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The 1976 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented California State Polytechnic University, Pomona as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1976 NCAA Division II football season. Led by Andy Vinci in his third and final season as head coach, Cal Poly Pomona finished the season with an overall record of 3–6–1 with a mark of 1–1 in conference play, placing second in the CCAA. The team was outscored by its opponents 199 to 135 for the season. The Broncos played home games at Kellogg Field in Pomona, California.
Mississippi State was later required to forfeit all nine of their victories in the 1976 season, including their win over Cal Poly Pomona on October 2. With the forfeit, Cal Poly Pomona's overall record in 1976 improved to 4–5–1.
Schedule
References
Cal Poly Pomona
Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football seasons
Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football |
Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1959 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1959.
All the tracks reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, eight of which went to #1. The exceptions, both peaking at number 2, were "Charlie Brown" and "16 Candles."
Reception
"This budget ten-song selection has much to recommend it. Top-notch transfers make this one a great value." - Cub Koda for Allmusic.
Track listing
Track information and credits taken from the album's liner notes.
References
Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits albums
1988 compilation albums
Pop rock compilation albums |
The Meditation Chapel is located in Salt Lake City's Memory Grove, in the U.S. state of Utah. The structure was built by Mr. and Mrs. Ross Beason in 1948 to commemorate their son and others killed during World War II. It is made of Georgian marble, a copper roof, and bronze doors. The Memory Grove Foundation restored the chapel's stained glass windows, earning the group a Utah Heritage Foundation Heritage Award in 1999.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Salt Lake City
Monuments and memorials in Utah
World War II memorials in the United States |
The 1985 Grand Prix German Open (also known as the 1985 Ebel German Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the 77th edition of the event. It took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, West Germany, from 29 April through 5 May 1985. Ninth-seeded Miloslav Mečíř won the singles title and earned $45,500 first-prize money.
Finals
Singles
Miloslav Mečíř defeated Henrik Sundström, 6–4, 6–1, 6-4
It was Mečíř's 2nd singles title of the year and of his career.
Doubles
Hans Gildemeister / Andrés Gómez defeated Heinz Günthardt / Balázs Taróczy, 6–4, 6–3
References
External links
ATP tournament profile
ITF tournament edition details
German Open
Hamburg European Open
1985 in West German sport
German |
Cristina García (born July 4, 1958) is a Cuban-born American journalist and novelist. Her first novel Dreaming in Cuban (1992) was a finalist for the National Book Award. She has since published her novels The Agüero Sisters (1997) and Monkey Hunting (2003), and has edited books of Cuban and other Latin American literature. A Handbook to Luck (2007) follows three children from Cuba, over twenty-six years through sacrifices and forced exiles.
In 2009, Garcia was hired as the visiting affiliate professor and Black Mountain Institute teaching fellow in creative writing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She also taught at University of Texas-Austin, Texas Tech University, and Texas State University-San Marcos, where she is the 2012–2014 University Chair in Creative Writing. García's novels celebrate the memories, fantasies, and body rituals of her Cuban heritage and that of the diaspora in the United States.
Biography
García was born in Havana to a Guatemalan father, Francisco M. Garcia and Cuban mother, Esperanza Lois. In 1961, when she was two years old, her family was among the first wave of people to flee Cuba after Fidel Castro came to power. They moved to New York City, where she was raised in Queens, Brooklyn Heights, and Manhattan. She earned a bachelor's degree in political science from Barnard College (1979) and a master's degree in international relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (1981). She has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a Hodder Fellow at Princeton University, and a recipient of the Whiting Writers Award. She is on the editorial advisory board of Chiricú Journal: Latina/o Literatures, Arts, and Cultures. She has a daughter, Pilar.
Career
Journalism
After returning to the United States, García pursued a career in journalism, after having worked as a part-time "copy girl" with The New York Times. While at Johns Hopkins, she obtained an intern position with The Boston Globe and a job as a reporter for the Knoxville Journal. In 1983 she was hired by Time magazine. Beginning there as a reporter/researcher, she became the publication's San Francisco correspondent in 1985, and its bureau chief in Miami for Florida and the Caribbean region in 1987. In 1988 she was transferred to Los Angeles. She terminated her employment with Time to write fiction full-time in 1990.
Novels
Of García's first novel, Dreaming in Cuban, (1992) García said, "I surprised myself by how Cuban the book turned out to be. I don't remember growing up with a longing for Cuba, so I didn't realize how Cuban I was, how deep a sense I had of exile and longing." The book was nominated for the National Book Award.
Her second novel The Agüero Sisters (1997) won the Janet Heidiger Kafka Prize.
García has reported experiencing unease in relating to other Cubans—both with those still in Cuba and those in exile in Florida. Some question why she writes in English. Others take issue with her lack of engagement in anti-Castro causes. She has said she attempts to emphasize in her novels the fact that "there is no one Cuban exile". In 2007 she also said that she "wanted to break free of seeing the world largely through the eyes of Cubans or Cuban immigrants. After the first three novels—I think of them as a loose trilogy—I wanted to tackle a bigger canvas, more far-flung migrations, the fascinating work of constructing identity in an increasingly small and fractured world." At this time García described this "bigger canvas" as including "the entrapments and trappings of gender in my novel", partly because "it would be easy, and overly simplistic, to frame everything in terms of equality, or cultural limitations, or other vivid measurables. What's most interesting to me are the slow, internal, often largely unconscious processes that move people in unexpected directions, that reframe and refine their own notions of who they are, sexually and otherwise."
While García has expressed a desire to move away from anti-Castro sentiments, the influence of her heritage is made clear when she discusses the symbolism and characters in her work. She has said, about the symbol of a tree, for example: In Afro-Cuban culture, the ceiba tree is also sacred, a kind of maternal, healing figure to which offerings are made, petitions placed. So absolutely, for me trees do represent a crossroads, an opportunity for redemption and change. In Dreaming in Cuban, Pilar Puente has a transformative experience under an elm tree that leads to her returning to Cuba. Chen Pan, in Monkey Hunting, escapes the sugarcane plantation under the watchful protection of a ceiba tree…In A Handbook to Luck, Evaristo takes to living in trees as a young boy, to escape the violence of his stepfather. He stays there for years, first in a coral tree and then in a banyan. From his perches, he witnesses the greater violence of the civil war in El Salvador and speaks a peculiar poetry, born, in part, of his co-existence with trees.
"King of Cuba", is a darkly comic fictionalized portrait of Fidel Castro, an octogenarian exile, and a rabble of other Cuban voices who refuse to accept their power is ending.
Works
Dreaming in Cuban: A Novel (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992)
Cars of Cuba, essay, with photographer Joshua Greene and creator D. D. Allen (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1995. )
The Agüero Sisters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. )
Monkey Hunting (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. )
Cubanisimo!: The Vintage Book of Contemporary Cuban Literature, editor and introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 2003. )
"Introduction" to Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair by Pablo Neruda [1924] (New York: Penguin Classics, 2004. )
Bordering Fires: The Vintage Book of Contemporary Mexican and Chicano/a Literature, editor and introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 2006. )
A Handbook to Luck (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. )
The Lady Matador's Hotel: A Novel (Simon & Schuster, 2010. )
King of Cuba: A Novel (Scribner, 2013)
Here In Berlin (Counterpoint, 2017)
Awards and honors
Dreaming in Cuban a finalist for the 1992 National Book Award
1996 Whiting Writers Award for fiction
1997 Janet Heidiger Kafka Prize for The Agüero Sisters
2008 Northern California Book Award for Fiction for A Handbook to Luck
See also
List of Cuban American writers
Cuban American literature
List of Cuban Americans
References
Bibliography
"About the Author" and "A Conversation with Cristina García" in The Agüero Sisters. Random House Publishing Group, 1998. .
Alvarez-Borland, Isabel. Cuban-American Literature of Exile: From Person to Persona. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.
Caminero-Santangelo, Marta, University of Kansas. "Cristina Garcia". The Literary Encyclopedia. 17 May 2005. The Literary Dictionary Company. (retrieved 14 March 2007)
Caminero-Santangelo, Marta. On Latinidad: U.s. Latino Literature and the Construction of Ethnicity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.
Cox, Annabel. "Cristina García's Dreaming in Cuban: Latina literature and beyond?" Latino Studies 7.3 (Fall 2009): 357–377.
Dalleo, Raphael. "How Cristina Garcia Lost Her Accent, and Other Latina Conversations". Latino Studies 3.1 (April 2005): 3–18.
Dalleo, Raphael, and Elena Machado Sáez. "Latino/a Identity and Consumer Citizenship in Cristina Garcia's Dreaming in Cuban". The Latino/a Canon and the Emergence of Post-Sixties Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 107–132. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193238/http://www.post-sixties.com/.
Johnson, Kelli Lyon. "Cristina Garcia - b. 1958". VG: Voices from the Gaps. May 9, 2005. (retrieved March 13, 2007)
Kevane, Bridget. Latino Literature in America. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2003.
Luis, William. Dance Between Two Cultures: Latino Caribbean Literature Written in the United States. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.com/articles/2007/05/16/features/arts_and_entertainment/doc464a9519e9ece723665622.txt article mentions Garcia's 2006 move to Napa, California] A Handbook to Luck May 16, 2007 (retrieved May 16, 2007)
Loustau, Laura R. "Cuerpos errantes: Literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos. (On The Agüero Sisters). Beatriz Viterbo Editora, Argentina. 2002. .
Viera, Joseph M. "Exile among Exiles: Cristina Garcia". Poets and Writers. September/October, 1998.
Further reading
Davison, Ned J. (1971). Eduardo Barrios. Twayne Publishing
External links
Official Website
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
1958 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American people of Guatemalan descent
American writers of Cuban descent
American women novelists
Barnard College alumni
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban people of Guatemalan descent
People from Napa, California
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
Hispanic and Latino American women journalists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women journalists
21st-century American journalists
Journalists from California
Novelists from California
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
People from Brooklyn Heights |
This is a list of monuments in San Ġwann, Malta, which are listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.
List
|}
References
San Gwann
San Ġwann |
This is a list of films which placed number one at the weekend box office for the year 2017 in Thailand.
References
Thailand
2017 in Thailand
2017 |
Deesa is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Banaskantha district.It is numbered as 13-Deesa.
List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments,
Deesa Taluka (Part) Villages – Sunthiya, Chora, Ramun, Dhanavada, Bural, Kuchavada, Viruna, Vithodar, Bhachalva, Tetoda, Ramsan, Nagafana, Kochasana, Javal, Talegadh, Robas Nani, Robas Moti, Fagudra, Agdol, Sodapur, Meda, Kotha, Ghada, Dhanpura, Talepura, Thervada, Jherda, Pamaru, Gugal, Varan, Sherpura, Kunvara Padar, Kasari, Baiwada, Morthal Golia, Genaji rabari Golia, Chandaji Golia, Bhadath, Chatrala, Latiya, Vasada, Davas, Shamsherpura, Yavarpura, Laxmipura, Dama, Jorapura, Akhol Nani, Akhol Moti, Mahadeviya, Vadli Farm, Ranpur Athamno Vas, Ranpur Vachlovas, Ranpur Ugamno Vas, Kant, Rajpur, Sherganj, Kumpat, Malgadh, Dhedhal, Rampura, Odhava, Dedol, Lorvada, Vadaval, Juna Deesa, Bhoyan, Rasana Nana, Rasana Mota, Dhuva, Dharpada, Fatepura, Vasna (Juna Deesa), Sanath, Sandiya, Sotambla, Khentva, Vahara, Viruvada, Dasanavas, Deesa (M).
Members of Legislative Assembly
Election candidate
2022
Election results
2017
2012
2007
See also
List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
Banaskantha district
References
External links
Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Politics of Banaskantha district |
Miankuh Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Mīānkūh Maḩalleh; also known as Mīānkū Maḩalleh) is a village in Baladeh Rural District, Khorramabad District, Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 538, in 140 families.
References
Populated places in Tonekabon County |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var vm = require( 'vm' ); // TODO: handle in-browser tests
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var proxyquire = require( 'proxyquire' );
var inherit = require( '@stdlib/utils/inherit' );
var Int8Array = require( '@stdlib/array/int8' );
var Uint8Array = require( '@stdlib/array/uint8' );
var Uint8ClampedArray = require( '@stdlib/array/uint8c' );
var Int16Array = require( '@stdlib/array/int16' );
var Uint16Array = require( '@stdlib/array/uint16' );
var Int32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/int32' );
var Uint32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/uint32' );
var Float32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float32' );
var Float64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float64' );
var IS_BROWSER = require( '@stdlib/assert/is-browser' );
var isTypedArray = require( './../lib' );
// VARIABLES //
var opts = {
'skip': IS_BROWSER
};
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof isTypedArray, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if provided a typed array', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
new Int8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8ClampedArray( 10 ),
new Int16Array( 10 ),
new Uint16Array( 10 ),
new Int32Array( 10 ),
new Uint32Array( 10 ),
new Float32Array( 10 ),
new Float64Array( 10 )
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( values[i] ), true, 'returns true when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if provided a typed array (older environments)', function test( t ) {
var isTypedArray;
var values;
var i;
isTypedArray = proxyquire( './../lib/main.js', {
'@stdlib/assert/has-float64array-support': hasSupport
});
values = [
new Int8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8ClampedArray( 10 ),
new Int16Array( 10 ),
new Uint16Array( 10 ),
new Int32Array( 10 ),
new Uint32Array( 10 ),
new Float32Array( 10 ),
new Float64Array( 10 )
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( values[i] ), true, 'returns true when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function hasSupport() {
return false;
}
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if an environment does not support the abstract TypedArray class (e.g., IE 11)', function test( t ) {
var isTypedArray;
var values;
var i;
isTypedArray = proxyquire( './../lib/main.js', {
'@stdlib/utils/get-prototype-of': getPrototypeOf
});
values = [
new Int8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8Array( 10 ),
new Uint8ClampedArray( 10 ),
new Int16Array( 10 ),
new Uint16Array( 10 ),
new Int32Array( 10 ),
new Uint32Array( 10 ),
new Float32Array( 10 ),
new Float64Array( 10 )
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( values[i] ), true, 'returns true when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function getPrototypeOf() {
// Return an anonymous function:
return function () {}; // eslint-disable-line func-names
}
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if provided an object inheriting from a typed array', function test( t ) {
function CustomArray( data ) {
var i;
for ( i = 0; i < data.length; i++ ) {
this[ i ] = data[ i ];
}
return this;
}
inherit( CustomArray, Float64Array );
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( new CustomArray( [ 5.0, 3.0 ] ) ), true, 'returns true when provided a value which inherits from a typed array' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if provided a typed array from a different realm', opts, function test( t ) {
var arr = vm.runInNewContext( 'new Float64Array( [ 5.0, 3.0 ] )' );
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( arr ), true, 'returns true' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns `true` if provided an object from a different realm which inherits from a typed array', opts, function test( t ) {
var arr = vm.runInNewContext( 'function Arr() { return this; }; Arr.prototype = Object.create( Float64Array.prototype ); Arr.prototype.constructor = Arr; new Arr( [ 5.0, 3.0 ] );' );
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( arr ), true, 'returns true' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns `false` if not provided a typed array', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
'5',
5,
NaN,
null,
void 0,
true,
false,
[],
{},
function noop() {}
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.strictEqual( isTypedArray( values[i] ), false, 'returns false when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
});
``` |
Coming of Age is an American sitcom that aired on CBS in the United States for two seasons from 1988 to 1989.
Premise
Coming of Age features Paul Dooley and Phyllis Newman as Dick and Ginny Hale, who lived in a retirement community in Arizona. Dick resented his retirement – a former airline pilot, he had been forced to retire by a Federal Aviation Administration rule that requires all U.S. commercial pilots to retire by age 60. Dick hated almost everything about his retirement, including his surroundings. He was appalled by the hot climate, the thin walls separating the Hale's apartment from that of their neighbors (Alan Young and Glynis Johns), and mostly by the contented attitude of the other residents including Pauline Spencer (Ruta Lee). Kevin Pollak played Brian Brinker, who ran the community but was very inept at his job, with Lenore Woodward playing his elderly and very nosy secretary Wilma Salzgaber. Brinker would also be a love interest to Dick and Ginny's daughter, another wrinkle about The Dunes which raised the ire of Dick.
This program was first aired as a midseason replacement in March 1988. It was not well received and was pulled from the schedule after only three episodes were aired. Nevertheless, it was added to the CBS 1988 fall lineup. It failed again, and was quickly pulled from the schedule. The airing of more episodes in June and July 1989 was a "burn-off", an attempt to recoup at least some of the investment in the show by using it as filler during the traditionally low-rated summer months.
Cast
Paul Dooley as Dick Hale
Phyllis Newman as Ginny Hale
Alan Young as Ed Pepper
Glynis Johns as Trudie Pepper
Kevin Pollak as Brian Brinker
Lenore Woodward as Wilma Salzgaber
Ruta Lee as Pauline Spencer
Episodes
Season 1 (1988)
Season 2 (1988–89)
References
General
Brooks, Tim, and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows
External links
1988 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about marriage
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows set in Arizona
Television series about old age |
Ozerovka () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Soldatsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia.
Geography
The settlement is located on the Usozha River (a left tributary of the Svapa in the basin of the Seym), 96 km from the Russia–Ukraine border, 48 km north-west of Kursk, 8 km west of the district center – the town Fatezh, 1 km from the selsoviet center – Soldatskoye.
Climate and Population
Ozerovka has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
The population as of 2010 is 8 people.
Transport
Ozerovka is located 5 km from the federal route Crimea Highway as part of the European route E105, 2 km from the road of regional importance (Fatezh – Dmitriyev), on the road of intermunicipal significance (38K-038 – Soldatskoye – Shuklino), 27.5 km from the nearest railway halt 29 km (railway line Arbuzovo – Luzhki-Orlovskiye).
The rural locality is situated 52 km from Kursk Vostochny Airport, 169 km from Belgorod International Airport and 241 km from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
References
Notes
Sources
Rural localities in Fatezhsky District |
In linear algebra, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the entries outside the main diagonal are all zero; the term usually refers to square matrices. Elements of the main diagonal can either be zero or nonzero. An example of a 2×2 diagonal matrix is , while an example of a 3×3 diagonal matrix is. An identity matrix of any size, or any multiple of it (a scalar matrix), is a diagonal matrix.
A diagonal matrix is sometimes called a scaling matrix, since matrix multiplication with it results in changing scale (size). Its determinant is the product of its diagonal values.
Definition
As stated above, a diagonal matrix is a matrix in which all off-diagonal entries are zero. That is, the matrix with n columns and n rows is diagonal if
However, the main diagonal entries are unrestricted.
The term diagonal matrix may sometimes refer to a , which is an m-by-n matrix with all the entries not of the form di,i being zero. For example:
or
More often, however, diagonal matrix refers to square matrices, which can be specified explicitly as a . A square diagonal matrix is a symmetric matrix, so this can also be called a .
The following matrix is square diagonal matrix:
If the entries are real numbers or complex numbers, then it is a normal matrix as well.
In the remainder of this article we will consider only square diagonal matrices, and refer to them simply as "diagonal matrices".
Vector-to-matrix diag operator
A diagonal matrix can be constructed from a vector using the operator:
This may be written more compactly as .
The same operator is also used to represent block diagonal matrices as where each argument is a matrix.
The operator may be written as:
where represents the Hadamard product and is a constant vector with elements 1.
Matrix-to-vector diag operator
The inverse matrix-to-vector operator is sometimes denoted by the identically named where the argument is now a matrix and the result is a vector of its diagonal entries.
The following property holds:
Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix with equal diagonal entries is a scalar matrix; that is, a scalar multiple λ of the identity matrix . Its effect on a vector is scalar multiplication by λ. For example, a 3×3 scalar matrix has the form:
The scalar matrices are the center of the algebra of matrices: that is, they are precisely the matrices that commute with all other square matrices of the same size. By contrast, over a field (like the real numbers), a diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements distinct only commutes with diagonal matrices (its centralizer is the set of diagonal matrices). That is because if a diagonal matrix has then given a matrix with the term of the products are: and and (since one can divide by ), so they do not commute unless the off-diagonal terms are zero. Diagonal matrices where the diagonal entries are not all equal or all distinct have centralizers intermediate between the whole space and only diagonal matrices.
For an abstract vector space V (rather than the concrete vector space ), the analog of scalar matrices are scalar transformations. This is true more generally for a module M over a ring R, with the endomorphism algebra End(M) (algebra of linear operators on M) replacing the algebra of matrices. Formally, scalar multiplication is a linear map, inducing a map (from a scalar λ to its corresponding scalar transformation, multiplication by λ) exhibiting End(M) as a R-algebra. For vector spaces, the scalar transforms are exactly the center of the endomorphism algebra, and, similarly, invertible transforms are the center of the general linear group GL(V). The former is more generally true free modules , for which the endomorphism algebra is isomorphic to a matrix algebra.
Vector operations
Multiplying a vector by a diagonal matrix multiplies each of the terms by the corresponding diagonal entry. Given a diagonal matrix and a vector , the product is:
This can be expressed more compactly by using a vector instead of a diagonal matrix, , and taking the Hadamard product of the vectors (entrywise product), denoted :
This is mathematically equivalent, but avoids storing all the zero terms of this sparse matrix. This product is thus used in machine learning, such as computing products of derivatives in backpropagation or multiplying IDF weights in TF-IDF, since some BLAS frameworks, which multiply matrices efficiently, do not include Hadamard product capability directly.
Matrix operations
The operations of matrix addition and matrix multiplication are especially simple for diagonal matrices. Write for a diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries starting in the upper left corner are a1, ..., an. Then, for addition, we have
+ =
and for matrix multiplication,
= .
The diagonal matrix is invertible if and only if the entries a1, ..., an are all nonzero. In this case, we have
= .
In particular, the diagonal matrices form a subring of the ring of all n-by-n matrices.
Multiplying an n-by-n matrix from the left with amounts to multiplying the -th row of by for all ; multiplying the matrix from the right with amounts to multiplying the -th column of by for all .
Operator matrix in eigenbasis
As explained in determining coefficients of operator matrix, there is a special basis, , for which the matrix takes the diagonal form. Hence, in the defining equation , all coefficients with are zero, leaving only one term per sum. The surviving diagonal elements, , are known as eigenvalues and designated with in the equation, which reduces to . The resulting equation is known as eigenvalue equation and used to derive the characteristic polynomial and, further, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
In other words, the eigenvalues of are with associated eigenvectors of .
Properties
The determinant of is the product .
The adjugate of a diagonal matrix is again diagonal.
Where all matrices are square,
A matrix is diagonal if and only if it is triangular and normal.
A matrix is diagonal if and only if it is both upper- and lower-triangular.
A diagonal matrix is symmetric.
The identity matrix In and zero matrix are diagonal.
A 1×1 matrix is always diagonal.
Applications
Diagonal matrices occur in many areas of linear algebra. Because of the simple description of the matrix operation and eigenvalues/eigenvectors given above, it is typically desirable to represent a given matrix or linear map by a diagonal matrix.
In fact, a given n-by-n matrix is similar to a diagonal matrix (meaning that there is a matrix such that is diagonal) if and only if it has linearly independent eigenvectors. Such matrices are said to be diagonalizable.
Over the field of real or complex numbers, more is true. The spectral theorem says that every normal matrix is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix (if then there exists a unitary matrix such that is diagonal). Furthermore, the singular value decomposition implies that for any matrix , there exist unitary matrices and such that is diagonal with positive entries.
Operator theory
In operator theory, particularly the study of PDEs, operators are particularly easy to understand and PDEs easy to solve if the operator is diagonal with respect to the basis with which one is working; this corresponds to a separable partial differential equation. Therefore, a key technique to understanding operators is a change of coordinates—in the language of operators, an integral transform—which changes the basis to an eigenbasis of eigenfunctions: which makes the equation separable. An important example of this is the Fourier transform, which diagonalizes constant coefficient differentiation operators (or more generally translation invariant operators), such as the Laplacian operator, say, in the heat equation.
Especially easy are multiplication operators, which are defined as multiplication by (the values of) a fixed function–the values of the function at each point correspond to the diagonal entries of a matrix.
See also
Anti-diagonal matrix
Banded matrix
Bidiagonal matrix
Diagonally dominant matrix
Diagonalizable matrix
Jordan normal form
Multiplication operator
Tridiagonal matrix
Toeplitz matrix
Toral Lie algebra
Circulant matrix
Notes
References
Sources
Matrix normal forms
Sparse matrices |
The 2011–12 Kuwaiti Crown Prince Cup is a cup competition involving teams from the Kuwaiti Premier League and the Kuwaiti Division One league. The competition has been brought forward to the beginning of the season and has been changed from a single knockout competition to feature a group stage similar to the Kuwait Federation Cup.
The 2011–12 edition is the 19th edition to be held and Al Kuwait Kaifan are the current defending champions.
Group stage
Group 1
Group 2
Semi-finals
1st Legs
2nd Legs
Final
Kuwait Crown Prince Cup
Kuwait Crown Prince Cup, 2011-12
2011–12 in Kuwaiti football |
The great-billed parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos) also known as Moluccan parrot or island parrot, is a medium-sized, approximately 38 cm long, green parrot with a massive red bill, cream iris, blackish shoulders, olive green back, pale blue rump and yellowish green underparts. The female is typically smaller than the male, but otherwise the sexes are similar.
The great-billed parrot is found in forest, woodland and mangrove in the south-east Asian islands of Maluku, Raja Ampat, Talaud, Sangir, Sarangani, the Lesser Sundas, and nearby small islands. The diet consists mainly of fruits.
It remains widespread and locally fairly common, and consequently has been rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Taxonomy
The great-billed parrot was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in New Guinea. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Psittacus megalorynchos in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The great-billed parrot is now placed in the genus Tanygnathus that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Wagler in 1832. The generic name combines the Ancient Greek words tanuō "to stretch out" and gnathos "jaw". The specific epithet megalorynchos combines the Ancient Greek megalos "great" and rhunkhos "bill".
Five subspecies are recognized:
T. m. megalorhynchus (Boddaert, 1783) – Sulawesi and nearby islands to Maluku and west Papuan islands
T. m. affinis Wallace, 1863 – south Maluku Islands
T. m. sumbensis Meyer, 1882 – Sumba (east Lesser Sunda Islands)
T. m. hellmayri Mayr, 1944 – Rote Island, Semau and southwest Timor (east Lesser Sundas)
T. m. subaffinis P. L. Sclater, 1883 – Babar and Tanimbar Islands
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Oriental Bird Images: Great-billed parrot Selected photos
great-billed parrot
Birds of Wallacea
Parrots of Asia
great-billed parrot
Endemic birds of Indonesia |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package exec
import (
"bufio"
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"os/exec"
"strings"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"k8s.io/kubeadm/kinder/pkg/exec/colors"
)
// NodeCmd allows to run a command on a kind(er) node
//
// by default the command is printed to stdout before execution; to enable colorized print of the
// command text, that can help in debugging, please set the KINDER_COLORS environment variable to ON.
//
// By default, when the command is run it does not print any output generated during execution.
// See Silent, Stdin, RunWithEcho, RunAndCapture, Skip and DryRun for possible variations to the default behavior.
type NodeCmd struct {
node string
command string
args []string
silent bool
dryRun bool
stdin io.Reader
stdout io.Writer
stderr io.Writer
}
// NewNodeCmd returns a new ProxyCmd to run a command on a kind(er) node
func NewNodeCmd(node, command string, args ...string) *NodeCmd {
return &NodeCmd{
node: node,
command: command,
args: args,
silent: false,
dryRun: false,
}
}
// Run execute the inner command on a kind(er) node
func (c *NodeCmd) Run() error {
return c.runInnnerCommand()
}
// RunWithEcho execute the inner command on a kind(er) node and echoes the command output to screen
func (c *NodeCmd) RunWithEcho() error {
c.stdout = os.Stderr
c.stderr = os.Stdout
return c.runInnnerCommand()
}
// RunAndCapture executes the inner command on a kind(er) node and return the output captured during execution
func (c *NodeCmd) RunAndCapture() (lines []string, err error) {
var buff bytes.Buffer
c.stdout = &buff
c.stderr = &buff
err = c.runInnnerCommand()
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(&buff)
for scanner.Scan() {
lines = append(lines, scanner.Text())
}
return lines, err
}
// Stdin sets an io.Reader to be used for streaming data in input to the inner command
func (c *NodeCmd) Stdin(in io.Reader) *NodeCmd {
c.stdin = in
return c
}
// Silent instructs the proxy command to not the command text to stdout before execution
func (c *NodeCmd) Silent() *NodeCmd {
c.silent = true
return c
}
// DryRun instruct the proxy command to print the inner command text instead of running it.
func (c *NodeCmd) DryRun() *NodeCmd {
c.dryRun = true
return c
}
func (c *NodeCmd) runInnnerCommand() error {
// define the proxy command used to pass the command to the node container
command := "docker"
// prepare the args
args := []string{
"exec",
// "--privileged"
}
// if it is requested to pipe data to the command itself, instruct docker exec to Keep STDIN open even if not attached
if c.stdin != nil {
args = append(args, "-i")
}
// add args for defining the target node container and the command to be executed
args = append(
args,
c.node,
c.command,
)
// adds the args for the command to be executed
args = append(
args,
c.args...,
)
// create the proxy commands
cmd := exec.Command(command, args...)
// redirects flows if requested
if c.stdin != nil {
cmd.Stdin = c.stdin
}
if c.stdout != nil {
cmd.Stdout = c.stdout
}
if c.stderr != nil {
cmd.Stderr = c.stderr
}
// if not silent, prints the screen echo for the command to be executed
if !c.silent {
prompt := colors.Prompt(fmt.Sprintf("%s:$ ", c.node))
command := colors.Command(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", c.command, strings.Join(c.args, " ")))
fmt.Printf("\n%s%s\n", prompt, command)
}
// if we are dry running, eventually print the proxy command and then exit
if c.dryRun {
log.Debugf("Running: %s", strings.Join(cmd.Args, " "))
return nil
}
// eventually print the proxy command, and then run the command to be executed
log.Debugf("Running: %s", strings.Join(cmd.Args, " "))
return cmd.Run()
}
``` |
Two Horizons is the fifth solo album by Irish singer Moya Brennan. It is her first full-length release under the name Moya Brennan, as opposed to Máire Brennan. The album was predominantly recorded in her home studio in Dublin and was nominated for a Grammy award. The album was recorded between 2002–2003 and first became available on 23 October 2003. It is also Brennan's first non-Christian album since her 1993 recording Misty Eyed Adventures. It is the most successful of her solo albums to date and the second to be Grammy-nominated.
The album marks a change of direction in production, arrangement and style for Brennan in terms of her solo career, featuring no other vocalists but herself. The album features Irish fiddle player Máire Breatnach among others. The album also features much of Brennan's current live band.
Recordings were made in various studios in London, England and Dublin, Ireland during 2003:
The River (studio), London
Pulse Recording Studios, Dublin, Ireland
Mo Studios, Dublin, Ireland
Track listing
All songs written by Moya Brennan & composed by Moya Brennan and Ross Cullum, except where noted:
"Show Me" – 4:57
"Bright Star" – 4:15
"Change My World" – 3:45 (Brennan, Cullum, Fionan DeBarra, Feargal Murray)
"Bí Liom" – 4:32
"Is It Now [Theme]" – 0:38
"Falling" – 4:19 (Brennan, Cullum, DeBarra, Murray)
"Tara" – 5:02
"Ancient Town" – 3:45
"Show Me [Theme]" – 1:08
"Sailing Away" – 3:05 (Brennan, Cullum, DeBarra)
"River" – 4:08
"Is It Now" – 3:50
"Mothers of the Desert" – 3:53 (Brennan, Cullum, Murray)
"Harpsong" – 3:23
"Two Horizons" – 4:29
Bonus track
"Show Me (Jakatta mix)" – 6:10
Hidden track
Enhanced content – 15:00 (lists as fifteen minutes in some computer audio players)
Personnel
Band
Moya Brennan – Vocals, Harp, Keyboards
Ross Cullum – Guitars, Percussion, Keyboards
Sinéad Madden – Fiddle
Fionán deBarra – Guitar, Bouzouki
Tiarán Ó Duinnchinn – Uilleann Pipes, Whistles
Paul Byrne – Drums, Percussion
Ewan Cowley – Mandolin
Máire Breatnach – Fiddle, Violin
Éamonn deBarra – Flute
Robbie McIntosh – Guitars
Anthony Drennan – Guitars
Keith Duffy – Bass
Troy Donockley – Whistles
Nigel Eaton – Hurdy-gurdy
Bob Love – Fiddle
Brendan Monaghan – Bodhran, Lambeg drum
Sandy McLelland – Drums (on Mothers of the Desert)
Chris Hughes – Rhythm programming (on Mothers of the Desert)
Martin Carthy – Guitar (on Change My World, Bí Liom)
Additional musicians
String Quartet
Úna Ní Chanainn – Cello
Brona Cahill – Violin
Tommy Kane – Viola
Máire Breatnach – Violin, Viola
String Arrangement – by Feargal Murray, Ross Cullum
Track listing
"Show Me" – 4:57
"Bright Star" – 4:15
"Change My World" – 3:45
"Bí Liom" – 4:32
"Is It Now [Theme]" – 0:38
"Falling" – 4:19
"Tara" – 5:02
"Ancient Town" – 3:45
"Show Me [Theme]" – 1:08
"Sailing Away" – 3:05
"River" – 4:08
"Is It Now" – 3:50
"Mothers of the Desert" – 3:53
"Harpsong" – 3:23
"Two Horizons" – 4:29
Bonus track
"Show Me (jakatta mix)" – 6:10
Hidden track
Enhanced content – 15:00 (lists as fifteen minutes in some computer audio players)
Singles
Commercial singles
"Show Me"
Promotional singles
"Show Me"
"Tara"
Release details
2003, UK, Universal 980 106-8, Release Date 22 September 2003, CD
2003, UK, Universal Moya AL23, Release Date 22 September 2003, Cassette
2003, USA, Decca B0001915-12, Release Date 22 September 2003, CD
2003, Japan, Universal UICO-1054, Release Date ? September 2003, CD
2003, UK, Universal 980 107-0, Release Date ? September, Super Audio CD
Notes
External links
This album at Northern Skyline
Moya Brennan albums
2003 albums
Universal Records albums |
The 105th Infantry Division (105. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on May 5, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.
The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 209th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 69th Infantry Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 129th Infantry Regiment. The 21st Infantry Regiment came from the 35th Infantry Division and the 122nd Füsilier Regiment came from the 26th Infantry Division. The 21st and 129th Infantry Regiments were raised in West Prussia. The 122nd Füsilier Regiment was from the Kingdom of Württemberg, and was later replaced by the 400th Infantry Regiment, raised primarily in the Rhineland.
Combat chronicle
The 105th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, seeing its first action in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive. It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign. It advanced to the Greek border and remained on the Macedonian front until June 1916. Elements of the division were detached and sent to Bulgaria during this period. The division was sent back to Galicia in June in response to the Russian Brusilov Offensive. In September, the division went to Latvia, and fought near Riga and Jakobstadt (now Jēkabpils). At the end of October 1917, the division was sent to the Western Front, entering the line in the German "Siegfried" position. It fought in the tank Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and in the German counterattack in December. In April 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle). It remained in the Somme salient and fought against various Allied counteroffensives. The division moved to the St. Mihiel salient in September and then occupied the line in the Woëvre region. In October, it met the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The division remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.
Order of battle on formation
The 105th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on May 15, 1915, was as follows:
209. Infanterie-Brigade
Infanterie-Regiment von Borcke (4. Pommersches) Nr. 21
Füsilier-Regiment Kaiser Franz Josef von Österreich, König von Ungarn (4. Württembergisches) Nr.122
3. Westpreußisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 129
3.Eskadron/Reserve-Husaren-Regiment Nr. 5
5.Eskadron/Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 4
Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 209
Fußartillerie-Batterie Nr. 105
Pionier-Kompanie Nr. 209
Late-war order of battle
The division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. The 122nd Füsilier Regiment, a Württemberg unit, was replaced by the Prussian 400th Infantry Regiment. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on June 16, 1918, was as follows:
209.Infanterie-Brigade
Infanterie-Regiment von Borcke (4. Pommersches) Nr. 21
3. Westpreußisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 129
Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 400
5.Eskadron/Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 4
Artillerie-Kommandeur 105
Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 209
I.Bataillon/1. Westpreußisches Fußartillerie-Regiment Nr. 11
Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 105
1.Kompanie/Samländisches (Festungs-) Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 18
Pionier-Kompanie Nr. 209
Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 105
Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 105
References
105. Infanterie-Division (Chronik 1915/1918) - Der erste Weltkrieg
Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1937)
Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1825-1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920)
Notes
Infantry divisions of Germany in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
1915 establishments in Germany |
Lviv Railways (abbreviated as LR) () is a territorial branch company of Ukrzaliznytsia headquartered in Lviv.
General description
Lviv Railways administers all railroads of Lviv Oblast, Zakarpattia Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Volyn Oblast and most of Rivne Oblast. It has five directories of territorial administration: Lviv, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Volyn. The jurisdiction of the directories does not necessarily correspond to the regional division of Ukraine. Its territorial administration coverage borders with the Belarusian Railway to the north, with its Ukrzaliznytsia partner Southwestern Railways to the east, with the Calea Ferată din Moldova to the southeast, with the Căile Ferate Române to the south, with the Hungarian State Railways and the Railways of Slovak Republic – ŽSR to the southwest, with the Polish State Railways to the west.
As of 2008, LR operates on 4521 km of track. 3207 km of track is electrified majorly between Chop and Lviv. Partial electrification is available as well. There are 354 stations operated by Lviv Railways classified as passenger, freight, precinct, sorting, and intermediate. Eight out of the 354 stations are railroad terminals which are located in each regional center as well as the city of Chop. Lviv Railways has also 19 border-customs stations with Poland, Belarus, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova.
The double tracks lay between: Lviv – Zdolbuniv – Rivne; Lviv – Mostyska – (border checkpoint); Lviv – Stryi – Chop; Lviv – Ternopil – Pidvolochysk; Zdolbuniv – Kivertsi. Other branches consist of a single track.
Administrative divisions
Lviv Administration
Ternopil Administration
Uzhhorod Administration
Ivano-Frankivsk Administration
Rivne Administration
Trains and rolling stock
International
35/36 "Lvivskyi Ekspres" (Lviv Express) Lviv – Wroclaw
Express
171/172 Lviv – Rivne
173/174 Lviv – Rivne
820/821 Lviv – Ternopil
Branded
25/26 "Karpaty" (Carpathians) Lviv – Odesa
43/44 "Prykarpattia" Ivano-Frankivsk – Kyiv
83/84 "Holubi ozera" (Blue lakes) Kovel – Odesa
87/88 "Lisova pisnya" (Forest song) Kovel – Simferopol (It was rerouted to Novooleksiyivka after Russian occupiaton of Crimea in 2014)
91/92 "Lviv" Lviv – Kyiv
97/98 "Halychyna" Lviv – Kyiv
99/100 "Zakarpattia" Uzhhorod – Kyiv
363/364 "Svityaz" Kovel – Kyiv
627/628 "Bukovyna" Chernivtsi – Kyiv
Suburban
Commuter lines are coded in regards to the railway administrative division. Lviv Railways commuter lines have four digits and start with 6. Second digit refers to one of the Lviv Railways administrations: 4 – Ivano-Frankivsk; 2 – Ternopil; 5 – Uzhhorod; 0 and 1 – Lviv; 3 – Lutsk.
Fast
Passenger
Electric/Diesel trains with elevated luxury
History
The first railway line built in the current territory of Ukraine was the Przemyśl – Lviv line, which was part of the connection from Kraków. The line was constructed by k.k. priv. Galizische Carl Ludwig-Bahn which later became nationalised by the Imperial Austrian State Railways. It was built in 1861 under the initiative of Leon Sapieha, and was 98 kilometres long. That was the first railway line on the Ukrainian territory. The first steam locomotive which departed from Przemyśl to Lwow on 4 November 1861 at 10.00 in the morning was called "Jaroslaw". In 1866, another railway was built connecting Czernowitz with Lwow (by Lemberg-Czernowitz-Jassy Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft). At that time the Kovel railway station belonged to Vistula River Railroad. In 1869, Carl Ludwig Railways built a railroad from Lviv to Brody that was opened on 12 July. In 1870, another branch reached Tarnopil. On 4 November 1871 the railroad network was connected with railroads of Russian Empire near Volochysk over the Zbruch river, ultimately connecting Odesa with Hamburg. In 1884, was created the General Directory which included six state railways. Those railways later formed the local directory of state railway transport which effectively competed with the Carl Ludwig Railways. On 1 January 1892, the government of Austria-Hungary adopted a law nationalising all railways from private companies. In the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria three railway directories were formed: Kraków, Lwow, and Stanislawow.
Before World War I, the total length of railways in the region was 2,676 kilometres.
Gallery
References
External links
LR official site
Ukrzaliznytsia official site
Railway companies of Ukraine
Companies based in Lviv |
Events from the year 1931 in Canada.
