baghdad Khatun prevented the marriage of Chupan's widow Korducin Khatun to Malik Ghiyath ud-Din of Herat, who had murdered her father in 1327. She had also managed to gain respectful treatment of her stepmother Sati Beg Khatun and Sati's son Surgan.
In 1331-32, it was said that Baghdad Khatun and her former husband Shaikh Hasan met secretly, and even made a plan to kill Abu Sa'id. One year later, it was understood that this was only gossip, but this event curbed their power and he was appointed as governor of
Anatolia. During this time, Abu Sa'id fell in love with Dilshad Khatun, Baghdad's niece, the daughter of Dimasq Kaja and granddaughter of Chupan. He divorced Baghdad and married her in 1333. Baghdad lost her power and authority to a great extent. At the end of life, he was not happy with his wives, but loved Dilshad very much. Therefore, Baghdad became very jealous.
Death
After Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, Arpa Ke'un was crowned on the Ilkhanid realm but Baghdad did not obey him and he executed her with the pretext of her secret alliance with the enemy Öz Beg Khan and poisoning of Abu Sa'id. She was beaten to death by Khwaja Lulu, a Greek slave in the bath on 16 December 1335.
References
Sources
1335 deaths
Chobanids
Year of birth unknown
14th-century women
Princesses
Mongol empresses
People from the Ilkhanate
14th-century Muslims
Murdered royalty
Deaths by beating |
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from .serializer import DictSerializer, JSONSerializer, SerializationBase # noqa
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The Samba Purana (, ) is one of the Saura Upapuranas. This text is dedicated to Surya. The recension of the text found in the printed editions has 84 chapters. Chapters 53-68 of this text are also divided into 15 s.
Content
Samba Purana is a text dedicated to the worship of Surya, the god of the sun. This text comprises a number of narratives dealing with creation, details of solar system, eclipses, geography of the earth, description of Surya and his attendants, construction of images of these deities, details of yoga, manners and customs, rites and rituals, recitations of mantras, and dāna (generosity).
After the customary beginning in Chapter 1, the text consists the narrative of Krishna's son Samba being infected by leprosy after being cursed by sage Durvasa, and subsequently being cured by worshipping Surya in the temple constructed by him in Mitravana on the banks of the Chandrabhaga at what was Multan Sun Temple. This whole narrative is presented as a conversation between the king Brihadbala of Ikshvaku dynasty and the sage Vashishtha.
In Chapter two, Samba, a son of Krishna was cursed to be afflicted by leprosy. In chapter 5, Samba was then advised by Narada to worship Surya. In Chapter 14, Samba engaged himself in tapas, meditating on Surya at Mitravan (identified by scholars as Multan) which came to be called Sambapur. In chapter 16, Samba discovered an idol of Surya midstream in Chandrabhaga (Chinab) river.
Chapters 26-27 of this text narrate the story of bringing the eighteen Maga Brahmins from by Samba and appointing them as the priests of the Surya temple in Mitravana. He is then told in chapter 27 that only the Maga Brahmins in Shakadvipa are capable of worshiping the idol of Surya. Samba then went to Shakadvipa and fetched Maga Brahmins to worship Surya. The Maga are described as reciting the Vedas in a mysterious way, they wear avayanga. They drink homa juice. Samba brought 18 families from Shakadvipa, flying on the divine bird Garuda. The image of Surya explained that it was crafted in Shakadvipa itself, and eventually arrived at Mitravan. Much of the text is devoted to rituals associated with Sun worship.
History
R.C. Hazra in his Studies in the Upapuranas dates Samba Purana between 650-850 CE. The text in Brāhmaparvan of the Bhavishya Purana is largely taken from the Samba Purana which is regarded to be older.
Govindpur Inscription of Poet Gangadhar
An inscription of Saka 1059 (1137-38 CE) was discovered by Cunningham at Govindpur in the Nawada division of the Gaya district. It gives the account of Maga Brahmins being invited by Samba. The scholarly family of Gangadhar belonged to a clan of Maga Brahmins. The inscription confirms that the tradition existed before Saka 1059, confirming the antiquity of the text of Samba Purana. The Gaya region is a major center of the Shakadwipiya Brahmins who use local village names as the exogamous divisions of their community.
References
Bibliography
Puranas
Surya
Soma (drink)
History of Multan |
Sanna Kurki-Suonio (born 1966) is a Finnish singer, kantele player and composer in the contemporary folk / neo-folk music genre. She is most well known for her work with the band Hedningarna, which extended over eight years between 1991 and 1999. She was also a founding member of the group Loituma.
After her first solo album, Musta, was released in 1998, she toured the United States and Europe with Swedish viola player Magnus Stinnerbom. Since then, she has composed the Kalevala 150th Anniversary concert (working with Finnish rock musician A. W. Yrjänä), and has contributed to recordings by Ismo Alanko, Pekka Lehti, Hannu Saha, Transjoik, Frode Fjellheim, Tellu Turkka and the Tapiola Chamber Choir. She recently completed a new album, Kainuu, with kantele player Riitta Huttunen.