Incumbents
Crown
Monarch – George V
Federal government
Governor General – Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon (until April 4) then Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough
Prime Minister – Richard Bedford Bennett
Chief Justice – Francis Alexander Anglin (Ontario)
Parliament – 17th
Provincial governments
Lieutenant governors
Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – William Egbert (until May 5) then William Legh Walsh
Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Robert Randolph Bruce (until July 18) then John William Fordham Johnson
Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – James Duncan McGregor
Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Hugh Havelock McLean
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Frank Stanfield (until September 25) then Walter Harold Covert (from October 5)
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Donald Ross (until October 25) then William Mulock
Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Charles Dalton
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Henry George Carroll
Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Henry William Newlands (until March 31) then Hugh Edwin Munroe
Premiers
Premier of Alberta – John Edward Brownlee
Premier of British Columbia – Simon Fraser Tolmie
Premier of Manitoba – John Bracken
Premier of New Brunswick – John Baxter (until May 19) then Charles Dow Richards
Premier of Nova Scotia – Gordon Sidney Harrington
Premier of Ontario – George Stewart Henry
Premier of Prince Edward Island – Walter Lea (until August 29) then James D. Stewart
Premier of Quebec – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
Premier of Saskatchewan – James Thomas Milton Anderson
Territorial governments
Commissioners
Gold Commissioner of Yukon – George Ian MacLean
Commissioner of Northwest Territories – William Wallace Cory (until March 31) then Hugh Rowatt
Events
May 19 – Charles Richards becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing John Baxter
August 29 – James D. Stewart becomes premier of Prince Edward Island for the second time, replacing Walter Lea
November 12 – Maple Leaf Gardens opens in Toronto
September 29 – Striking coal miners clash with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the Estevan riot.
December 11 – the Statute of Westminster goes into effect: Canada is granted full legislative independence in national and international affairs, with the Crown represented by the Governor General.
The Beauharnois Scandal breaks out
Sport
March 27 - The Manitoba Junior Hockey League's Elmwood Millionaires win their only Memorial Cup by defeating Ottawa City Junior Hockey League's Ottawa Primroses 2 games to 1. The deciding Game 3 was played at Ottawa Auditorium
April 14 - The Montreal Canadiens win their fourth Stanley Cup by defeating the Chicago Black Hawks 3 game to 2. The deciding game was played at the Montreal Forum
November 12 - Maple Leaf Gardens opens
December 5 - The Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers win their first and only Grey Cup by defeating the Regina Roughriders 22 to 0 in the 19th Grey Cup played Percival Molson Memorial Stadium in Montreal
Births
January to March
January 5 - Percy Schmeiser, businessman, farmer, and politician (d. 2020)
January 6 - Dickie Moore, ice hockey player, businessman and philanthropist
January 7 - Elizabeth Kishkon, politician (d. 2018)
January 19 - Robert MacNeil, journalist
January 27 - Mordecai Richler, author, screenwriter and essayist (d. 2001)
January 30 - John Crosbie, politician and Minister (d. 2020)
February 16 - Bernie Geoffrion, ice hockey player (d. 2006)
February 17 - Mark MacGuigan, academic and politician (d. 1998)
February 26 - C. William Doody, politician and Senator (d. 2005)
March 10 - Georges Dor, author, composer, playwright, singer, poet, translator and theatrical producer and director (d. 2001)
March 12 - Danny Lewicki, Canadian professional ice hockey player (d. 2018)
March 22 - William Shatner, actor and novelist
March 22 - Monte Kwinter, politician
March 25 - Jack Chambers, artist and filmmaker (d. 1978)
March 28 - Jane Rule, novelist and non-fiction writer (d. 2007)
March 30 - Gérard Bruchési, politician
April to June
April 2 - Howard Engel, writer and television producer (d. 2019)
April 9 - Richard Hatfield, politician and 26th Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1991)
April 13 - Cliff Lumsdon, world champion marathon swimmer (d. 1991)
April 15 - Helen Maksagak, politician, first woman and first Inuk Northwest Territories Commissioner (d. 2009)
April 19 - Walter Stewart, writer, editor and journalism educator (d. 2004)
April 22 - John Buchanan, lawyer, politician and 27th Premier of Nova Scotia
April 29 - Chris Pearson, 1st Premier of the Yukon (d. 2014)
May 18 - Clément Vincent, politician (d. 2018)
May 22 - Arthé Guimond, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Grouard-McLennan (2000–2006) (d. 2013).
May 24 - Bruce Owen, politician and lawyer (d. 2022)
May 25 - Herb Gray, politician, Canada's first Jewish federal cabinet minister
June 23 - Charles Keith Taylor, politician
June 25 - Stan Dromisky, politician
June 27 - Charles Bronfman, businessman and philanthropist
June 30 - Joyce Wieland, experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist (d. 1998)
July to September
July 2 - Robert Ito, actor
July 5 - Peter Silverman, broadcast journalist (d. 2021)
July 6 - Jean Campeau, Quebec businessman and politician
July 7 - Charles Alexander Best, politician (d. 1978)
July 10 - Alice Munro, short-story writer
July 15 - Jacques-Yvan Morin, politician
July 19 - Allan Slaight, rock and roll radio pioneer, media mogul, and philanthropist (d. 2021)
July 20 - Gilles Morin, politician
August 18 - Bramwell Tillsley, General of The Salvation Army
August 29 - Lise Payette, politician, feminist, writer and columnist
August 30 - Frank Zakem, politician and businessman (d. 2013)
August 31 - Jean Béliveau, ice hockey player
September 23 - Gerald Merrithew, politician (d. 2004)
October to December
October 4 - Werner Israel, physicist
October 8 - Isadore Sharp, businessman
November 5 - Charles Taylor, philosopher
November 8 – Morley Safer, journalist (60 Minutes) (d. 2016)
November 13 - Andrée Lachapelle, actress (d. 2019)
November 28 - George Ramsay Cook, historian
November 30 - Harry Enns, politician
Deaths
July 10 - Louise McKinney, first woman sworn into the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and first woman elected to a legislature in Canada and in the British Empire (b. 1868)
July 28 - Charles Doherty, politician and jurist (b. 1855)
November 10 - Henrietta Edwards, women's rights activist and reformer (b. 1849)
December 30 - George Eulas Foster, politician and academic (b. 1847)
Full date unknown
Fred Dixon, politician (b. 1881)
See also
List of Canadian films
Historical documents
Greater autonomy enacted in Statute of Westminster, ending (with exceptions) British parliament's power over Canada
Before Statute's passage, PM Bennett affirms that it will not affect Constitution's amending process or division of powers
Liberals assert that preserving British parliament's Constitution amending power is not subordination, but done "by our own agreement"
MP Henri Bourassa says Statute of Westminster incites "national spirit superior to all provincial, religious and racial prejudices"
Solicitor General backs consultation with provinces in amendment of Constitution or imperial statutes
Prime Minister's New Year greeting after "a year of difficulty and of testing" that has proven "soundness of our economic structure"
Federal budget includes "imposts that will be felt by everyone in the Dominion in a most direct manner"
Canada not encouraging immigration, and those who do come should have funds to support them for at least six months
Year-end assessment points to Canada's resource and financial assets as well as agriculture troubles and government "extravagance"
Census shows there are 74.32 radios per 1,000 population, Toronto has highest number of radios, and B.C. has highest percentage of farms with radios
Saskatchewan labour groups form political party with platform including nationalization, debt relief and planned economy
Canadian Communists defiant following arrest of comrades for sedition under Criminal Code Section 98
Canadian-born evangelist ministers to new immigrants in California with philosophy that no one is alien in eyes of God
Unlike one-industry cities, Toronto is widely diversified in industrial, commercial and financial enterprises
Toronto Star newsletter encourages carriers with success stories, prizes and "One Order a Day" Club
References
Years of the 20th century in Canada
Canada
1931 in North America
1930s in Canada |
The Peace River Bible Institute is a degree-granting college recognized by the province of Alberta. PBRI's Bachelor of Religious Education course was recognized after its establishment in the 1980s by the American Association of Bible Colleges. The Bible college is located in Sexsmith, Alberta, Canada.
History
The Peace River Bible Institute (PRBI) was founded in 1933 in Berwyn by Walter McNaughton, a graduate of the Prairie Bible Institute, who moved PRBI to its present location in Sexsmith two years later. PRBI's first director was Hattie Kirk, whose work was celebrated in an exhibition at the Grande Prairie Museum devoted to women's role in the history of the Peace region. The college's student numbers have risen rapidly since 1993, with the number of enrolments rising from 60 to 200 over the 10 years leading up to 2007.
Programs
Courses offered by PRBI range between one and four years in length, and cover religious education, church music, pastoral studies and mission work. The college's four-year Bachelor of Religious Education course in "Church Ministry and Community Service" can include fire fighting certification, with training provided through a partnership with the Sexsmith fire department. Some of the students who take these courses become pastors, but others seek employment in other professions.
Discipleship
PRBI is a self described discipleship-focused school. Its website states that "we are in the process of creating a transferable model of disciple-making to be observed and practiced within the student body." As part of their discipleship model PRBI encourages one-on-one discipleship relationships as well as facilitating mandatory discipleship groups called "Community Life Groups" which are led by various Community Life Leaders. Community Life Leaders are selected from upperclassmen who apply and are affirmed by the Campus Life Department for the following school year. Resident Leaders are also considered part of the discipleship model, as they oversee the spiritual and material needs of the various dormitories.
Recognition
A 2004 water balloon fight at PBRI involving 800 participants and 8,000 balloons was recognised by The Guinness Book of World Records as the largest yet conducted. The record was exceeded at Sint-Michielscollege Brasschaat in Belgium in April 2005.
Staff and faculty
The current President of PRBI is Kim Cairns, who was promoted from academic dean to become the college's president in 2019. His forerunner was Waldie Neufeld. Kim Carins is also the Intercultural Ministries Program Advisor.
Academics:
Brad Cowie – Academic Dean, Registrar & Faculty
Jason Gayoway – Program Advisor & Faculty Field Education Advisor
Scott Butler – Faculty & Librarian
Student Life:
Josh Rigby – Dean of Men
Anne Laursen – Dean of Women
For an extensive list of Team Members go to prbi.edu/PRBIteam
Historical list of staff and faculty
References
External links
PRBI's official website
Bible colleges
Christian educational institutions
Educational organizations based in Alberta
Educational institutions established in 1933
1933 establishments in Alberta |
Hot Brook is a stream in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
Hot Brook is fed by a hot spring, hence the name.
See also
List of rivers of South Dakota
References
Rivers of Fall River County, South Dakota
Rivers of South Dakota |
George Theodore Werts (March 24, 1846January 17, 1910) was an American attorney, judge, and Democratic Party politician who served as the 28th governor of New Jersey from 1893 to 1896.
His term in Governor coincided with the precipitous decline of the New Jersey Democratic Party amid the Panic of 1893 and growing ethnoreligious divisions in the state. Werts created the Palisades Interstate Park Commission which saved the New Jersey Palisades from being quarried for their rock.
Early life
George Theodore Werts was born on March 24, 1846, in Hackettstown, New Jersey. He attended public schools in Bordentown and completed his education at the State Model School in Trenton.
Early legal and political career
In 1863, Werts moved to Morristown, New Jersey to study law with his uncle, Jacob Vanatta, a former Attorney General of New Jersey. After four years of study, he was admitted to the bar and established a law office in Morristown. He practiced there for sixteen years, building a lucrative practice and gaining a reputation for integrity and skill at trial.
Although Morristown was largely Republican at the time, Werts was elected recorder in 1883. In 1886, he was elected both mayor and Senator for Morris County.
State senator
Werts served two terms in the State Senate from 1887 to 1893. He focused his efforts in the Senate on election reform and a local option on liquor regulation. Both were politically motivated and ineffectual, but brought him to the attention of Governor Leon Abbett.
In February 1892, Abbett appointed Werts to fill the vacant seat of Manning M. Knapp on the Hudson County circuit of the New Jersey Supreme Court, in order to prevent Werts from obstructing his campaign for the United States Senate.
Governor of New Jersey
1892 election
Werts was nominated for Governor in 1892 on the first ballot of the Democratic convention with Abbett's support, beating out Edward C. Young and Job Lippincott.
In the general election, he faced U.S. Representative John Kean, a member of the influential Kean family of Republicans. Kean campaigned against the Abbett administration's record, condemning Democratic election fraud, graft, and subservience to liquor and gambling interests. Werts did not play an active part in the campaign, instead deferring to party chair Allan L. McDermott. McDermott chose not to answer the charge of corruption and instead focused the race on national issues and opposition to President Benjamin Harrison. In a state which had only voted for the Republican nominee for President once before that point, the strategy was successful. Grover Cleveland easily won the state, and Werts was elected governor, albeit with a margin almost half that of Cleveland's.
Term in office
In his inaugural address, Werts proposed expanding prison facilities, creating a juvenile reformatory, and passing ballot-reform legislation. The focus of his remarks was responding to critics who called for anti-trust legislation in New Jersey. "The distinction appears to be," he observed, "that where the restraint of combination is ... simply the natural consequence and not the intent, the combination is not improper; where the object is to destroy competition and obtain control of ... production ... such combination is unlawful." Werts pledged a continuation of the Democratic policy in the state of encouraging combination through liberal incorporation laws.
The 1893 legislature passed an unpopular bill to legalize racetrack gambling. Though Werts vetoed the bill, opponents blamed Werts's haste for preventing effective mobilization against gambling interests. The legislature passed the bill again, overriding his veto.
1893 election and constitutional crisis
In the fall elections, the Republicans won an overwhelming 30,000 vote majority and gained control of the Assembly and Senate. Republicans, backed mostly by evangelical Protestant opponents of gambling, also won votes in opposition to Catholic efforts to pass public funding for parochial schools and public concern amidst the Panic of 1893. Republicans carried the urban counties of Hudson, Essex, and Passaic, and seven of the state's ten largest cities.
Instead of accepting the results, the Democratic minority organized a rump session and refused to certify the elections. They advised Werts of their intention, and he acquiesced. The state constitutional crisis, with two functioning Senates, lasted until March 1894 until the Supreme Court ruled the rump session illegal.
The 1894 legislature was dominated by Republican attempts to remove Democratic officeholders from appointed positions and restrict religious teaching in public schools. The unsuccessful Democratic campaign of 1894 attempt to identify Republicans with prohibition and anti-Catholic organizations like the American Protective Association; they won only a few seats.
Werts's annual message to the legislature in 1895 reiterated his support for prison expansion and ballot reform, adding a call for water conservation. None of these measures were enacted. Instead, the legislature passed the Storrs Naturalization Act, which prohibited naturalization in the final month before an election, over the governor's veto. The legislature also undertook investigations into corruption among former Democratic officials, who were revealed to have sold pardons and accepted bribes and kickbacks from construction companies.
Werts left office in 1896 after the election of John W. Griggs, the first Republican governor since 1869. He left a budget surplus of almost $1 million.
Personal life
In 1872, Werts married Emma Stelle. They had two daughters and she served as an important political and social advisor during his career.
Later life and death
After leaving office in 1896, Werts retired to Jersey City and resumed the practice of law.
He died on January 17, 1910, at age 63. At that point, he was the most recent Democratic Governor of New Jersey. He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Morristown.
References
External links
Biography for George Theodore Werts (PDF), New Jersey State Library
George T. Werts, The Political Graveyard
Dead Governors of New Jersey bio for George T. Werts
1846 births
1910 deaths
Democratic Party governors of New Jersey
Mayors of Morristown, New Jersey
Democratic Party New Jersey state senators
Politicians from Jersey City, New Jersey
People from Hackettstown, New Jersey
Politicians from Morristown, New Jersey
Lawyers from Morristown, New Jersey
American Protestants
Presidents of the New Jersey Senate
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Morristown, New Jersey)
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers |
Marcia Ochoa (born 9 September 1970) is a United States-based professor of Feminist Studies and Critical Race and Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. They are the co-founder of El/La Para TransLatinas and is credited with popularizing the term "translatina."
Life
Ochoa moved to San Francisco in 1994. They co-founded El/La Para TransLatinas in 2006 in San Francisco, California.
Career
Ochoa completed her Ph.D. at Stanford University in Anthropology in 2005. She began teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2005, chaired the Feminist Studies department from 2014 to 2017, and currently serves as Provost of Oakes College. She is also a professor of Critical Race and Ethnic Studies, Social Documentation, Anthropology, Latin American & Latino Studies, and Film and Digital Media.
She published her first book based on her dissertation, Queen for a Day: Transformistas, Beauty Queens and the Performance of Femininity in Venezuela, in 2014 through Duke University Press. It was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award. That same year, she edited the Transgender Studies Quarterly issue "Decolonizing the Transgender Imaginary". She is currently the editor of GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies.
Following the publication of Queen for a Day, Ochoa's work focused on early colonial violence in Latin America.
References
Feminist studies scholars
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Stanford University alumni
Academic journal editors
1970 births
Living people |
Jurong Brickworks () was a private brick manufacturing plant located in Singapore's Jurong area. Originally known as Sin Choon Kee Brickworks (), it was renamed Jurong Brickworks in the 1930s after being acquired by Chan Wah Chip and Koh Eng Poh. The plant, which was located at 13 milestone, later moved to 11 milestone, and became one of Singapore's largest private brick makers, producing over three million bricks per month in the 1970s.
History
During the 1930s, the plant's sales were affected by an economic downturn caused by the fall of rubber prices. After a closure of seven to eight months, the plant's owner, Wee Thiam Ghee, passed away at the age of 47 on 21st January 1934. Shortly after, Chan Wah Chip and Koh Eng Poh bought over the plant and increased production to 750,000 bricks per month. The bricks were mainly supplied to British colonial military departments, Singapore harbour board, and Singapore improvement trust.
World War 2
During the Japanese occupation in World War II, production at the plant ceased, and most of the workers left. However, one employee, Wan Hong Cheong, was paid as a foreman to manage the empty brick kilns. After seven months, the Japanese military took over the operation and management of the plant and hired back a portion of the workers to produce around 1000 bricks per week. Production remained low compared to before, and the workers were given 15kg of rice per month for their work.
1970s
In the late 1970s, the plant had over 50 shareholders and 140 workers. It switched to using fully automated brick making machines, which helped increase production to over three million bricks per month. In addition to its brickmaking work, it held two other subsidiaries: Jurong Tile Works, which manufactured and sold tiles and clay products, and JBW Enterprise, an investment holding company. In 1983, Jurong Brickworks announced its plan to be publicly listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, offering to put up four million shares for sale to the public but its application was turned down by SES. Jurong Brickworks' legacy includes its contribution to the construction industry in Singapore and its eventual expropriation by the government in the early 21st century.
Production
Initially, brickmaking was a labour-intensive process that involved several manual steps. Workers dug a pit into the top layer of the soil and added water to it. Then, they employed the use of cows or buffaloes to step on the soil until it became a 'gluey paste.' Once the clay was ready, workers would manually mould the bricks, which were then left to dry until most of their moisture had evaporated. Finally, they were sent to a man-made kiln to heat up, a process known as the "open-mouth kiln" in Chinese, which later changed to the British "red hair kiln." With the advent of fully automated brick-making machines, the raw materials were mixed using machines, and the bricks were printed into blocks, enabling a production of up to 100,000 bricks a day.
References
Works cited
2005 disestablishments in Singapore
Brickworks |
Germain Morin (bap. 15 January 1642 – 20 August 1702) was born in Quebec City and the first Canadian to be ordained priest.
Morin is known to have been at the Jesuit College in 1659 and to have been part of the organization and singing of masses. In that year he had the diaconate conferred on him by Bishop Laval
Morin's main contribution to the early church in New France was his execution of his duties as secretary of the bishopric of Quebec. After 1670, he served as a parish priest in a number of locations. He died at the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec.
External links
Biography of Germain Morin at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
The Canadian Encyclopedia
1702 deaths
Roman Catholic priests in New France
Year of birth unknown |
The Borgias is a historical drama television series created by Neil Jordan; it debuted in 2011 and was canceled in 2013.
The series is set in Renaissance-era Italy and follows the Borgia family in their scandalous ascension to the papacy. Mercilessly cruel and defiantly decadent, the Borgias use bribery, simony, intimidation and murder in their relentless quest for wealth and power that make them history's most infamous crime family. It stars Jeremy Irons as Pope Alexander VI with François Arnaud as Cesare, Holliday Grainger as Lucrezia and David Oakes as Juan. Colm Feore also stars as Cardinal della Rovere (later Pope Julius II).
It premiered on April 3, 2011, at 9 p.m. ET on Showtime in the United States and 10 p.m. Eastern (UTC−04:00) on Bravo! in Canada, and received its first major television network premiere on June 21, 2011, on Canada's CTV Television Network. The second season premiered on April 8, 2012. On May 4, 2012, Showtime ordered a third season of 10 episodes, which premiered on April 14, 2013.
On June 5, 2013, Showtime canceled the series, a season short of Jordan's planned four-season arc for the series. The cancellation was implied to be due to the expense of production, with plans for a two-hour wrap-up finale also scrapped. A fan campaign was started in an attempt to convince Showtime to revive the series. On August 12, 2013, it was announced that the two-hour series finale script would be released as an ebook, after it was determined that a movie would be too expensive to produce.
Plot overview
The series follows the rise of the Borgia family to the pinnacle of the Catholic Church and their struggles to maintain their grip on power. The beginning of the first season depicts the election of Rodrigo Borgia to the papacy through simony and bribery, with the help of his sons, Cesare and Juan. Upon winning the election, Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI, which then thrusts him and his family deep into the murky heart of politics in fifteenth-century Europe: from shifting loyalties within the College of Cardinals to the ambitions of the kings of Europe to the venomous rivalries between the noble families of Italy at the time.
Meanwhile, enraged by his loss of the election to Borgia, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere travels across Italy and France, seeking allies to depose or kill Alexander: this would force another papal conclave and race for Pope which della Rovere is convinced he would win without Borgia to oppose him.
The series also follows the complicated sibling relationships between Cesare, Juan, and Lucrezia. Between Cesare and Juan, there is deep rivalry, with jealousy and resentment on Cesare's side; inferiority and aggression on Juan's. Juan's descent into addiction, illness, malice, and madness in the second season leads to a shocking confrontation between him and Cesare which forever changes the family. Between Cesare and Lucrezia, there is an abiding intimacy and closeness which finally delves into incest in Season 3, as the show's take on the persistent rumors about the real-life siblings. Their youngest sibling, Gioffre, is a minor player in the first season, not seen at all in the second, and does not become a major plot point until the third and final season.
The show also addressed Lucrezia's first and second marriage, her illegitimate child, the affair between Alexander VI and Giulia "La Bella" Farnese, the rise of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence, his Bonfire of the Vanities and eventual burning for heresy.
The series cancellation prevented the death of Pope Alexander VI and the succession of Pope Julius II from being explored, and the downfall of Cesare Borgia.
Cast
Main cast
Jeremy Irons as Rodrigo Borgia / Pope Alexander VI: An ambitious clergyman and patriarch of the Borgia family, he uses his position to acquire wealth, power and influence, becoming pope in 1492. Shrewd and scheming, he is utterly devoted to his family but enjoys the company of beautiful women, as well. The Pope, despite his corruption and cunning, believes he is doing what is right but often questions himself and his actions when innocents are caught in the crossfire. His favourite children are clearly shown to be Juan and Lucrezia, and he has a special fondness for their mother, Vanozza.
François Arnaud as Cesare Borgia: Oldest son of Rodrigo, he is his father's consigliere in the church. However, he desires to leave the priesthood, preferring warfare to the clergy. Self-confident, impatient, and possessing a sharp wit, Cesare quickly earns a notorious reputation. He has a violent streak, mercilessly killing anyone to help the family's cause or eliminate romantic rivals. His love and devotion to his sister Lucrezia is his one soft spot. He hardens after the torture and death of his lover, Ursula Bonadeo, and the brutal treatment of his sister by her first husband, and brings terrible vengeance to the perpetrators of both crimes. Once disinterested in the papacy, he develops a taste for power which leads him to become a brilliant warrior and shrewd leader feared by all of Europe.
Holliday Grainger as Lucrezia Borgia: Daughter of Rodrigo, she is the apple of her father's eye. Brilliant, witty, and exceedingly beautiful, Lucrezia proves to be her father's main asset time and again, single-handedly saving the Borgia papacy on several occasions. There also seems to be an abnormal relationship between Lucrezia and her father in season 1. From its onset, the series implies an emotionally incestuous relationship between her brother Cesare and her. Her first love is Prince Djem, and when he is murdered, she is truly heartbroken. Early in the series, she is betrothed at a young age to the abusive Giovanni Sforza, and suffers from an unhappy marriage. While married to Sforza, she has a passionate affair with Paolo, a servant, and has a child by him, but he, too, is murdered. When Lucrezia and Giulia are captured by the French king, she charms him with her wit and beauty to save Rome. She rejects her father's attempts to get her to remarry, before eventually accepting Alfonso of Aragon as her new husband. Their marriage is a failure, and drives her into Cesare's forbidden arms.
Joanne Whalley as Vanozza Cattaneo: Courtesan and mother of the pope's children, her position as the matriarch of the family is threatened by the Borgias' newly acquired powers and the pope's new mistress, but eventually she and Giulia form a sort of friendship, and she remains in the Pope's heart. She resides in a villa and then in a dead Cardinal's Palace.
Lotte Verbeek as Giulia Farnese: Mistress to the pope and an independent and wise woman herself, she earns the trust of Pope Alexander and becomes a close friend and mentor to Lucrezia.
David Oakes as Juan Borgia: Second son of Rodrigo and Gonfalonier of the Papal Armies, he behaves recklessly and arrogantly, but is an inept coward. He has a cruel, violent streak but lacks the Borgia cunning possessed by his father and siblings. In the aftermath of slaying Lucrezia's beloved Paolo, he comes to fear his sister's cunning wrath (she encourages his fear, constantly toying with him and making him paranoid to avenge Paolo). After learning of abysmal behavior during his failed siege of Forli (which Juan had covered up), as well as seeing his cruelty to Lucrezia concerning her child, Cesare and Micheletto discreetly murder him after he leaves an opium den.
Sean Harris as Micheletto Corella: Cesare's loyal henchman, he carries out ruthless killings under the order of Cesare to keep the Borgia family in power. He secretly engages in homosexual trysts, which ultimately becomes his downfall in the final season, when Micheletto takes a lover who happens to be a spy for the Sforza family, and, after being ordered to kill him, a heartbroken Micheletto abandons Cesare.
Aidan Alexander as Gioffre Borgia: The barely pubescent youngest son of the pope, he is married to Sancia of Naples by the pope to secure an alliance with the kingdom to consolidate his papacy.
Colm Feore as Giuliano della Rovere: A powerful cardinal in the church, after losing the papal election to Rodrigo Borgia, he devotes himself to deposing the new pope, whom he sees as lewd and blasphemous. Della Rovere's first attempt, by aligning himself with the King of France, is ultimately unsuccessful when the Pope outmaneuvers the French and persuades them to pass through Rome peacefully. His second attempt, to get a young man to become the Pope's taster, and then poison him, almost succeeds, but thanks to Lucrezia's ingenuity, he is unsuccessful, and because he chose to be at the Pope's deathbed, he is promptly arrested by Cesare, and faces torture and painful execution. However a rebellious cardinal releases him, and della Rovere escapes Rome.
Gina McKee as Caterina Sforza: Cousin of cardinal Ascanio Sforza, Giovanni Sforza, Ludovico Sforza. Known as the legendary "Tigress of Forli" for her military prowess, she leads the powerful Sforza clan and is a chief rival for power in Italy. Like the rest of the Sforzas, she refused to support the pope against the impending French invasion. Following their victory over the French, the Borgias unleash their wrath upon the Sforzas, and Cesare is sent to Forli. He fails to persuade her to come to Rome and bow down before the Pope. Instead, she begins a passionate tryst with Cesare. A war between Caterina and the Borgias begins after Cesare kills her cousin Giovanni, avenging Lucrezia. Juan is sent to conqueror Caterina, but her cousin Ludovico defeats him at Forli. Still, Juan captures and tortures Caterina's son Benito, who is then secretly taken to Rome and released by Cesare. Caterina attempts to forge an alliance with some of the Borgias' enemies, who are subsequently won over by Cesare. A failed attempt to assassinate the Pope via a biological plague agent is thwarted by Cesare, who in turn kills her son and cousin Ludovico. The Pope, through a Jewish trader and ally, buys the entire gunpowder supply in Italy, which he then grants to Cesare, who forms an alliance between the French and the Papal armies and successfully lays siege to Forli. Defeated, Caterina attempts to commit suicide by hanging, but the rope is shot by one of Cesare's generals and she is taken prisoner. Cesare then humiliates her by organizing a grand arrival into Rome with her on display in a jaded cage, wearing an extravagant, tiger-striped dress.
Supporting cast
Ronan Vibert as Giovanni Sforza: The Lord of Pesaro, picked as the husband of Lucrezia by the pope in exchange for support from the Sforza clan. A cold and beastly man, he rapes Lucrezia repeatedly at the beginning of the marriage. He breaks his leg after falling off a horse thanks to a scheme by stable boy Paolo out of love for Lucrezia. The household staff all hate him and several of them side with Lucrezia and aid her in her affair with Paolo. He betrays the alliance with the Borgias by refusing to support them against the impending French invasion. He is later publicly humiliated by the Borgias, who convene the College of Cardinals to have his marriage to Lucrezia annulled on the grounds of impotence. When Sforza denies the charges, the Pope declares that he must prove it before the College and two prostitutes are brought in. Sforza, unable to bear the humiliation, declares that he is impotent and is sent from Rome in disgrace. Later, after making snide comments about Lucrezia to Cesare, who is on a visit to Forli to negotiate peace with his cousin, Caterina Sforza, Cesare attacks and kills him, igniting a war between the Borgias and Caterina.
Edward Akrout as Yves d'Allegre (c. 1450 - battle of Ravenna, 1512) was an outstanding French captain who became known in the early Italian Wars (1494-1512).
Steven Berkoff as Girolamo Savonarola: An influential priest in Florence who is eventually killed for preaching against the corruption in the Church and the leadership of the Borgias.
Simon McBurney as Johannes Burchard: The Vatican Master of Ceremonies and a scholar with impeccable expertise on canon law. To keep his position (and life), Johannes remains deliberately ambiguous about his loyalties, at times assisting both Pope Alexander VI and his enemies in their scheming.
Augustus Prew as Alfonso II of Naples: The eldest son of King Ferdinand I of Naples. His father was old and senile, leaving himself as the effective ruler of Naples. In the series, he is eventually tortured to death by King Charles VIII, who blamed him for the plague that swept Naples, and his body is placed in his father's gruesome "Last Supper" as Judas Iscariot. However, the historical Alfonso fled to a Sicilian monastery, dying non-violently in 1495
Luke Pasqualino as Paolo: The young servant of Giovanni Sforza. He is outraged by his master's treatment of Lucrezia and sabotages Sforza's saddle, causing his master to suffer a serious injury. He and Lucrezia later have an affair, and he fathers a child with her. He helps her escape from the Sforza household, which cost him a violent whipping from his master. He travels to Rome to search for her, naively befriending a prostitute whom Juan Borgia employs to follow him. With the help of Cesare and Micheletto, he is reunited with Lucrezia and his child for one night. Shortly after he is murdered by Juan, who hangs him to make it look like a suicide. Lucrezia is heartbroken by his death and forces her father to give Paolo a Christian burial, while also having her revenge on Juan for Paolo's murder.
Derek Jacobi as Cardinal Orsino Orsini (fictional character): One of the cardinals who plotted against Pope Alexander, he is poisoned to death at the instruction of Cesare Borgia.
Ruta Gedmintas as Ursula Bonadeo/Sister Martha: A noblewoman who engaged in a passionate extramarital affair with Cesare. Upon discovering Cesare killed her husband she becomes a nun and was thereafter known as Sister Martha. She is killed when the Convent of Saint Cecilia is destroyed by Charles VIII, on his way back to France after retreating from Rome. Her death fills Cesare with vengeance, and he leads a band of mercenaries to raid and destroy the French army, ultimately destroying their entire war machine.
Elyes Gabel as Prince Cem (Djem or Jem): A rival to the Ottoman throne, who was banished by his half-brother, the Sultan. Pope Alexander accepted the Sultan's offer to host Cem in exchange for financial reward. The handsome and good-hearted young man easily wins over the Borgias, especially Lucrezia. It is heavily implied that Cem and Lucrezia fall in love, but do not consummate their relationship. Cem was eventually killed by the Borgias, who used the much more substantial reward offered by the Sultan for Cem's death, in order to pay for Lucrezia's dowry.
Montserrat Lombard as Maria, a maid in the Orsini Palace during Giulia Farnese's stay there who is willing to testify on her indiscretions with the Pope and pays the price for it.
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Sancha of Aragon: The illegitimate daughter of the King of Naples. When a marriage to the Borgias was proposed, Juan refused to marry her due to her illegitimacy. She was married instead to Joffre, but Juan became struck by her beauty and began an affair with her.
Vernon Dobtcheff as Cardinal Julius Verscucci (fictional character)
Bosco Hogan as Cardinal Piccolomini
David Bamber as Theo: The estranged husband of Vanozza Cattaneo who was forced aside and barred from her life by Rodrigo Borgia prior to becoming pope. He lives on a remote farm the pope bought him but visits Vannozza during Lucrezia's first wedding. Cesare is civil but Juan beats him, for which the Pope severely chastises him. He is rumored to have fathered one of the Borgia children, which Juan suspects is him.
Peter Sullivan as Ascanio Sforza: A powerful cardinal who becomes vice-chancellor in a deal with Rodrigo Borgia to elect Borgia as pope. Sforza becomes a trusted confidant and henchman to the Borgias carrying out many duties that maintain their power and wealth.
Julian Bleach as Niccolò Machiavelli: A senior official in the Republic of Florence and adviser to the Medici family, he carefully considered the offers of alliance by Cardinal della Rovere and Cesare Borgia. Della Rovere pushes for Florence to give free passage of the French army on their way to Rome. He was upset when the Medicis yield hopelessly to the demands of the King of France in the face of total destruction of Florence by the French armies. He later allies with Cesare, providing advice on the matter of Savonarola and the location of Medici gold transports for Cesare to steal.
Ivan Kaye as Ludovico Sforza: The brutish Duke of Milan, also known as "il Moro," who seized the throne and imprisoned his own nephew in the process. Despite an alliance of the Sforzas and the pope, he allowed the French army free passage through Milan on the way to Rome.
Michel Muller as Charles VIII: King of France and commander of one of the most feared armies in Europe, Charles is a modernizing military leader who, in contrast to his theatrical opponents, conducts warfare with ruthless efficiency. He claimed the throne of Naples, and was enticed by Cardinal della Rovere to pursue this objective in return for deposing Pope Alexander. Insecure about his height and looks, he was charmed by the clever and beautiful Lucrezia Borgia on his way to seizing Rome, and later talked into an alliance by the pope, who agreed to recognize him as King of Naples. After discovering that Naples has been devastated by plague, he has Prince Alfonso II killed, but ends up catching the plague himself.
Darwin Shaw as Augustino, a childhood friend of Micheletto. The two briefly resume a passionate and intense romance, but Augustino's betrothal to a baker's daughter deeply hurts Micheletto.
David Lowe as the French Ambassador to Rome.
Sebastian de Souza as Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno: He arrived in Rome as suitor to Lucrezia, who chose to marry him as a second husband.
Thure Lindhardt as Rufio: A student of the art of death, he is Caterina Sforza's ruthless assassin. He is sent to Rome by his patron to bring about the Borgias' downfall, and he tries to enlist Cardinal Sforza's help in doing so. At the end of season 3 with the Sforzas defeated Rufio is hired by Cesare.
Matias Varela as King Ferdinand in Season 3. Alfonso's uncle that demands proof of his nephew's consummated marriage to Lucrezia and refuses to recognize her son at court due to his illegitimacy thus incurring the wrath of Lucrezia and Cesare. He is killed by Micheletto, who pushes him into a fanciful lake of lampreys.
Cyron Melville as Cardinal Farnese in Season 3. He is Giulia Farnese's brother that is made a cardinal through his sister's intervention with the Pope. He manages the papal finances.
Pilou Asbæk as Paolo Orsini in Season 3.
Patrick O'Kane as Francesco Gonzaga.
Ana Ularu as Charlotte d'Albret, Dame de Châlus and Duchess of Valentinois. She became Cesare's wife following a pact made with King Louis XII of France to gain military support against the Sforza family.
Jemima West as Vittoria, a young girl who disguises herself as a boy in order to be apprenticed as an artist.
Joseph M. Kelly as Ferrante of Naples.
Harry Taurasi as Piero de Medici.
Luke Allen-Gale as Fredirigo.
Abraham Belaga as Vitelezzo Vitelli.
Björn Hlynur Haraldsson as Gian Paolo Baglioni.
Keith Burke as Gian Galaezzo.
Michael Poole as Pope Innocent.
Joseph Macnab as Prospero Colonna.
Pinturicchio is mentioned as a painter of Giulia Farnese in season 1, episode 2.
Production
The series is an international co-production, filmed in Hungary, and produced in Canada. Filming in Hungary mainly took place at the Korda Studios in Etyek, just west of Budapest.
Jordan had tried to direct a film about the Borgia reign for over a decade, and the project had many times come close to fruition, with stars such as Colin Farrell and Scarlett Johansson attached to it. In 2010, Steven Spielberg, the head of DreamWorks Pictures (now a producer of The Borgias), suggested the film be turned into a cable drama, and Jordan took the idea over to Showtime executives who, wanting to fill the void historical series The Tudors would leave after its final season, commissioned the series. Jordan has stated that the ideal would be a series of four seasons so he could span at least the period of Rodrigo Borgia's papacy (1492–1503).
For the role of Rodrigo Borgia, Jordan turned to Academy Award winner Jeremy Irons, known for playing villains and anti-heroes. The actor initially had second thoughts about his suitability to play someone historically described as an obese, dark-complexioned Spaniard, but Jordan wanted him to focus on the aspects of the character's obsession with power and life, which the actor could play to the hilt.
Episodes
The first season consists of nine episodes; the premiere encompassed two episodes, with the remaining seven episodes being first-aired each week following. The second season consisted of ten episodes, the first half of which were written by show creator Neil Jordan, whereas the latter half was written by noted English writer-director David Leland, who joined the series' staff as co-showrunner and producer and directed its last two episodes. The finale of season 2 was written by Guy Burt, who also helped storyline the season. Season 3, the show's final season, again consists of ten episodes, four of which were written by Burt, while the other six, including the final episode, were again written by Jordan.
Reception
The show's first season received generally favorable reviews in the United States, scoring 66 out of 100 based on 25 critics on Metacritic. Robert Bianco of USA Today said, "... seen from a safe distance, captured by a sterling cast led in marvelous high style by Jeremy Irons, and presented with all the brio, flair and sumptuous design TV can muster, the infamous family is almost addictively entertaining". Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the season a 3.5/4 rating, remarking "'The Borgias' (the series) makes The Tudors look like a bunch of amateurs with bigger lips."
However, it was met with a more mixed reception in the United Kingdom. Rachel Ray of The Daily Telegraph called Irons' performance "disappointingly undiabolical". She added that the show is "for history buffs, not for viewers looking for another Godfather". Sarah Dempster of The Guardian mocked the show's dialogue and visual style: "The ridiculousness mounts. The opening double bill features impromptu palazzo brawls between priapic gadabouts in bejewelled codpieces ("Back to Spain, Borgia!") and flocks of miffed cardinals gliding along darkened corridors like motorised pepperpots". Sam Wollaston recalled the 1981 BBC miniseries of the same name, which had been widely panned, and said there was "more thought to this [2011] version, and attention to character. And Irons is proper". The Independents Holly Williams praised Irons, but said elsewhere, "the acting and script feel about as substantial as a communion wafer. With power struggles, sex, assassinations and sibling rivalries, it should, at least, be racy and fun. Yet the storyline often feels curiously ungripping".
The second season's premiere was met with much more positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 81/100, based on six reviews. Curt Wagner of RedEye has stated, "Based on the first four episodes of the new season, I'd say Jordan has figured things out. The Borgias still overflows with delicious intrigues, sex and deadly politics, but it now has an energy and constant forward momentum the first season lacked." Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter has stated, "Borgias retains the intrigue and conniving family politics that made season one such a pleasure ride, but it all has more snap now, with Jordan spinning the plates with aplomb."
Awards and nominations
The Borgias garnered 16 different Emmy nominations throughout its run, and won three: twice for Outstanding Costumes for a Series (2011 & 2013) and once for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music (2011). The excellence of the costume design on the series was further recognized by the Costume Designers Guild, which twice nominated The Borgias for the Excellence in Period Television award (2011 & 2013).
Jeremy Irons was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 2012.
References
External links
borgias.bravo.ca , official website at Bravo!
sho.com/borgias, official website at Showtime
Behind the scenes pictures of the first and second seasons at Crews for News ,
Behind the scenes pictures of the third season at Stillsandfilms.com
2010s Canadian drama television series
2010s Canadian LGBT-related drama television series
2011 Canadian television series debuts
2011 Irish television series debuts
2011 Hungarian television series debuts
2013 Canadian television series endings
2013 Hungarian television series endings
2013 Irish television series endings
2013 disestablishments in Ireland
21st-century disestablishments in Hungary
Costume drama television series
CTV Television Network original programming
CTV Drama Channel original programming
English-language television shows
Gemini and Canadian Screen Award for Best Drama Series winners
House of Borgia
Incest in television
Cultural depictions of Cesare Borgia
Cultural depictions of Lucrezia Borgia
Cultural depictions of Pope Alexander VI
Cultural depictions of Niccolò Machiavelli
Cultural depictions of Girolamo Savonarola
Cultural depictions of Caterina Sforza
Films about popes
Showtime (TV network) original programming
TNT (American TV network) original programming
Television series by Amblin Entertainment
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Bell Media
Television shows filmed in Hungary
Television shows set in Italy
Television shows set in Vatican City
2010s Hungarian television series
Television series set in the Renaissance
Television series set in the 15th century
Television series set in the 16th century
Television series created by Neil Jordan |
The Itombe Formation is a geological formation of the Kwanza Basin in Angola dated to the Coniacian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The environment of deposition is shallow marine. Reptile fossils have been recovered from the Tadi beds locality within the formation, including the dinosaur Angolatitan, the mosasaurs Angolasaurus and Mosasaurus iembeensis and the turtle Angolachelys. The Itombe formation was formerly considered Turonian in age, but new data suggests to be Coniacian.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Angola
Geology of Angola
Santos Formation
References
Further reading
M. T. Antunes. 1964. O Neocretacio e o Cenozoico do litoral de Angola. Junta de Investigcoes do Ultramar 1-254
Geologic formations of Angola
Upper Cretaceous Series of Africa
Shale formations
Shallow marine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Africa
Paleontology in Angola
Bengo Province
Coniacian Stage |
Decibelle (formerly Estrojam) is a 501c3 NFP music and culture festival that promotes equality and was established in 2003. Past headliners have included, Wanda Jackson (First Lady of Rock who toured with Elvis in the 1950s and 1960s), Nina Hagen, Concrete Blonde, Cat Power, The Gossip, Peaches, Amy Ray of the Indigo Girls and Margaret Cho. The hip hop, post punk, disco, and dance-punk band ESG played their final show on Friday, September 21, 2007, at Chicago's Abbey Pub, during the Decibelle festival.
In 2006, Decibelle was featured in the Chicago Historical Society's "History of Women's Music" event. In 2008, Decibelle founder T. Khyentse James was awarded the "Outstanding Community Leader" Award from the National Organization for Women (Chicago) for Decibelle's work.
Decibelle has also presented workshops in healthcare, finance, entertainment business, do-it-yourself car maintenance, independent publishing and donates proceeds to beneficiaries that promote social change, human rights, non-violence and cultural arts. Past beneficiaries have included Burma's Shan Women's Action Network, National Organization for Women and Girls Rock Chicago. In 2006, a rock band of 12-year-old girls from the Chicago Girls Rock Camp opened for 1970s punk artist Nina Hagen. In 2005, The Shan Women's Action Network and the US Campaign for Burma spoke on stage about their efforts to end brutality against women in Burma.
Past Estrojam/Decibelle Artists
Peaches
Cat Power
Margaret Cho
Concrete Blonde
Wanda Jackson
Nina Hagen
Amy Ray of the Indigo Girls
The Gossip
ESG's last show
Thurston Moore
Anne Waldman
MEN (JD and Jo of Le Tigre)
Team Dresch
Miss Kittin
Leslie and the Ly's
The Brazilian Girls
Bahamadia
Ice Cream Socialites
Michelle Tea
Lady Tigra
Pretty Girls Make Graves
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings
All Girl Summer Fun Band
Capsula
Northern State
Kaki King
The Reputation
Kinnie Starr
Theo from the Lunachicks
Cynthia Plaster Caster
Staceyann Chin
Princess Superstar
Laura Love
Bitch and Animal
Ubaka Hill
Three Dollar Bill
National B-Girl Break Dancing Battle
References
External links
DeciBelle
Music festivals in Chicago |
Frank "Mike the Dago" Salvatore was an Italian-American bootblack and later New York politician who eventually succeeded Chuck Connors as a major figure in Tammany Hall.
Biography
During the 1900s, as Connors began retreating into seclusion due to poor health, Salvatore quickly took advantage by forming the Young Chuck Connors Association which began directly competing against Chuck Connors organization. Salvatore continued to gain political influence from Tammany Hall and, after announcing he and the Young Chuck Connors Association intended to hold a grand ball in opposition of Chuck Connors' annual gala, he eventually succeeded in forcing Connors to compromise in which his name would appear on the programme of the Young Chuck Connors Association as a patron in between then World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Jim Jefferies and retired heavyweight champion Jim Corbett. Connors went into semi-retirement soon after, Salvatore would gradually take over Connors' ward controlling it entirely by the time of Connors' death in 1913.
References
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928.
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Criminals from New York City
American people of Italian descent |
"Critique of the Kantian philosophy" (German: "Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie") is a criticism Arthur Schopenhauer appended to the first volume of his The World as Will and Representation (1818). He wanted to show Immanuel Kant's errors so that Kant's merits would be appreciated and his achievements furthered.
At the time he wrote his criticism, Schopenhauer was acquainted only with the second (1787) edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. When he later read the first (1781) edition, he said that many of Kant's contradictions were not evident.
Kant's merits
According to Schopenhauer's essay, Kant's three main merits are as follows:
The distinction of the phenomenon from the thing-in-itself (Ding an sich)
The intellect mediates between things and knowledge
Locke's primary qualities result from the mind's activity, just as his secondary qualities result from receptivity at any of the five senses
A priori knowledge is separate from a posteriori knowledge
The ideal and the real are diverse from each other
Transcendental philosophy goes beyond dogmatic philosophy's "eternal truths", such as the principle of contradiction and the principle of sufficient reason. It shows that those "truths" are based on necessary forms of thought that exist in the mind.
The explanation of how the moral significance of human conduct is different from the laws that are concerned with phenomena
The significance is directly related to the thing-in-itself, the innermost nature of the world
Religious scholastic philosophy is completely overthrown by the demonstration of the impossibility of proofs for speculative theology and also for rational psychology, or reasoned study of the soul
Schopenhauer also said that Kant's discussion, on pages A534 to A550, of the contrast between empirical and intelligible characters is one of Kant's most profound ideas. Schopenhauer asserted that it is among the most admirable things ever said by a human.
The empirical character of a phenomenon is completely determined
The intelligible character of a phenomenon is free. It is the thing-in-itself which is experienced as a phenomenon.
Kant's faults
Fundamental error
Perceptions and concepts
Kant wanted to make the table of judgments the key to all knowledge. In so doing, he was concerned with making a system and did not think of defining terms such as perception and conception, as well as reason, understanding, subject, object, and others.
Fundamental error: Kant did not distinguish between the concrete, intuitive, perceptual knowledge of objects and the abstract, discursive, conceptual, knowledge of thoughts.
Kant began his investigation into knowledge of perceived objects by considering indirect, reflective knowledge of concepts instead of direct, intuitive knowledge of perceptions.
For Kant, there is absolutely no knowledge of an object unless there is thought which employs abstract concepts. For him, perception is not knowledge because it is not thought. In general, Kant claimed that perception is mere sensation.
In accordance with Kant's claim, non-human animals would not be able to know objects. Animals would only know impressions on their sense organs, which Kant mistakenly called perception. Kant had erroneously asserted that full, perceived objects, not mere sensations, were given to the mind by the sense organs. Perception, however, according to Schopenhauer, is intellectual and is a product of the Understanding. Perception of an object does not result from the mere data of the senses. It requires the Understanding. Therefore, if animals do not have Understanding, in accordance with Kant, then they have only Sensation, which, Schopenhauer claimed, gives only raw sense data, not perceived objects.
Schopenhauer considered the following sentences on page A253 of the Critique of Pure Reason to encapsulate all of Kant's errors:
If all thought (by means of categories) is taken away from empirical knowledge, no knowledge of any object remains, because nothing can be thought by mere intuition or perception. The simple fact that there is within me an affection of my sensibility, establishes in no way any relation of such a representation to any object.
On page A253, Kant stated that no knowledge of any object would remain if all thought by means of categories were removed from empirical knowledge.
Schopenhauer claimed that perception occurs without conceptual thought.
On page A253, Kant stated that a concept without an intuition is not empty. It still has the form of thought.
Schopenhauer claimed that perceived representations are the content of a concept. Without them, the concept is empty.
Secondary errors
Transcendental analytic
Kant asserted that metaphysics is knowledge a priori, or before experience. As a result, he concluded that the source of metaphysics cannot be inner or outer experience.
Schopenhauer claimed that metaphysics must understand inner and outer experience in order to know the world and not empty forms. Kant did not prove that the material for knowing the world is outside of the experience of the world and merely in the forms of knowledge.
Kant's writing was obscure.
Kant took the Greek word noumena, which meant "that which is thought," and used it to mean "things-in-themselves." (See Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Book I, Chapter 13: "Anaxagoras opposed what is thought (noumena) to what appears or is perceived (phenomena).")
Kant tried to create a logical, overly-symmetrical system without reflecting on its contents.
He didn't clearly explain the meaning of and relationships between represented objects, representing subjects, existence, truth, illusion, error, sensations, judgments, words, concepts, perceptions, understanding, and reason.
Concepts
Kant didn't clearly explain concepts in general:
Concepts of the understanding (common concepts and categories).
Concepts of Reason (Ideas of God, Freedom, and Immortality).
He divided reason into theoretical and practical, making practical reason the source of virtuous conduct.
Idealism
Kant altered his first edition to:
suppress the idealistic assertion that objects are conditioned by the knowing subject;
Object-in-itself and thing-in-itself
According to Schopenhauer, there is a difference between an object-in-itself and a thing-in-itself. There is no object-in-itself. An object is always an object for a subject. An object is really a representation of an object. On the other hand, a thing-in-itself, for Kant, is completely unknown. It cannot be spoken of at all without employing categories (pure concepts of the understanding). A thing-in-itself is that which appears to an observer when the observer experiences a representation.
Kant altered his first edition to:
claim that the spatially external thing-in-itself causes sensations in the sense organs of the knowing subject.
Kant tried to explain how:
a perceived object, not mere raw sensation, is given to the mind by sensibility (sensation, space, and time), and
how the human understanding produces an experienced object by thinking twelve categories.
Kant doesn't explain how something external causes sensation in a sense organ.
He didn't explain whether the object of experience (the object of knowledge which is the result of the application of the categories) is a perceptual representation or an abstract concept. He mixed up the perceptible and the abstract so that an absurd hybrid of the two resulted.
There is a contradiction between the object experienced by the senses and the object experienced by the understanding.
Kant claims that representation of an object occurs both
through reception of one or more of the five senses, and
through the activity of the understanding's twelve categories.
Sensation and understanding are separate and distinct abilities. Yet, for Kant, an object is known through each of them.
This contradiction is the source of the obscurity of the Transcendental Logic.
Kant's incorrect triple distinction:
Representation (given to one or more of the 5 senses, and to the sensibilities of space and time)
Object that is represented (thought through the 12 categories)
Thing-in-itself (cannot be known).
Schopenhauer claimed that Kant's represented object is false. The true distinction is only between the representation and the thing-in-itself.
For Schopenhauer, the law of causality, which relates only to the representation and not to the thing-in-itself, is the real and only form of the understanding. The other 11 categories are therefore unnecessary because there is no represented object to be thought through them.
Kant sometimes spoke of the thing-in-itself as though it was an object that caused changes in a subject's senses. Schopenhauer affirmed that the thing-in-itself was totally different from phenomena and therefore had nothing to do with causality or being an object for a subject.
Excessive fondness for symmetry:
Origin of Kant's Transcendental Logic:
As pure intuitions (in the Transcendental Aesthetic) were the basis of empirical intuitions,
pure concepts (in the Transcendental Logic) were made the basis of empirical concepts.
As the Transcendental Aesthetic was the a priori basis of mathematics,
the Transcendental Logic was made the a priori basis of logic.
After discovering empirical perception is based on two forms of a priori perception (space and time), Kant tried to demonstrate that empirical knowledge is based on an analogous a priori knowledge (categories).
Schemata
He went too far when he claimed that the schemata of the pure concepts of the understanding (the categories) are analogous to a schema of empirically acquired concepts.
A schema of empirical perception is a sketchy, imagined perception. Thus, a schema is the mere imagined form or outline, so to speak, of a real perception. It is related to an empirical abstract concept to show that the concept is not mere word-play but has indeed been based on real perceptions. These perceptions are the actual, material content of the empirical abstract concept.
A schema of pure concepts is supposed to be a pure perception. There is supposed to be a schema for each of the pure concepts (categories). Kant overlooked the fact that these pure concepts, being pure, have no perceptual content. They gain this content from empirical perception. Kant's schemata of pure concepts are entirely undemonstrable and are a merely arbitrary assumption.
This demonstrates Kant's purposeful intention to find a pure, a priori analogical basis for every empirical, a posteriori mental activity.
Judgments/categories
Derived all philosophical knowledge from the table of judgments.
Made the table of categories the basis for every assertion about the physical and the metaphysical.
Derived pure concepts of the understanding (categories) from reason. But the Transcendental Analytic was supposed to reference only the sensibility of the sense organs and also the mind's way of understanding objects. It was not supposed to be concerned with reason.
Categories of quantity were based on judgments of quantity. But these judgments relate to reason, not understanding. They involve logical inclusion or exclusion of concepts with each other, as follows:
Universal judgment: All A are x; Particular judgment: Some A are x; Singular judgment: This one A is x.
Note: The word "quantity" was poorly chosen to designate mutual relations between abstract concepts.
Categories of quality were based on judgments of quality. But these judgments also are related only to reason, not to understanding. Affirmation and denial are relations between concepts in a verbal judgment. They have nothing to do with perceptual reality for the understanding. Kant also included infinite judgments, but only for the sake of architectonic symmetry. They have no meaning in Kant's context.
The term "quality" was chosen because it has usually been opposed to "quantity." But here it means only affirmation and denial in a judgment.
The categorical relation (A is x) is simply the general connection of a subject concept with a predicate concept in a statement. It includes the hypothetical and disjunctive sub-relations. It also includes the judgments of quality (affirmation, negation) and judgments of quantity (inclusional relationships between concepts). Kant made separate categories from these sub-relations. He used indirect, abstract knowledge to analyze direct, perceptual knowledge.
Our certain knowledge of the physical persistence of substance, or the conservation of matter, is derived, by Kant, from the category of subsistence and inherence. But this is merely based on the connection of a linguistic subject with its predicate.
With judgments of relation, the hypothetical judgment (if A, then B) does not correspond only to the law of causality. This judgment is also associated with three other roots of the principle of sufficient reason. Abstract reasoning does not disclose the distinction between these four kinds of ground. Knowledge from perception is required.
reason of knowing (logical inference);
reason of acting (law of motivation);
reason of being (spatial and temporal relations, including the arithmetical sequences of numbers and the geometrical positions of points, lines, and surfaces).
Disjunctive judgments derive from the logical law of thought of the excluded middle (A is either A or not-A). This relates to reason, not to the understanding. For the purpose of symmetry, Kant asserted that the physical analog of this logical law was the category of community or reciprocal effect. However, it is the opposite, since the logical law refers to mutually exclusive predicates, not inclusive.
Schopenhauer asserted that there is no reciprocal effect. It is only a superfluous synonym for causality. For architectonic symmetry, Kant created a separate a priori function in the understanding for reciprocal effect. Actually, there is only an alternating succession of states, a chain of causes and effects.
Modal categories of possible, actual, and necessary are not special, original cognized forms. They are derived from the principle of sufficient reason (ground).
Possibility is a general, mental abstraction. It refers to abstract concepts, which are solely related to the ability to reason or logically infer.
There is no difference between actuality (existence) and necessity.
Necessity is a consequence from a given ground (reason).
Transcendental dialectic
Reason
Kant defined reason as the faculty or power of principles. He claimed that principles provide us with synthetical knowledge from mere concepts (A 301; B 358). However, knowledge from mere concepts, without perception, is analytical, not synthetical. Synthetical knowledge requires the combination of two concepts, plus a third thing. This third thing is pure intuition or perception, if it is a priori, and empirical perception, if it is a posteriori.
According to Kant's principle of reason, everything that is conditioned is part of a total series of conditions. The essential nature of reason tries to find something unconditioned that functions as a beginning of the series.
But Schopenhauer claimed that the demand is only for a sufficient reason or ground. It extends merely to the completeness of the determinations of the nearest or next cause, not to an absolute first cause.
Kant claimed that everyone's reason leads them to assume three unconditioned absolutes. These are God, the soul, and the total world. The unconditioned absolutes are symmetrically derived by Kant from three kinds of syllogism as the result of three categories of relation.
Schopenhauer stated that the soul and the total world are not unconditioned because they are supposed, by believers, to be conditioned by God.
Schopenhauer also stated that everyone's reason does not lead to these three unconditioned absolutes. Buddhists are nontheists. Only Judaism and its derivatives, Christianity and Islam, are monotheistic. Exhaustive and extensive historical research would be needed to validate Kant's claim about the universality of reason's three unconditioned absolutes.
Ideas of reason
Kant called God, soul, and total world (cosmos) Ideas of Reason. In doing so, he appropriated Plato's word "Idea" and ambiguously changed its settled meaning. Plato's Ideas are models or standards from which copies are generated. The copies are visible objects of perception. Kant's Ideas of Reason are not accessible to knowledge of perception. They are barely understandable through abstract knowledge of concepts.
Fondness for symmetry led Kant to derive, as necessary, the concept of the soul from the paralogisms of rational psychology. He did so by applying the demand for the unconditional to the concept of substance, which is the first category of relation.
Kant claimed that the concept of the soul arose from the concept of the final, unconditioned subject of all predicates of a thing. This was taken from the logical form of the categorical syllogism.
Schopenhauer asserted that subjects and predicates are logical. They are concerned only with the relation of abstract concepts in a judgment. They are not concerned with a substance, such as a soul, that contains no material basis.
The Idea of the total world, cosmos, or universe was said, by Kant, to originate from the hypothetical syllogism (If A is x, then B is y; A is x; Therefore, B is y).
Schopenhauer said that all three Ideas (God, soul, and universe) might be derived from the hypothetical syllogism. This is because all of these Ideas are concerned with the dependence of one object on another. When no more dependencies can be imagined, then the unconditioned has been reached.
Relating the Cosmological Ideas to the Table of Categories
Kant stated that the cosmological Ideas, with regard to the limits of the world in time and space, are determined through the category of quantity.
Schopenhauer asserted that those Ideas are not related to that category. Quantity is only concerned with the mutual inclusion of exclusion of concepts with each other (All A are x; Some A are x; This A is x).
Kant said that the divisibility of matter occurred according to the category of quality. But quality is merely the affirmation or negation in a judgment. Schopenhauer wrote that the mechanical divisibility of matter is associated with the quantity of matter, not quality.
All of the cosmological ideas should derive from the hypothetical form of syllogism and therefore from the principle of sufficient reason. Kant asserted that divisibility of a whole into ultimate parts was based on the principle of sufficient reason. This is because the ultimate parts are supposed to be the ground conditions and the whole is supposed to be the consequent. However, Schopenhauer claimed that divisibility is instead based on the principle of contradiction. For him, the parts and the whole are actually one. If the ultimate parts are thought away, then the whole is also thought away.
According to Schopenhauer, the fourth antinomy is redundant. It is an unnecessary repetition of the third antinomy. This arrangement was formed for the purpose of maintaining the architectonic symmetry of the category table.
The thesis of the third antinomy asserts the existence of the causality of freedom. This is the same as the primary cause of the world.
The thesis of the fourth antinomy asserts the existence of an absolutely necessary Being that is the cause of the world. Kant associated this with modality because through the first cause, the contingent becomes necessary.
Schopenhauer calls the whole antinomy of cosmology a mere sham fight. He said that Kant only pretended that there is a necessary antinomy in reason.
In all four antinomies, the proof of the thesis is a sophism.
The proof of each antithesis, however, is an inevitable conclusion from premisses that are derived from the absolutely certain laws of the phenomenal world.
The theses are sophisms, according to Schopenhauer.
First Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
Purports to discuss beginning of time but instead discusses end or completion of series of times.
Arbitrarily presupposes that the world is given as a whole and is therefore limited.
Second Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
Begs the question by presupposing that a compound is an accumulation of simple parts.
Arbitrarily assumes that all matter is compound instead of an infinitely divisible total.
Third Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
Kant appeals to his principle of pure reason (reason seeks the unconditioned in a series) in order to support causality through freedom. But, according to Schopenhauer, reason seeks the latest, most recent, sufficient cause. It does not seek the most remote first cause.
Kant said that the practical concept of freedom is based on the transcendent Idea of freedom, which is an unconditioned cause. Schopenhauer argued that the recognition of freedom comes from the consciousness that the inner essence or thing-in-itself is free will.
Fourth Cosmological Antinomy's Thesis:
The fourth antinomy is a redundant repetition of the third antinomy. Every conditioned does not presuppose a complete series of conditions which ends with the unconditioned. Instead, every conditioned presupposes only its most recent condition.
As a solution to the cosmological antinomy, Kant stated:
Both sides assumed that the world exists in itself. Therefore, both sides are wrong in the first and second antinomies.
Both sides assumed that reason assumes an unconditioned first cause of a series of conditions. Therefore, both sides are correct in the third and fourth antinomies.
Schopenhauer disagreed. He said that the solution was that the antitheses are correct in all four antinomies.
Kant stated that the Transcendental Ideal is a necessary idea of human reason. It is the most real, perfect, powerful entity.
Schopenhauer disagreed. He said that his own reason found this idea to be impossible. He was unable to think of any definite object that corresponds to the description.
The three main objects of scholastic philosophy were the soul, the world, and God. Kant tried to show how they were taken from the three possible major premisses of syllogisms.
The soul was derived from the categorical judgment (A is x) and the world was taken from the hypothetical judgment (If A is x, then B is y).
For architectonic symmetry, God had to be derived from the remaining disjunctive judgment (A is either x or not-x).
Schopenhauer said that the antique philosophers did not mention this derivation, so it can't be necessary to all human reason. Their gods were limited. World-creating gods merely gave form to pre-existing matter. Reason, according to ancient philosophers, did not obtain an idea of a perfect God or Ideal from the disjunctive syllogism.
Kant stated that knowledge of particular things results from a continuous process of the limitation of general or universal concepts. The most universal concept would then have contained all reality in itself.
According to Schopenhauer, the reverse is true. Knowledge starts from the particular and is extended to the general. General concepts result from abstraction from particulars, retaining only their common element. The most universal concept would thus have the least particular content and be the emptiest.
Kant alleged that the three transcendent ideas are useful as regulative principles. As such, he claimed, they aid in the advancement of the knowledge of nature.
Schopenhauer asserted that Kant was diametrically wrong. The ideas of soul, finite world, and God are hindrances. For example, the search for a simple, immaterial, thinking soul would not be scientifically useful.
Ethics
Kant claimed that virtue results from practical reason.
Schopenhauer claimed that, to the contrary, virtuous conduct has nothing to do with a rational life and may even be opposed to it, as with Machiavellian rational expediency.
Categorical Imperative
According to Schopenhauer, Kant's Categorical Imperative:
Redundantly repeats the ancient command: "don't do to another what you don't want done to you."
Is egoistic because its universality includes the person who both gives and obeys the command.
Is cold and dead because it is to be followed without love, feeling, or inclination, but merely out of a sense of duty.
Power of judgment
In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant claimed that the understanding was the ability to judge. The forms of judgments were said to be the basis of the categories and all philosophy. But in his Critique of Judgment, he called a new, different ability the faculty of judgment. That now resulted in four faculties: sensation, understanding, judging, and reason. Judgment was located between understanding and reason, and contained elements of both.
Kant's interest in the concept of suitability or expediency resulted in his investigation regarding knowledge of beauty and knowledge of natural purposiveness.
Aesthetics
As usual, he started from abstract concepts in order to know concrete perceptions. Kant started from the abstract judgment of taste in order to investigate knowledge of beautiful objects of perception.
Kant was not concerned with beauty itself. His interest was in the question of how a subjective statement or judgment about beauty could be universally valid, as though it concerned an actual quality of an object.
Teleology
Kant asserted that the subjective statement that nature seems to have been created with a premeditated purpose does not necessarily have objective validity or truth.
Kant claimed that the apparently purposive, deliberate constitution of organic bodies cannot be explained from merely mechanical causes. ("...it is absurd for man even to entertain any thought ... that maybe another Newton may some day arise to make intelligible to us even the genesis of but a blade of grass from natural laws that no design has ordered [i.e., from mechanical principles].") (Critique of Judgment, §75).
Schopenhauer said that Kant didn't go far enough. Schopenhauer stated that one province of nature cannot be explained from laws of any other province of nature. He listed examples of separate provinces of nature as being mechanics, chemistry, electricity, magnetism, crystallization, and organics. Kant had only asserted this regarding the organic and the mechanical.
Reactions to Schopenhauer
Paul Guyer
In The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer (1999), the philosopher Paul Guyer wrote an article titled "Schopenhauer, Kant, and the Methods of Philosophy." In it, he compared the methods of the two philosophers and in so doing, discussed Schopenhauer's Criticism.
In explaining how objects are experienced, Kant used transcendental arguments. He tried to prove and explain the fundamental principles of knowledge. In so doing, he started by indirectly conceptually reflecting on the conditions that exist in the observing subject that make possible verbal judgments about objective experience.
In contrast, Schopenhauer's method was to start by a direct examination of perceived objects in experience, not of abstract concepts.
The fundamental principles of knowledge cannot be transcendentally explained or proved, they can only be immediately, directly known. Such principles are, for example, the permanence of substance, the law of causality, and the mutual interactive relationships between all objects in space. Abstract concepts, for Schopenhauer, are not the starting point of knowledge. They are derived from perceptions, which are the source of all knowledge of the objective world. The world is experienced in two ways: (1.) mental representations that involve space, time, and causality; (2.) our will which is known to control our body.
Guyer stated that Schopenhauer raised important questions regarding the possibility of Kant's transcendental arguments and proofs. However, even though Schopenhauer objected to Kant's method, he accepted many of Kant's conclusions. For example, Kant's description of experience and its relation to space, time, and causality was accepted. Also, the distinction between logical and real relations, as well as the difference between phenomena and things-in-themselves, played an important role in Schopenhauer's philosophy.
In general, the article tries to show how Schopenhauer misunderstood Kant as a result of the disparity between their methods. Where Kant was analyzing the conceptual conditions that resulted in the making of verbal judgments, Schopenhauer was phenomenologically scrutinizing intuitive experience. In one case, though, it is claimed that Schopenhauer raised a very important criticism: his objection to Kant's assertion that a particular event can be known as being successive only if its particular cause is known. Otherwise, almost all of Schopenhauer's criticisms are attributed to his opposite way of philosophizing which starts with the examination of perceptions instead of concepts.
Derek Parfit
In philosopher Derek Parfit's 2011 book On What Matters, Volume 1, Parfit presents an argument against psychological egoism that centers around an apparent equivocation between different senses of the word "want":
The word desire often refers to our sensual desires or appetites, or to our being attracted to something, by finding the thought of it appealing. I shall use desire in a wider sense, which refers to any state of being motivated, or of wanting something to happen and being to some degree disposed to make it happen, if we can. The word want already has both these senses.
Some people think: Whenever people act voluntarily, they are doing what they want to do. Doing what we want is selfish. So everyone always acts selfishly. This argument for Psychological Egoism fails, because it uses the word want first in the wide sense and then in the narrow sense. If I voluntarily gave up my life to save the lives of several strangers, my act would not be selfish, though I would be doing what in the wide sense I wanted to do.
Michael Kelly
Michael Kelly, in the preface to his 1910 book Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, stated: "Of Kant it may be said that what is good and true in his philosophy would have been buried with him, were it not for Schopenhauer...."
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant himself predicted a response to Schopenhauer's argument that he redundantly repeated the ancient command: "don't do to another what you don't want done to you", that is, the Golden Rule, and famously criticized it for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others. Kant's Categorical Imperative, introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, is often confused with the Golden Rule. Also, it is exactly for being cold and dead because it is to be followed without love, feeling, or inclination, but merely out of a sense of duty, both in the theory and in its practice, that the Categorical Imperative is absolute, metaphysical and moral.
See also
Kantianism
Schema (Kant)
Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata
Critique of the Schopehauerian philosophy
Notes
References
The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer, Edited by Christopher Janaway, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
The World as Will and Representation, Arthur Schopenhauer, New York: Dover Press, Volume I, Appendix, "Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy,"
Online version translated by Haldane and Kemp
1910, Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism, Michael Kelly, London: Swan Sonnenschein [Reprinted 2010 Nabu Press, ]
External links
Kant's Philosophy as Rectified by Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer's Criticism of Kant
Works by Arthur Schopenhauer
Kantianism |
Balanites maughamii (manduro, torchwood, , ) is a species of tree native to southern and eastern Africa. It ranges from Kenya through Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, Eswatini, and the Northern Provinces and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It is deciduous or semi-deciduous, growing to 20 (–25) meters tall, with a rounded and spreading crown. It has a fluted trunk up to 1.3 m in diameter. It rarely grows as a low shrub 1.5 to 2 m tall.
It is a protected tree in South Africa.
Groendoring, a community outside Asab in Southern Namibia is named after this tree.
References
maughamii
Flora of the Caprivi Strip
Flora of Kenya
Flora of KwaZulu-Natal
Flora of Malawi
Flora of Mozambique
Flora of the Northern Provinces
Flora of Swaziland
Flora of Tanzania
Flora of Zambia
Flora of Zimbabwe
Protected trees of South Africa |
Laura Shepherd may refer to:
Laura Shepherd, character in Goodbye World
Laura Shepherd (filmmaker), director of Tales from the Cryptkeeper |
2001 Yokohama F. Marinos season
Competitions
Domestic results
J.League 1
Emperor's Cup
J.League Cup
Player statistics
Other pages
J.League official site
Yokohama F. Marinos
Yokohama F. Marinos seasons |
Postplatyptilia nebuloarbustum is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Ecuador.
The wingspan is about 20 mm. Adults are on wing in October.
Etymology
The names reflects the conditions of the collecting spot, a high altitude cloud forest.
References
nebuloarbustum
Moths described in 2006 |
Star Citizen is an in-development multiplayer, space trading and combat simulation game. The game is being developed and published by Cloud Imperium Games for Microsoft Windows. An extended retry of unrealized plans for Freelancer, Star Citizen is being led by director Chris Roberts. The game was announced via a private crowdfunding page in September 2012, and was later joined on October 18, 2012 by a successful Kickstarter campaign which drew in over US$2 million. Pre-production of the game began in 2010, with production starting in 2011.
Star Citizen has become highly criticized during its long production process, both for the fact that there is still no clear release date and for the challenges backers who have abandoned the project have faced in receiving a refund. The launch of the game was originally anticipated for 2014, but was repeatedly delayed. In 2013, Cloud Imperium Games began releasing parts of the game, known as "modules", to provide players with the opportunity to experience gameplay features prior to release. The latest of these modules, known as the "Persistent Universe", was made available for testing to pre-purchasers in 2015 and continues to receive updates. After more than a decade in development, no projected date for the commercial release of Star Citizen is currently given.
After the initial Kickstarter ended, Cloud Imperium Games continued to raise funds through the sale of ships and other in-game content, and is now noted for being the highest-funded crowdfunded video game and one of the highest-funded crowdfunding projects overall, having raised over US$500 million as of September 2022. Such methods of generating crowdfunded revenue have however led to criticisms and legal issues surrounding the project. In addition to crowdfunding, marketing is now also funded through external investment, having received US$63.25 million as of March 2020.
Squadron 42, a single-player game set in the same universe, was initially announced in the Kickstarter as an included campaign in Star Citizen, but is now intended to be a standalone product.
Gameplay
Star Citizen combines features from space simulator, first person shooter, and massively multiplayer online genres across its four playable modes. These modes, called modules, provide different player experiences from one another. Three of the modules, Hangar, Arena Commander, and Star Marine, provide examples of gameplay features that appears in the Persistent Universe module, but also have their own mechanics.
Hangar module
In the Hangar Module, players can explore or modify their purchased ships that have been publicly released and interact with the ship's systems, though no flying options are available. Also included are decorations and flair that can be placed and arranged within the hangar. As of Star Citizen Alpha patch 3.13.1a (May 19th 2021), the Hangar Module is currently disabled due to ongoing issues with no time frame for when it will return.
Arena Commander
Arena Commander is an in-fiction space combat simulator allowing players to fly ships in various game types against other players or AI opponents. In the Free Flight game type, players can pilot their ship without threat of combat encounters, while in Vanduul Swarm up to 4 players fight waves of computer controlled enemies. Capture the Core is a game type inspired by classic capture the flag rules, where a team must capture the opposing team's core and deposit it on their side. A racing game type, set on a specifically designed map with three courses, allows players to fly through checkpoints and attempt to beat each other's time. Game types like Battle Royale and Team place players in direct opposition of one another, gaining points for destroying enemy ships. A final game type, called Pirate Swarm, is a horde based game type similar to Vanduul Swarm but with different enemy types.
G-force effects on the pilot were introduced in Arena Commander, which could cause the player character to black out if they moved in a way that applied substantial g-forces on the ship. Equipment to customize ships used in Arena Commander can be rented to further allow for modification of player ship combat ability. While a multi-crew component of Arena Commander was announced at a 2015 Star Citizen conference, it has yet to be implemented in the game.
Star Marine
Star Marine is an in-fiction ground combat simulator, allowing players to fight each other with conventional weaponry. Two maps were made available on release, along with two game types: Elimination and Last Stand.
Last Stand is a "capture-and-hold" game type in which two opposing teams (the Marines and the Outlaws) each attempt to capture one or more control points to gain points; as a team captures more control points, they gain points at a steadily increasing rate. Elimination is a free-for-all game type; unlike the team-based "Last Stand", players work individually to gain the highest kill-count before the match ends. Both game variants last for ten minutes or (in the case of Last Stand) until one team accrues the higher score.
Persistent Universe
The Persistent Universe, initially referred to as Crusader, combines the gameplay aspects of the Hangar, Arena Commander, and Star Marine modules into a single multiplayer platform. Players can freely navigate around and on the surface of four planets, nine moons, a planetoid, and a gas giant.
Players can create male or female avatars for the Persistent Universe. Upon entering the mode, players spawn at a space station or one of the available planets in the game. Once spawned, players are given the freedom to choose what they pursue, whether it is trading, bounty hunting, mining, or taking on missions. A law system keeps track of player activities and penalizes players for engaging in criminal behavior with a rating that blocks access to certain areas and can lead to bounties or violent reactions from law enforcement. In order to reduce their criminal rating, players must hack the law enforcement network or pay off fines they may have incurred.
Movement is available in both gravity and zero-gravity environments. Different planets have different gravitational pulls which alter player jump heights. In zero-gravity, players can move with six degrees of freedom, with forward movement possible through thrusters on their backs. If a player enters a ship, they can freely traverse it with artificial gravity affecting them.
While the final game will use an in-game currency called UEC, the current early-access version uses a temporary currency called aUEC, which will be reset from time to time and at the release of the game.
Any purchased or rented ship or vehicle can be spawned by the player at a landing zone. Ships can be purchased with real-world funds or at in-game kiosks with earned credits. Rental ships can be procured at separate kiosks for intervals ranging from a few days to a month. If a ship is destroyed, players must file an insurance claim and wait a period of time for it to be delivered. Players can pilot ships both in space and in atmospheres; transitions between the two occur without loading screens in real time.
Planets in the game are procedurally generated with distinct biomes and areas of interest. On each planet is a landing zone, often within a city, where players can disembark and explore the zone on foot. Some cities include transit systems that connect various sections together. Stores that carry various weapons and items can be found in these zones, allowing players to purchase equipment and trade goods for their character and ships. On most planets, cave systems are available for players to explore, in which they can take on investigation missions or mine for rare ores.
Squadron 42
Squadron 42 is a story-based single-player game set in the Star Citizen fictional universe described by the developers as a "spiritual successor to Wing Commander". It is being developed by the Foundry 42 studio under the supervision of Chris Roberts' brother Erin, who had already worked with him on the Wing Commander series and led the production and development of games like Privateer 2: The Darkening and Starlancer. It was originally announced for release in 2014 during the Kickstarter campaign, but was delayed multiple times. In mid-2019 CIG stated that a beta release was planned before the end of Q2 2020, then an estimated Q3 2020 on a now abandoned roadmap. In December 2020 Chris Roberts announced there will be no official release date or gameplay footage at this time. "I have decided that it is best to not show Squadron 42 gameplay publicly, nor discuss any release date until we are closer to the home stretch and have high confidence in the remaining time needed to finish the game to the quality we want".
The developers state that the interactive storyline centers on an elite military unit and involves the player character enlisting in the United Empire of Earth Navy, taking part in a campaign that starts with a large space battle. The player's actions will allow them to optionally achieve citizenship in the UEE and affect their status in the Star Citizen persistent universe, but neither of the two games has to be played in order to access the other. In addition to space combat simulation and first-person shooter elements, reported features include a conversation system that affects relationships with non-player pilots. An optional co-operative mode was initially proposed in the Kickstarter, but later changed to be a separate mode added after release. The game is planned to be released in multiple episodes, and according to the developers will be offering an estimated of 20 hours of gameplay for SQ42 Episode 1 with about 70 missions worth of gameplay, "Squadron 42 Episode Two: Behind Enemy Lines" and "Episode 3," will launch later. The cast for Squadron 42 includes Gary Oldman, Mark Hamill, Gillian Anderson, Mark Strong, Liam Cunningham, Andy Serkis, John Rhys-Davies, Jack Huston, Eleanor Tomlinson, Harry Treadaway, Sophie Wu, Damson Idris, Eric Wareheim, Rhona Mitra, Henry Cavill, and Ben Mendelsohn amongst others.
Development
Background
Star Citizen is under development by Cloud Imperium Games, a studio founded by Chris Roberts, Sandi Roberts, and Ortwin Freyermuth in 2012. While working at Origin Systems from 1990 to 1996, Roberts became known for his groundbreaking Wing Commander franchise. After the completion of Starlancer in 1999 by Roberts' studio Digital Anvil, lengthy delays in the production of extensive plans for the game Freelancer led to the company's acquisition by Microsoft and Roberts' exit from the project. Completed under a new lead and numerous staff replacements, the finished game was well received, but criticized for lacking the extensive features Roberts had planned. Roberts has since claimed that Star Citizen is a spiritual successor to both Wing Commander and Freelancer.
Pre-production of Star Citizen began in 2010 with production starting in 2011 using CryEngine 3. Several contractors and outsourced development companies such as CGBot, Rmory, VoidAlpha and Behaviour Interactive were hired to build an early prototype of the game and concept art. The goal of the prototype was to gain outside investment, but following the success for the Double Fine Adventure Kickstarter campaign, Roberts decided to crowdfund the game instead. After hiring Ortwin Freyermuth, Ben Lesnick, and David Swofford, Cloud Imperium Games was formed with the intention of building the initial campaign. Star Citizen was officially announced at GDC on October 10, 2012, during which the website they had built for the campaign crashed. Following the GDC presentation, the company announced a Kickstarter campaign on October 18, 2012.
Kickstarter and early releases
In its initial debut on Kickstarter, Star Citizen was marketed as "everything that made Wing Commander and Privateer / Freelancer special." The proposed game was claimed to include a single-player story driven mode called Squadron 42 that would include drop in/drop out co-op, a company-hosted persistent universe mode, a self-hosted, mod friendly multiplayer mode, no subscriptions, and no pay-to-win mechanics. The initial estimated target release date was stated to be November 2014, with all proposed features available at launch. Additional promised features included virtual reality support, flight stick support, and a focus on high-end PC hardware. While the initial release would be targeted for Microsoft Windows, Roberts stated that Linux support was a goal for the project after its official release.
As development continued, Chris Roberts announced in August 2013 that they would be releasing the "Hangar Module", a way for players to explore an enclosed space and some of the ships that have been completed. The module was released six days later, on August 29, and was considered the "first deliverable" of the project. This would mark the beginning of Star Citizen's modular development process, where smaller pieces of the game would be released leading up to the release of the Persistent Universe. During this early period, it was announced that the games would utilize the artificial intelligence system Kythera, developed by Moon Collider.
The game is produced in a distributed development process by Cloud Imperium Games and Foundry 42 with studios in Austin, Frankfurt, Santa Monica, Wilmslow and Derby. Additional partners that are or have been working on the project include Turbulent, Virtuos, Wyrmbyte.
Arena Commander
Arena Commander, the "flight combat" module, was released on June 4, 2014. It allows players to test the ship combat and racing portion of the game against other players or AI opponents in various game types. These game types were released to all players as single-player offerings, with a small number of players receiving access to the multiplayer version with plans to scale until the module was considered fully released.
On August 11, 2014, Arena Commander was updated to open access to all players and added the Capture the Core game type. The module continued to get updates through 2014, with the addition of a racing mode and other fixes in September. By December, Arena Commander had reached version 1.0 and was considered a "significant milestone" for the project.
Star Marine
Star Marine was considered the "FPS module" for Star Citizen. The module was announced at PAX Australia 2014 with a projected release date in 2015. The development of Star Marine was contracted out to the Colorado-based third-party studio IllFonic. Initially, the module was set to include features like teams starting within a ship and needing to fly to a space station to begin their engagements and much more EVA-based gameplay including the disabling of gravity during matches. However, close to being finished, CIG found that the assets that were built for the module weren't at the same scale as those built for the rest of the game. By August 2015, the contract was terminated and development of Star Marine returned to an in-house team at Cloud Imperium Games.
The issues plaguing Star Marine's development caused significant delays, pushing the release beyond the originally expected 2015 release date. Just prior to the module being pulled from Illfonic, outlets began reporting that the module was "delayed indefinitely" or "cancelled".
During development in 2015, a game type called SATA Ball was announced, an in-game sport where players would be split up into two teams and would fight each other in a zero-gravity environment. It has yet to be implemented in the game.