Sanna taught singing at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki until 2002. Now she teaches at the Academy in Joensuu.
Discography
with Hedningarna
Kaksi (1992)
Trä (1994)
Karelia Visa (1999)
with Tellu Turkka
Suden Aika (1997)
solo
Musta (1998)
Huria (2007)
Sanna Kurki-Suonion Kuolematon Erikoissysteemi (2015)
with Riitta Huttunen
Kainuu (2004)
Also appears on
Beginner's Guide to Scandinavia, 3-CD set (2011)
External links
1999 Interview
1966 births
Living people
21st-century Finnish women singers
Kantele players
20th-century Finnish women singers |
Ciro (Cyrus) is an opera in three acts and a prologue by the Italian composer Francesco Cavalli in collaboration with Andrea Mattioli. It was first performed at the Teatro San Giovanni e San Paolo, Venice on January 30, 1654. The libretto is by Giulio Cesare Sorrentino in a revised version by Aurelio Aureli. Sorrentino's libretto had been set the previous year by Francesco Provenzale for the royal theatre in Naples.
References
Source
Brenac, Jean-Claude, Le magazine de l'opéra baroque online at perso.orange.fr Retrieved 9 September 2011
Operas
Operas by Francesco Cavalli
1654 operas
Operas set in Iran
Italian-language operas |
Billy Kimball (born July 8, 1959) is an American writer and producer. He was a co-executive producer on the acclaimed HBO series Veep.
Personal life
He was born in New York City, attended Trinity School, and graduated from Harvard College where he was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon. He is currently married to the former Alexandra Manuela Vargas Hamilton and has two daughters and a son.
Career
Kimball began his career writing for the HBO series Not Necessarily the News. He was the host and executive producer of the satiric game show Clash! and the co-host (with Denis Leary) of the talk show Afterdrive both on the Ha! Network, a predecessor of Comedy Central.
As a writer, Kimball has worked on Saturday Night Live, Cedric the Entertainer Presents, and Lateline. He wrote the Independent Spirit Awards ten times since 2002 and served as a producer on the show six times since 2005. He has written nine episodes of The Simpsons, and co-wrote eight with Ian Maxtone-Graham. He was the head writer for the 88th Academy Awards in 2016 and a writer for the 89th Academy Awards in 2017.
Kimball was the original executive producer of The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn from 1999 to 2001.
He has won an Emmy Award for Veep twice and the CableAce Award for Best Documentary. His Simpsons episode "24 Minutes" received an Annie Award in 2007 for Best Writing in an Animated Television Production. He won the Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Script for Comedy/Variety Special for both the 2008 and 2009 Film Independent Spirit Awards. He also won the WGA Award for "Best Comedy Writing" for Veep.
In 1994, he served as a senior manager for the United States Agency for International Development's Market Reform Project in Kiev, Ukraine.
Kimball has a long association with Senator Al Franken. He was the executive producer of InDecision '92, Comedy Central's coverage of the 1992 United States Presidential Election, which was anchored by Franken. From 2005 to 2007, he was the executive producer of The Al Franken Show on Air America Radio and Sundance Channel. He has edited four of Franken's books, Why Not Me?, Oh, the Things I Know!, Lies and the Lying Liars who Tell Them, and The Truth (with Jokes), all of them New York Times bestsellers.
In 2009, Kimball began to appear as a commentator on TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest... He is currently the editor-in-chief of the on-line humor magazine The Old Yorker.
Kimball co-wrote the 2010 documentary Waiting for Superman, about the failures of American public education, with filmmaker Davis Guggenheim. The film received the Audience Award for best documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival.
In May 2013, Kimball was appointed senior vice president and chief programming officer of Fusion. He served as an executive producer for The Jim Henson Company's Good Morning Today and No, You Shut Up! (both shows are under The Jim Henson Company's Henson Alternative banner).
He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
The Simpsons episodes
"24 Minutes" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"Smoke on the Daughter" (the only episode Kimball has written without Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"Dangerous Curves" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"Gone Maggie Gone" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"The Color Yellow" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"The Scorpion's Tale" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"How I Wet Your Mother" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"Dark Knight Court" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
"The Yellow Badge of Cowardge" (co-written with Ian Maxtone-Graham)
Bibliography
Notes
External links
Kimball's blog at The Huffington Post
1959 births
American male television actors
Annie Award winners
Television producers from New York City
American television writers
American male television writers
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Living people
The New Yorker people
Writers from New York City
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Harvard College alumni |
Montagny-en-Vexin (, literally Montagny in Vexin) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
It takes its name from Vexin, a former province between Île-de-France and Normandy.
See also
Communes of the Oise department
Vexin
References
Communes of Oise |
Račići () is a village in the municipality of Foča-Ustikolina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was two, both Serbs.
References
Populated places in Foča-Ustikolina |
Anopheles quadrimaculatus is a species of mosquito mainly located in Eastern United States, America. The species is a main vector of malaria.
References
Insects described in 1824
quadrimaculatus
Diptera of North America
Insects of the United States |
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