The module was released on December 23, 2016, a year after its original projected release date.
Persistent Universe
While the previous modules were primarily focused on a single aspect of gameplay, the release of Star Citizen's Alpha 2.0 version, initially known as Crusader, was a combination of gameplay elements found in earlier modules. Its initial release was on December 11, 2015, a year after the Star Citizen project was originally planned for completion. Later retitled as "Universe", the module became the primary focus of development on Star Citizen, with future updates focused on implementing content to this mode.
Star Citizen's Alpha 3.0, considered to be a major milestone, was announced for a December 2016 release at Gamescom 2016. Two months later, in October 2016 at the annual CitizenCon event, Cloud Imperium Games claimed that Alpha 3.0 would be split into four smaller releases. When December arrived, Cloud Imperium Games made a surprise announcement that they would be migrating Star Citizen to the Amazon Lumberyard engine. Alpha 3.0 wouldn't release until December 2017, and following its release the developers implemented a public roadmap that would show features and content that was in development for the future.
As development continued, Cloud Imperium Games began releasing more features in incremental versions that built on Alpha 3.0. Early updates focused on implementing initial gameplay mechanics specific to the Persistent Universe module and efforts to stabilize the "barely playable" Alpha 3.0 update. Face-over-IP technology was implemented in Alpha 3.3, which was built in partnership with FaceWare Technologies. Feature additions continued through 2019 as Cloud Imperium Games adopted a quarterly schedule for providing updates to the module, though concerns over its lengthy development continued.
During the development of Star Citizen's Alpha 3.8 update, the developers discussed their implementation of a technology known as Object Container Streaming. Due to the scale of the game, challenges arose wherein the project would run into memory limitations on both the client and the server side of the Persistent Universe. While they had released a client-side version of Object Container Streaming in December 2018, a server-side version had been in development to alleviate those limitations even further. The developers noted that a server-side implementation would alleviate existing limitations with the project and said that, if completed, it would be "one of the biggest technological milestones this game has seen to date." With the release of Alpha 3.18 update, the game experienced major outages.
Delays and extended development
During the 2012 crowdfunding campaign, Chris Roberts suggested that the game might be released in 2014. At the time, Roberts said that "Really, it's all about constant iteration from launch. The whole idea is to be constantly updating. It isn't like the old days where you had to have everything and the kitchen sink in at launch because you weren't going to come back to it for awhile. We're already one year in – another two years puts us at 3 total which is ideal. Any more and things would begin to get stale."
As development progressed, key features were continually pushed from their projected release dates. The Arena Commander module, originally scheduled for December 2013, was delayed six months to its initial June 2014 release. Star Marine, originally scheduled for a 2015 release, was delayed until December 2016. An update to the game's Persistent Universe module, Alpha 3.0, was delayed from December 2016 to December 2017. Since Alpha 3.0's release, no official release dates have been set for Star Citizen, though its alpha component continues to receive updates.
Squadron 42, the now-standalone single player component of the game, was initially scheduled for the project's initial 2014 release, but suffered from delays as well. After it missed the 2014 release window, a release window in 2016 was suggested before the project was "delayed indefinitely". In 2018, Cloud Imperium Games announced a plan to enter the beta stage of Squadron 42s development before the end of the first quarter of 2020, but that date was later pushed back to the end of the second quarter of 2020. The beta was later pushed back again, to the third quarter of 2020, which passed with no news until on 10 October Chris Roberts stated that "We still have a ways to go before we are in beta".
As the project continued to delay key features and miss projected deadlines, the media began to suggest that the game may become vaporware and might never be released. Many of these delays were blamed on micromanagement of the project by key members of Cloud Imperium Games, and criticisms of feature creep plagued the project. Comparisons were made between Star Citizen and Elite: Dangerous, another crowdfunded space flight simulation game announced at about the same time and released in 2014.
Funding
Crowdfunding
The developers of Star Citizen began crowdfunding in 2012, on their own website and Kickstarter. Funding quickly surpassed initial target goals and subsequently additional stretch goals have been added to the funding campaign, most promising more or expanded content at release.
At initial pledge campaign end, the total pledge amount was above all goals initially set by Cloud Imperium Games and reached . In mid-2013, with raised in less than a year, Star Citizen became the "most-funded crowdfunding project anywhere". In 2014, Guinness World Records listed the sum of pledged on Star Citizen website as the "largest single amount ever raised via crowdsourcing". During the 2014 Gamescom event on August 15, Chris Roberts announced the crowdfunding campaign had surpassed . On May 19, 2017, crowdfunding surpassed $150 million. In addition to crowdfunding, funding for the game's development has continued through a variety of in-game transactions and subscriptions.
In January 2017, when asked about the financial situation of Star Citizen, Chris Roberts said: "I’m not worried, because even if no money came in, we would have sufficient funds to complete Squadron 42. The revenue from this could in-turn be used for the completion of Star Citizen." For contributing to the project's funding, backers receive virtual rewards in the form of tiered pledge packages, which include a spaceship and credits to buy additional equipment and to cover initial costs in the virtual economy, like fuel and rental fees, but according to the developers, players will be able to earn all backer rewards in the game itself, with the exception of certain cosmetic items and Lifetime Insurance (LTI), without having to spend additional money.
Funding from backers exceeded $300 million in June 2020, surpassed $400 million in November 2021, and $500 million in September 2022. The current number of backers is unknown, as it does not equal the advertised counter 'Star Citizens'.
Private funding
Billionaire Clive Calder purchased a 10 percent stake in Cloud Imperium Games for US$46 million in December 2018, placing the company at a $460 million valuation, regarding which TechCrunch commented "One may very well question the sanity of such a valuation for a company that has not yet shipped an actual product." Chris Roberts, who had stated he wanted to limit the use of crowdsourced funds for marketing purposes, claimed that the private funds would be used for developing marketing campaigns for the project. In addition to the stake, Clive and his son, Keith Calder, gained board seats at Cloud Imperium. In March 2020 additional $17.25 million investment was received, raising total private funding to $63.25 million.
Due to United Kingdom law surrounding the purchase, Cloud Imperium Games released financials for parts of the company. The documents revealed that in 5 years of development, from 2012 to 2017, the company had spent US$193 million and reserved $14 million. CIG financials for UK in 2020 revealed that it had paid about £1 million in dividends to shareholders.
Grey market
In 2014, Eurogamer reported that a grey market had arisen from Star Citizen's funding practices, specifically the sale of limited-run ships and the inability for players to sell ships among themselves. Several people began to act as middle-men to process transactions between players wanting to sell or trade ships, which became more prevalent after changes to in-game ship insurance mechanics on newly sold ships. Cloud Imperium Games made changes to the project's "gifting system", announcing, "In order to eliminate the middleman scam, packages will be giftable only once before they are locked to an account." Middlemen moved around this restriction by primarily dealing with the fiscal side of the transaction and allowing the actual parties to exchange their goods. According to the report, "Chris Roberts expresses no desire to clamp down on the Star Citizen grey market".
Reception
Reactions from the press
In a Polygon opinion article, Charlie Hall compared Star Citizen to No Man's Sky and Elite: Dangerous, writing that "Last time I checked, Star Citizen writ large was a hope wrapped inside a dream buried inside a few layers of controversy", while stating that each game has something different to offer within the space sim genre. PC Gamer writer Luke Winkie also compared Star Citizen to No Man's Sky, describing Star Citizen as "the other super ambitious, controversial space sim on the horizon", and indicating that fans of the genre, disappointed in No Man's Sky were turning to the as-yet-unfinished Star Citizen, while sometimes expressing concerns should the latter fail to deliver.
The game's developers have attracted criticism for continuing to raise funds enthusiastically while failing to meet project deadlines, as well as doubts about technical feasibility and the ability of the developers to finish the game.
Between September and October 2015, The Escapist magazine wrote a pair of highly controversial articles citing various sources who claimed that the project was in trouble. After Roberts wrote a scathing response to the articles, Cloud Imperium Games threatened the site and its owners with legal action which never materialized. In March 2017, Derek Smart wrote that both parties had settled the matter out of court. The statement from Defy Media reads "In response to your request for comment, I can share that CIG and The Escapist have mutually agreed to delete their comments about each other. We wish each other well and look forward to better relations in 2017". The article later came in third (tied) for an award by the Society of Professional Journalists.
In September 2016, Kotaku wrote a five-part series about the various controversies surrounding the project. One article in the series was related to a long-rumored feud between Smart and Roberts. In December 2016, Star Citizen was the recipient of Wired 2016 Vaporware Awards. Massively OP awarded the game its "Most Likely to Flop" award for both 2016 and 2017.
Reactions from the public
Ongoing online disputes exist over the scope of the project, the project's funding, as well as the project's ability to eventually deliver on promises. Some writers have been the subject of e-mail attacks for their coverage of the project. At least one popular YouTube personality was allegedly sent death threats by a fan of the game. Various articles regarding the controversy surrounding the project also focus on both sides of the argument.
In July 2015, independent game designer Derek Smart, one of the original early backers of the project in 2012, wrote a blog post in which he claimed that due to the project's increased scope and lack of adequate technology, that it could never be completed as pitched. Following the publishing of the blog post and widespread news coverage, Cloud Imperium Games refunded him and canceled his account. In August 2015 via his attorneys, Smart sent a demand letter to Cloud Imperium Games asking for the promised accounting records for backer money, a release date, and a refund option for all backers no longer willing to support the game. CIG's co-founder and general counsel Ortwin Freyermuth characterized Smart's claims as "defamatory" and "entirely without merit". Smart has continued to be critical of the project following his refund.
Virtual land claims, a feature that had not yet been implemented in the game, were announced for sale in 2017, which attracted criticism from both the press and the public. Concerns regarding the mechanic's lack of availability and potential pay-to-win advantages were raised. In response, Cloud Imperium Games wrote, "People that own claim licenses now, during the anniversary sale to support development, and people that earn the money in-game to buy one will be on equal footing assuming they have enough UEC, especially as there will be millions of locations for people to explore and claim within the Universe over the lifetime of the game."
In August 2018, Cloud Imperium Games attempted to monetize the live stream broadcast of the project's annual CitizenCon event, eventually backing down due to online protestations. Later on, they removed a cap on in-game currency, resulting in renewed criticism over the game's pay-to-win mechanics.
Legal issues
Refunds and policy changes
As early as 2015, some Star Citizen backers began requesting refunds from Cloud Imperium Games. According to Polygon, "an internal survey posted on the Star Citizen message boards revealed as many as 25 percent of the game's backers expressing an interest in a process for getting their money back. The survey received 1,173 responses." Initially, refunds were being processed on a case-by-case basis. On June 10, 2016, the terms of service had been amended to remove a passage regarding refund eligibility. In the previous terms of service, backers could procure a refund if the game had not been released within 18 months of its original estimated delivery date. The revision changed the terms to reflect that backers could only procure refunds if the project was abandoned by developers. Exceptions to this change covered backers who spent money prior to the terms change and stated that they would retain the 18-month clause if they pursued a refund. A month later, it was reported that a backer filed a formal complaint to both the Los Angeles County District Attorney and the Los Angeles County Department of Consumer and Business Affairs after his attempts to gain a refund failed following the terms of service change. The backer stated that they had initially been interested in the project for its virtual reality support, which would help them enjoy the game with their disability. Upon postponement of virtual reality support and changes to the terms of service, the backer stated it was "the straw that broke the camel’s back for me." The DCBA investigator assigned to the case made an arrangement with Cloud Imperium Games to process the US$2,550 refund as the backer had not downloaded the game client and therefore not accepted the revised terms of service.
Additional cases regarding Star Citizen refunds have received attention from the media. A hoax perpetrated by an anonymous Redditor in September 2017 claimed that they had worked over the course of five weeks to procure a US$45,000 refund was reported by Ars Technica and forced the outlet to retract the story after it was disproven. A few months later, in December, it was reported that a backer had spent almost three months requesting a US$24,000 refund and had initiated a small claims court case against Cloud Imperium Games. In the same report, a second backer stated they were attempting to receive a US$16,700 refund from the project. The first case was forwarded to the Better Business Bureau.
Following a discussion with the Better Business Bureau, Cloud Imperium Games made changes to their website and further revised their terms of service. Site changes were designed to more clearly communicate the state of the project, define the purchase as a "pledge", and “inform potential buyers there may be product delivery delays and to check the roadmap site before he/she chooses to click the final OK box and provide payment.” The new terms of service opened refund requests to a 14-day "cancellation period", but Cloud Imperium Games claimed that they also maintained a company policy to refund backers within 30 days.
In July 2018, a backer initiated a small claims court case against Cloud Imperium Games to refund US$4,496. It was reported that he had "grown disillusioned with the title's numerous delays, broken promises, and changes in scope". He argued that changes to the game would limit his ability to play due to disability. In court, Cloud Imperium Games argued that the backer's involvement in an early tester program called "Evocati" proved that they were actively providing a product to him. When an arbitration clause from the project's terms of service was brought up, the backer argued that he was covered under the original terms of service as he had backed the project prior to changes to the terms of service. Cloud Imperium Games provided evidence that a "vast majority" of the backer's purchases were made after the change and that he would have had to accept the revised terms of service when making any new purchase. The judge presiding the case sided with Cloud Imperium Games and ruled against the backer. In a Forbes magazine report from May 2019, it was alleged that the backer continued to purchase ships after the lawsuit was closed. The same report noted that a Freedom of Information Act request had shown that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission had received 129 complaints concerning Cloud Imperium Games.
Crytek lawsuit
Crytek, the developers of CryEngine, filed a lawsuit in December 2017 for copyright infringement and breach of contract against Cloud Imperium Games. Specific complaints by Crytek include that Cloud Imperium Games continued to use CryEngine after the announced migration to Amazon Lumberyard, failure to disclose modifications to CryEngine, using the same engine for two separate products instead of one, and improper removal of the CryEngine logo from game materials. The initial complaint asked for direct and indirect damages as well as a permanent injunction against further use of the CryEngine in any Star Citizen or Squadron 42 materials. Cloud Imperium Games called the lawsuit "meritless", while Crytek stated that had "been left with no option but to protect its intellectual property in court.”
As the lawsuit continued, Cloud Imperium Games argued that Crytek was "selectively" and "misleadingly" appropriating the agreements made between the two companies. Cloud Imperium Games further asserted that exclusive use of the engine did not extend to a "requirement to use that engine", and that the original agreement barred "either party from seeking damages".
Cloud Imperium Games asked the court to dismiss the lawsuit in January 2018, but in August that same year the judge denied the dismissal with an exception of a single claim and the pursuit of punitive damages. However, in December 2018, the judge dismissed claims regarding Cloud Imperium Games' right to use another game engine and their obligation to promote CryEngine.
After an additional year of litigation, Crytek filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit without prejudice or legal fees in January 2020 with an option to resume the lawsuit following the release of Squadron 42. Cloud Imperium Games countered with a motion to dismiss with US$500,000 in legal expenses paid by Crytek. During the dismissal motions, Cloud Imperium Games submitted an email sent from Amazon to Crytek in May 2019, stating that the company granted a license to its Lumberyard engine in 2016, which included rights to CryEngine in their license agreement.
In February 2020, Crytek and Cloud Imperium Games filed for a settlement proposal, with a 30-day request to file a joint dismissal of the lawsuit with undisclosed terms. The annual report published by Cloud Imperium Games in early 2021 revealed that Cloud Imperium Games acquired a license for CryEngine from Crytek in 2020.
UK Advertising Standards Authority Ruling
In September 2021, a customer complaint to the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) citing a lack of transparency in marketing emails from Cloud Imperium Games regarding email promotions for vessels in development was upheld. The ASA asked Cloud Imperium Games to make it clearer that for sale "concept ships" are not yet available in the game, which resulted in Star Citizen marketing emails now including a disclaimer warning potential customers about the nature of concept ships.
See also
List of most expensive video games to develop
List of highest-funded crowdfunding projects
List of vaporware
References
External links
Fiction about asteroid mining
Cooperative video games
Kickstarter-funded video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games
Multiplayer vehicle operation games
Open-world video games
Science fiction video games
Space combat simulators
Space flight simulator games
Space massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Space trading and combat simulators
Upcoming video games
Indie games
Video game controversies
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in Germany
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Geoff Zanelli
Video games scored by Pedro Camacho
Video games set in the 30th century
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games using PhysX
Video games using procedural generation
Virtual economies
Windows games |
You Have the Right to Remain Silent is the second studio album by American country music group Perfect Stranger. It was released on June 13, 1995 via Curb Records. The album includes the singles "Ridin' the Rodeo", "You Have the Right to Remain Silent", "I'm a Stranger Here Myself" and "Remember the Ride".
"You Have the Right to Remain Silent" was previously cut by Les Taylor, former ex-member of Exile, for his 1991 Epic album "Blue Kentucky Wind" and was originally titled "For the Rest of Your Life".
Track listing
Chart performance
References
1995 albums
Perfect Stranger (band) albums
Curb Records albums |
```yaml
description: Test enum property container (instance based)
compatible: "vnd,enum-required-false-holder-inst"
include: [base.yaml, "vnd,enum-required-false-holder.yaml"]
``` |
The Mississauga Halton LHIN is a Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is a community-based, non-profit organization funded by the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
Services
Mississauga Halton LHIN plans, funds and coordinates the following operational public health care services to a population of approximately 1.2 million people:
Hospitals
Credit Valley Hospital (Mississauga, ON)
Mississauga Hospital (Mississauga, ON)
Queensway Health Centre (Etobicoke, ON)
Milton District Hospital (Milton, ON)
Oakville-Trafalgar Memorial Hospital (Oakville, ON)
Georgetown and District Memorial Hospital (Georgetown, ON)
Long-Term Care Homes
Community Care Access Centre (CCAC)
Community Support Service Agencies
Mental Health and Addiction Agencies
Community Health Centres (CHCs)
Geographic area
Mississauga Halton LHIN services a region that includes a south-west portion of the City of Toronto, the south part of the Regional Municipality of Peel, and the Regional Municipality of Halton except for the City of Burlington, which is part of the Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant LHIN. The LHIN includes the municipalities of South Etobicoke, ON, Mississauga, ON, Halton Hills, ON, Oakville, ON, and Milton, ON.
Budget
The Mississauga Halton LHIN has an annual budget of approximately $1.1 billion.
References
External links
Mississauga Halton LHIN - official web site
Health regions of Ontario |
Howard Sattler (23 February 1945 – 11 June 2021) was an Australian talk back radio host.
Sattler began his career as a cadet journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald before performing national service during the Vietnam War, during which he completed officer training and moved to Perth in a public relations position with the Australian Department of Defence. From there he moved into broadcast radio, although he also was a newspaper editor and columnist.
He was considered to have introduced the shock-jock style of radio to Perth. Although well known in his state of Western Australia after a 30 year long career on radio, he gained national notoriety in 2013 when he was fired from radio station 6PR over a controversial interview with former Prime Minister Julia Gillard, in which he asked her whether her partner Tim Mathieson was gay.
In 2018, Sattler was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame.
In his later years he developed multiple health conditions, including throat cancer, and was diagnosed with PSB Steele Richardson syndrome (from which he eventually died), which so affected his speech that listeners would often call in thinking he was drunk. He became a vocal advocate for voluntary euthanasia laws.
References
1945 births
2021 deaths
Australian radio personalities |
Willow Brook is a tributary of Utley Brook in Susquehanna County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Lenox Township in Susquehanna County and Nicholson Township in Wyoming County. The surficial geology in the vicinity of the stream consists mainly of Wisconsinan Till, bedrock, alluvium, wetlands, and a lake. A number of bridges have been constructed across it. The stream is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
Course
Willow Brook begins in Clark Pond in Lenox Township, Susquehanna County. It flows west-southwest for a short distance before entering a wetland. Here, it turns south-southeast, receiving an unnamed tributary from the right, passing through a small, unnamed pond, and leaving the wetland. The stream continues flowing in a generally south-southeasterly direction for more than a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the left in the process. The stream then turns south for several tenths of a mile. An unnamed distributary branches off from the left and Willow Brook enters a wetland. It then turns south-southwest for several tenths of a mile, entering another wetland, where it receives an unnamed tributary from the right. It then turns south for a few tenths of a mile before turning south-southeast, passing through a small wetland and entering Nicholson Township, Wyoming County. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, the stream reaches its confluence with Utley Brook.
Geography and geology
The elevation near the mouth of Willow Brook is above sea level. The elevation near the stream's source is above sea level.
The surficial geology near the mouth of Willow Brook includes alluvium (which contains stratified silt, sand, and gravel), a till known as Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. In the vicinity of the lower reaches of the stream, there are patches of alluvium and wetlands, as well much Wisconsinan Till, all typically having thicknesses of or more in the general area. Further upstream, the surficial geology in the area mostly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there are large patches of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale, smaller patches of alluvium and wetland, and a lake.
Watershed and biology
The mouth of Willow Brook is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Lenoxville. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Hop Bottom.
Willow Brook is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.
History
Willow Brook was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191497.
A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying State Route 1027 over Willow Brook was constructed in Nicholson Township, Wyoming County in 1953 and is long. In 2014, a bridge replacement operation was carried out for a bridge carrying State Route 2019 (Schoolhouse Road) over the stream in Lenox Township, Susquehanna County. In August 2014, the completion of this project was scheduled for October 2014.
In 2013, Chief Oil & Gas LLC was issued an Erosion and Sediment Control permit for which the receiving waterbodies are Willow Brook and one of its unnamed tributaries.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
Rivers of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Tributaries of Tunkhannock Creek
Rivers of Pennsylvania |
Hermersberg () is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany and belongs to the municipal association Waldfischbach-Burgalben. It is situated on the western edge of the Palatinate Forest, approx. 15 km northeast of Pirmasens, on top of the Sickingen Heights, and biggest settlement on top.
Inhabitants
69% of the population in Hermersberg is Catholic, 23% are Protestants; the evolution of population can be proven since 1800. From Year 1970 the number of inhabitants is slowly decreasing.
Evolution of population (since 1800):
References
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Palatinate Forest
Südwestpfalz |
Kate Hall (born 21 May 1983) is a Danish and English singer.
Biography
Hall was born in Harwich, Essex, to an English mother and a Danish father and moved to Allerød at the age of three. As a child, she received lessons in singing, piano and dancing. When she was twelve years old, she was accepted into the Danish Radio Girls' choir. A year later, she made studio recordings for Postman Pat. She appeared as a television presenter in The Voice TV Danmark, and reached the final of the Danish edition of Popstars where she finished third.
After being discovered by the German music producer, Alex Christensen, she reached the German charts with the single "Is There Anybody Out There?" in June 2005.
Hall was engaged to German singer Ben, and in 2007 released four duet singles, "Bedingungslos", "Du bist wie Musik", "Ich lieb dich immer noch so", and "Zwei Herzen" with him. In November 2008, she announced that the engagement had ended, after which she continued as a solo singer.
She was a vocal coach in the seventh and tenth series of the German edition of Popstars. In 2009, Hall married German dancer Detlef D! Soost, whom she met during her time at Popstars.
In January 2013, Hall was announced as one of the participants in the 2013 Danish National Song Contest, the winner of which would represent Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest.
She has been living in Germany.
References
External links
Official site of Kate & Ben (archived)
1983 births
Living people
British emigrants to Denmark
21st-century Danish women singers
Danish people of English descent
Danish expatriates in Germany
English expatriates in Germany
English-language singers from Denmark
English people of Danish descent
German-language singers
Musicians from Essex
People from Harwich
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers |
Roving is a long and narrow bundle of fiber.
It may also refer to:
Roving bridge, also known as changeline bridge or turnover bridge, a bridge over a canal constructed to allow a horse towing a boat to cross the canal when the towpath changes sides
Roving Enterprises, Australian television production company
Roving reference, also called roaming reference, a library service model in which, instead of being positioned at a static reference desk, a librarian moves throughout the library to locate patrons with questions or concerns and offer them help in finding or using library resources
Roving wiretap, a wiretap that follows the surveillance target
See also
Roving Boy (1980–1983), American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse
Roving Crows, English folk fusion band
The Maid of Amsterdam, sea shanty also known as "A-Roving" |
Zhang Wenbing (; born November 1971) is a Chinese university administrator and politician, currently serving head of the Organization Department of Hubei Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
He is an alternate member of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
Biography
Zhang was born in Huoqiu County, Anhui, in November 1971. In 1990, he was accepted to the Renmin University of China, where he majored in agricultural economic management. Upon graduation, he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in June 1994. He receive his master's degree in economic in 2003 from Anhui University.
After university in 1994, Zhang worked at West Anhui United University (now West Anhui University), where he was promoted to vice president in March 2005 and to president in August 2011. He became president of Hefei University in October 2013, and served until August 2016.
Zhang began his political career in August 2016, when he was assigned to director of the Product Quality Supervision Department of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, he remained in that position until January 2020, when he was reassigned as director of the Standards and Technology Management Department.
Zhang was transferred to central China's Hubei province in June 2020. He was appointed vice governor in July and four months later was admitted to member of the Standing Committee of the CCP Hubei Provincial Committee, the province's top authority. He was chosen as head of the Organization Department of CCP Hubei Provincial Committee in March 2022.
References
1971 births
Living people
People from Huoqiu County
Renmin University of China alumni
Anhui University alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Anhui
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Anhui
Alternate members of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party |
The South India Textile Research Association, often known by acronym SITRA, is a textile research association established in 1956 at Coimbatore, India. SITRA is an Industry sponsored research institute supported by the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. It is considered to be one of the best equipped textile research organisations in the world and its members apart from India include Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh.
History
Coimbatore became home to textile industry of South India by Independence. The textile industry in Coimbatore and Madras state along with the Ministry of Textiles planned on a modern textile research association. The foundation stone was laid on 25 December 1955 by Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and inaugurated by President of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan on 13 October 1958. The first chairman was R. K. Shanmugan Chettiar, also India's first Finance Minister. Padmabushan Kasturi Sreenivasan, who was the Director from 1955 till 1982 was instrumental in establishing SITRA as a major research institute and would later become chairman of National Textile Corporation.
Location
The institute is located on Avinashi Road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore near the Airport.
Administration
The research center is governed by a Council of Administration consisting of member representatives of the Industry, Scientists and Government.
Campus and facilities
The campus is located on the Avinashi Road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore. It is a sprawling campus of about 32.5 acres, with a floor space of about 15,000 sq. m., The campus is equipped full range of sophisticated textile testing instruments and modern machines with textile testing, electronics and calibration laboratories, library. A pilot mill is located inside the campus to carry our real time simulation tests and research. The physical and chemical laboratories are accredited by NABL in accordance with the standard ISO/IEC 17025: 1999 General Requirements for the competence of Testing and Calibration laboratories.
Departments
Mechanical Processing and Textile Physics (1957
Textile Engineering (1966)
Textile Instrumentation (1975)
Knitting (1976)
Textile Chemistry (1981),
Labour Research and Training (1982).
Powerloom Service Centre (1974) under a grant provided by SIMA.
Cotton Spinning Pilot Unit
Jute- blended yarn spinning mill (1994) under the aid from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
ECO testing laboratory (1996) on a special grant from the Ministry of Textiles.
Centre of Excellence for Medical Textiles (2009).
Publications
SITRA has its own technical journal publishing wing covering areas of future trends, labour welfare and management and publishes the ranking list for member mills as well as textile standard norm in Testing and production.
References
Spinning mill reopened - The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/spinning-mill-reopened/article6961114.ece
Plan to expand power loom upgradation scheme to more clusters - The Hindu
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/plan-to-expand-power-loom-upgradation-scheme-to-more-clusters/article6876506.ece
Research institutes in Tamil Nadu
Organisations based in Coimbatore
1955 establishments in Madras State
Textile industry in Tamil Nadu
Textile industry associations
Ministry of Textiles |
Nanoprobing is method of extracting device electrical parameters through the use of nanoscale tungsten wires, used primarily in the semiconductor industry. The characterization of individual devices is instrumental to engineers and integrated circuit designers during initial product development and debug. It is commonly utilized in device failure analysis laboratories to aid with yield enhancement, quality and reliability issues and customer returns. Commercially available nanoprobing systems are integrated into either a vacuum-based scanning electron microscope (SEM) or atomic force microscope (AFM). Nanoprobing systems that are based on AFM technology are referred to as Atomic Force nanoProbers (AFP).
Principles and operation
AFM based nanoprobers, enable up to eight probe tips to be scanned to generate high resolution AFM topography images, as well as Conductive AFM, Scanning Capacitance, and Electrostatic Force Microscopy images. Conductive AFM provides pico-amp resolution to identify and localize electrical failures such as shorts, opens, resistive contacts and leakage paths, enabling accurate probe positioning for current-voltage measurements. AFM based nanoprobers enable nanometer scale device defect localization and accurate transistor device characterization without the physical damage and electrical bias induced by high energy electron beam exposure.
For SEM based nanoprobers, the ultra-high resolution of the microscopes that house the nanoprobing system allow the operator to navigate the probe tips with precise movement, allowing the user to see exactly where the tips will be landed, in real time. Existing nanoprobe needles or “probe tips” have a typical end-point radius ranging from 5 to 35 nm. The fine tips enable access to individual contacts nodes of modern IC transistors. Navigation of the probe tips in SEM based nanoprobers are typically controlled by precision piezoelectric manipulators. Typical systems have anywhere from 2 to 8 probe manipulators with high end tools having better than 5 nm of placement resolution in the X, Y & Z axes and a high accuracy sample stage for navigation of the sample under test.
Application and capabilities for semiconductor devices
Common nanoprobing techniques include, but are not limited to:
General
DC transistor characterization (Id-Vg and Id-Vd Measurements)
Characterizing SRAM bitcells
BEOL Metal Resistance Measurements
AFM-based tools specific
Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM)
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM)
Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM)
SEM-based tools specific
Electron-Beam Absorbed Current Imaging (EBAC)
Electron-Beam Induced Current (EBIC)
Electron Beam Induced Resistance Change (EBIRCH)
Challenges
Common issues that arise:
Nanoprobe manipulator stability
Live image resolution
Maintaining probe conductivity
Chamber/Surface contamination
References
External links
Conference proceedings of the ASM International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis (ISTFA)
IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA)
Technical papers on SEM-based nanoprober
SEM-based shuttle nanoprober
Mobile robot based nanoprober for SEM
Python scriptable nanoprober
Electronic engineering
Nanoelectronics
Semiconductor analysis |
Qədirli (also, Kadirli and Kadyrly) is a village and municipality in the Masally Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 883.
References
Populated places in Masally District |
York Middle/High School is a public high school located in the Hamlet of Retsof, Livingston County, New York, United States, and is the only high school operated by the York Central School District.
References
External links
Schools in Livingston County, New York
Public high schools in New York (state) |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package me.zhanghai.android.douya.functional.throwing;
import java.util.Objects;
import me.zhanghai.android.douya.functional.FunctionalException;
import me.zhanghai.android.douya.functional.compat.BiFunction;
/**
* Represents a function that accepts two arguments and produces a result.
* This is the two-arity specialization of {@link ThrowingFunction}.
*
* <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
* whose functional method is {@link #apply(Object, Object)}.
*
* @param <T> the type of the first argument to the function
* @param <U> the type of the second argument to the function
* @param <R> the type of the result of the function
*
* @see ThrowingFunction
* @since 1.8
*/
@FunctionalInterface
public interface ThrowingBiFunction<T, U, R> extends BiFunction<T, U, R> {
/**
* Applies this function to the given arguments.
*
* @param t the first function argument
* @param u the second function argument
* @return the function result
*/
R applyThrows(T t, U u) throws Exception;
/**
* Applies this function to the given arguments.
*
* @param t the first function argument
* @param u the second function argument
* @return the function result
*/
default R apply(T t, U u) {
try {
return applyThrows(t, u);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new FunctionalException(e);
}
}
/**
* Returns a composed function that first applies this function to
* its input, and then applies the {@code after} function to the result.
* If evaluation of either function throws an exception, it is relayed to
* the caller of the composed function.
*
* @param <V> the type of output of the {@code after} function, and of the
* composed function
* @param after the function to apply after this function is applied
* @return a composed function that first applies this function and then
* applies the {@code after} function
* @throws NullPointerException if after is null
*/
default <V> ThrowingBiFunction<T, U, V> andThen(ThrowingFunction<? super R, ? extends V> after) {
Objects.requireNonNull(after);
return (T t, U u) -> after.applyThrows(applyThrows(t, u));
}
}
``` |
Claude Provencher OAQ, OAA, AAPPQ, ARAC (RCA), FRIAC (Plessisville, June 11, 1949 – May 6, 2022) was a Canadian architect. In 1983, together with Michel Roy he founded the architecture firm Provencher_Roy in Montréal. He is considered one of the pioneers of modern urban architecture.
Biography
Claude Provencher was born in Plessisvile, Québec in June, 1949. He graduated in Architecture from the University of Montréal in 1974. He went on to work for the architecture firm Papineau, Gérin-Lajoie, Leblanc Architectes, where he met his would-be partner Michel Roy. After 10 years in this firm, the two founded Provencher_Roy in 1983. Provencher led the practice as senior designer for four decades, taking it through a considerable number of architectural and urban design projects, and being recognized by more than 70 prizes and mentions.
In 2011, he contributed to the creation of the Conseil du patrimoine culturel du Québec (formerly the Commission of Cultural Property of Quebec). He also sat on the Advisory Committee on Planning, Design and Realty of the National Capital Commission in Ottawa (1996-2011), was a member of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Conference of the Arts; and of Heritage Montreal. He was also involved in numerous university committees and organizations dedicated to the promotion of excellence in architecture.
Relevant work
He became known in the architecture world through the urban renewal project of the World Trade Centre Montreal. From there, his firm grew thanks to projects such as the J.- A. Desève Pavilion for the Université du Québec à Montréal (1998), the renovation of the Aéroport International Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau de Montréal (1999-2005), the (2004), the rehabilitation of the Montreal Tower (2015-2019), the (2016), (2019), amongst many others.
Under his influence, Provencher_Roy won the title of best firm of the year in architecture in Canada, awarded by the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada in 2015, as well as awards of excellence from the Governor General, the Canadian Architect and the Order of Architects of Quebec. In 2022, the Reception Pavilion of the Quebec National Assembly which he helped design won the Governor General's Medal in Architecture.
Distinctions
2000 Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
2014 Fellow of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
2021 Knight of the National Order of Quebec
2023 Medal of Merit of the Ordre des architectes du Québec
2023 Gold Medal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
References
External links
Provencher_Roy
1949 births
2022 deaths
Architects from Montreal
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Fellows of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada |
Cthulhu 500 is a motor racing-themed card game designed by Jeff Tidball based on H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. The game was released by Atlas Games at Gen Con 2004.
Object of the game
Players compete by racing Cthulhoid vehicles (such as the Sports Cthutility Vehicle or the Car of Cthulhu) and take turns either upgrading the vehicle or pit crew, or attempting to overtake the car in front. Once a player reaches the front of the pack, that player may attempt to overtake the rearmost vehicle and thereby gain a lap. The player with the most laps when the checkered flag card is drawn wins; in case of a tie, the front-most of the tying vehicles wins. The last-place finisher is the loser.
Reception
The reviewer from the online second volume of Pyramid stated that "Attention, racing fans. Roll down your tailgates, break out the Space Mead, and get ready for high-speed thrills. Atlas Games is waving the green flag -- at least, it looks like a flag -- and the Cthulhu 500 is underway."
The game won the Origins Awards for Best Traditional Card Game of 2004 and Gamers' Choice 2004.
References
External links
Cthulhu 500 official page at Atlas Games
Game review at RPGnet
Card games introduced in 2004
Dedicated deck card games
Cthulhu Mythos card games
Fantasy parodies
Origins Award winners
Atlas Games games |
Thomas Voeckler (; born 22 June 1979) is a French former road racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2001 and 2017, for the team and its previous iterations.
One of the most prominent French riders of his generation, Voeckler has been described as a "national hero", due to strong performances over several years in the Tour de France.
Early life
Born in Schiltigheim, Bas-Rhin, Voeckler has been a professional cyclist since 2001. He comes from the Alsace region of France but later moved to Martinique, where he was nicknamed "Ti-Blanc" (a contraction of petit blanc, the literal translation of which is "little white") due to his small stature and pale complexion.
Career
Early years
In 2003, Voeckler won two stages and the overall title in the Tour de Luxembourg. The following year, he suddenly rose to international prominence in the world of cycling. After seizing the French National Road Race Championships, the lightly regarded Voeckler entered the 2004 Tour de France. After escaping with five other riders during the fifth stage, Voeckler gained significant time against the peloton, and earned the yellow jersey (). Remarkably, he defended his jersey for ten days, even on stages not well-suited to his strengths.
With the maillot jaune on his shoulders and intense media attention all around him, Voeckler only rode stronger. He survived the dreaded climbs of the Pyrenees seconds ahead of Lance Armstrong. Voeckler finally surrendered the jersey to Armstrong on stage 15 in the French Alps. Voeckler then also lost the white jersey (; held by the best rider under 25) to Vladimir Karpets. But by then Voeckler was already a national hero.
The 2005 season was busy as Voeckler rode many races, including some not considered a fit for his style of riding. His only win that year came in Stage 3 of the Four Days of Dunkirk. In 2006 he won the fifth stage in the Tour of the Basque Country. At the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Voeckler finished second on Stage 1, and he also won Paris–Bourges.
In 2007, Voeckler garnered a stunning win at the GP Ouest-France, in which he beat the favorites with a late breakaway. For 2008, his early season was highlighted with an overall win at the Circuit de la Sarthe and in 2009, he gained his first stage win at the Tour de France, winning stage 5. Voeckler went for victory with about to go, having been part of a breakaway group for most of the race.
2010
After a somewhat slow start to 2010, Voeckler went on to win the French National Road Race Championships for the second time. He was able to break away from the bunch along with Christophe Le Mével, and Voeckler bested Le Mével in the sprint. He later described this win in the Vendée department, where he had made his home, as the best moment of his career. His form then continued into the Tour de France where, after several unsuccessful attacks, he was first over the finish line during Stage 15. He launched himself before the summit of the Hors Catégorie Port de Balès, cresting the summit alone. He negotiated the very fast descent without incident, and crossed the line in Bagnères-de-Luchon with more than a minute over the chasers.
In September, Voeckler took the victory in the inaugural running of the Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec, a new event on the UCI World Tour calendar. He downplayed his chances in the press in the days before the event citing a lack of form. However, he attacked in the final kilometre to cross the finish line on the Grande-Allée with a couple of bike lengths over 's Edvald Boasson Hagen.
2011
In 2011, Voeckler enjoyed his finest year as a professional. He recorded eight spring victories prior to the Tour de France in July, notably taking two stages at Paris–Nice, and winning the overall classification in the Four Days of Dunkirk as well as the Tour du Haut Var.
In the ninth stage of the Tour de France, Voeckler led a breakaway, survived a collision caused by a media support car that injured two other riders, and crossed the line second, taking the overall time lead and therefore wearing the yellow jersey (). He held on to the yellow jersey daily from the beginning of Stage 10 onwards, carrying it through all the Pyrenean mountain stages and into the Alps, but he was unable to retain it at the end of Stage 19, the queen stage finishing at Alpe d'Huez. Voeckler finished in fourth place in the final general classification, 3 minutes and 20 seconds behind the winner, Cadel Evans. It was Voeckler's highest final general classification in the Tour, and the highest placing of any Frenchman in the Tour, at the time, since Christophe Moreau's fourth-place overall finish in 2000.
Voeckler's 2011 contract from Team Europcar was worth €420,000 a year, which made him the second highest-paid French cyclist after Sylvain Chavanel. His planned switch to was worth almost twice as much, however Voeckler chose to remain at reduced salary with Jean-René Bernaudeau's team, once it re-found sponsorship for 2011, able to continue his 15-year relationship with the coach.
2012
In 2012, Voeckler followed his previous year's successes with another season of victories and top placements, including a new-found focus in the Spring Classics.
His spring campaign did not achieve strong results until April, where he attained a top-ten finish in the Tour of Flanders, the second classic monument on the 2012 calendar; his first victory of the season came ten days later, during a solo breakaway in the semi-classic Brabantse Pijl, which he won in cold, rainy conditions. The following Sunday he took a top-five placement in the classic Amstel Gold Race, and a week later continued his success in the Ardennes with a fourth-place in the final spring classic of the season, the monument Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Along with other Europcar riders, Voeckler managed to win a stage in the Gabonese La Tropicale Amissa Bongo race, at the close of April.
He started the Tour de France slowly, suffering from a knee injury and almost abandoning the grand tour, after also abandoning earlier preparation races. However he gathered strength and later won stage 10, the first mountain stage of the race, including crossing the hors catégorie climb of the Col du Grand Colombier in the lead, thus claiming the polka-dot jersey for the mountains classification lead, which he held for a day. He also prevailed in the queen stage of the race, stage 16 from Pau to Bagnères-de-Luchon, which included four huge climbs including the Col du Tourmalet. Voeckler broke away from the peloton about into the race and was part of a massive 38-man escape bunch. He passed all four King of the Mountains points locations in the lead, and grabbed the polka-dot jersey once again as well as the victory, dropping his last breakaway companion Brice Feillu of the squad while ascending the Col de Peyresourde, the stage's final difficulty. He then charged down the mountain to reach the finish line with a minute and 40 seconds on the nearest chaser. Voeckler subsequently won a classification podium spot in Paris for the first time in his career, by holding the tour's mountain classification jersey from the Pyrenees to the finish.
2013
Voeckler started the Classics season with a good showing in Dwars door Vlaanderen. He escaped the lead group of riders on the last climb with to race and made a solo bid for the line, but was caught inside the final meters, only to take fifth. Voeckler was clearly heartbroken after such a close call. In the Ardennes Classic Amstel Gold Race, Voeckler crashed with other favorites, was put on a stretcher and went to the hospital where a broken collarbone was detected. By June Voeckler had rebounded and shown strong form once more, winning stage 6 of the Critérium du Dauphiné from a breakaway of four despite being outnumbered by two riders. Voeckler continued his winning form by winning the overall titles of the Route du Sud and the Tour du Poitou-Charentes.
2014
In January, Voeckler was set to participate to the Tour Down Under, but he crashed into a car while training in Australia and broke his collarbone. He came back to competition at the Tour Méditerranéen, then went on to finish 25th in the Amstel Gold Race and 36th in Liège–Bastogne–Liège. He then participated to the Tour de Romandie in April, attacking to no avail in the final of the first stage. On the fourth stage, he took second place after being beaten for the sprint by his breakaway companion Michael Albasini (). Voeckler finished 21st overall. Voeckler had a significant result in the Tour de France, finishing second on the stage to Bagnères-de-Luchon behind Michael Rogers. In August, while he was training, Voeckler hit a car and was injured again, this time dislocating his shoulder. He came back at the Tour du Doubs, finishing 46th. In October, Voeckler finished second of Paris–Tours, after being part of the early breakaway. He cooperated well with his breakaway companion Jelle Wallays until the "last kilometer to go" sign, where Wallays refused to pull and Voeckler was beaten in the two-man sprint. He was so disappointed that he did not go to the podium ceremony, which resulted in a fine and the loss of the €3,770 second-place prize.
2015
Voeckler's 2015 season was relatively quiet, with a fifth place on a stage of the Tour de France and third in the general classification of the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire being two of his most notable results.
2016
In February, Voeckler took his first wins since August 2013 when he won the first stage and the general classification at the first edition of the Tour La Provence. In early May Voeckler took the punishing final stage of the Tour de Yorkshire, outsprinting Nicolas Roche in Scarborough and taking the overall classification.
In September 2016, Voeckler announced that he would retire from professional cycling, after the 2017 Tour de France, his fifteenth successive participation in the race.
Post-racing career
In 2019, Voeckler was appointed the manager of the French national team, replacing Cyrille Guimard.
Major results
Source:
1999
4th Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
2000
1st Flèche Ardennaise
1st Stage 1 Ruban Granitier Breton
2nd Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
2002
8th Tour du Doubs
9th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers
2003
1st Overall Tour de Luxembourg
1st Stages 1 & 3
1st Classic Loire Atlantique
1st Stage 8 Tour de l'Avenir
2nd Overall Tour de la Somme
3rd Grand Prix de Denain
7th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
2004
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
1st Stage 4 Route du Sud
2nd Clásica de Almería
5th Classique des Alpes
6th Tro-Bro Léon
7th Tour de Vendée
10th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Christophe Kern)
Tour de France
Held after Stages 5–14
Held after Stages 5–18
2005
1st Stage 3 Four Days of Dunkirk
4th Grand Prix de Villers-Cotterêts
6th Classic Haribo
Tour de France
Held after Stage 2
2006
1st Overall Route du Sud
1st Stage 1
1st Paris–Bourges
1st Stage 5 Tour of the Basque Country
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
3rd Overall Étoile de Bessèges
8th Overall Paris–Corrèze
10th Chrono des Nations
2007
1st Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
1st GP Ouest-France
1st Mountains classification, Paris–Nice
6th Overall Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
8th Chrono des Nations
10th Overall Tour de Pologne
2008
1st Overall Circuit de la Sarthe
1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
4th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
6th Japan Cup
7th Grand Prix d'Isbergues
7th Paris–Bourges
10th Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
Tour de France
Held after Stages 1–5
2009
1st Overall Tour du Haut Var
1st Stage 2
1st Overall Étoile de Bessèges
1st Trophée des Grimpeurs
1st Stage 5 Tour de France
2nd Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
3rd Tour de Vendée
5th Overall Tour du Limousin
10th Chrono des Nations
2010
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec
1st Stage 15 Tour de France
3rd Overall Giro di Sardegna
6th Brabantse Pijl
10th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
2011
1st Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 4
1st Overall Tour du Haut Var
1st Cholet-Pays de Loire
Paris–Nice
1st Stages 4 & 8
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
3rd GP Ouest-France
4th Overall Tour de France
Held after Stages 9–18
4th Tour du Finistère
4th Giro del Piemonte
6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
1st Stage 1
7th Overall Giro del Trentino
1st Stage 2
9th Overall Circuit de la Sarthe
9th Grand Prix de la Somme
10th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
10th Classic Loire Atlantique
2012
1st Brabantse Pijl
Tour de France
1st Mountains classification
1st Stages 10 & 16
1st Stage 3 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
4th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
5th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
5th Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
5th Amstel Gold Race
7th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
7th Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec
8th Tour of Flanders
9th Tre Valli Varesine
2013
1st Overall Route du Sud
1st Stage 3
1st Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
1st Stage 4 (ITT)
1st Stage 6 Critérium du Dauphiné
2nd Tour du Doubs
2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
5th Dwars door Vlaanderen
8th Milano–Torino
Combativity award Stage 4 Tour de France
2014
2nd Paris–Tours
3rd Tour de Vendée
6th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
2015
2nd Overall Tour du Gévaudan Languedoc-Roussillon
3rd Overall Tour de Yorkshire
2016
1st Overall Tour La Provence
1st Stage 1
1st Overall Tour de Yorkshire
1st Stage 3
4th Overall Circuit de la Sarthe
4th Overall Route du Sud
Combativity award Stage 3 Tour de France
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Classics results timeline
References
External links
Direct Énergie profile
1979 births
Living people
People from Schiltigheim
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
French male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for France
French Tour de France stage winners
2012 Tour de France stage winners
2010 Tour de France stage winners
Sportspeople from Bas-Rhin
Cyclists from Grand Est |
Ben Naphtali () was a rabbi and Masorete who flourished around 890-940 CE, probably in Tiberias. Of his life little is known.
His first name is in dispute. Some medieval authorities called him "Jacob"; two Chufut-Kale manuscripts have "Moses b. David"; a third contains his epigraph, which is incomplete, only "ben David ben Naphtali" remaining. His name is most likely Abu Imran, Moshe ben David ben Naphtali as preserved in Mishael ben Uzziel's 11th century treatise and in the Cairo Geniza fragment T-S K27.36 in the University Library at Cambridge.
Ben Naphtali and Ben Asher
Ben Naphtali wrote a Bible with vowels, accents, and Masorah, which differed in some respects from that of his contemporary and rival, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (generally called Ben Asher). This Bible codex has not been preserved, but the differences between it and Ben Asher's version are found in incomplete Masoretic lists found in quotations in David Ḳimḥi, Norzi, and other medieval writers as well as in manuscripts such as British Museum MS. Harley 1528. These lists are printed in the Mikraot Gedolot (rabbinical Bible), in the texts of Baer-Delitzsch and Christian David Ginsburg's Masorah vol. iii. A complete list of these differences can be found in Mishael Ben Uzziel's treatise Kitāb Al-Khilaf, the book of the Ḥillufim (Differences), which is thought to have been written before 1050.
It was reconstructed from fragments and critically edited by Lazar Lipschütz in 1965. The differences between Ben Naphtali and Ben Asher number about 860, about nine-tenths of which refer to the placing of the accents מתג and געיא. The remaining ones have reference to דגש and רפה, to vowels, accents, and consonantal spelling.
Relation to the Received Text
The differences between the two Masoretes do not represent solely personal opinions; the two rivals represent different schools. Like the Ben Ashers there seem to have been several Ben Naphtalis. The statement of Elia Levita that the Westerns follow Ben Asher, and the Easterns Ben Naphtali, is not without many exceptions. Thus, for instance, in the difference concerning I Kings iii. 20 the Westerns are said to agree with Ben Naphtali, while the Easterns follow Ben Asher. The rule of Ben Naphtali given under No. 5 is followed in most manuscripts and printed editions, in the words ביקרותיך (Ps. xlv. 10) and ליקהת (Prov. xxx. 17), etc. The Masoretic lists often do not agree on the precise nature of the differences between the two rival authorities; it is, therefore, impossible to define with exactness their differences in every case; and it is probably due to this fact that the received text does not follow uniformly the system of either Ben Asher or Ben Naphtali. The attempt is likewise futile to describe the one codex as Western or Eastern.
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Diḳduḳe ha-Ṭe'amim, ed. Baer and Strack, p. 11;
Harris, The Jewish Quarterly Review i. 250;
Ginsburg, Introduction to the Masoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, pp. 241 et seq.
References
Other sources
Kahle, Paul, Masoreten des Westens I: 1927, repr. 1967 and 2005
Kahle, Paul, Masoreten des Westens II: 1930
External links
Jewish Encyclopedia article for ben Naphtali, by Louis Ginzberg and Caspar Levias.
10th-century rabbis
Grammarians of Hebrew
Jewish grammarians
Linguists of Hebrew
Jewish biblical scholars
Medieval Hebraists
Orthographers |
The 2016 United States Senate election in Wisconsin was held November 8, 2016, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Wisconsin, concurrently with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. The primaries were held August 9, 2016.
Incumbent Republican Senator Ron Johnson was re-elected to a second term in office. Former U.S. Senator Russ Feingold, whom Johnson unseated in the 2010 midterm elections, sought a rematch for a fourth non-consecutive term in office but was again defeated by Johnson, who became the first Republican to win a Senate election in Wisconsin during a presidential election year since Bob Kasten in 1980. Kasten was ultimately unseated by Feingold in 1992. Johnson's victory was considered an upset as most polling had Feingold in the lead, coinciding with Donald Trump's own surprise victory in the state's presidential contest. Feingold managed to win six counties that voted for Donald Trump; Columbia, Crawford, Lafayette, Richland, Sauk and Vernon.
Background
In 2010, then-incumbent Democratic Senator Russ Feingold ran for re-election to a fourth term in 2010 but was defeated by Republican nominee Ron Johnson.
In March 2013, Johnson announced that he had begun fundraising for his campaign. At that time, he had just $1,529 remaining in his campaign account after raising $16.1 million for the 2010 election, over half of which he self-funded. Johnson said in November 2014 that he would not self-finance another campaign, saying: "I made my $9 million investment in this country. I gave it once, I don't think I should do it again." On May 14, 2015, Feingold announced he would run to win back his former Senate seat. Ultimately, Feingold spent over $24 million on the campaign and ended up with more remaining cash than Johnson, who spent only $20 million.
After the Republicans took control of the Senate following the 2014 Senate elections, the election in Wisconsin was seen by many as a top target for the Democrats, who hoped to retake their majority in the traditionally blue state. Politico pointed to Johnson's "worrisome" favorability ratings as one of the main reasons for his vulnerability. A March 2014 Marquette University Law School poll found that just 29% of voters had a favorable opinion of him.
Republican primary
Candidates
Declared
Ron Johnson, incumbent U.S. Senator
Democratic primary
Candidates
Declared
Russ Feingold, former U.S. Senator, and former U.S. Special Envoy for the African Great Lakes and the Congo-Kinshasa
Scott Harbach, perennial candidate
Declined
Mary Burke, businesswoman, member of the Madison school district board, former Wisconsin Secretary of Commerce and nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in 2014
Chris Larson, state senator
Ron Kind, U.S. Representative
Gwen Moore, U.S. Representative
Mark Pocan, U.S. Representative
Results
Libertarian primary
Candidates
Declared
Phil Anderson, chair of the Dane County, Wisconsin Libertarian Party and nominee for the State Assembly in 2014
General election
Candidates
Ron Johnson (R), incumbent U.S. Senator
Russ Feingold (D), former U.S. Senator, and former U.S. Special Envoy for the African Great Lakes and the Congo-Kinshasa
Phil Anderson (L), chair of the Dane County, Wisconsin Libertarian Party and nominee for the State Assembly in 2014
Debates
Endorsements
Predictions
Polling
^ Internal poll taken for Ron Johnson.
with Mary Burke
with Mark Pocan
with Gwen Moore
with Ron Kind
Results
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Columbia (largest municipality: Portage)
Lafayette (largest municipality: Darlington)
Richland (largest municipality: Richland Center)
By congressional district
Johnson won 6 of 8 congressional districts, including one that elected a Democrat.
Notes
References
External links
Official campaign websites (Archived)
Ron Johnson (R) for Senate
Russ Feingold (D) for Senate
Phil Anderson (L) for Senate
Wisconsin
2016
2016 Wisconsin elections |
Founded in 1987 in Soria, Spain, Cives Mundi is a non-governmental organization. Cives Mundi is currently developing its projects for cooperation in Latin America, Caribbean, Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
History
Cives Mundi was founded on November 11, 1987, as a cultural association aiming at making exchanges with Eastern countries in Europe. Cooperation activities were not carried out until ten years later.
In 1998 the first cooperation project for Cives Mundi as a non-governmental organization was identified. A plan for the full development of the Cochabamba Peruvian region. Cochabamba was one of the least favoured regions of the Andean country and suffered from a serious problem of children malnutrition and illiteracy.
In 2005 Cives Mundi started to work in the Dominican Republic, TunisiaAlgeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Kenya, Tanzania, Philippines, Cambodia and Bangladesh.
Areas of activity
Maghreb
Since 2005, Cives Mundi has worked in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Mauritania within the Collective Network for the Sustainable Development of Oasis (RADDO, for its French acronym) in restoring several oasis in the countries and, thus, fighting against desertification. One general objective of Cives Mundi is to diminish the consequences of environmental degradation in rural areas where poverty areas exist by promoting sustainable farming techniques, improving the management of water resources and establishing renewable energies. Other main objective is to develop activities to raise public awareness, instruct and deal with gender issues in order to consolidate and, whenever possible, create a civil society.
Lebanon
In Lebanon Cives Mundi works in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp of Palestinian refugees. This camp is situated at the south of Beirut, near the city of Saida. The project offers professional training courses to youngsters and teenagers.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cives Mundi carried out the project Life&Living related to the prevention and fight against AIDS in Kenya and Tanzania. More than 900,000 people benefited from the project. In Tanzania, it funded the construction of the 'Emiliano Aguirre' scientific station for research, in the Oldupai archaeological site, known as the "Cradle of Mankind". The scientific station will be used by the Spanish archaeologists in their annual campaigns. The rest of the year, the station will be included in the promotion of the cultural turism of the well-known area of Ngorongoro.
The Caribbean
In the Dominican Republic and Haiti, AIDS prevention has been one of Cives Mundi's main priorities. A project to optimize coffee harvest was also carried out in Loma de Panzo, in the Dominican Republic. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Cives Mundi implemented two projects to help rebuilding the country by reactivating the local economy through craftmanship in the town of Jacmel.
Latin America
Besides Peru, Cives Mundi carries out projects for cooperation in other countries with different indigenous ethnics. Thus, the Guaraní Indians benefit from the projects in Argentina and Paraguay. The Wiwa Indians are the beneficiaries in Colombia, and the Kichua Indians in Ecuador. Besides, Cives Mundi promoted the twinning between the Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos) island in Ecuador, and the Berlanga de Duero village in the Spanish town of Soria. Berlanga de Duero is the birthplace of Fray Tomás de Berlanga, discoverer of the archipelago.
Asia
In Asia Cives Mundi works in Cambodia and in Bangladesh. In Cambodia, Cives Mundi works with the forestry communities in the north of the country. In Bangladesh, it works in a project to improve the life conditions of the physically handicapped.
Other activities
Raising public awareness
Film Festivals
Cives Mundi has established three film festivals to raise public awareness on different issues. The Sinima Festival (Arabic language films) dealt with the situation in the Middle East and the Maghreb. The Tribal Festival approached the problems of native people in several continents from the point of view of different film directors. Those problems included the great variety of ethnics existing between the Southern cone of South America and the Indians in the United States, the Sami village in northern Europe], and the Australian aborigines. This Festival aimed at emphasizing the vulnerable situation of these groups as a consequence of the discrimination and neglect of the government and the media. These are the reasons why these groups have not been able to put into practise their own forms of development and ways of life.
Symposiums, seminars, congresses and round tables
In 2006, the Cives Mundi organized a seminar entitled Lo que la Sociedad Civil y ONG deben saber y pueden hacer (What the Civil Society and the NGO Must Know and Can Do). During this seminar its influence on corporate social responsibility was analyzed. Furthermore, the Cives Mundi participates in countless round tables in universities aiming at achieving an approach from students to the reality of inequality and poverty in the world.
Expositions
Cives Mundi, along with the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), started an itinerant exposition of the project Life&Living by the end of 2008. This exposition included a sample of different images and materials related to actions implemented in Kenya and Tanzania on the prevention of AIDS contagion. These two countries have some of the highest HIV - AIDS indicators in the world and are among the countries with extreme poverty.
Culture
In 2007, Cives Mundi was in charge of scheduling and coordinating all the events celebrated in the centenary of the arrival of Antonio Machado to Soria. Besides, the organization has implemented different cultural audiovisual festivals. An example of the later is the festival organized in 2010 to honour Lorenzo Soler. The films screened during this festival were Apuntes para una odisea soriana interpretada por negros (Notes for an odyssey in Soria interpreted by black people), El viaje inverso (The inverted trip) o Historias de España (Stories of Spain). All the films were shot in the province of Soria.
Cives Mundi also produced its own cultural material. In 2002 it published the book Crónica de Cochabamba (The Cochabamba Chronicles) by the journalist José Luis Bravo. The book is a reflection of the life of the inhabitants in Cochabamba, and is focused on the actions developed in the Peruvian region.
Fair Trade
Cives Mundi launched a fair trade initiative in 2006 entitled Sechura. This initiative sold ceramic pieces of Peruvian origin named chulucanas, an ornamental pottery designed with black and white geometric figures. The ceramic pieces were made by the Vicús ethnic in the Sechura desert, in the north of Peru.
References
External links
{SPA}
{FRA} RADDO Website
{SPA} Sechura Website
Political organisations based in Spain
Nature conservation organisations based in Europe
Organizations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Spain |
Leinster Nomads was an association football club based in Dublin, Ireland, which was formed in 1890 by former members of Dublin Association F.C. Dublin Association had folded that same year after a dispute with the Irish Football Association surrounding an Irish Cup semi-final tie with Cliftonville in which it was alleged that match officials were connected to Cliftonville. After the IFA to replay or terminate the tie, Association pulled out of the competition and folded as a club.
On 27 October 1892, Nomads were one of five football clubs present at the foundation of the Leinster Football Association (LFA), at a meeting in the Wicklow Hotel on Exchequer Street, Dublin. Shortly after, the LFA became affiliated to the Irish Football Association and the LFA soon organized their own cup competition, the Leinster Senior Cup, which was first played for in 1892–93. The inaugural final saw Nomads defeat Dublin University 2–1. After the inaugural win by Nomads, Bohemians and Shelbourne monopolised the cup for the next twenty-four years.
Within a few seasons the Leinster Senior League was also established. Ciarán Priestley highlights a printed notice in the 4 September 1894 edition of The Irish Times. Under the headline "Leinster Football League" there is a report of "a general meeting of the league... held the other evening at 27 D'Olier Street". Priestley also lists Nomads, alongside Bohemians, Britannia, Dublin University, Phoenix and Montpelier as participants in the first season. However other sources suggest the league started a little later and was first played for in 1896–97 and that an unidentified British Army regimental team were the inaugural winners while Shelbourne were runners up.
International and Inter-provincial representation
Unlike its predecessor club, Dublin Association, the Nomads never had players represented on the Ireland team. The club itself saw this as a political move by the Belfast-based Irish Football Association, claiming that the IFA's selection committee of five men in Belfast were preventing anyone outside of that city to represent Ireland. The team did have representation in select teams representing the Leinster FA and Dublin. On 9 December 1893, in Belfast, two Nomads members were part of a Leinster team that faced Ulster, including R.H. Harrison, who captained the side.
Leinster Football Association (LFA) interprovincials 1893-1895
R.H. Harrison
D.J. Morrogh
Bennett
Gillespie
Keogh
Dublin inter-county representatives 1893-1895
D. Morrogh
Gillespie
Keogh
Honours
Leinster Senior Cup
Winners: 1892–93: 1
References
Association football clubs in Dublin (city)
Association football clubs established in 1890
1890 establishments in Ireland
Association football clubs in Ireland
Former Leinster Senior League clubs |
Lamiomimus gottschei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kolbe in 1886. It is known from Russia, North Korea, and China.
References
Lamiini
Beetles described in 1886 |
The Cross Britain Way is a hiking trail of across England and Wales. Its starting point is Boston on the east coast of England and it finishes in Barmouth on the Welsh coast (or vice versa). It was launched in September 2014 and is one of the Macmillan Ways, a group of paths created to raise funds for Macmillan Cancer Support. It is fully waymarked, and a comprehensive guidebook comprising route directions, maps, photographs and an accommodation list has been published and can be obtained from Macmillan Ways Association.
The path is recognised by the Long Distance Walkers Association.
The terrain varies from the flat land of The Fens to the Welsh Berwyn Mountains. There is a total of of ascent, and the highest point reached is at .
References
External links
Cross Britain Way on Macmillan Ways website, including map showing route
Long-distance footpaths in Wales
Long-distance footpaths in England
Footpaths in Lincolnshire
Footpaths in Leicestershire
Footpaths in Staffordshire
Footpaths in Shropshire
2014 establishments in England |
June Peppas (June 16, 1929 – March 14, 2016) was a first basewoman and pitcher who played from 1948 through 1954 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , , she batted and threw left-handed.
Early life
Peppas was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and grew up in Fort Wayne, Indiana. As a student she was always involved in athletics, predominantly underhand fast pitch softball. She graduated from Elmhurst High School in 1947, and from 1942 to 1947 played for a championship team sponsored by Harold Greiner, owner of the Bob-Inn Restaurant in Fort Wayne. The team won state titles in 1944 and 1945, while Greiner, who scouted for the All-American Professional Baseball League, recommended Peppas for the league's tryouts. She received contract offers from a professional softball league and the AAGPBL, but decided to join the All-Americans. She had a mother who had a bad cold all the time and had to use the money she earned to take care of her and a young brother George Demetrious Peppas Jr.
AAGPBL career
In 1948, Peppas attended to spring training at Opa-locka, Florida, and was assigned to the Fort Wayne Daisies, playing for them one and a half year before joining the Racine Belles (1949–50), Battle Creek Belles (1951) and Kalamazoo Lassies (1951–54). She spent most of her time at first base and pitching, eventually appearing at outfield.
According to the new league's regulations, Peppas had to make the transition from underhand to overhand pitching. Her unfamiliarity with the style and the ball size caused her negative results.
In her rookie season, Peppas posted a 4–12 record with 39 strikeouts and 91 walks in 113 innings for the Daisies, including a 4.62 ERA which ranked her near last place between the league pitchers. Nevertheless, she still had a respectable .264 batting average. In 1949, she played more games at first base and overcame her pitching control problems, going 3–4 with a 2.25 ERA while hitting .150 in 50 games, though she was bothered by two knee injuries.
In 1950, once Peppas overcame her injuries, her career blossomed. She hit .268 with a career-high 52 runs batted in, including 11 doubles, five triples, and four home runs. As a pitcher, she had a decent 4–4 record with a 4.57 ERA. But her control problems returned, as she walked more hitters than she struck out in 1950 (41-to-20) and 1951 (31-to-20). Her most productive seasons came with the Lassies, when she was selected at first base for the All-Star Team in 1953 and 1954, even though she often pitched.
From 1952 to 1953, Peppas improved her batting averages from .262 to .271. In 1954 she drove in 54 runs and posted career-numbers with a .333 average, 16 home runs, and her only pitching winning season with a 6–4 record and a 3.32 ERA in 13 appearances. Her .333 average was a team's best and the league's fifth highest mark for players who played at least 80 games. When Kalamazoo had to face the Fort Wayne Daisies for the AAGPBL Championship Title, Peppas came through with a stellar performance.
1954 Championship Title
In Game 1 of the AAGPBL Series, the Lassies defeated the Daisies 17–9 behind a four-hit, seven strong innings from Peppas, who also helped herself by hitting 2-for-4, including one home run. Her teammates Carol Habben, Fern Shollenberger and Chris Ballingall, who hit a grand slam, also slugged one each. Katie Horstman connected on two home runs for the Daisies in a lost cause, and her teammate Joanne Weaver slugged one. Maxine Kline, who had posted an 18–7 record with 3.23 ERA during the regular season, gave up 11 runs in six innings and was credited with the loss.
The Daisies evened the Series against the Lassies winning Game 2, 11–4, after hitting five home runs off two pitchers. Horstman started the feat with a two-run home run to open the score in the first inning. In the rest of the game, Betty Weaver Foss added two homers with five RBI, while her sister Joanne and Geissinger added solo shots. Nancy Mudge and Dorothy Schroeder homered for Kalamazoo, while Peppas, who played first base, hit a solo homer in three at-bats.
In Game 3, the Daisies defeated the Lassies, 8–7, fueled again by a heavy hitting by Joanne Weaver, who hit a double, a triple and a three-run home run in five at bats, driving in four runs. Peppas went 1-for-4 to spark a seventh inning three-run rally, but Fort Wayne came back in the bottom of the inning with two runs that marked the difference.
In another close score, the Lassies evened the Series in Game 4 with a victory over the Daisies, 6–5, behind a strong pitching effort by Gloria Cordes, who hurled a complete game. Peppas contributed with a single, a double and one RBI in four at-bats.
In decisive Game 5, Peppas pitched a clutch complete game and went 3-for-5 with an RBI against her former Daisies team, winning by an 8–5 margin to give the Lassies the Championship title in the AAGPBL's last ever game. She received support from Mary Taylor (5-for-5), Balingall (3-for-4) and Schroeder, who drove in the winning run in the bottom of the eight. Peppas finished with a .450 average and collected two of the three Lassies victories, to become the winning pitcher of the last game in the league's history.
Personal life
Following her AAGPBL career, Peppas earned bachelor's and master's degrees in arts from the Western Michigan University during the late 1960s. She later taught vocational-education graphic arts and operated her own printing business, retiring in 1988.
Since 1980, Peppas and a group of friends began assembling a list of names and addresses of former AAGPBL players. Her work turned into a newsletter that resulted in the league's first-ever reunion in Chicago, Illinois, in 1982. Starting from that reunion, a Players Association was formed five years later and many former AAGPBL players continued to enjoy reunions, which became annual events in 1998.
June Peppas died on March 14, 2016, in Stuart, Florida.
Sources
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2000. Format: Paperback, 294pp. Language: English.
Encyclopedia of women and baseball''' – Leslie A. Heaphy, Mel Anthony May. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2006. Format: Paperback, 438pp. Language: English.
The Guide to U.S. Popular Culture – Ray B. Browne, Pat Browne. Publisher: Popular Press 3, 2001. Format: Hardcover, 1010pp. Language: English. The Women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: A Biographical Dictionary'' - W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company, 2005. Format: Paperback, 295 pp. Language: English.
Online references
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Website
The Diamond Angle Interview – Lou Parrotta
June Peppas competed in league of her own by Gary Kirchherr, Allegan County News & Gazette, May 28, 1987, pp. 9-10
Obituary
1929 births
2016 deaths
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
American people of Greek descent
Baseball players from Kansas City, Missouri
21st-century American women |
"The Bubble Boy" is the 47th episode of the American sitcom Seinfeld. It is the seventh episode of the fourth season. In this episode, on the way to Susan's family cabin, the cast visits a youth who lives in quarantine due to an immune deficiency.
The episode was directed by Tom Cherones and written by Larry David and Larry Charles, airing on October 7, 1992.
Plot
Jerry, George, Elaine, and George's girlfriend Susan plan to travel upstate to Susan's family's lakeside cabin. In the coffee shop, a man tells Jerry and Elaine about his son Donald, who lives in a plastic "bubble" which creates a germ-free sterile environment. Because Donald is a fan of Jerry's, the father petitions Jerry to visit Donald on the way to the cabin to cheer him up.
On the trip, exhilarated by the light traffic and the resulting chance to make excellent time, George drives at top speed, leaving Jerry and Elaine behind. As Jerry was relying on George to guide them, they quickly become lost. While waiting for Jerry to arrive, George and Susan play Trivial Pursuit with the "bubble boy". Irritated by Donald's taunting and condescension during the game, George disputes the answer to the question: "Who invaded Spain in the 8th century?" Donald correctly answers "the Moors", but due to a misprint, the question card says that the answer is "the Moops". George refuses to give Donald credit, and Donald begins strangling him. When Susan defends George, she accidentally punctures and depressurizes the bubble, causing Donald to collapse.
Jerry and Elaine exit the highway and go to a diner. A waitress there asks for an autographed picture of Jerry. Elaine pokes fun at what Jerry wrote, causing him to regret it, so he asks for it back. The waitress refuses, and it escalates to the point of the waitress attacking and strangling Jerry. Two men burst in and announce that Donald was attacked, and that his house is right down the street from the diner. Jerry and Elaine meet up with George and Susan at the house before being chased away by the residents of the town.
Jerry is dating Naomi, a restaurant waitress he met during a dinner with his parents and Uncle Leo. Having previously irked her after privately likening her laugh to that of "Elmer Fudd sitting on a juicer", she calls out of the trip but quickly changes her mind. After his golf game is cancelled, Kramer and Naomi attempt to rendezvous with Jerry, Elaine, George, and Susan at Susan's family's cabin. Kramer carelessly leaves a lit cigar near some newspapers, which causes a fire that destroys the cabin. Jerry, Elaine, George, and Susan arrive shortly after the firefighters.
Production
The "Moops" misprint incident was based on a real-life incident that occurred to one of the Seinfeld writers while playing "Jeopardy! The Board Game" (9th Edition, 1972).
Eponymous computer virus
On November 10, 1999, a computer virus named "BubbleBoy" was discovered, apparently named after this episode. This was the first malware of its kind, having been able to activate itself (via an embedded Visual Basic script) upon the recipient opening the e-mail contents, as opposed to running an attachment. As such, in spite of not being dangerous, the virus changed the concept of antivirus technology.
References
External links
Seinfeld (season 4) episodes
1992 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Larry David |
Alfred Nash Higgins (February 29, 1896 – October 29, 1984) was an American football and track and field coach as well as athletic director, the first in the history of the University of Tampa. He later worked as superintendent of recreation for the Hillsborough County Defense Council and the county's school department athletic facilities planner.
Early years
Higgins attended Wabash College.
Coaching career
Earlham
Higgins was an assistant under coach Ray B. Mowe at Earlham College.
Wabash
Higgins coached track and field at his alma mater. The 1923 track team tied for 11th place in the NCAA meet at Stagg Field.
Hillsborough High
Higgins coached at Hillsborough High School in Tampa, Florida in 1926, leading his team to the state championship. On the team were Jimmy Steele and Carlos Proctor. Proctor gave rival St. Petersburg High School its only loss with a field goal.
Florida
Higgins came to the University of Florida after coaching football at Hillsborough. He was an assistant football coach, holding the title of chief football scout, and head track coach under Charlie Bachman for the Florida Gators. The 1928 Florida Gators football team led the nation in scoring. He was expected to follow Bachman as head coach, already recommended by the committee on athletics, when 26-year old Dutch Stanley was hired.
Tampa
After his time with the Gators, he was the first head coach and athletic director at the University of Tampa. In a March 27, 1933 letter, offering the position of athletic director to Higgins, university president Frederic Spaulding wrote: "We particularly want anyone who accepts a position with us to feel enthusiastic about the school, and freely and wholeheartedly devote himself to its growth and improvement. We want men who are willing to give their best service unstintingly, and feel they are making an investment for the future."
Higgins picked the school's colors of red, black, and gold; combining those of Hillsborough High (red and black) with Plant High School (gold and black). His assistant while at Tampa was former fellow Gator assistant Alvin Pierson.
Tampa still holds the Nash Higgins Relays named in his honor. He was inducted into the Tampa Athletics Hall of Fame in 1962; and the NAIA Football Hall of Fame in 1959.
Head coaching record
College football
References
External links
1896 births
1984 deaths
Earlham Quakers football coaches
Florida Gators football coaches
Florida Gators track and field coaches
Tampa Spartans athletic directors
Tampa Spartans football coaches
High school football coaches in Florida
High school football coaches in Illinois
Wabash College alumni
People from Joliet, Illinois
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida |
The subventio generalis (or "general aid"), also known as collecta, was a direct tax in the medieval Kingdom of Sicily.
Origins
The subventio generalis had its origins in the obligation of the holders of fiefs in the Kingdom of Sicily to provide military service to the monarchs. They were required to serve in the royal army without compensation for maximum 90 days for each 20 ounces of their annual income. They could get rid of this irksome duty, if they pay a special fee, known as adohamentum or adoha. Most barons and counts preferred to pay the fee which thus developed into a tax already under the Norman kings of Sicily. The landowners collected the fee from their tenants, thus in practice the peasants were to pay the adoha. Those who lived in the royal demesneall burghers and the majority of the peasantrywere subjected to levies in money or in kind, known as collecta. The monarchs could in theory freely demand such levies, only their fear of riots limited their greed.
The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, who was also king of Sicily, summoned the host in each year after 1231. This practice enabled him to annually collect the adoha, transforming it into a regular tax. The adoha and the collecta were not differentiated from 1238 and they were united three years later.
References
Sources
Kingdom of Sicily
Economic history of Italy |
504 King (304 King during overnight periods) is an east–west Toronto streetcar route in Ontario, Canada. It serves King Street in Downtown Toronto as well as Broadview Avenue on the east end and Roncesvalles Avenue on the west end of the line. The route consists of two overlapping branches: 504A between Line 2 Bloor–Danforth's Dundas West station and Distillery Loop, and 504B between Broadview stationalso on Line 2and Dufferin Gate Loop. The two branches overlap on King Street between Dufferin and Sumach streets, both passing St. Andrew station and King station on subway Line 1 Yonge–University.
The 504 King is the busiest line in the Toronto streetcar system. , the combined daily ridership of routes 504 King and 514 Cherry was 72,000 trips, which was significantly higher than two of the TTC's rapid transit lines, Line 3 Scarborough (38,570) and Line 4 Sheppard (49,070). The 514 route was merged into the 504 route on October 7, 2018.
Route
The 504 King route operates as two overlapping branches:
504A King streetcars operate from Dundas West station to Distillery Loop, travelling south on Dundas Street West and Roncesvalles Avenue, east on King Street West and East, and south on Cherry Street to Distillery Loop.
504B King streetcars operate from Dufferin Gate Loop to Broadview station, travelling north on Dufferin Street, east on King Street West and East, east on Queen Street East, and north on Broadview Avenue to Broadview station.
In the west, route 504A King starts at Dundas West station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. From there, the route goes a short distance south of Bloor Street along Dundas Street West to Roncesvalles Avenue, where it continues farther south on Roncesvalles Avenue, crossing Howard Park Avenue and route 506 Carlton. 504A King passes the Roncesvalles Carhouse as it approaches Queen Street West and the Queensway.
South of Queen Street West and the Queensway, the route turns east along King Street. At Dufferin Street, 504B streetcars from Dufferin Gate Loop merge with 504A streetcars to provide a combined service along King Street to Sumach Street. Continuing further east to Bathurst Street, the 504 enters a transit mall where automobiles have restrictions so as not to impede streetcar service. Continuing eastward past Spadina Avenue, the 504 route passes St. Andrew station at University Avenue and King station at Yonge Street, both on Line 1 Yonge–University. At Jarvis Street, the transit mall ends and routes 504A and 504B continue to Sumach Street, where route 504A turns south on Cherry Street to proceed to Distillery Loop. Route 504B continues on King Street, as the street bends northeast to merge with Queen Street East, then crosses the Queen Street Viaduct and the Don River to arrive at Broadview Avenue.
Route 504B turns north on Broadview Avenue. Continuing on Broadview Avenue, route 504B eventually crosses Danforth Avenue arriving at Broadview station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth.
King Street Transit Priority Corridor
Route 504 King passes through the King Street Transit Priority Corridor, a transit mall located between Bathurst Street and Jarvis Street. Within the mall, there are restrictions on road traffic to prevent the obstruction of transit vehicles. Trucks and cars may enter the traffic mall, but must leave after a few blocks by turning right; left turns within the transit mall are not allowed.
Roncesvalles Avenue
Between 2009 and 2011, Roncesvalles Avenue was rebuilt to a new design, which included the addition of bike lanes and a widened sidewalk "bumpout" at stops to allow riders to board streetcars directly from the curb. In these sections, the bike lane gently rises from the main road to run on top of the ; when a streetcar is stopped at a bumpout, cyclists are required to stop and allow riders to board or alight from the vehicle. However, the platform height at the bumpouts was incompatible with the wheelchair ramp on the low-floor Flexity Outlook streetcars that were introduced in 2018 on the 504 King route. Thus, no stops along Roncesvalles Avenue between Queen Street and Dundas Street West were accessible. By May 7, 2023, this problem was corrected.
History
On July 1, 1923, as part of a reorganization of streetcar routes, the King streetcar route acquired its current U-shape. The west end of the line was at the Vincent Loop, located near the northeast corner of Dundas Street West and Bloor Street West, across the street from today's Dundas West station. The east end of the line was at the Erindale Loop, located at the northeast corner of Broadview Avenue and Erindale Avenue, on the north side of today's Broadview station.
From July 1, 1923, to July 13, 1951, some King streetcars provided rush-hour service along Bloor Street West between Dundas Street West and Jane Loop. The TTC ended this service due to declining ridership. Starting July 16, 1951, all King service turned back at Vincent Loop.
On January 8, 1939, PCC streetcars were introduced on the King route on Sundays, displacing Peter Witt streetcars. On September 24, 1940, PCCs replaced Peter Witt cars in base service.
On February 25, 1966, the Bloor–Danforth subway (today Line 2 Bloor–Danforth) opened, and Dundas West station replaced the Vincent Loop, and Broadview station replaced the Erindale Loop. Both new subway stations had, and still have, a streetcar loop within the fare-paid zone. Otherwise, the King streetcar route had changed little since 1923.
In 2006, the TTC briefly considered adding couplers to streetcars to enable operation of streetcars in two or three units, a common practice until the opening of the Bloor–Danforth subway; the expectation was that this would keep them from bunching and becoming stuck in traffic. This plan was rejected in favour of ordering brand-new, longer Flexity Outlook vehicles.
Starting June 19, 2016, a new route – 514 Cherry – was created to supplement 504 King service on King Street between Dufferin and Sumach streets. The 514 route increased capacity along the King Street corridor to address the growing downtown ridership. It also addressed accessibility concerns through its use of the low-floor Flexity Outlook streetcars.
From December 2, 2017, the TTC assigned a minimum of two low-floor accessible Flexity Outlook streetcars on 504 King to handle weekday overcrowding, as the King Street Pilot Project improved service performance and made the service more popular.
On January 2, 2018, Flexity Outlook streetcars were introduced on the 504 King route.
On October 7, 2018, 504 King was divided into two overlapping branches with two new termini (Dufferin Gate Loop and Distillery Loop) replacing the 514 Cherry route, which was permanently cancelled on the same date. The 304 King Blue Night service remained unchanged.
By January 6, 2019, the 504 King route was fully served by Flexity Outlook streetcars. Thus, the TTC designated the route as accessible except along Roncesvalles Avenue where the platform height still needed to be adjusted to allow deployment of the Flexity ramp.
On May 9, 2021, the intersection of King Street, Queen Street, The Queensway and Roncesvalles Avenue (KQQR) closed due to various construction projects in the area such as track replacement, reconfiguration of the KQQR intersection, adjusting the height of streetcar loading platforms along Roncesvalles Avenue and upgrades to water, sewer and electrical infrastructure. Initially, 504A King service was diverted to Dufferin Gate Loop instead of Dundas West station. On October 1, 2022, both branches of the 504 streetcar were diverted to Exhibition Loop to accommodate the replacement of the streetcar junction at King and Shaw Streets. With the completion of work at King and Shaw, 504A streetcars diverted again to Dufferin Gate Loop on December 9, 2022, but with 504B streetcars diverting to Wolseley Loop.
On February 12, 2023, 504 service was cut back to Bathurst Street in order to convert the overhead wire west of Bathurst for pantograph operation; 504A cars were diverted to Exhibition Loop and 504B to Wolseley Loop. On March 26, 2023, the 504 King route diverted to Queen Street between Shaw Street and the Don River to convert the remaining overhead wire on King Street. On May 1, 2023, streetcars returned to King Street, operating between Dufferin Gate loop and Broadview station, after TTC crews worked the previous night to finish the conversion of the overhead for pantograph operation. On May 7, 2023, streetcar service resumed on Roncesvalles Avenue, ending two years of bus replacement on the west end of the 504 King route.
Blue Night service
From 1987 to 1992, the Blue Night Network included the 304 King route, which provided overnight service along the length of the 504 King daytime route. The 304 route was eliminated in February 1992, with the Broadview and Roncesvalles segments replaced by portions of other Blue Night bus routes; however, King Street remained unserviced directly until September 6, 2015, when the 304 King was restored as part of a $95-million investment from Toronto City Council. Currently, overnight service operate every 30 minutes between Broadview and Dundas West stations via Broadview Avenue, King Street, and Roncesvalles Avenue.
Sites along the line (from east to west)
East Chinatown
George Brown College
St. Lawrence Hall
Commerce Court
Scotia Plaza
Toronto-Dominion Centre
First Canadian Place
Royal Alexandra Theatre
Roy Thomson Hall
Princess of Wales Theatre
Metro Hall
References
External links
504 King (Transit Toronto)
Streetcar routes in Toronto
Toronto-gauge railways |
```php
<?php
/*
* This file is part of the Kimai time-tracking app.
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace App\Tests\Command;
use App\Command\ChangePasswordCommand;
use App\Entity\User;
use App\Repository\UserRepository;
use App\User\UserService;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Console\Application;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Test\KernelTestCase;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Exception\RuntimeException;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Tester\CommandTester;
use Symfony\Component\PasswordHasher\Hasher\PasswordHasherFactoryInterface;
/**
* @covers \App\Command\ChangePasswordCommand
* @covers \App\Command\AbstractUserCommand
* @group integration
*/
class ChangePasswordCommandTest extends KernelTestCase
{
private Application $application;
protected function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$kernel = self::bootKernel();
$this->application = new Application($kernel);
$container = self::$kernel->getContainer();
$userService = $container->get(UserService::class);
$this->application->add(new ChangePasswordCommand($userService));
}
public function testCommandName(): void
{
$application = $this->application;
$command = $application->find('kimai:user:password');
self::assertInstanceOf(ChangePasswordCommand::class, $command);
}
private function callCommand(?string $username, ?string $password): CommandTester
{
$command = $this->application->find('kimai:user:password');
$input = [
'command' => $command->getName(),
];
$interactive = false;
if ($username !== null) {
$input['username'] = $username;
}
if ($password !== null) {
$input['password'] = $password;
} else {
$interactive = true;
}
$commandTester = new CommandTester($command);
$options = [];
if ($interactive) {
$options = ['interactive' => true];
$commandTester->setInputs(['12345678']);
}
$commandTester->execute($input, $options);
return $commandTester;
}
public function testChangePassword(): void
{
$commandTester = $this->callCommand('john_user', '0987654321');
$output = $commandTester->getDisplay();
$this->assertStringContainsString('[OK] Changed password for user "john_user".', $output);
/** @var UserRepository $userRepository */
$userRepository = self::getContainer()->get('doctrine')->getRepository(User::class);
$user = $userRepository->loadUserByIdentifier('john_user');
self::assertInstanceOf(User::class, $user);
/** @var PasswordHasherFactoryInterface $passwordEncoder */
$passwordEncoder = self::getContainer()->get('security.password_hasher_factory');
self::assertTrue($passwordEncoder->getPasswordHasher($user)->verify($user->getPassword(), '0987654321'));
}
public function testChangePasswordFailsOnShortPassword(): void
{
$commandTester = $this->callCommand('john_user', '1');
$output = $commandTester->getDisplay();
$this->assertStringContainsString('[ERROR] plainPassword: This value is too short.', $output);
}
public function testWithMissingUsername(): void
{
$this->expectException(RuntimeException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('Not enough arguments (missing: "username").');
$this->callCommand(null, '1234567890');
}
public function testWithMissingPasswordAsksForPassword(): void
{
$commandTester = $this->callCommand('john_user', null);
$output = $commandTester->getDisplay();
$this->assertStringContainsString('[OK] Changed password for user "john_user".', $output);
}
}
``` |
Farkas Gyula de Kisbarnak, or Julius von Farkas de Kisbarnak ( (27 September 1894, in Kismarton/Eisenstadt, Sopron megye – 12 July 1958, in Göttingen) was a Hungarian literary historian and Finno-Ugric linguist.
Biography
He was born into the Roman Catholic Transdanubian Hungarian noble family Farkas de Kisbarnak. His father was Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak (1849–1937), captain of the Hungarian Royal army, notary of Kismarton and his mother was Gizella Pottyondy de Potyond und Csáford (1864–1921). His paternal grandfather was Farkas Ferenc de Kisbarnak (1820–1882), administrator of the states of Réde, property of the county Esterházys, and his paternal grandmother was Cecília Hoffmann (1826–1907). His maternal grandparents were dr. Ágoston Pottyondy de Potyond et Csáford, lawyer, and Mária Grohmann (1840-1918). His paternal uncle was Gyula Farkas de Kisbarnak (1847–1930), Hungarian mathematician and physicist. His brother was Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak, General of the Hungarian VI Army Corps during World War II.
In the 1920s Gyula was a coworker of Robert Gragger (1887–1926) at the Hungarian Institute of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin.
During World War II he was head of the German-Hungarian Society.
He founded the Finno-Ugric seminar at the University of Göttingen in 1947.
He wrote over nineteen books dealing with various aspects of Hungarian literature and language, including titles published in German and Hungarian.
Literary works
Die Entwicklung der ungarischen Literatur, 1934
Der ungarische Vormärz Petöfis Zeitalter. 1943 (held in 13 US libraries)
Geschichte der ungarischen Literaturwissenschaft, 1944
References
"The Sign of a Story" review of Petra Török's (ed) 'A határ és a határolt. A magyar irodalom létformáiról [The Boundary and the Bounded Off: Meditations on the Miodes of Being of Hungarian Literature]". Budapest Review of Books, 3 February 1999. ("a very thorough account of the relations between Gyula Farkas...")
Linguists from Hungary
Hungarian literary historians
Linguists of Indo-European languages
Hungarian Finno-Ugrists
People from Eisenstadt
1894 births
1958 deaths
20th-century linguists |
Victory Base Complex (VBC) was a cluster of U.S. military installations surrounding the Baghdad International Airport (BIAP). The primary component of the VBC was Camp Victory, the location of the Al-Faw Palace, which served as the headquarters for the Multi-National Corps - Iraq, and later as the headquarters for the United States Forces - Iraq.
Installations
Camp Cropper
Camp Cropper was a holding facility for security detainees.
Camp Dublin
Camp Dublin was part of VBC and was the headquarters of the Iraqi Federal Police - Special Training Academy, including a secluded part in which an Italian Carabinieri Contingent was hosted. The scope of the latter was to provide a Gendarmery training to the Iraqi Federal Police (IFP), as part of the NATO Training Mission - Iraq and according to the prerogatives of this Italian Armed Force which performs police functions in its homeland. Italy withdrew its Carabinieri, terminating the training after a long and proficient cooperation with the Iraqi, in 2011.
FOB Ferdinand
FOB Ferdinand was a U.S. Army Special Forces and Iraqi Special Forces base created in 2007 on Camp Liberty.
Camp Liberty
Sather Air Base
The base was operated by the United States Air Force and attached to Baghdad International Airport.
Camp Slayer
The base contained the former Al Radwaniyah Presidential Complex and contains several man-made lakes, a man-made hill (result of the man-made lakes), the Ba'ath Party House, the Victory Over America Palace, Perfume Palace, and dozens of smaller luxury homes for Ba'ath Party notables.
During the Iraq War, it was most notable for being the headquarters of the Iraq Survey Group until 2005.
Perfume Palace
The Perfume Palace was untouched during the US shock and awe bombing campaign due to its circular dome, which closely resembled a mosque. Following the invasion, the Palace was used as the main headquarters of the Iraq Survey Group and received minor damage from insurgent mortar fire, during the US occupancy.
Ba'ath Party Recreation Palace
Ba'ath Party Recreation Palace was located in the center of a manmade lake, just southeast of Baghdad's International Airport. The building was split into four main quadrants, one of which suffered a direct hit during the US shock and awe campaign. The four quadrants are separated by two covered, air-conditioned boat landings. The quadrants consisted of a theater, ballroom, conference room and swimming pool. Shortly after the 2003 US invasion, the building was heavily looted.
Victory Over America Palace
Construction of the Victory Over America Palace was commissioned by Saddam Hussein following his assertion of victory over the US, ending the 1991 Gulf War. Construction was brought to an abrupt halt during the shock and awe campaign of the US in 2003, receiving a direct hit and leaving one of the construction cranes standing limp, with its boom collapsed from the explosion. The Victory Over America Palace was constructed immediately behind, and adjacent to, the smaller Victory Over Iran Palace. The two palaces are frequently confused for a single building, and one or both are sometimes mislabeled.
Uday House
One of many homes of Uday Hussein, Uday House was located just southeast of Baghdad International Airport. Uday House is famous for being one of, if not the only, private residence that was targeted and hit with cruise missiles during the US shock and awe campaign. (Not to be confused with the villa owned by Nawaf az-Zeidan, where Uday and his brother Qusay were killed by US forces.)
Flintstone House
With much of Saddam Hussein's palace complexes shrouded behind stone walls, few knew much about the facilities inside. The Flintstone House received notoriety with US soldiers due to its unique appearance and was thus named since little else was known about the facility prior to the US occupation of the site. The facility is best described as an elaborate playhouse for children, in its prime having running water, operable kitchen and elevators. The name "Flintstone" conveys a comparison to the animated sitcom The Flintstones, due to the facilities Stone-Age appearance.
Camp Striker
Camp Striker was one of several logistical and life support bases within the Victory Base Complex, Baghdad, Iraq (near Camp Victory). Amenities on Camp Striker include a Burger King, Pizza Hut and Green Beans Coffee Cafe, as well as an AAFES Base exchange and several third-party markets. The Dining Facility (DFAC) was purported to be the second largest in Iraq. In November 2007, the 1.2-mile main road on Striker was paved.
Camp Striker was established in 2003 by the 2nd Brigade, 1st Armored Division (United States), known as the "Strike Hard" Brigade. Members of the brigade are referred to as "Strikers". Although the spelling of the camp has been at times spelled as "Stryker" (as in the armored vehicle), the spelling was officially fixed as "Striker" in January 2009 by order of the Victory Base Complex garrison commander.
Camp Victory
The camp contained the Al-Faw Palace, which served as the headquarters for the Multi-National Corps – Iraq and later United States Forces – Iraq.
Logistics Base Seitz
Victory Fuel Point
The Victory Fuel Point fuel thefts were a series of thefts of diesel and jet fuel in 2007 and 2008 from the United States Army's Victory Fuel Point and Camp Liberty fuel depots in the Victory Base Complex near Baghdad International Airport in Iraq. In the thefts, a group of Americans and Nepalese using fake military identification cards and forged requisition documents tricked US military personnel into allowing them access to the depot to fill up tank trucks with millions of gallons of fuel. The thieves would then drive the trucks to downtown Baghdad and sell the fuel on the Iraqi black market.
In 2008, after an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Procurement Fraud Task Force, Lee William Dubois, 32, of Lexington, South Carolina pleaded guilty in federal court to participating in the fuel scam. On August 25, 2009 Dubois was sentenced to three years in prison. Dubois had paid $450,000 to the government he had made through his participation in the crime.
On April 24, 2009 12 more Americans, including Robert John Jeffery, 55, of Neosho, Missouri, were indicted by a federal grand jury in Virginia for the same offense. The indictment alleges that the twelve stole at least of fuel from the Iraq depot. Jeffery's trial is set to begin on August 10, 2009.
On July 24, 2009 Robert Young, 56, pleaded guilty to stealing $39 million of fuel between October 2007 and May 2008 from Camp Liberty of which he kept $1 million in personal profit. Young's sentencing was set for October 30, 2009.
On July 27, 2009 Michel Jamil, 59, of Annandale, Virginia pleaded guilty to conspiracy to steal government property. Jamil was paid $75,000 for his help with the fuel thefts. His sentencing was scheduled for November 13, 2009.
Two US Army officers who assisted in the thefts, Captain Austin Key and Chief Warrant Officer Joseph Crenshaw, went on trial in 2009 and 2010. Key has pleaded guilty. Crenshaw was acquitted of the charges on January 6, 2010.
See also
Iraq War order of battle 2009
References
External links
Camp Slayer from Globalsecurity.org
Defense Video and Imagery: Victory Base Camp drawdown from Iraq. Operation New Dawn (October, 2011)
Installations of the United States Army in Iraq |
Grace Atkinson (born November 9, 1938), better known as Ti-Grace Atkinson, is an American radical feminist activist, writer and philosopher.
Life and career
Atkinson was born into a prominent Louisiana family. Named after her grandmother, Grace, the "Ti" is Cajun French for , meaning "little".
Atkinson earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1964. While still in Philadelphia, she helped found the Institute of Contemporary Art, acting as its first director, and was sculpture critic for the periodical ARTnews. She later moved to New York City where, in 1967, she entered the PhD program in philosophy at Columbia University, where she studied with the philosopher and art critic Arthur Danto.
Atkinson later moved on to study the work of Gottlob Frege with philosopher Charles Parsons. She taught at several colleges and universities over the years, including the Pratt Institute, Case Western Reserve University and Tufts University.
As an undergraduate, Atkinson read Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, and struck up a correspondence with Beauvoir, who suggested that she contact Betty Friedan. Atkinson became an early member of the National Organization for Women, which Friedan had co-founded, serving on the national board, and becoming the New York chapter president in 1967. Her time with the organization was tumultuous, including a row with the national leadership over her attempts to defend and promote Valerie Solanas and her SCUM Manifesto in the wake of the Andy Warhol shooting.
In 1968, she left the organization because it would not confront issues like abortion and marriage inequalities. She founded the October 17th Movement, which later became The Feminists, a radical feminist group active until 1973; however, she left the group in 1971. By then, she had written several pamphlets on feminism, was a member of the Daughters of Bilitis and was advocating specifically political lesbianism. Her book Amazon Odyssey was published in 1974.
In 1971, Patricia Buckley Bozell, a Catholic and conservative activist, slapped or attempted to slap (unclear if physical contact was actually made) Atkinson after the latter made what Mrs. Bozell described as "an illiterate harangue against the mystical body of Christ". The incident occurred on the platform of Catholic University of America's auditorium while Atkinson was discussing the virginity of the Virgin Mary.
"Sisterhood", Atkinson famously said, "is powerful. It kills. Mostly sisters."
In 2013, Atkinson, along with Carol Hanisch, Kathy Scarbrough, and Kathie Sarachild, initiated "Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", which they described as an "open statement from 48 radical feminists from seven countries". In August 2014, Michelle Goldberg in The New Yorker described it as expressing their "alarm" at "threats and attacks, some of them physical, on individuals and organizations daring to challenge the currently fashionable concept of gender."
Bibliography
Books
Amazon Odyssey (1974)
Pamphlets and book chapters
"The Institution of Sexual Intercourse" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
"Vaginal orgasm as a mass hysterical survival response" (pamphlet, 1968, published by The Feminists)
"Radical Feminism" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
"Radical Feminism and Love" (pamphlet, 1969, published by The Feminists)
References
External links
Ti-Grace Atkinson speaks to the Feminist Art program at the California State University at Fresno. Retrieved April 23, 2007
Papers of Ti-Grace Atkinson, 1938-2013. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
1938 births
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American LGBT people
American feminist writers
American lesbian writers
American women's rights activists
Cajun people
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Daughters of Bilitis members
The Feminists members
Lesbian feminists
LGBT people from Louisiana
Living people
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Political lesbians
Radical feminists
Writers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana |
AV (Akademische Verbindung; academic society) Fryburgia is a fraternity or Studentenverbindung at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. Male students of all faculties are eligible to become members. The fraternity is a section of the Schweizerischer Studentenverein (Swiss Student's Society; SSS).
History
In the early years of the 20th century, fraternity life in Europe became more and more time consuming. Fraternity students had to be present at a large number of festivities such as balls, kneipen and kommerse. This cost time and money which the students would have needed for their studies – idle semesters with no actual study success were common. The very strict rules and the obligation to consume alcohol in these fraternities made it even more difficult to follow a meaningful daily routine at university and the reputation of the students was very bad. Because of these reasons, some of the members of the AKV Alemannia – another still existing fraternity in Fribourg – decided in 1918 to separate and to found a new fraternity, the AV Fryburgia.
The AV Fryburgia was therewith the second “reform” fraternity in Switzerland, following AV Berchtoldia (in Bern) and followed by AV Welfen (in Zurich) and AV Froburger (in Basel). The goals of these fraternities were to concentrate more on science, religion and social responsibility. Some old fraternity traditions who were seen as superfluous were abandoned, others maintained. The infamous “trinkzwang” – forced drinking – was abandoned.
The importance of the fraternity grew and until the 1970s it was one of the big and dominant fraternities in Fribourg and in the Swiss Student Society. It only suffered – as did all other fraternities in Switzerland – during World War II when large numbers of students were drafted for military service. Around the war years some members separated from AV Fryburgia in order to form new fraternities, the AV Staufer in 1937 and the CA Rezia in 1957. Unlike the separation from the AKV Alemannia, these fraternities separated in good terms.
During the 1980, the AV Fryburgia became the first and only fraternity in Switzerland to have two members of the Swiss Federal Council at the same time, Kurt Furgler and Hans Hürlimann.
Today the fraternity still occasionally opposes to the conservative mainstream inside the SSS. In autumn 2010 it declined a communiqué of the Council of the SSS in which the latter objected to the so-called scholarship initiative of the VSS-UNES-USU and is now a partnership organization of the initiative, which is demanding a popular vote in Switzerland on the scholarship policy of Switzerland.
Basic principles and identification
Basic principles
AV Fryburgia is part of the so-called “reform”. Although it does have certain drinking traditions, there is no mandatory drinking. The activities of the fraternity shall be limited to a reasonable amount. The centre of fraternity life is the weekly Stammtisch (“regular’s table”) which is a mandatory event for the members. Quick and successful accomplishment of the studies is promoted, as well as sports.
The fraternity bears colors and rejects the tradition of student fencing as being inconsistent with Christian ideas as well as pomposity such as the use of horses on parades (i.e. the Corpus Christi procession).
Motto
The Motto of the fraternity is „Treu, ehrlich und stolz!“ (short: T.e.u.s.!; „Loyal, honest and proud!“). It declares the valors which should guide the members.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the fraternity is divided into six parts. Behind the colors and the monogram it displays in the upper half the colors of the SSS (red-white-green), the Swiss cross and the raising sun (last sentence of the fraternities anthem: “Sonne, Sonne, ringe Dich durch!” – lit. “The sun shall prevail”). In the lower half it shows the ancient seal of the University of Fribourg and the coat of arms of the City of Fribourg.
Anthem
The anthem was written for the fraternity by famous Swiss composer Abbé Joseph Bovet (who also composed „Our chalet“, a song of the French Resistance). It is one of the very few student anthems with an own melody.
De clair soleil, la tête auréolée
au fond du coeur la flamme du devoir
chantons leurs airs, en joyeuse envolée
dans ses murs gris, Fribourg aime a les voir:
Fryburgia, Fryburgia, c'est toi, c'est ta cohorte
preux troubadours, servants de l'idéal
dont la devise, impérative et forte
s'en va quérir l'astre à l'éclat royal!
Sonne, Sonne, ringe Dich durch!
Sonne, Sonne, ringe Dich durch!
Notable members (selection)
Urs Altermatt (*1942), historian, professor at the University of Fribourg
Marc Amstutz (*1962), professor of commercial law at the University of Fribourg
Daniel Anrig, President of the Supreme Court of the Canton of Glarus
Mario Cavigelli (*1965), Member of government (CVP) of Grisons
Kurt Furgler (*1924, †2008), former Member of the Swiss Federal Council and President of the Swiss Confederation (CVP)
Hans Hürlimann (*1918, †1994), former Member of the Swiss Federal Council and President of the Swiss Confederation (CVP)
Marcel Alexander Niggli (*1960), Dean of the Law School of the University of Fribourg and professor of criminal law and philosophy of law
Johannes Baptist Rösler (*1922, †2009), German politician and former member of the German Bundestag (CDU)
Hubert Stöckli (*1966), professor of civil and trade law at the University of Fribourg
Hans Wiprächtiger (*1943), former member (until 2011) of the Supreme Court of Switzerland (SP)
External links
References
Fryburgia, AV
Fryburgia, AV
Student organizations established in 1918
1918 establishments in Switzerland |
Week 0 (or Week Zero) refers to the opening weekend of college football games in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), in which a small number of games are played to begin the regular season, a week before the vast majority of teams begin their season in "Week 1". Although the FBS football season has traditionally begun on the first Saturday before Labor Day, the NCAA has sporadically awarded waivers for games to be played a week earlier in order to bring a game to a national television audience, or as part of the "Hawaii Rule" that grants teams that play a game in Hawaii (or anywhere outside the contiguous United States) an extra regular season home game to offset travel costs. The first Week 0 game was the 1983 Kickoff Classic, in which No. 1 Nebraska defeated No. 4 Penn State, 44–6, at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
For the 2020 season, the NCAA issued a blanket waiver for Week 0 games by any team, in order to allow for scheduling flexibility amid the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no Division I FBS members wound up playing in a Week 0 game in 2020.
Results
Week 0 games since 2002:
Rankings reflect preseason AP Poll.
Notes
See also
FCS Kickoff, a Week 0 game featuring two Division I FCS teams that has been played since 2014
MEAC/SWAC Challenge, a game featuring teams from the two historically black FCS conferences that has taken place on Week 0 since 2021
References
NCAA Division I FBS football |
USS Buckthorn (YN-9/AN-14) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II. Originally ordered as USS Dogwood (YN-3), she was renamed and renumbered to Buckthorn (YN-9) before construction began in December 1940. She was launched in March 1941, and completed in September 1941. Placed in service at that time without being commissioned, she was commissioned in December 1942, and decommissioned in August 1947. She was placed in reserve in 1947 and scrapped in 1976.
Career
The second ship to be so named by the Navy, Buckthorn (YN-9) was laid down on 5 December 1940 at Alameda, California, by the General Engineering & Drydock Co.; launched on 27 March 1941; sponsored by Mrs. Rosalie Benton Day; and placed in service at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 16 September 1941. That same day, the ship departed the Mare Island Navy Yard. She arrived at San Pedro, California, on the 20th and reported for duty as a unit of the net defenses and inshore patrol. She spent the next 21 months tending nets and conducting patrols at San Pedro. During that time, on 9 December 1942, Buckthorn's status was changed from in service to in commission.
At the end of June 1943, the net tender received orders reassigning her to the 13th Naval District. She departed San Pedro on 14 July 1943 and arrived in Seattle, Washington, on the 21st. On the 22d, the ship entered the Winslow Ship Yards for an overhaul that lasted until 15 August. At that time, Buckthorn began tending nets at Manchester, Washington.
On 3 September 1943, she got underway from Manchester, bound for duty in Alaskan waters. The ship arrived at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, on the 12th and began service with the net defenses there. At the end of the month, she moved to Adak and, by 5 October, had joined the net defenses at Attu.
On 13 October, she participated in what appears to be the only combat action of her career when she fired one round of 3-inch and 120 rounds of 20-millimeter at attacking Japanese bombers. She continued her service at Attu until the spring of 1944. During that time, on 1 January 1944, she was reclassified an auxiliary net tender and redesignated AN-14.
On 24 April 1944, she set sail to join the net defenses at Amchitka Island. Her tour of duty at Amchitka lasted from 25 April to 28 June. On 29 June, Buckthorn returned to Adak for almost three months of service. On 23 September, the net tender shaped a course back to Attu where she remained from 25 September to 24 January 1945. She next tended nets at Adak again between 29 January and 16 April. On the latter day, Buckthorn headed back to Amchitka where she served during the period 17 April to 5 June. On 5 and 6 June, she made the voyage between Amchitka and Adak, spending the following 10 weeks at the latter island.
On 18 August, Buckthorn departed Adak for Dutch Harbor. Between 20 August and 5 September, she underwent her first overhaul at Dutch Harbor. The ship returned to Adak on 7 September and resumed her duties with the net defenses there. Buckthorn continued to serve at various locations in the Aleutians until March 1946.
On 14 March 1946, she arrived in Seattle, Washington, for her second overhaul. The ship entered the Todd Pacific Shipyard on 1 May and emerged again on 16 July. The net tender returned to Alaskan waters at Kodiak on 27 July. She resumed her former duties at the several familiar Aleutian locations until late April 1947. On 23 April, Buckthorn received orders heralding her inactivation.
After a leisurely voyage that included lengthy stops at Dutch Harbor, Kodiak, and Seattle, the net tender arrived in San Diego, California, at the end of the first week in August.
On 20 August 1947, Buckthorn was decommissioned and berthed with the San Diego Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 1 July 1963, and she was transferred to the U.S. Maritime Administration to be berthed with the Suisun Bay facility of its National Defense Reserve Fleet. She was scrapped in 1976.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - YN-9 Dogwood / Buckthorn - AN-14 Buckthorn
Aloe-class net laying ships
Ships built in Alameda, California
1941 ships
World War II net laying ships of the United States |
The Volunteer Force was a British part-time citizen army extant from 1859–1908.
Volunteer force may also refer to:
British Volunteer Corps, 1794–1803
Isle of Man Volunteers, 1860s–1920
Volunteer Force (New Zealand), 1865–1910
Volunteer Training Corps, 1914–1918
Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force, formed 1949
See also
Volunteer military |
CD146 (cluster of differentiation 146) also known as the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) or cell surface glycoprotein MUC18, is a 113kDa cell adhesion molecule currently used as a marker for endothelial cell lineage. In humans, the CD146 protein is encoded by the MCAM gene.
Function
MCAM functions as a receptor for laminin alpha 4, a matrix molecule that is broadly expressed within the vascular wall. Accordingly, MCAM is highly expressed by cells that are components of the blood vessel wall, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Its function is still poorly understood, but evidence points to it being part of the endothelial junction associated with the actin cytoskeleton. A member of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, it consists of five Ig domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region. It is expressed on chicken embryonic spleen and thymus, activated human T cells, endothelial progenitors such as angioblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and strongly expressed on blood vessel endothelium and smooth muscle.
Two isoforms exist (MCAM long (MCAM-1), and MCAM short, or MCAM-s) which differ in the length of their cytoplasmic domain. Activation of these isoforms seems to produce functional differences as well. Natural killer cells transfected with MCAM-1 demonstrate decreased rolling velocity and increased cell adhesion to an endothelial cell monolayer and increased microvilli formation while cells transfected with MCAM-s showed no change in adhesion characteristics. Since these characteristics are important in leukocyte extravasation, MCAM-1 may be an important part of the inflammatory response.
CD146 has been demonstrated to appear on a small subset of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals. The CD146+ T cells display an immunophenotype consistent with effector memory cells and have a distinct gene profile from the CD146- T cells. CD146 T cells have been shown by Dagur and colleagues to produce IL-17.
CD146 has been seen as a marker for mesenchymal stem cells isolated from multiple adult and fetal organs, and its expression may be linked to multipotency; mesenchymal stem cells with greater differentiation potential express higher levels of CD146 on the cell surface.
Relevance in cancer
MCAM inhibits breast cancer progression.
Normal melanocytes do not express MCAM and the expression of MCAM is first found in nevi and melanoma cells. MCAM expression is positively correlated to melanoma progression at which the expression of MCAM is highest in metastatic melanoma cells. The significance of MCAM upregulation is evident in melanoma cells cultured in 3D skin reconstruct in which MCAM facilitates the migration of melanoma into the dermis. Without the expression of MCAM melanoma cells are controlled by keratinocytes in the epidermis that inhibit penetrance beyond the basement membrane. The control by keratinocytes are only achieved by E-cadherin expression on the surface of melanoma cells. Melanoma cells with functional E-cadherin on the surface can only exclusively grow in the epidermis as keratinocytes frequently downregulate the expression of MCAM on melanoma cells.
References
Further reading
External links |
African Identities is an academic journal that focuses primarily on subjects pertaining to African studies.
References
External links
African studies journals
Routledge academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2003 |
This is a list of events from British radio in 1935.
Events
17 February – The Droitwich medium-wave transmitter begins service in England, broadcasting the Midland Regional Programme of the BBC on a frequency of 1013 kHz.
8 August – The successful musical show The Air-do Wells appears in the evening schedule and is featured prominently in the Radio Times, The show is produced by Max Kester, with Effie Atherton, accompanied by Jean Colin, Marjorie Stedeford, Brian Lawrence and Ronald Hill.
9 August – The Air-do Wells feature again prominently in the schedule and within the Radio Times for the 'listeners weekend' schedule. The show results in Effie Atherton and her crew touring America with the same format and name of the show during 1936.
10 December – The first broadcast commentary on a snooker match (Joe Davis v. Horace Lindrum) is given in the BBC Regional Programme.
The BBC establishes its first Gaelic department.
Births
23 March – Barry Cryer, comedy scriptwriter and performer (died 2022)
15 May – Tony Butler, radio sports presenter in the west midlands (died 2023)
26 May – Sheila Steafel, South-African born actress (died 2019)
28 July – Simon Dee, born Cyril Henty-Dodd, DJ (died 2009)
15 November – Gillian Reynolds, radio critic
18 December – Rosemary Leach, actress (died 2017)
References
Years in British radio
Radio |
NPM Silmet AS is a rare-earth processor located in Sillamäe, Estonia. It is a subsidiary of Neo Performance Materials.
History
Pre-war history and World War II
History of Silmet dates back to 1926 when Swedish-Norwegian Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium (; ), controlled by Marcus Wallenberg, was established to build a shale oil extraction plant in Sillamäe. For shale oil production, the consortium built a tunnel oven in 1928. However, due to the Great Depression, production halted in 1930 and was restarted only in 1936 by the reorganized consortium called Baltic Oil Company. The second tunnel oven was added in 1938. The main product was gasoline. After the Soviet occupation started in 1940, the plant was nationalized according to the 30 May 1941 Moscow Agreement between the Soviet Union and Sweden. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and the industry's infrastructure was largely destroyed by retreating Soviet forces. During the subsequent German occupation, the plant was restored and subordinated to a company named Baltische Öl GmbH. However, most of its facilities were destroyed during the war.
Soviet era
Restoration of the plant restarted immediately after Soviet troops took control in Estonia in 1944. In 1945, the Glavgastopprom Oil Shale Processing Plant was established based on the existing plant. In 1946, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union approved the establishment of the diversified enterprise Kombinat No 7 on the basis of the Glavgastopprom Oil Shale Processing Plant for mining and processing Dictyonema argillite ore (a type of oil shale). The new plant was built mainly by using labour of war prisoners. In 1947 when the new factory was built, the code name Military Unit No 77960 was assigned to the Kombinat No 7. In 1955, a new code name Enterprise POB 22 was assigned. During the Soviet period, the enterprise was renamed several times and its names included Factory No 7, Enterprise P.O.B. P-6685, Sillamäe Metallurgical Plant, and Sillamäe Chemical Metallurgical Production Association.
During 1946–1952, Dictyonema argillite was mined and used for uranium oxide production. Later richer uranium ores were imported to the Sillamäe plant from various locations of Central Asia and the Eastern Bloc, mainly from mines in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. In 1982, the plant began the production of reactor-grade enriched uranium (2–4.4% 235U) in form of UO2. Uranium production at Sillamäe continued to supply nuclear materials for the Soviet nuclear power plants and weapon facilities until 1989. In the years of 1950–1989, the plant produced about 98,681 tonnes of uranium (mostly as U3O8) and 1354.7 tonnes of enriched uranium.
In 1970, the plant started to process loparite ore from the Kola Peninsula producing tantalum and niobium. Later, it also started to extract rare-earth metal oxides.
1990–recent time
In 1990, the enterprise stopped processing uranium. It was renamed Silmet and was reorganized as state-owned joint-stock company. In 1997, the company was privatized. Following the privatization, the company went under control of former prime minister Tiit Vähi. In 2002, Austrian Treibacher Industrie AG became a minority shareholder. In 2005, Vähi sold a controlling stake in Silmet to Russian related Swiss company Zimal SA, but bought it back in 2010.
In April 2011, Molycorp bought 90% stake in Silmet for US$89 million. The company was renamed Molycorp Silmet. Remaining 10% was acquired by Molycorp in October 2011.
In June 2015, Silmet's parent company Molycorp filed for bankruptcy. New owner of Silmet is Toronto-based Neo Performance Materials Corp. Correspondingly, Silmet was renamed NPM Silmet in September 2016.
In 2019, NPM Silmet OÜ received recognition as the best enterprise in Ida-Virumaa and the best enterprise of Estonian chemical industry.
Operations
Silmet operates three factories: metallurgical factory, rare metals factory, and rare-earth metals factory. Its main products are niobium and tantalum.
References
External links
Metal companies of Estonia
Chemical companies of Estonia
Rare earth companies
Sillamäe
Chemical companies of the Soviet Union
Companies nationalised by the Soviet Union |
Francis Lodwick FRS (or Lodowick; 1619–1694) was a pioneer of a priori languages (what in the seventeenth century was called a 'philosophical language').
Biography
Francis Lodwick was a merchant of Flemish origin who lived in London. His name appears in A Collection of the Names of the Merchants living in and about the City of London (1677), with the address "Fan-church street" (Fenchurch Street). He did not have any higher education and was admitted as a Fellow to the Royal Society at the age of 60.
John Aubrey (1626–1697) reported that there was a group of men taking up the task of constructing a philosophical language left unfinished by John Wilkins (d. 1672). This group included Lodwick, besides Andrew Paschall (c. 1630–c. 1696), Thomas Pigott, Robert Hooke and John Ray, the latter being former members of Wilkin's original committee.
Lodwick had been working on a universal alphabet for some time, and Wilkins had borrowed some of Lodwick's papers for his 1668 Essay. Hooke notes in his diary for 12 November 1673 that Lodwick had lent him a revised version of his universal alphabet. For 10 July 1675, Hooke notes that Lodwick had discussed the universal character with him and on 28 that he (Hooke) himself had written in the character. The group maintained correspondence until at least 1682.
Lodwick's alphabet consists of a system of representing consonants systematically; symbols indicating place of articulation (labial, dental, palatal, velar, sibilant) are modified by indication of the manner of articulation (voiced, voiceless, aspirated, nasal). Vowels are added as diacritics. This approach is entirely parallel to the tengwar alphabet, developed by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 1930s.
Lodwick may have been acquainted with Daniel Defoe. Francis' nephew Charles Lodwik (1658–1724), Mayor of New York City in 1694, signed at Defoe's marriage as a witness, and Francis may have introduced Defoe to "Roscommon's Academy", a group founded by Lord Roscommon in 1683.
L. L. Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language, chose Ludwik as his non-Jewish name in honor of Francis Lodwick.
Works
1647 A Common Writing: Whereby two, although not understanding one the others Language, yet by the helpe thereof, may communicate their minds one to another
1652 The Ground-Work, Or Foundation Laid, (or so intended) For the Framing of a New Perfect Language: And an Vniversall or Common Writing. And presented to the consideration of the Learned
ca. 1675, A Country Not Named
1686 An Essay towards An Universal Alphabet, Philosophical Transactions 16, pp. 126-37.
See also
Cave Beck
George Dalgarno
John Wilkins
References
Bibliography
Cram, David and Jaap Maat, Universal language schemes in the 17th century, In Auroux, Koerner, Niederehe, Versteegh (eds.), History of the Language Sciences, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000.
Eco, Umberto, The search for the perfect language, Fontana Press, 1997, , pp. 260-268
Lewis, Rhodri, The efforts of the Aubrey correspondence group to revise John Wilkins’ Essay (1668) and their context, Historiographia Linguistica 28 (2001), 331-364.
Poole, William, A Rare Early-Modern Utopia: Francis Lodwick’s A Country Not Named (c. 1675), Utopian Studies 15 (2004), 115-37.
Poole, William, The Genesis Narrative in the Circle of Robert Hooke and Francis Lodwick, in Hessayon and Keene (eds.), Scripture and Scholarship in Early Modern England, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
Poole, William, Francis Lodwick’s Creation: Theology and Natural Philosophy in the Early Royal Society., Journal of the History of Ideas, 2005.
Salmon, Vivian, The Works of Francis Lodwick, London: Longman, 1972.
External links
Francis Lodwick: A Brief Sketch
1619 births
1694 deaths
Linguists from the United Kingdom
Flemish philosophers
Constructed language creators
Creators of writing systems
17th-century linguists
Fellows of the Royal Society
British people of Flemish descent |
Stephan Hermlin (; 13 April 1915 – 6 April 1997), real name Rudolf Leder, was a German author. He wrote, among other things, stories, essays, translations, and lyric poetry and was one of the more well-known authors of former East Germany.
Life
Hermlin was born in 1915 in Chemnitz, Germany, in what is now the Federal State of Saxony, the son of Jewish immigrant and art collector David Leder and his wife Lola, he grew both in Chemnitz and in Berlin. In 1931, he joined a communist youth organization. From 1933 until 1936, he worked as a printer's apprentice. He emigrated from Germany in 1936, and between then and his return to Germany in 1945 at the end of World War II, lived in Palestine, France, and Switzerland. After his return to Germany, he worked as a radio broadcaster in Frankfurt am Main. He moved to East Berlin in 1947, and was a contributor to several communist magazines, including Tägliche Rundschau, Ulenspiegel, Aufbau, and Sinn und Form. Tägliche Rundschau (English: Daily Review) was the official newspaper of the Soviet military administration and later the Soviet High Commission in East Berlin until 1955. As the author of several well-known pro-Stalin propaganda songs, Hermlin soon was working in some of the most important governmental bodies in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany. By 1949, he was one of the most powerful and influential writers in the newly founded German Democratic Republic. As a close friend of Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, Hermlin soon found himself at the forefront of East German culture and politics, and split his time between them.
In December 1962 Hermlin joined the initiators of a group dedicated to the reading of young poets at the East German Akademie der Künste (English: Academy of Arts). Some of the poets featured by this group included Wolf Biermann, Volker Braun, Bernd Jentzsch, Sarah Kirsch, and Karl Mickel. This group, and the Akademie der Künste as a whole, was at the forefront of a spike in the popularity of lyric poetry in 1960s East Germany. Thereupon, he was relieved of his position of Secretary of Poetry at the Akademie, although he remained a member. He was a critic of the Soviet crushing of the Prague Spring in 1968, although he did not make these criticisms very open. He was much more open in his criticism of the East German government's 1976 expulsion of a contemporary poet, Wolf Biermann, whose poetry Hermlin exhibited some years previously. Going against the official politics of the day, he, in conjunction with Erich Honecker, organized a conference of writers dedicated to the furthering of peace and reconciliation, the Berliner Begegnung. He was also a member of the Schriftstellerverband der DDR and the Akademie der Künste West Berlin (English: East German Writer's Association and West Berlin Academy of the Arts, respectively).
Hermlin died in Berlin. The German journalist and writer Mirna Funk is his great-granddaughter.
Awards
1948 Heinrich Heine Award, awarded by the Schutzverband Deutscher Autoren (English: Association of German Authors)
1950 National Award, awarded by the East German government, for the Mansfeld Speech
1954 National Award, awarded by the East German government, for work on a documentary about Ludwig van Beethoven
1958 F.C. Weiskopf Award
1972 Heinrich Heine Award, awarded by the East German Cultural Ministry
1975 National Award, awarded by the East German government
References
External links
Philip Brady: Obituary: Stephan Hermlin. The Independent, 1997-4-12
Günther Kunert: NACHRUF - Dichter zweier Herren. Der Spiegel, 1997-4-14 (German)
1915 births
1997 deaths
Writers from Chemnitz
Writers from the Kingdom of Saxony
German-language poets
East German writers
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Jewish German writers
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
German male poets |
Nidularium amorimii is a plant species in the genus Nidularium. This species is endemic to Brazil.
References
amorimii
Flora of Brazil |
Mary Fisher may refer to:
Mary Fisher (activist) (born 1948), American political activist
Mary Fisher (missionary) (c. 1623–1698), English Quaker pioneer, one of the Valiant Sixty
Mary Fisher (swimmer) (born 1993), New Zealand Paralympian
Mary Jo Fisher (born 1962), Australian politician
Mary Pat Fisher (fl. 1980s–2000s), writer and religious leader
Mary Stuart Fisher (1922–2006), American radiologist
Mary Winter Fisher (1867–1928), American physician
M. F. K. Fisher (1908–1992), American writer
Mary Fisher, fictional romance novelist played by Meryl Streep in the 1989 film She-Devil
See also
Marie Fisher (1931–2008), Australian politician |
Trinity Episcopal Church is an historic church located in north-central Pennsylvania, at 844 West Fourth Street, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Built in 1875 and consecrated in February 1876, it is the largest of the Episcopal churches in the city. Preservation Williamsport includes the church on its first trolley tour stop.
The church structure was given to the parish by Peter Herdic. Trinity Church is currently the Pro-Cathedral of the Diocese of Central Pennsylvania. The current rector of Trinity Parish and provost of the pro-cathedral is The Reverend Canon Kenneth E. Wagner-Pizza.
History of Trinity
Trinity is an exceptional example of 19th-century ecclesiastical gothic architecture that would not have been possible without the financial backing and vision of two illustrious Williamsport residents, Peter Herdic and Eber Culver.
Peter Herdic was an entrepreneur and Williamsport mayor in the 1860s and 1870s. Eber Culver designed and oversaw the construction of the 210-foot spire and Fred G. Thorn designed the floor plans for the church.
The cornerstone for the church was laid on Saturday, July 15, 1871. The stone that embraces Trinity’s facade was quarried from Bald Eagle Mountain. Peter Herdic underwrote the cost of the construction, and donated the organ and tower clock at a cost to him of $80,000.
Later, in 1875, Judge Maynard donated the nine-bell chime. The chime mechanism was designed by E. Howard & Co. to sound the Westminster Quarters. According to church records, this was the FIRST tower clock in the United States to sound this chime sequence originally heard in the Tower Clock of the Palace of Westminster in London. The chime clavier was first played on Christmas Eve, 1875. The 9-bell chime combined weight is 8,500 pounds, with the largest bell weighing 2,300 pounds.
An excerpt from the Parish Dial, March, 1875: "The beautiful instrument, which it contains is from the manufactory of E. Howard & Co., Boston (Serial Number 281.) Several years ago Prof. Lyman, of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale College, was requested by the city of New Haven to examine the various tower clocks made in this country, and to recommend the instrument which seemed to him the best time keeper. The result of this examination was the purchase of a Howard clock by the city of New Haven, which is now in the tower of the Town Hall and keeps accurate time. The clock in Trinity Church tower is similar to the New Haven instrument, and is warranted, after proper regulation, not to vary over two seconds a week. Extra machinery has been added to the Trinity clock by means of which it strikes the famous Cambridge Quarters, sometimes called the Westminster Quarters. The music for the first quarter consists of four notes, for the second quarter of eight, for the third of twelve, and for the fourth of sixteen. The notes played were arranged by William Crotch from an air of Handel's and were first applied to St. Mary's Cambridge, England in 1794. They are also struck by the clock in the tower of Westminster Palace, and by the Cathedral clock in Toronto, Canada. To Trinity Church belongs the credit of introducing them into the United States. Five of the bells of the Maynard Chime are used in playing these strains, the hour being struck on the great tenor bell."
In 1884, Judge Maynard donated land for the Rectory to be erected.
The Parish Hall and Chapel was constructed and dedicated on May 8, 1916 from a bequest made by Amanda Howard.
On Sunday, February 13, 1977, an arsonist set fire to a pile of hymnals and prayer books in the church chapel. This was the second church fire he had set that evening. The other fire was set at Pine Street United Methodist Church, which could not be saved from the destruction of flames. It was fortunate for Trinity that a neighbor smelled smoke and saw the flames flickering through the chapel windows. The fire department, responded quickly, and contained the damage to the chapel area. The heat from the fire was so intense that it melted the chapel organ pipes.
It was included in the Millionaire's Row Historic District in 1985.
A history of the church "Trinity Episcopal Church - An Historical Portrait" (LC Control No.: 9106682) was written in 1991 and updated and revised in 2010 by Douglas S. Gordon. The original published book is out-of-print but an electronic copy is available from the church office.
The restoration and repointing of the stonework was completed in 2000.
The baptistery mural, "The Angels Appearing to the Shepherds" (1929)(designed by John Wesley Little and completed by S.R. Hartman after Little's death) was restored by Michele W. Mapstone in 2009.
In 2010, The Pennsylvania College of Technology in cooperation with Mr. James Zerfing rebuilt portions of the clock and put it back in faithful service. Mr. Zerfing has been the caretaker of the clock since the 1970s.
Music at Trinity
Music is a valued part of Trinity’s heritage. The organ in the main church was built and installed by Austin Organs, Incorporated. It contains 2,031 pipes constituting three manual divisions and pedals arranged in 35 ranks and 2 extensions.
Sunday worship schedule
Worship services begin at 8:00 AM in the Chapel and 10:00 AM in the Main Church. The church is located at 844 West Fourth Street, Williamsport, PA 17701
Community outreach
In addition to church services, it is home to Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, concerts and community events.
References
External links
Trinity Episcopal Church official website
Episcopal Diocese of Central Pennsylvania official website
Episcopal churches in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Churches in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania |
Syed Mushtaq Ali (; 17 December 1914 – 18 June 2005) was an Indian cricketer, a right-handed opening batsman who holds the distinction of scoring the first overseas Test century by an Indian player when he scored 112 against England at Old Trafford in 1936.
He batted right-handed but was a slow left arm orthodox spin bowler. He bowled frequently enough in domestic matches to be classified as an all-rounder but only occasionally in test matches. Mushtaq Ali was noted for his graceful batting style and a flair which often cost him his wicket by being over-adventurous too soon in an innings. He received the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995, the highest honour bestowed by BCCI on a former player.
Career
Mushtaq Ali was the discovery of C. K. Nayudu who observed him at Indore at the age of 13 and helped to develop his cricketing skills.
A Wisden Special Award winner, he scored four first-class hundreds in the 1936 tour. He was an opening or middle order right-hand batsman but hardly played international cricket mainly due to World War II. In total, he played in 11 tests. He made his debut in the test against England at Calcutta, 5–8 Jan 1934, and played his last test against England at Madras, 6–10 Feb 1952, at the age of 38.
Domestic cricket
He was educated in Indore and at Aligarh Muslim University. He played extensively for regional teams and private clubs when cricket was a young sport in India. In first-class cricket, he represented Holkar, Central India, Muslims, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Bharat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and India between 1930 and 1964. He was not only a sporting legend, but a popular superstar of his time, and an icon for the younger generation of Indian youth. Combining with another legend, the cautious yet skilled Vijay Merchant, Mushtaq Ali's aggression and powerful stroke play formed a dynamic and legendary opening partnership for the team for years.
He played for Holkar in the National Championship for the Ranji Trophy along with other stalwarts like C. K. Nayudu. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1964 and made a life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club for his contribution to the game. He published his autobiography, Cricket Delightful in 1967. He died in his sleep, at the age of 90 in 2005. The Indian domestic T20 series is named after him. Mushtaq Ali's son, Gulrez Ali, and his grandson, Abbas Ali, both played first-class cricket.
Awards
Padma Shri – awarded in 1964
C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award - awarded in 1995
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy – This is a Twenty20 cricket domestic championship in India, organized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, among the teams from the Ranji Trophy. The 2008–09 season was the inaugural season for this trophy.
References
Smith, Martin (editor). The Promise of Endless Summer (Cricket Lives from the Daily Telegraph). Aurum (2013).
External links
Obituary from Rediff.com
"He played five-day cricket like one-day cricket": video feature from Cricinfo
1914 births
2005 deaths
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Central India cricketers
Central Zone cricketers
Cricketers from Indore
East Zone cricketers
Gujarat cricketers
Holkar cricketers
India Test cricketers
Indian Muslims
Indian cricketers
Madhya Bharat cricketers
Madhya Pradesh cricketers
Maharashtra cricketers
Muslims cricketers
Rajasthan cricketers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Uttar Pradesh cricketers |
is a village located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 5,650 in 2177 households, and a population density of 42 persons per km². The total area of the village was .
Geography
Kunohe is located in north-central Iwate Prefecture, within the Kitakami Mountains, in the river valley of the Niida River. Over 70 percent of the village area is covered by mountains and forests. Portions of the village are within the borders of the Oritsume Basenkyō Prefectural Natural Park.
Neighboring municipalities
Iwate Prefecture
Ninohe
Karumai
Kuzumaki
Ichinohe
Kuji
Climate
Kunohe has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa ) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kunohe is 8.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1280 mm with September as the wettest month and February as the driest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around -3.2 °C.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kunohe peaked around the year 1960 and has declined steadily over the past 60 years.
History
The area of present-day Kunohe was part of ancient Mutsu Province, dominated by the Nambu clan from the Muromachi period, and part of Hachinohe Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. During the early Meiji period, the villages of Toda, Ibonai and Esashika were created within Kita-Kunohe District on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Kita-Kunohe District and Minami-Kunohe Districts merged to form Kunohe District on April 1, 1897. The three villages merged to form the modern village of Kunohe on April 1, 1955.
Economy
The economy of Kunohe is based on agriculture, the production of charcoal and animal husbandry, primarily poultry. The village is famous for its production of amacha.
Government
Kunohe has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of 12 members. Ichinohe, and the city of Ninohe together contribute two seats to the Iwate Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Iwate 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Education
Kunohe has five public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the village government. There is one public high school operated by the Iwate Prefectural Board of Education.
Transportation
Railway
Kunohe does not have any passenger train service.
Highway
– Kunohe Interchange
References
External links
Official Website
Villages in Iwate Prefecture |
The sovereign citizen movement (also SovCit movement or SovCits) is a loose group of litigants, anti-government activists, tax protesters, financial scammers, and conspiracy theorists based mainly in the United States. Sovereign citizens have their own pseudolegal belief system based on misinterpretations of common law and claim to not be subject to any government statutes, unless they consent to them. The movement, which appeared in the early 1970s, is American in origin and exists primarily in the United States, though it has counterparts in other countries: the similar freeman on the land movement emerged during the 2000s in Canada before spreading to other Commonwealth countries. The FBI describes sovereign citizens as "anti-government extremists who believe that even though they physically reside in this country, they are separate or 'sovereign' from the United States".
The sovereign citizen phenomenon is one of the main contemporary sources of pseudolaw. Sovereign citizens believe that courts have no jurisdiction over people and that the use of certain procedures (such as writing specific phrases on bills they do not want to pay) and loopholes can make one immune from government laws and regulations. They also regard most forms of taxation as illegitimate and reject Social Security numbers, driver's licenses, and vehicle registration. Sovereign citizen arguments have no basis in law and have never been successful in any court.
The movement may appeal to people facing financial or legal difficulties or wishing to resist perceived government oppression. As a result, it has grown significantly during times of economic or social crisis. Most schemes promoted by sovereign citizens are ways to avoid paying taxes, ignore laws, eliminate debts, or extract money from the government.
American sovereign citizens claim that the United States federal government is illegitimate. They argue the concept of individual sovereignty in opposition to the idea of "federal citizens" who have forfeited their rights by accepting some aspects of federal law. Sovereign citizens outside of the U.S. hold similar beliefs about the government of their own countries. The movement can be traced back to American far-right groups like the Posse Comitatus and the constitutionalist wing of the militia movement. While the sovereign citizen movement was originally associated with white supremacism and antisemitism, it now attracts people of various ethnicities, including a significant number of African Americans. The latter sometimes belong to self-declared Moorish sects.
The majority of sovereign citizens are not violent. However, the methods advocated by the movement are certainly illegal. Sovereign citizens notably adhere to the fraudulent schemes promoted by the redemption "A4V" movement. Many sovereign citizens have been found guilty of offenses such as tax evasion, hostile possession, forgery, threat against public officials, bank fraud or check fraud, and traffic violations. Two of the most important crackdowns by U.S. authorities on sovereign citizen organizations have been the 1996 case of the Montana Freemen and the 2018 sentencing of Bruce Doucette and his associates.
Because some have engaged in armed confrontations with law enforcement, the FBI classifies "sovereign citizen extremists" as domestic terrorists. Terry Nichols, one of the perpetrators of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, subscribed to a variation of sovereign citizen ideology. In surveys conducted in 2014 and 2015, representatives of U.S. law enforcement ranked the risk of terrorism from the sovereign citizen movement higher than the risk from any other group, including Islamic extremists, militias, racist skinheads, neo-Nazis, and radical environmentalists. The New South Wales Police Force in Australia has also identified sovereign citizens as a potential terrorist threat.
History
The sovereign citizen movement combines the ideas of tax protesters, of the radical and racist anti-government movements in the 1960s and 1970s, and of pseudolaw, which has existed in the United States since at least the 1950s. Their belief in the illegitimacy of federal income tax gradually expanded to challenging the legitimacy of the government.
The concept of a "sovereign citizen" whose rights are being unfairly denied originated in 1971 in the Posse Comitatus movement as a teaching of Christian Identity minister William Potter Gale. This movement was strongly associated with white supremacist and antisemitic ideologies. The Posse Comitatus was a far right anti-government movement that denounced the income tax, debt-based currency and debt collection as tools of Jewish control over the United States. After originating in that particular group, the sovereign citizen concept went on to influence the broader tax protester and Christian Patriot movements. The redemption movement, which first appeared within a successor organization of the Posse Comitatus, became a part of sovereign citizen ideology.
The movement garnered more support during the American farm crisis of the late 1970s and 1980s, which coincided with a general financial crisis in the US and Canada. The farm crisis saw the rise of anti-government protesters selling fraudulent debt relief programs, some of whom were associated with far right groups. Those activists included Roger Elvick, who conceived the redemption methods.
Over time, the movement expanded beyond its original white nationalist environment to people of all backgrounds. As of the 1990s, sovereign citizen arguments have been adopted by minority groupings, notably the African American Moorish sovereigns. The Moorish sovereigns' beliefs derive, in part, from the Moorish Science Temple of America, which has condemned this sovereign citizen offshoot. Since the 1990s, the number of African American sovereign citizens has increased substantially. Various Black sovereign citizen groups have appeared, some Islamic, others adhering to New Age philosophies. Sovereign citizen ideas have also been adopted by some groups within the Hawaiian sovereignty movement and various other fringe political or religious groups, such as black separatists or the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
Following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, of which one perpetrator adhered to sovereign citizen ideology, federal law enforcement began cracking down on white supremacist groups. One highly publicized incident was the 1996 Montana Freemen standoff; the Montana Freemen were Christian Patriot sovereign citizens and direct ideological descendants of the Posse Comitatus. The bombing also led Congress to pass the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, enhancing sentences for certain terrorism-related offenses.
American pseudolaw became well-established by 2000. Notably, the strawman theory was conceived around that time by Roger Elvick. During the same period, sovereign citizen ideology was introduced into Canada and then gradually into other countries, as the advent of the Internet facilitated communications between people sharing the same ideas. One influential American who helped spread sovereign citizen ideology abroad was Winston Shrout, who held seminars in Canada (until he was banned from the country), Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In Canada, sovereign citizen beliefs gave birth during the 2000s to a local offshoot, the freeman on the land movement, which eventually spread to other Commonwealth countries.
Incidents such as the 2003 Abbeville standoff, the 2007 Edward and Elaine Brown standoff, the 2010 West Memphis police shootings, the 2014 Bundy standoff, the 2016 Malheur Refuge occupation (also involving the Bundy family), the 2016 Baton Rouge police shootings or the 2021 Wakefield standoff (involving African-American Moorish sovereign citizens) have attracted significant media attention in the United States.
Since the late 2000s, the sovereign citizen movement has significantly expanded in the United States, due to the Great Recession and more specifically to the mortgage crisis. In 2010, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) estimated that approximately 100,000 Americans were "hard-core sovereign believers", with another 200,000 "just starting out by testing sovereign techniques for resisting everything from speeding tickets to drug charges". According to another SPLC estimate, the number of sovereign citizen-influenced militia groups increased dramatically in the United States between 2008 and 2011, surging from 149 to 1,274.
There is overlap between the sovereign citizen and QAnon movements. A sovereign citizen group known as the Oath Enforcers attracted QAnon and Donald Trump supporters into the movement following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. In 2022, the Anti-Defamation League reported that the sovereign citizen movement was attracting a growing number of QAnon adherents, whose belief in the illegitimacy of the Biden administration is compatible with the sovereign citizens' broader anti-government views.
Videos of people attempting to use sovereign citizen-style arguments during traffic stops, in courtrooms and in other public places are common on the internet. Researcher Christine Sarteschi has commented that this may also cause people to underestimate the movement's potential for violence as well as its links with criminal conduct. Several people charged with crimes such as murder or sexual assault have used sovereign citizen arguments as attempts to negate the court's jurisdiction over them.
Hundreds, if not thousands, of sovereign citizens have been imprisoned as a result of their actions. Many have continued their activities behind bars, often spreading their ideologies among other inmates.
As of the 1990s, several hundred people involved in "common law courts" operated by sovereign citizens or, more broadly, by the Patriot movement have been arrested for crimes such as fraud, impersonating police, intimidating or threatening officials, and in some cases, outright violence. In 1998, a number of states passed laws outlawing the activities of these "courts" or strengthening existing sanctions.
To prevent their courts from being burdened by frivolous litigation, some U.S. states have heightened penalties inflicted upon people who file baseless motions. Some courts choose to impose pre-filing injunctions against certain pro se serial litigants, in order to preclude them from filing new lawsuits or documents without prior leave.
Following incidents like the 2010 West Memphis police shootings, U.S. law enforcement agencies have provided advice to officers on how to deal with sovereign citizens at traffic stops and elsewhere.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the spread of the movement in the United States and in other countries, as sovereign citizens have been associated with the broader anti-mask and anti-vaccine movements and taken part in protests against COVID restrictions. An increasing trend of sovereign citizens has notably been observed in Australia and in the United Kingdom during the pandemic. Several COVID-related incidents involving local sovereign citizens who refused to follow sanitary measures were also reported in Singapore. In June 2022, Christine Sarteschi reported that the movement was rapidly expanding and could now be found in 26 countries.
Denominations and symbols
Not all members of the movement describe themselves as "sovereign citizens", and some movement members actually regard the term "sovereign citizen" as an oxymoron. Sovereign citizens may prefer to label themselves as "state nationals", "constitutionalists", "freemen", "natural people", "living people", "private persons", or as people "seeking the truth" or "living on the land". The name "American State National" (ASN) became popular among sovereign citizens in the early 2020s, especially among followers of QAnon.
The sovereign citizen movement does not have one single, universally accepted symbol or emblem. However, sovereign citizen documents and signs often have distinct identifying marks. Some of the most common ones are the use of postage stamps and thumbprints on documents, and the addition of punctuation (dashes, hyphens, colons or commas) to one's name, which sovereign citizens believe have legal effect. Groups such as Moorish sovereigns and the Washitaw Nation have their own specific flags and symbols. Some sovereign citizens use references to non-existent "Republics" or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), variations on the flag of the United States, or religious symbols such as that of the Vatican, which are thought to establish "sovereignty".
One common symbol of the American sovereign citizen movement is a version of the flag of the United States with alternate colors and vertical stripes. Sometimes known as "the flag of peace" or "Title Four flag", it is based on a flag that was allegedly used by American custom houses for a brief period of time during the 19th century. Around the 2000s, some sovereign citizens began to claim that this is the true flag of the United States.
Theories
The movement has no defining text, established doctrine or centralized leadership. There are, however, common themes, generally implying that the legitimate government and legal system have been somehow replaced and that the current authorities are devoid of legitimacy. Taxes and licenses are likewise thought to be illegitimate. A number of leaders, commonly referred to as "gurus", develop their own variations. The movement's theories include numerous influences from a variety of sources, some of them decades old, resulting in a narrative of American history that is often confusing and incoherent.
Sovereign citizens' legal theories reinterpret the Constitution of the United States through selective reading of law dictionaries (notably an obsolete version of Black's Law Dictionary), state court opinions, or specific capitalization, and incorporate other details from a variety of sources including the Uniform Commercial Code, the Articles of Confederation, the Magna Carta, the Bible, and foreign treaties. They ignore the second clause of Article VI of the Constitution (the Supremacy Clause), which establishes the Constitution as the law of the land and the United States Supreme Court as the ultimate authority to interpret it. Most consider that the county sheriff is the most powerful law enforcement officer in the country, with authority superior to that of any federal agent, elected official, or local law enforcement official.
Illegitimacy of laws and government
A widespread belief among sovereign citizens is that the state is not an actual government, but a corporation. American movement members consider that the corporation that purports to be the U.S. federal government is illegally controlling the republic via a territorial government in Washington, DC. Some sovereign citizens also believe that the United States "corporation" is bankrupt. As a result, the illegitimate U.S. government is said to secretly use its citizens as collateral against foreign debt, effectively enslaving Americans. Sovereign citizens believe that this sale of American citizens takes place at the birth of each American baby, through issuing their birth certificate and attributing their Social Security number.
Sovereign citizens believe that when the government set up by the Founding Fathers under a common law legal system was secretly replaced, commercial law substituted for common law. This commercial law is generally understood to be admiralty law, as sovereign citizens consider that the current, illegitimate law is based on principles of international commerce. Sovereign citizens also claim that the appearance of gold fringes on American flags that are displayed in courtrooms is evidence of admiralty law being in effect. This leads sovereign citizens to believe that U.S. judges and lawyers are actually agents of a foreign power. This foreign power is typically thought to be the United Kingdom: one pseudolegal conspiracy theory claims that bar is an acronym for "British Accreditation Registry".
Sovereign citizens will therefore challenge the validity of the contemporary legal system and claim to answer only to God's law or to common law, meaning by that the system which supposedly existed before the conspiracy.
There is no consensus among sovereign citizens as to when the secret change of political and legal system took place; some believe it occurred during the Civil War, while others date it to 1933, when the United States abandoned the gold standard (which is often believed to be the cause of the country's bankruptcy). According to one version, the vehicle for the change was the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871, which sovereign citizens believe created a "United States corporation" to govern the District of Columbia under commercial code; this form of corporate rule then extended to the entire country. Another theory has it that the country was secretly reorganized as a post office in 1789; pseudolegal schemes attribute a particular power to the Universal Postal Union and to the use of postage stamps on legal documents.
The beliefs that the current government is a corporation and that people are secretly under a form of commercial law leads sovereign citizens to consider that statutory law is a contract binding people to the state. According to this theory, people are tricked into this contract through various things including Social Security numbers, fishing licenses, or ZIP Codes, and avoiding their use means immunity from government authority. Another common belief among sovereign citizens is that they can opt out of the purported contract – hence making themselves immune from the laws they do not wish to abide by – by declining to "consent": when confronted by police officers or other officials, sovereign citizens will typically attempt to negate their authority by stating "I do not consent".
Many sovereign citizens believe that the Uniform Commercial Code, which provides an interstate standard for such things as property ownership or bank accounts (and documents that they believe apply only to their strawman, such as drivers' licenses), is a codification of the illegitimate commercial law ruling the United States. Therefore, they consider that exploiting supposed loopholes in the UCC will help them assert their rights, or invoke their special privileges and powers as "common law citizens".
Adherents to the "American State National" concept believe that by using the various levels of a specific procedure, they can make themselves immune from jurisdiction and arrest by renouncing federal citizenship, avoid the IRS, and also rescind voting registration, marriage or birth certificate. In March 2023, Chase Allan, a man who subscribed to this notion and used a false passport and an illegal license plate, was shot dead by police at a traffic stop in Utah during a confrontation with officers over his refusal to show an identification document.
The unpassed Titles of Nobility Amendment has been invoked to challenge the legitimacy of the courts as lawyers sometimes use the informal title of esquire.
The belief that the current legal system is illegitimate has impelled some sovereign citizens to consider themselves as "above the law" and to commit actual crimes.
Citizenship
American sovereign citizens posit that contemporary United States citizenship is somehow defective or fraudulent, and that it curtails citizens' legitimate rights. Some sovereign citizens also claim that they can become immune to most or all laws of the United States by renouncing citizenship in a "federal corporation" and declaring only to be a citizen of the state where they reside: this process, which they refer to as "expatriation", involves filing or delivering a nonlegal document claiming their renunciation of citizenship to any county clerk's office that can be convinced to accept it.
In the 1970s, one of the movement's originators, white supremacist ideologue William Potter Gale, identified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as the act that converted "sovereign citizens" into "federal citizens" by their agreement to a contract to accept benefits from the federal government. Other commentators have identified other acts, including the Emergency Banking Act, and the alleged suppression of the Titles of Nobility Amendment.
Likewise, sovereign citizen leader Richard McDonald claimed that there are two classes of citizens in America: the "original citizens of the states" (also called "States citizens", or "Organic citizens") and "U.S. citizens". According to McDonald, U.S. citizens – whom he calls "Fourteenth Amendment citizens" – have civil rights, legislated to give the freed black slaves after the Civil War rights comparable to the unalienable constitutional rights of white state citizens: the benefits of U.S. citizenship are received by consent in exchange for freedom. In this perspective, state citizens must consequently take steps to revoke and rescind their U.S. citizenship and reassert their de jure common-law state citizen status. This involves removing one's self from federal jurisdiction and relinquishing any evidence of consent to U.S. citizenship, such as a Social Security number, driver's license, car registration, use of ZIP Codes, marriage license, voter registration, and birth certificate. Also included is the refusal to pay state and federal income taxes because citizens not under U.S. jurisdiction are not required to pay them.
Sovereign citizens may claim that their status in the United States is that of "non-resident aliens". Only residents (resident aliens) of the states, not its citizens, are income-taxable, sovereign citizens argue. And as a state citizen landowner, one can bring forward the original land patent and file it with the county for absolute or allodial property rights. Such allodial ownership is held "without recognizing any superior to whom any duty is due on account thereof" (Black's Law Dictionary). Superiors include those who levy property taxes or who hold mortgages or liens against the property.
The concept of "14th Amendment citizens" is consistent with the movement's white supremacist origins in that it can cause adherents to believe that African Americans, having only become legal citizens after the Civil War, have far fewer rights than Whites, or that only Black people have to pay federal taxes and abide by federal laws.
On the contrary, "Moorish" sovereign citizens consider that African Americans constitute an elite class within American society, with special rights and privileges that make them immune from federal and state authority. They will commonly adopt "Africanized" version of their names by adding "el" or "Bey" or a combination of the two, and associate themselves with a particular "Moorish" group, claiming that they are not culpable for acts committed under their previous name and that their affiliation makes them immune from prosecution. The underpinnings of the theories of African American exemption vary. One belief is that the "Moors" were America's original inhabitants and are therefore entitled to be self-governing. They claim to be descendants of the Moroccan "Moors" and to be thus subject to the 1786 Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, which they believe gives them exemption from American law. A variation of "Moorish" ideology is found in the Washitaw Nation, which claims rights through provisions in the Louisiana Purchase treaty granting privileges to Moors as early colonists and the non-existent "United Nations Indigenous People's Seat 215". Various other sovereign citizen groups claim special status and exemption from their countries' laws by purporting to belong to real or imaginary ethnic minorities.
Dual personas
One recurring idea in sovereign citizen ideology is that individuals have two personas, one of flesh and blood and the other a separate, secret, legal personality (commonly called the "strawman"), created upon each person's birth, that is subject to the government. Sovereign citizens claim that it is possible to dissociate oneself from the "strawman" through the use of certain procedures, thus becoming free of all debts, liabilities and legal constraints.
Economics
Sovereign citizen texts often posit that "international bankers" are at the source of the conspiracy that replaced the United States' legitimate government and legal system. In the movement's earlier form, these bankers were explicitly stated to be Jews. While this can still be implied in sovereign citizen literature, the movement's original antisemitic conspiracy theories were diluted over time; most contemporary sovereign citizens tend to present greatly simplified versions of these theories, without any mentions of Jewish conspiracies and with only vague references to the role of corrupt bankers.
The sovereign citizen movement overlaps with the redemption movement (also known as "A4V" after one of its schemes), which claims that a secret bank account is created for every citizen at birth as part of the process used by the U.S. government to sell its citizens into slavery and use them as collateral, as a result of the country's secret bankruptcy. "Redemption" theories assert that the vast sums of money contained by this account can be reclaimed through certain procedures, and applied to financial obligations or even criminal charges. Several prominent sovereign citizens have advocated redemption schemes. In some variations of this theory, the secret fund may be called a "Cestui Que Vie Trust". The belief in a secret bank account is intertwined with the strawman theory, since this fund is supposedly associated with the strawman.
Pseudolegal economic theories also imply various misconceptions about currencies and financial institutions, one being that banks "create money from thin air" so a borrower has no obligation to pay them back, and another that money is actually worthless when not backed by gold. Many sovereign citizens do not recognize U.S. currency and demand to receive their money in the form of gold or silver coins.
Some sovereign citizens also subscribe to the NESARA-related conspiracy theory.
Freedom of movement
Using arguments that rely on exacting definitions and word choice, sovereign citizens may assert a constitutional "right to travel" in a "conveyance", distinguishing it from driving an automobile in order to justify ignoring requirements for license plates, vehicle registration, insurances and driver's licenses. The right to travel is claimed based on a variety of passages, some being more commonly used among groups. One common argument from sovereign citizens is that they are "traveling" and not "driving" because they are not transporting commercial goods or paying passengers.
Other
Other pseudolegal theories commonly shared by sovereign citizens include that "silence means consent" for any sort of documents, that any claim or alleged statement of fact placed in a sworn document (known in pseudolegal jargon as an "affidavit of truth") is proven true unless rebutted, and that there is no crime if there is no injured party.
Some sovereign citizens are involved in other forms of conspiracy theories, including QAnon. Certain subgroups within the movement adhere to theories about extraterrestrials and reptilians. One advocate of sovereign citizen fraudulent tax avoidance schemes, Sean David Morton, was also active as a psychic and ufologist. In Québec, sovereign citizen ideology has been promoted by anti-vaccine activist and AIDS denialist Guylaine Lanctôt.
In 2022, the Anti-Defamation League reported that sovereign citizen ideology was "increasingly seeping" into QAnon, as the movement's anti-government views were compatible with QAnon's belief in a worldwide "cabal" and in the illegitimacy of the Biden administration.
Some sovereign citizen groups, notably that led in Texas by married couple of "gurus" David and Bonnie Straight, have been convincing parents whose children were removed from their custody that Child Protective Services are engaged in child trafficking, and encouraging them to kidnap their children. The belief that child protection agencies are involved in crimes against children is also consistent with QAnon ideology.
Several sovereign citizen "gurus" have made grandiose claims about the powers supposedly granted to them by their pseudolegal schemes. One American ideologue and "quantum grammar" advocate, Russell Jay Gould, claims that having signed a postal receipt in a specific way and filed a document relating to Title 4 of the United States Code, at a moment when the country was supposedly bankrupt, makes him the "Postmaster-General" and legitimate ruler of the United States. Another American guru, Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf, claimed before her sentencing for fraud to have "foreclosed" and "cancelled" all banks and governments through UCC filings. Likewise, Romana Didulo, a Canadian QAnon conspiracy theorist, uses sovereign citizen concepts to back her claims of being the rightful Queen of Canada, and eventually the "Queen of the World".
Tactics
Sovereign citizens may be affiliated to a group within the movement, follow the teachings of a specific "guru", or act entirely on their own. By disobeying rules they consider to be illegitimate, they regularly find themselves in conflict with all forms of government institutions, most commonly law enforcement, the judiciary, and the revenue services. One sovereign citizen from Montana, Ernie Wayne terTelgte, became a local celebrity by engaging in 2013 in a protracted legal battle with authorities over the need to have a fishing license and then having multiple incidents with law enforcement over this matter, as well as his lack of a driver's license.
Sovereign citizens often use irregular documents and flawed or invented legal arguments as "proof" of their claims. Pseudolegal documents, including those purporting to assert one's "sovereignty," thus making them immune from their country's law, may be sold by sovereign citizen groups for monetary gain. It is common for sovereign citizen "gurus" to earn money by selling to followers of the movement standard documents such as template filings, scripts to recite at court appearances, or other "quick-fix" solutions to legal problems. Some "gurus" sell "how-to" manuals explaining the movement's theories and schemes. One such manual is Title 4 Flag Says You're Schwag: The Sovereign Citizen's Handbook, which has been reprinted and updated several times.
Sovereign citizens will often use an unusual vocabulary and twist the meaning of legal terms, or even commonplace phrases, according to their own convenience. This includes avoiding the use of expressions they think would make them enter into a "contract" with the government. For example, when dealing with the police sovereign citizens will often avoid saying "I understand" and will say instead "I comprehend," as they believe that the word "understand" acknowledges that one "stand[s] under the jurisdiction", thus recognizing the police's authority.
Sovereign citizens' conflicts with authorities have occasionally resulted in violence.
Traffic law violations
Sovereign citizens consistently violate traffic laws by refusing to use driver's licenses, valid license plates, and to register or insure their vehicles. Some use homemade license plates and bumper stickers, which can serve the unintended purpose of warning police officers that they are dealing with a sovereign citizen. Most interactions of sovereign citizens with law enforcement actually take place on the road. As a result, the general public is mostly familiar with the movement through online videos of sovereign citizens' confrontations with traffic officers.
Anti-tax and other financial schemes
Many sovereign citizens engage in various forms of tax resistance, causing disputes with government administrations. It is estimated that in the United States, sovereign citizens and other tax protesters have caused about $1 billion in public losses from 1990 to 2013.
Sovereign citizens use a variety of fraudulent schemes, including filing false securities, to avoid paying taxes, to get "refunds" from the government, or to eliminate their debts and mortgages. The belief that money is worthless since the abandonment of the Gold standard has led sovereign citizens to create fictitious financial instruments. One of the first to use this method, in the 1980s, was tax protester and songwriter Tupper Saussy, who created check-like instruments which he called "Public Money Office Certificates". While Saussy issued these "certificates" primarily as a form of protest, sovereign citizens have been using false "promissory notes", "bills of exchange", "coupons", "bonds" or "sight drafts" to pay taxes, purchase properties or fight foreclosures. Some "gurus" have scammed adherents to the movement by selling them such counterfeit instruments.
Sovereign citizens may use the ineffective methods advocated by the redemption movement for appropriating the sums from one's purported secret Treasury account: such schemes are sometimes called "money for nothing". For example, writing "Accepted for Value" or "Taken for Value" on bills or collection letters will supposedly cause them to be paid with the "strawman"'s secret fund (this scheme is commonly known as "A4V"). Purported methods for claiming the secret fund include filing a UCC-1 financing statement against one's strawman after "separating" from it.
Pseudolegal tactics
Sovereign citizen documents may include unusual formalities, such as Latin maxims, thumbprints, or stamps in certain places, as well as unconventional, sometimes incomprehensible legalese. Stamps are generally accompanied by signatures (with the sovereign citizen's name signed across them), initials or other markings. Signatures and thumbprints are likely to be in red ink or blood, since black and blue inks are believed to indicate corporations. As bonds are canceled using red ink in some U.S. states, sovereign citizens may sign in red ink to signify that they are canceling the bond attached to their birth certificate or to their "strawman". Others use red ink because it represents the blood of the "flesh-and-blood person". Other methods to dissociate oneself from the "strawman" include unusual spelling and writing one's name in a different manner or with punctuation, i.e. "John of the family Doe" instead of "John Doe" or "John-Robert: Doe" instead of "John Robert Doe".
Sovereign citizens will often add the Latin phrase sui juris (meaning "of one's own right") to their names on legal documents, to signify that they are reserving all the rights to which they are entitled as a free person.
Postage stamps are supposed to make pseudolegal documents authoritative, but their meaning varies depending on the "guru". One version has it that stamps grant sovereignty to pseudolaw affiliates: their use on documents purportedly makes one a "postmaster" with equal rights and peer status to nation states.
When signing an official document such as a drivers' license, a mortgage document, or a traffic ticket, sovereign citizens will often add under threat, duress and coercion (or a variation thereof, such as the initials TDC) after or under their name: that phrase implies that they are not voluntarily signing the document, which purportedly helps them avoid entering into a "contract" with the illegitimate government and falling under its jurisdiction. Some may write TDC after their ZIP codes.
Cases involving sovereign citizens can cause severe problems to law enforcement officers and court officials. Sovereign citizens may challenge the laws, rules or sentences they disagree with by engaging in the practice known as paper terrorism, which involves filing complaints with legal documents that may be bogus or simply misused. Minor issues such as traffic violations or disagreements over pet-licensing fees may provoke numerous court filings. Courts will then find themselves burdened with having to process hundreds of pages of irregular, pseudolegal documents, causing a strain on their resources.
In May 2019, Kim Blandino, a felon residing in Nevada, was found guilty of traffic offenses. He then threatened the judge who had presided over his hearing to file complaints against him, and demanded a monetary "settlement" from him. Blandino was charged with extortion and impersonation of an officer: he then filed numerous motions to delay the proceedings, and tried to disqualify almost every judge in the district. Blandino's motions required multiple reviews and countless hours of hearings. As a result, the case had not yet reached a final disposition by March 2022.
When involved in court cases, sovereign citizens will generally act as their own lawyers, though on some occasions a sovereign citizen "leader" may assist them in court. They often use uncommon or downright disconcerting pseudolegal tactics. People and groups linked to the movement have been using a constructed language created by American theorist David Wynn Miller, who asserted that this unorthodox version of the English language, variously called "Parse-Syntax-Grammar", "Correct-Language", "Truth Language" or "Quantum Grammar", guarantees success in legal proceedings where it constitutes the only "correct" form of communication.
As they regard themselves as bound only by their own interpretation of common law, sovereign citizens have been setting up militias of self-appointed "sheriffs", as well as "common law courts", to handle matters regarding movement members. These "courts", which are devoid of legal authority, are frequently used to formalize the "declarations of sovereignty" of movement members, in a process often known as "asseveration".
False liens and other harassment tactics
Besides paper terrorism, sovereign citizens have used various techniques of intimidation and harassment to achieve their goals. One method of retaliation used by sovereign citizens against public officials, or against other real or perceived enemies, is the filing of false liens. Anyone can file a notice of lien against property such as real estate, vehicles, or other assets of another under the Uniform Commercial Code and other laws. In most states of the United States, the validity of liens is not investigated or inquired into at the time of filing. Notices of liens (whether legally valid or not) are a cloud on the title of the property and may affect the property owner's credit rating, ability to obtain home equity loans, refinance the property or take other action with regards to the property. Clearing up fraudulent notices of liens may be expensive and time-consuming.
Illegitimate sovereign citizen common law courts are also used to put enemies on trial: on occasion, public officials have been tried in absentia by sovereign citizens and sentenced to death for treason.
Another tactic used by sovereign citizens involves false arbitration entities operated by movement members, that will issue unilaterally, on behalf of their clients, "rulings" ordering the client's creditors or other victims to pay large sums of money in damages. In 2022, the Anti-Defamation League reported that although this particular tactic seems to have appeared around 2014, its use had intensified since 2019. According to the ADL's report, these sham rulings are designed, besides targeting specific victims, to clog the court system that sovereign citizens consider to be illegitimate.
Some sovereign citizens have advocated and practiced adverse possession of properties. Notably, Moorish Sovereigns have cited reparations as a justification for squatting homes and claiming other people's properties as their own, even though they also targeted the possessions of other African Americans.
In the United States, some people involved in First Amendment audits have been identified as sovereign citizens by authorities.
Legal status of theories
Sovereign citizens' tactics often succeed in delaying legal proceedings, and may occasionally confuse or exhaust public officials. However, their arguments are never upheld in court. Their claims have been consistently rejected by courts in various countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Mark Pitcavage, a researcher working for the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, has summed up sovereign citizen ideology as "magical thinking". One state representative from New Hampshire, Richard Marple, repeatedly tried to introduce legislation that would recognize sovereign citizen ideas, though without success.
One crucial flaw of pseudolegal theories in general is that the "common law" they cite is based not on historical precedent but instead on an erroneous perception of traditional English law.
In 2012, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta's Meads v. Meads decision, pertaining to a contentious divorce case in which the husband used freeman on the land arguments, compiled a decade of Canadian jurisprudence and American academic research about pseudolaw. It went much further than the matters of the case by covering various arguments and tactics commonly used by the freeman on the land, redemption and sovereign citizen movements, and refuting them in detail. Meads v. Meads, written by Associate Chief Justice John D. Rooke, has since been used as case law by courts in Canada and in other Commonwealth countries.
Immunity from laws and taxes
Pseudolegal documents and arguments claiming that one is personally immune from jurisdiction or should not be paying taxes have never been accepted by any court. The conception that one can avoid paying taxes in the country he physically resides in by renouncing or challenging the validity of his citizenship and by claiming to be a "non-resident alien" is legally baseless. The Internal Revenue Service has refuted in detail "frivolous tax arguments" such as this and the idea that filing tax returns and paying Federal Income tax are "voluntary".
In 1990, after Andrew Schneider was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for making a threat by mail, he argued that he was a free, sovereign citizen and therefore was not subject to the jurisdiction of the federal courts. That argument was rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit as having "no conceivable validity in American law". When he faced tax evasion charges in 2006, actor Wesley Snipes adopted a sovereign citizen line of defense by claiming to be a "non-resident alien" who should not be subject to income tax. He was eventually found guilty on three misdemeanor counts of failing to file federal income tax returns and sentenced to 36 months in prison.
The belief that legal obligations are contracts that can be opted out fails to acknowledge that government and court authority is not a product of one's consent, and that the relationship between the state and an individual is not based on a contract. The Canadian decision Meads v. Meads refuted the theory that laws are contracts, commenting that:
In a criminal case in 2013, the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington noted:
Leaming was found guilty of three counts of retaliating against a federal judge or law enforcement officer by a false claim, one count of concealing a person from arrest, and one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. On May 24, 2013, Leaming was sentenced to eight years in federal prison.
In 2017, former Subway spokesman Jared Fogle, with the help of another inmate, filed two motions aimed at overturning his convictions on child sex tourism and child pornography charges on the basis of his status as a sovereign citizen on whom the court had no jurisdiction. The court dismissed the motions, commenting that Fogle's arguments had "no conceivable validity in American law" and that "the Seventh Circuit has rejected theories of individual sovereignty, immunity from prosecution, and their ilk".
In 2021, Pauline Bauer, a Pennsylvania restaurant owner who was facing charges for her participation in the Capitol riot, used a sovereign citizen line of defense by claiming to be a ""self-governed individual" and a "Free Living Soul" and to be thus immune from prosecution. She was jailed for one day for contempt of court, and later put back to jail pending trial for refusing to cooperate with the court and to comply with the conditions of her release. In January 2023, Bauer was found guilty on all counts of misdemeanor and of the felony of obstructing an official proceeding. In May of that year, she was sentenced to 27 months in prison. Bauer's co-defendant, who had pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, was sentenced to probation and to a $500 fine.
In 2022, Darrell Brooks, the perpetrator of the Waukesha Christmas parade attack, claimed to be "sovereign" as part of his pro se defense. Judge Jennifer Dorow ruled that Brooks was not allowed to argue to be a sovereign citizen in court, stating that the defense was without merit; she commented that sovereign citizen legal theories were "nonsense" and that the movement's tactics had no place in the judicial system. Brooks was found guilty on all counts and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.
"Gurus" Bonnie and David Straight sold to their adherents processes and documents (such as "noncitizen national passports" and illegal license plates) purported to give them "American State National" status and to make them immune from U.S. jurisdiction. The Straights' methods were proved ineffective when both spouses were arrested and detained on various charges in April 2023.
The sovereign citizen concept that courts in the United States are secretly admiralty courts and thus have no jurisdiction over people has been repeatedly dismissed as frivolous.
Author Richard Abanes considers that sovereign citizens fail to sufficiently examine the context of the case laws they cite, and ignore adverse evidence, such as Federalist No. 15, wherein Alexander Hamilton expressed the view that the Constitution placed everyone personally under federal authority.
Strawman theory and redemption schemes
The core redemption/A4V theory that people possess vast sums of money hidden from them by the government in a secret account, and that this money can be unlocked through specific means, has no basis in reality. Likewise, the strawman theory has been repeatedly dismissed by courts. Both theories are listed by the FBI as common fraud schemes. In 2021, the District Court of Queensland dismissed an application that relied on the strawman theory, commenting that this argument "may properly be described as nonsense or gobbledygook".
Redemption methods such as "Accepted for Value" are based on a misinterpretation of the Uniform Commercial Code and have no effect.
Roger Elvick, the originator of the redemption movement, was convicted in 1991 in Hawaii of passing more than $1 million in false sight drafts, and of filing fraudulent IRS forms. He was sentenced to five years in federal prison. Upon his release, Elvick resumed his activities, conceiving the strawman theory at that point. In 2003, he was indicted in Ohio on multiple felony counts. During preliminary hearings, Elvick disrupted proceedings with sovereign citizen arguments, denying his identity and claiming that the court had no jurisdiction over him or his "strawman". A judge ruled Elvick mentally unfit to stand trial and committed him to a correctional psychiatric facility. After nine months of treatment, Elvick stood trial and pleaded guilty; in April 2005, he was sentenced to four years in prison.
Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf, a licensed lawyer who had been at one point a state prosecutor, eventually joined the sovereign citizen movement: she built an online following as a "guru" and advocated the use of redemption methods to reclaim one's alleged secret fund from the banking system and the Federal Reserve. One of her followers, Randall Beane, used Internet fraud to embezzle two million dollars, which he believed were part of his secret account; Tucci-Jarraf was aware of Beane's scheme and advised him throughout. Beane and Tucci-Jarraf were arrested and charged with federal crimes. Both were found guilty of conspiracy to launder money in 2018, with Beane also being convicted of wire and bank fraud. The court ruled that Tucci-Jarraf, having used her legal training to assist Beane, was an aggravating circumstance. Beane was sentenced to 155 months in prison, and Tucci-Jarraf to 57 months.
Creating and selling fictitious financial instruments is likewise a scam. People who purchased sovereign citizen instruments purported to help them pay off their debts or avoid foreclosures have worsened their situation by doing so. Winston Shrout, an influential sovereign citizen "guru" based in Oregon, who advocated tax resistance and redemption/A4V schemes, issued hundreds of fake "bills of exchange" for himself and others, and eventually mailed to a bank one quadrillion dollars in counterfeit securities supposedly to be honored by the Treasury. Shrout was charged in 2016 with 13 counts of using fictitious financial instruments. In 2017, he was found guilty of several counts of tax evasion and producing fraudulent documents. The next year, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Several of Shrout's followers who had tested his ideas, including his daughter, were also sentenced.
Traffic
Sovereign citizens' argument that they do not need driver's licenses, license plates and vehicle insurances has never been upheld in court. One common response to this claim from U.S. law enforcement is that, while anyone is free to "travel" by foot, by bike or even by horse, operating a motor vehicle is a complex activity that requires training and licensure. Several United States Supreme Court rulings state that drivers' licenses and traffic regulations are necessary for public safety.
Soveregin Citizens routinely claim that the US Supreme Court has upheld the right to travel as allowing operation of a motor vehicle without a driver's license. This is false.
Sovereign citizen legal entities
Sovereign citizens' "common law courts" and other "legal" entities lack any legitimacy. Some may be simply ignored by authorities: in 2015, sovereign citizen "guru" Anna Maria Riezinger aka Anna von Reitz, the self-proclaimed "judge" of a common law court in Alaska, published a letter calling for federal agents to arrest President Barack Obama, the entire Congress and the Secretary of the Treasury, causing a minor Internet rumor. Snopes debunked her claim by establishing that von Reitz was not a real judge, and that her "orders" therefore had no force.
However, depending on the nature and severity of their actions, sovereign citizen "courts" may be disbanded and their leaders prosecuted.
In 2016, after David Wynn Miller's "Federal Postal court" issued a $11.5 million judgement against a mortgage service company, a federal judge investigated that entity and ruled that it was "a sham and no more than a product of fertile imagination". Two years later, Leighton Ward, who worked as "clerk" of this false court and had used this capacity as part of a mortgage elimination scheme based on the use of Miller's language, was sentenced in Arizona to 23 1/2 years in prison for fraudulent schemes and artifices.
During the 2010s, computer repair shop owner Bruce Doucette, who styled himself as "Superior Court Judge of the Continental uNited States of America" and led a group called "The People's Grand Jury in Colorado", traveled the country to help other sovereign citizens fight local governments and set up their own "common law courts". He and his followers attempted to intimidate sheriffs, prosecutors, judges, and county officials so they would dismiss criminal cases against other sovereign citizens. When these efforts failed, Doucette and his group retaliated by engaging in paper terrorism against public officials with false subpoenas and property liens, and threatening them with "arrest" by their self-appointed "Marshals". Doucette and a number of his associates were arrested and charged with multiple felony counts. In May 2018, Colorado's 18th Judicial District ruled that Doucette's network of "common law courts" was a racketeering enterprise equivalent to organized crime and also found Doucette guilty of retaliation against several judges and attempting to influence a public servant. He was sentenced to 38 years in prison. Two of his co-defendants were sentenced to 36 and 22 years, respectively. Colorado prosecutors commented that through this verdict, they wished to send a message nationally to sovereign citizens and remind them that threats against local government officials would not be tolerated.
Randal Rosado, a Florida resident, created a series of false legal entities, including an "International Court of Commerce", and used them to file fictitious arrest warrants, court orders and liens against public officials and lawyers, most of whom had been involved in foreclosures. In September 2019, Rosado was sentenced to 40 years in prison on numerous counts of unlawful retaliation against public officials and of simulating the legal process.
Other arguments and schemes
The claim that the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 turned the United States into a business corporation is based on a misunderstanding of the term municipal corporation used in the Act (which referred to the District of Columbia and not to the entire country) and on a misinterpretation of a provision in Title 28 of the United States Code, which includes a definition of the United States as a "federal corporation" (meaning a group authorized to legally act as a single entity and not a business corporation).
The theories that "silence means consent" and that an unrebutted affidavit stands as truth are based on misinterpretations of the legal maxim "He who does not deny, admits".
The idea that "there is no crime if there is no injured party" is based on a misinterpretation of tort law and fails to recognize the existence of different levels of legal violations.
Filing fraudulent notices of liens or documents is a crime in the United States.
American courts have routinely dismissed documents written in David Wynn Miller's "Parse-Syntax-Grammar"/"Quantum Grammar" language, calling them unintelligible. Canadian judge John D. Rooke commented, in his Meads v. Meads decision, that Miller's "bizarre form of 'legal grammar is "not merely incomprehensible in Canada, but equally so in any other jurisdiction".
The Universal Postal Union, which is often invoked as a supranational authority in sovereign citizen schemes, has officially denied that it has "the authority to confer official recognition" upon sovereign citizens, "or to grant some kind of formal status to such individuals", also specifying that "the use of postage stamps on legal documents does not create an opportunity or obligation for the UPU to become involved in those matters".
Similar groups outside the United States
There is some cross-over between the two groups calling themselves freemen on the land and sovereign citizens, as well as various others sharing similar beliefs, which may be loosely defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens".
English-speaking countries
With the advent of the Internet and continuing during the 21st century, people throughout the Anglosphere who share the core beliefs of these movements have been able to connect and share their ideas. While arguments specific to the history and laws of the United States are not used (except inadvertently, by litigants who use poorly adapted U.S. material), many concepts have been incorporated or adopted by individuals and groups in English-speaking Commonwealth countries. In Canada, which has its own tradition of tax protesters, fiscal misconceptions of American origin were gradually introduced during the 1980s and 1990s.
Around 1999–2000, sovereign citizen and redemption concepts were introduced into Canada by Eldon Warman, who adapted them to a Commonwealth context. These ideas were further adapted in Canada by the freeman on the land movement, which espouses an ideology broadly similar to that of the sovereign citizen movement, but is aimed at a less conservative audience. Canadian-style freeman of the land ideas were later imported into other Commonwealth countries, but American-style sovereign citizen ideology has also reached these regions of the world.
As of the 2010s, there are people identifying as sovereign citizens in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and South Africa. Sovereign Citizens from the U.S. have gone on speaking tours to New Zealand and Australia, appealing to struggling farmers, and there are Internet presences in both countries.
Canada
In 1902, a group of self-named svobodniki (Russian: sovereign/ free people) divided from Doukhobors to protest citizenship requirements, land ownership, and government-controlled education. They were not continuously united or led. The press soon labeled them Freedomites and "Sons of Freedom". Protests continued into the 1980s.
Whilst the more Canada-specific freeman on the land movement has declined since the early 2010s, the Canadian sovereign citizen movement has gained traction during the same period. Canada had an estimated 30,000 sovereign citizens in 2015, many associating with the freeman on the land movement as well. There can be confusion between the two populations.
Legal scholar Donald J. Netolitzky makes a distinction between the Canadian sovereign citizen and freeman on the land movements, in that freemen on the land, while ideologically heterogenous, tend to be politically more left leaning than sovereign citizens.
The 2012 Meads v. Meads ruling examined almost 150 cases involving pseudolaw and sovereign citizen or freeman of the land tactics, grouping them and characterizing them as "Organized Pseudolegal Commercial Arguments".
Australia
Australia, which has its own tradition of pseudolaw, imported sovereign citizen ideas in the 1990s, even before the movement's 2000s resurgence. It later imported the more Commonwealth-specific freeman on the land movement. There is some cross-over between Australian freemen on the land, local sovereign citizens groups, and some others. The core concept has been tested by several court cases, none successful for the "freemen". In 2011, climate denier and political activist Malcolm Roberts (later elected senator for Pauline Hanson's One Nation party), wrote a letter to then Prime Minister Julia Gillard filled with characteristic sovereign citizen ideas and vocabulary, although he denied that he was a "sovereign citizen".
From the 2010s, there has been a growing number of freemen targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups using names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced YouTube videos speaking about "common law", which incorporate freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with the land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well.
In 2015, the New South Wales Police Force identified "sovereign citizens" as a potential terrorist threat, estimating that there were about 300 sovereign citizens in the state at the time. Freemen/Sovereign Citizen ideas have been promoted on the Internet by various Australian groups such as "United Rights Australia" (U R Australia).
The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia has accelerated the spread of the movement; numerous incidents with law enforcement have since been reported in Australia, some of them violent such as the 2022 Wieambilla shootings.
United Kingdom
Sovereign citizen ideology reached the United Kingdom around 2010. British sovereign citizens have helped spread COVID vaccine misinformation as well as various conspiracy theories – including 9/11 theories and one about the Queen having been replaced by a satanic cabal – and tried to set up their own cryptocurrency. The Common Law Court website, one of the main UK sovereign citizen resources, has for a time supported an impostor who claimed to be the rightful heir to the British throne.
Austria and Germany
The Reichsbürger movement (Reich citizen movement) in Germany originated around 1985 and had approximately 19,000 members in 2019, more concentrated in the south and east. The originator claimed to have been appointed head of the post-World War I Reich, but other leaders claim imperial authority. The movement consists of different, usually small groups. Some groups have issued passports and identification cards. The Reichsbürger movement claims that modern day Germany is not a sovereign state but a corporation created by Allied nations after World War II. They also expressed their hope that Donald Trump would lead an army to restore the Reich. According to the German domestic intelligence service, only a small number of groups in the Reich citizen movement fall into the far-right spectrum. Rather, the common denominator is the rejection of the Federal Republic as a legal entity. The Reichsbürger movement has used language and techniques from the One People's Public Trust, an American sovereign citizen group operated by "guru" Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf. On December 7, 2022, 25 people connected to the Reichsbürger movement were arrested in a nationwide raid by German police forces, for their involvement in a suspected terrorist plot against the German government and institutions.
In Austria, the group (Austrian Commonwealth), in addition to issuing its own passports and licence plates, had a written constitution. The group, established in November 2015, also used language from the One People's Public Trust. In 2019, its leader was sentenced to 14 years in jail after trying to order the army to overthrow the government and requesting foreign assistance from Vladimir Putin; other members received lesser sentences.
Italy
As of the 2010s, incidents involving sovereign citizens have been reported in Italy, with various people purporting to opt out of Italian citizenship through nonlegal procedures and make themselves immune from Italian law. Members of one group attempt to do so by declaring themselves citizens of the "Sovereign Kingdom of Gaia" ("Regno Sovrano di Gaia") while others refer to themselves as the "People of Mother Earth" ("Popolo della Terra Madre").
Russia
A Russian movement of conspiracy theorists, known among other names as the Union of Slavic Forces of Russia (Soyuz slavyanskikh sil Rusi), or more informally as "Soviet Citizens", holds that the Soviet Union still exists de jure and that the current Russian government and legislation are thus illegitimate. One of its beliefs is that the government of the Russian Federation is an offshore company through which the United States illegally controls the country.
France and Belgium
In 2021, a New Age-oriented French group of conspiracy theorists called "One Nation" became known to the public for their involvement in the kidnapping of a child. Later that year, they attempted to purchase a property in the rural department of Lot, purportedly to create a "center for the arts" and a "research laboratory". The One Nation movement holds beliefs similar to those of American sovereign citizens and denies the legitimacy of the French State. They also share beliefs with QAnon. The group translates the name "sovereign citizens" in French as (sovereign beings) or (awakened beings). In 2021, people affiliated with One Nation were reported to be active in Belgium. In February 2022, the group's French spokeswoman was sentenced to six months in prison for multiple traffic violations. She was arrested and incarcerated in September of the same year.
Czech Republic
The movement was first covered by Czech media in 2022, when the government noticed an increasing number of people submitting a "sworn declaration of life" and demanding to terminate a contract with the "Czech Republic corporation". It gained further traction in the middle of 2023, when sovereign citizen movement followers tried to interrupt multiple court proceedings with COVID-19 and Ukraine war disinformators, demanding that the judges "identify" themselves. The movement was also connected to a case of a family with two unregistered children living in a yurt near Náchod.
Czech members of the movement maintain that they remain de jure citizens of Czechoslovakia, based on a belief that the dissolution of Czechoslovakia was illegal. There are multiple active groups based on the sovereign citizen ideology, the most prominent one being the "Community of Legitimate Creditors of the Czech Republic" ().
See also
Violent incidents
1995 Oklahoma City bombing
2003 standoff in Abbeville, South Carolina
2009 assassination of George Tiller
2010 West Memphis police shootings
2014 Bundy standoff
2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
2016 shooting of Baton Rouge police officers
2016 shooting of Korryn Gaines
2018 Nashville Waffle House shooting
2021 Wakefield, Massachusetts standoff
2021 Waukesha Christmas parade attack
2022 Wieambilla police shootings
Groups
American militia movement
Christian Patriot movement
Citizens for Constitutional Freedom
Embassy of Heaven
Freedomites
Guardians of the Free Republics
Sitcomm Arbitration Association
Kingdom Filipina Hacienda
Montana Freemen
Moorish Sovereign Citizens
Patriot movement
Posse Comitatus movement
Swissindo
Washitaw Nation
Individuals
Edward and Elaine Brown
Schaeffer Cox
Romana Didulo
William Potter Gale
John Joe Gray
Richard Marple
David Wynn Miller
Sean David Morton
Terry Nichols
Gavin Seim
Glenn Unger
Concepts
Anarcho-capitalism
Anarchism and nationalism
Anomie
Anti-Federalism
Antinomianism
Consent of the governed
Debt evasion
Declarationism
Eumeswil
Individualist anarchism
National-anarchism
Paleoconservatism
Paleolibertarianism
Radical right (United States)
Right-libertarianism
Self-ownership
Social contract
Sovereignty
Statelessness
Tax resistance in the United States
White supremacy
References
Further reading
External links
"A quick guide to Sovereign Citizens" (UNC School of Government)
"Common Law and Uncommon Courts: An Overview of the Common Law Court Movement", Mark Pitcavage, The Militia Watchdog Archives, Anti-Defamation League, July 25, 1997.
The Sovereigns: A Dictionary of the Peculiar, Southern Poverty Law Center, August 1, 2010
What cops need to know about sovereign citizen encounters (PoliceOne)
FBI page on the Sovereign Citizen movement
Sovereign Citizens: A Clear and Present Danger (Police magazine)
Sovereign Citizen Movement – Anti-Defamation League
Sovereign Citizen Movement Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
SPLC's Video Informing Law Enforcement on the Dangers of "Sovereign Citizens"
Without Prejudice: What Sovereign Citizens Believe , J.M. Berger, GWU Program on Extremism, June 2016
Anti-Federalism
Libertarianism in the United States
QAnon
Terrorism in the United States
Far-right politics in the United States
Crime in the United States
Antisemitism in the United States |
The 2001–02 Alpha Ethniki was the 66th season of the highest football league of Greece. The season began on 22 September 2001 and ended on 8 May 2002. Olympiacos won their sixth consecutive and 31st Greek title.
Teams
Stadia and personnel
1 On final match day of the season, played on 8 May 2002.
League table
Results
Top scorers
Source: Galanis Sports Data
Awards
Annual awards
Annual awards were announced on 4 November 2002.
References
External links
Greek Wikipedia
Official Greek FA Site
Greek SuperLeague official Site
SuperLeague Statistics
Alpha Ethniki seasons
Greece
1 |
Louis-Joseph Marchand (1 January 1692, Troyes — 20 November 1774) was a French music theorist, composer, choir director, and priest.
Life and career
Born in Troyes, Louis-Joseph Marchand studied singing in Bourges and Auxerre. He became a priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes. He first served as the 'maître de musique' at the Châlons Cathedral, before taking up a similar position at the Besançon Cathedral. He left the latter post in August 1735 to head the maîtrise (a term used in France to refer collectively to a position of responsibility over the choristers, their living quarters, and other associated responsibilities) at the Collegiate Church of St Maxe at Bar-le-Duc; a position he held until his retirement 32 years later. He also concurrently held the position of canon at the Notre-Dame Cathedral in 1764–1765. After retiring in 1767, he returned to Troyes where he lived until his death on November 20, 1774.
Marchand authored the first work on counterpoint published in France in the 18th century: Traité du contrepoint simple, ou Chant sur le livre (published 1739 by Richard Briflot in Bar-le-Duc). His theories were conservative, and did not agree with the more progressive theories proposed by Jean-Philippe Rameau. The work heavily influenced composer and theorist Henry Madin who in turn published Traité de contrepoint simple (Paris, 1742) after being inspired by Marchand. Only one work composed by Marchand survives, the choral work Missa quatuor vocibus, cui titulus, Quis, ut Deus? (Paris, 1743).
References
1692 births
1774 deaths
French music theorists
French composers
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests |
Elizabeth Taylor was a British-American actress who received numerous accolades throughout her career and is considered to be one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema, with the American Film Institute naming her the seventh-greatest female screen legend in American film history.
In her six decades-long acting career, Taylor received five nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the films Raintree County (1957), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), BUtterfield 8 (1960), and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), winning for these last two features. Her performance in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? also earned her the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress, the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. Taylor was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, winning Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for Suddenly, Last Summer in 1960. Her other acclaimed performances include Hammersmith Is Out (1972), which won her the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin International Film Festival, and The Taming of the Shrew (1967) and Zee and Co. (1972), for which she received two David di Donatello Awards for Best Foreign Actress. Taylor made her Broadway debut in a 1981 revival of the Lillian Hellman's play The Little Foxes, which earned her a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and wins at the Outer Critics Circle Awards and the Theatre World Awards.
For her lifetime achievements, Taylor was honored with the AFI Life Achievement Award, the BAFTA Fellowship, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award, and a medallion at the Kennedy Center Honors. Her humanitarian commitment to the fight against HIV/AIDS was also recognized with several honors, including the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academy Awards, the GLAAD Vanguard Award, and the Presidential Citizens Medal.
Awards and nominations
Honorary awards
Notes
References
External links
Taylor, Elizabeth
Taylor, Elizabeth
Awards |
Mordella apicicornis is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1891.
References
Beetles described in 1891
apicicornis |
A wheel speed sensor (WSS) or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a sender device used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and pickup.
Automotive wheel speed sensor
Purpose
The wheel speed sensor was initially used to replace the mechanical linkage from the wheels to the speedometer, eliminating cable breakage and simplifying the gauge construction by eliminating moving parts. These sensors also produce data that allows automated driving aids like ABS to function.
Construction
The most common wheel speed sensor system consists of a ferromagnetic toothed reluctor ring (tone wheel) and a sensor (which can be passive or active).
The tone wheel is typically made of steel and may be an open-air design, or sealed (as in the case of unitized bearing assemblies). The number of teeth is chosen as a trade-off between low-speed sensing/accuracy and high-speed sensing/cost. Greater numbers of teeth will require more machining operations and (in the case of passive sensors) produce a higher frequency output signal which may not be as easily interpreted at the receiving end, but give a better resolution and higher signal update rate.
In more advanced systems, the teeth can be asymmetrically shaped to allow the sensor to distinguish between forward and reverse rotation of the wheel.
A passive sensor typically consists of a ferromagnetic rod which is oriented to project radially from the tone wheel with a permanent magnet at the opposite end. The rod is wound with fine wire which experiences an induced alternating voltage as the tone wheel rotates, as the teeth interfere with the magnetic field. Passive sensors output a sinusoidal signal which grows in magnitude and frequency with wheel speed.
A variation of the passive sensor does not have a magnet backing it, but rather a tone wheel which consists of alternating magnetic poles produce the alternating voltage. The output of this sensor tends to resemble a square wave, rather than a sinusoid, but still increases in magnitude as wheels speed increases.
An active sensor is a passive sensor with signal conditioning circuitry built into the device. This signal conditioning may be amplifying the signal's magnitude; changing the signal's form to PWM, square wave, or others; or encoding the value into a communication protocol before transmission.
Variations
The vehicle speed sensor (VSS) may be, but is not always, a true wheel speed sensor. For example, in the Ford AOD transmission, the VSS is mounted to the tailshaft extension housing and is a self-contained tone ring and sensor. Though this does not give wheel speed (as each wheel in an axle with a differential is able to turn at differing speeds, and neither is solely dependent on the driveshaft for its final speed), under typical driving conditions this is close enough to provide the speedometer signal, and was used for the rear wheel ABS systems on 1987 and newer Ford F-Series, the first pickups with ABS.
Special purpose speed sensors
Road vehicles
Wheel speed sensors are a critical component of anti-lock braking systems.
Rotary speed sensors for rail vehicles
Many of the subsystems in a rail vehicle, such as a locomotive or multiple unit, depend on a reliable and precise rotary speed signal, in some cases as a measure of the speed or changes in the speed. This applies in particular to traction control, but also to wheel slide protection, registration, train control, door control and so on. These tasks are performed by a number of rotary speed sensors that may be found in various parts of the vehicle.
Speed sensor failures are frequent, and are mainly due to the extremely harsh operating conditions encountered in rail vehicles. The relevant standards specify detailed test criteria, but in practical operation the conditions encountered are often even more extreme (such as shock/vibration and especially electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)).
Rotary speed sensors for motors
Although rail vehicles occasionally do use drives without sensors, most need a rotary speed sensor for their regulator system. The most common type is a two-channel sensor that scans a toothed wheel on the motor shaft or gearbox which may be dedicated to this purpose or may be already present in the drive system.
Modern Hall effect sensors of this type make use of the principle of magnetic field modulation and are suitable for ferromagnetic target wheels with a module between m =1 and m = 3.5 (D.P.=25 to D.P.=7). The form of the teeth is of secondary importance; target wheels with involute or rectangular toothing can be scanned. Depending on the diameter and teeth of the wheel it is possible to get between 60 and 300 pulses per revolution, which is sufficient for drives of lower and medium traction performance.
This type of sensor normally consists of two hall effect sensors, a rare-earth magnet and appropriate evaluation electronics. The field of the magnet is modulated by the passing target teeth. This modulation is registered by the Hall sensors, converted by a comparator stage to a square wave signal and amplified in a driver stage.
Unfortunately, the Hall effect varies greatly with temperature. The sensors’ sensitivity and also the signal offset therefore depend not only on the air gap but also on the temperature. This also very much reduces the maximum permissible air gap between the sensor and the target wheel. At room temperature an air gap of 2 to 3 mm can be tolerated without difficulty for a typical target wheel of module m = 2, but in the required temperature range of from −40 °C to 120 °C the maximum gap for effective signal registration drops to 1.3 mm.
Smaller pitch target wheels with module m = 1 are often used to get a higher time resolution or to make the construction more compact. In this case the maximum possible air gap is only 0.5 to 0.8 mm.
For the design engineer, the visible air gap that the sensor ends up with is primarily the result of the specific machine design, but is subject to whatever constraints are needed to register the rotary speed. If this means that the possible air gap has to lie within a very small range, then this will also restrict the mechanical tolerances of the motor housing and target wheels to prevent signal dropouts during operation. This means that in practice there may be problems, particularly with smaller pitched target wheels of module m = 1 and disadvantageous combinations of tolerances and extreme temperatures. From the point of view of the motor manufacturer, and even more so the operator, it is therefore better to look for speed sensors with a wider range of air gap.
The primary signal from a Hall sensor loses amplitude sharply as the air gap increases. For Hall sensor manufacturers this means that they need to provide maximum possible compensation for the Hall signal's physically induced offset drift. The conventional way of doing this is to measure the temperature at the sensor and use this information to compensate the offset, but this fails for two reasons: firstly because the drift does not vary linearly with the temperature, and secondly because not even the sign of the drift is the same for all sensors.
Some sensors now offer an integrated signal processor that attempts to correct the offset and amplitude of the Hall sensor signals. This correction enables a larger maximum permissible air gap at the speed sensor. On a module m = 1 target wheel these new sensors can tolerate an air gap of 1.4 mm, which is wider than that for conventional speed sensors on module m = 2 target wheels. On a module m = 2 target wheel the new speed sensors can tolerate gap of as much as 2.2 mm. It has also been possible to markedly increase the signal quality. Both the duty cycle and the phase displacement between the two channels is at least three times as stable in the face of fluctuating air gap and temperature drift. In addition, in spite of the complex electronics it has also been possible to increase the mean time between failures for the new speed sensors by a factor of three to four. So they not only provide more precise signals, their signal availability is also significantly better.
An alternative to Hall effect sensors with gears are sensors or encoders which use [magnetoresistance]. Because the target wheel is an active, multipole magnet, air gaps can be even larger, up to 4.0 mm. Because magnetoresistive sensors are angle-sensitive and amplitude-insensitive, signal quality is increased over Hall sensors in fluctuating gap applications. Also the signal quality is much higher, enabling [interpolation] within the sensor/encoder or by an external circuit.
Motor encoders with integrated bearings
There is a limit on the number of pulses achievable by Hall sensors without integrated bearings: with a 300 mm diameter target wheel it is normally not possible to get beyond 300 pulses per revolution. But many locomotives and electric multiple units (EMUs) need higher numbers of pulses for proper operation of the traction converter, for instance when there are tight constraints on the traction regulator at low speeds.
Such Hall effect sensor applications may benefit from built-in bearings, which can tolerate an air gap many orders of magnitude smaller because of the greatly reduced play on the actual sensor as opposed to that of the motor bearing. This makes it possible to choose a much smaller pitch for the measuring scale, right down to module m = 0.22. Likewise, the magnetoresistive sensors offer even higher resolution and accuracy than Hall sensors when implemented in motor encoders with integrated bearings.
For even greater signal accuracy a precision encoder can be used.
The functional principles of the two encoders are similar: a multichannel magneto-resistive sensor scans a target wheel with 256 teeth, generating sine and cosine signals. Arctangent interpolation is used to generate rectangular pulses from the sine/cosine signal periods. The precision encoder also possesses amplitude and offset correction functions. This makes it possible to further improve the signal quality, which greatly improves traction regulation.
Speed sensors on the wheelset
Bearingless wheelset speed sensors
Bearingless speed sensors may be found in almost every wheelset of a rail vehicle. They are principally used for wheel slide protection and usually supplied by the manufacturer of the wheel slide protection system. These sensors require a sufficiently small air gap and need to be particularly reliable.
One special feature of rotary speed sensors that are used for wheel slide protection is their integrated monitoring functions. Two-wire sensors with a current output of 7 mA/14 mA are used to detect broken cables. Other designs provide for an output voltage of around 7 V as soon as the signal frequency drops below 1 Hz. Another method used is to detect a 50 MHz output signal from the sensor when the power supply is periodically modulated at 50 MHz. It is also common for two-channel sensors to have electrically isolated channels.
Occasionally it is necessary to take off the wheel slide protection signal at the traction motor, and the output frequency is then often too high for the wheel slide protection electronics. For this application a speed sensor with an integrated frequency divider or encoder can be utilized.
Wheelset pulse generator with integrated bearing
A rail vehicle, particularly a locomotive, possesses numerous subsystems that require separate, electrically isolated speed signals. There usually are neither enough mounting places nor is there sufficient space where separate pulse generators could be installed. Multi-channel pulse generators that are flange-mounted onto the bearing shells or covers of wheelsets offer a solution. Using a number of bearingless speed sensors would also involve additional cables, which should preferably be avoided for outdoor equipment because they are so susceptible to damage, for instance from flying track ballast.
Optical sensor
From one to four channels can be implemented, each channel having a photosensor that scans one of at most two signal tracks on a slotted disk. Experience shows that the possible number of channels achievable by this technique is still not enough. A number of subsystems therefore have to make do with looped-through signals from the wheel slide protection electronics and are therefore forced to accept, for instance, the available number of pulses, although a separate speed signal might well have some advantages.
The use of optical sensors is widespread in industry. Unfortunately they do have two fundamental weaknesses that have always made it very difficult to get them to function reliably over a number of years, namely
– the optical components are extremely susceptible to dirt, and
– the light source ages too quickly.
Even traces of dirt greatly reduce the amount of light that passes through the lens and can cause signal dropout. These encoders are therefore required to be very well sealed. Further problems are encountered when the pulse generators are used in environments in which the dew point is passed: the lenses fog and the signal is frequently interrupted.
The light sources used are light-emitting diodes (LEDs). But LEDs are always subject to aging, which over a few years leads to a noticeably reduced beam. Attempts are made to compensate for this by using special regulators that gradually increase the current through the LED, but unfortunately this further accelerates the aging process.
Magnetic sensor
The principle used in scanning a ferromagnetic measuring scale magnetically does not exhibit these deficiencies. During many years’ experience of using magnetic encoders there have been occasions when a seal has failed and a pulse generator has been found to be completely covered in a thick layer of brake dust and other dirt, but such pulse generators still functioned perfectly.
Historically, magnetic sensor systems cost more than optical systems, but this difference is narrowing rapidly. Magnetic Hall and magnetoresistive sensor systems can be imbedded in plastic or potting material, which increases mechanical reliability and eliminates damage from water and grease.
Wheel speed sensors can also include hysteresis. This suppresses any extraneous pulses while the vehicle is at a standstill.
Pulse generators constructed in accordance with this principle have been successfully field tested by several rail operators since the beginning of 2005. The type test specified in EN 50155 has also been successfully completed, so that these pulse generators can now be delivered.
Wheelset pulse generators with integrated bearings for inside-journal bogies
Inside-journal bogies make particular demands on the pulse generator designer because they have no bearing cover on the end to serve as the basis from which the rotation of the wheelset shaft could be registered. In this case the pulse generator has to be mounted on a shaft stub attached to the wheelset and fitted with a torque converter connected to the bogie frame to prevent it from rotating.
The extreme vibration in this location leads to a considerable load on the pulse generator bearing, which, with this method of installation has to carry not only the relatively small mass of the pulse generator shaft but that of the entire pulse generator. When we consider that bearing life reduces with at least the third power of the load we can see that a reliable and durable pulse generator for such a situation cannot merely be adapted from the more common standard pulse generator for outside-journal bogies merely by fitting and intermediate flange or similar construction. It really is necessary to have a pulse generator with a modified design adapted to the requirements of such a location.
Speed sensors for non-magnetic target wheels or applications that produce swarf
Some transport companies are faced with a special problem: the circulating air that keeps the motors cool carries swarf abraded from the wheels and rails. This collects on the heads of magnetic sensors.
There are also increasingly motors in which sensors have to scan aluminium target wheels, for instance because the impellers are made of an aluminium alloy and the manufacturer does not wish to have to shrink on a separate ferromagnetic gear rim.
For these applications there are speed sensors available that do not require a target magnet. A number of transmitting and receiving coils are used to generate an alternating electric field with a frequency of the order of 1 MHz and the modulation of the coupling between senders and receivers is then evaluated. This sensor is installation and signal compatible to the magnetic sensors; for most common target wheel modules the units can simply be replaced without any other measures being necessary.
Speed sensors with interpolation
Customers often want a higher number of pulses per revolution than can be achieved in the space available and with the smallest module m = 1. To achieve this goal, sensors are available which offer interpolation. These offer output of 2-64X the original number of gear teeth or magnetic poles on the target wheel. Accuracy is dependent on the quality of sensor input: Hall sensors are lower cost, but lower accuracy, magnetoresistive sensors are higher cost, but higher accuracy.
References
External links
Wheel speed sensors in motor vehicles: Function, Diagnosis, and Troubleshooting, Hella
Vehicle Safety Equipment "Drive Safer America"
Vehicle safety technologies
Railway safety
Speed sensors |
```xml
import { HttpClient } from '@microsoft/sp-http';
export interface IInvitationManagerProps {
title: string;
httpClient: HttpClient;
webPartId: string;
}
``` |
The 1976 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 90th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament. The championship began on 9 May 1976 and ended on 26 September 1976.
Kerry were the defending champions.
On 26 September 1976, Dublin won the championship following a 3-8 to 0-10 defeat of Kerry in the All-Ireland final. This was their 19th All-Ireland title, their first in two championship seasons.
Dublin's Jimmy Keaveney was the choice for Texaco Footballer of the Year.
Results
Connacht Senior Football Championship
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Finals
Leinster Senior Football Championship
First round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Munster Senior Football Championship
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Finals
Ulster Senior Football Championship
Preliminary round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Finals
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
Semi-finals
Final
Championship statistics
Miscellaneous
Leitrim recorded their first win over Mayo since 1959 after a replay.
Cork Athletic Grounds changed its name to Pairc Ui Chaoimh after Pádraig Ó Caoimh.
3 Provincial finals end in a draw and to a replay in the same year for the first time since 1924 (CLU) and never since (as of 2019) Connacht, Munster and Ulster. 1888, 1903 & 1915 were the only other years up to 1976 to have had multiple provincial final draws.
The All-Ireland final was Dublin's first win over Kerry since the All-Ireland semi-final of 1934.
Top scorers
Overall
Single game
References
External links
"From the archives: Preview of 1976 Ulster SFC final between Derry and Cavan". BBC Sport. 26 April 2020. |
KIYU-FM is a Public Radio formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Galena, Alaska, serving the Alaska Bush. KIYU is owned and operated by Big River Public Broadcasting Corporation.
KIYU had originally broadcast on AM at 910 kHz, but the license for the AM station was surrendered on May 4, 2020. The FM station began broadcasting in 2008, and remains on the air.
Rebroadcasters
In addition to the main station, KIYU is relayed on 10 full-power FM repeaters to widen its broadcast area. KIYU programming is also simulcast on KRFF in Fairbanks, weekday afternoons.
References
External links
KIYU Online
FCC Station Search Details for KIYU (AM) (deleted May 5, 2020, Facility ID: 5282)
1986 establishments in Alaska
Public radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1986
IYU
IYU
NPR member stations |
Leslie Wright Durán Ballén (born April 11, 1938 in Quito) is a notable Ecuadorian pianist. He is Ecuador's cultural attache in Paris and has received many international awards.
Leslie Wright received his first piano lessons at just six years old. In 1953 he joined the Music Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome. He graduated in 1960, winning first prize and jury mention. In 1961 he participated in the International Piano Competition in Geneva, taking third place. In 1962 he made a tour of several South American countries appearing in their best theaters and concert halls. In 1963 he won first prize in the "Biernans" competition in Paris. Shortly afterwards he was honored in the global contest of Bilbao from among 44 virtuoso pianists worldwide. In 1965 he won a major prize in the International Piano Competition "Marguerite Long", in Paris.
He was awarded the Ecuadorian national award "Premio Eugenio Espejo" in 1986 from the President of Ecuador for his contribution to the national culture.
Leslie Wright married fellow pianist Nadine Vercambre Paul of France, with whom he plays concerts. "Leslie and Nadine Wright", as they are best known, have done 6 world tours.
References
External links
Leslie and Nadine Wright in concert (on Vimeo)
1938 births
Ecuadorian pianists
Living people
Musicians from Quito
21st-century pianists |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Text;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEditor;
using System.IO;
namespace FMODUnity
{
[CustomPropertyDrawer(typeof(EventRefAttribute))]
class EventRefDrawer : PropertyDrawer
{
public override void OnGUI(Rect position, SerializedProperty property, GUIContent label)
{
Texture browseIcon = EditorGUIUtility.Load("FMOD/SearchIconBlack.png") as Texture;
Texture openIcon = EditorGUIUtility.Load("FMOD/BrowserIcon.png") as Texture;
Texture addIcon = EditorGUIUtility.Load("FMOD/AddIcon.png") as Texture;
EditorGUI.BeginProperty(position, label, property);
SerializedProperty pathProperty = property;
Event e = Event.current;
if (e.type == EventType.DragPerform && position.Contains(e.mousePosition))
{
if (DragAndDrop.objectReferences.Length > 0 &&
DragAndDrop.objectReferences[0] != null &&
DragAndDrop.objectReferences[0].GetType() == typeof(EditorEventRef))
{
pathProperty.stringValue = ((EditorEventRef)DragAndDrop.objectReferences[0]).Path;
GUI.changed = true;
e.Use();
}
}
if (e.type == EventType.DragUpdated && position.Contains(e.mousePosition))
{
if (DragAndDrop.objectReferences.Length > 0 &&
DragAndDrop.objectReferences[0] != null &&
DragAndDrop.objectReferences[0].GetType() == typeof(EditorEventRef))
{
DragAndDrop.visualMode = DragAndDropVisualMode.Move;
DragAndDrop.AcceptDrag();
e.Use();
}
}
float baseHeight = GUI.skin.textField.CalcSize(new GUIContent()).y;
position = EditorGUI.PrefixLabel(position, GUIUtility.GetControlID(FocusType.Passive), label);
GUIStyle buttonStyle = new GUIStyle(GUI.skin.button);
buttonStyle.padding.top = 1;
buttonStyle.padding.bottom = 1;
Rect addRect = new Rect(position.x + position.width - addIcon.width - 7, position.y, addIcon.width + 7, baseHeight);
Rect openRect = new Rect(addRect.x - openIcon.width - 7, position.y, openIcon.width + 6, baseHeight);
Rect searchRect = new Rect(openRect.x - browseIcon.width - 9, position.y, browseIcon.width + 8, baseHeight);
Rect pathRect = new Rect(position.x, position.y, searchRect.x - position.x - 3, baseHeight);
EditorGUI.PropertyField(pathRect, pathProperty, GUIContent.none);
if (GUI.Button(searchRect, new GUIContent(browseIcon, "Search"), buttonStyle))
{
var eventBrowser = EventBrowser.CreateInstance<EventBrowser>();
eventBrowser.SelectEvent(property);
var windowRect = position;
windowRect.position = GUIUtility.GUIToScreenPoint(windowRect.position);
windowRect.height = openRect.height + 1;
eventBrowser.ShowAsDropDown(windowRect, new Vector2(windowRect.width, 400));
}
if (GUI.Button(addRect, new GUIContent(addIcon, "Create New Event in Studio"), buttonStyle))
{
var addDropdown= EditorWindow.CreateInstance<CreateEventPopup>();
addDropdown.SelectEvent(property);
var windowRect = position;
windowRect.position = GUIUtility.GUIToScreenPoint(windowRect.position);
windowRect.height = openRect.height + 1;
addDropdown.ShowAsDropDown(windowRect, new Vector2(windowRect.width, 500));
}
if (GUI.Button(openRect, new GUIContent(openIcon, "Open In Browser"), buttonStyle) &&
!String.IsNullOrEmpty(pathProperty.stringValue) &&
EventManager.EventFromPath(pathProperty.stringValue) != null
)
{
EventBrowser.ShowEventBrowser();
var eventBrowser = EditorWindow.GetWindow<EventBrowser>();
eventBrowser.JumpToEvent(pathProperty.stringValue);
}
if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(pathProperty.stringValue) && EventManager.EventFromPath(pathProperty.stringValue) != null)
{
Rect foldoutRect = new Rect(position.x + 10, position.y + baseHeight, position.width, baseHeight);
property.isExpanded = EditorGUI.Foldout(foldoutRect, property.isExpanded, "Event Properties");
if (property.isExpanded)
{
var style = new GUIStyle(GUI.skin.label);
style.richText = true;
EditorEventRef eventRef = EventManager.EventFromPath(pathProperty.stringValue);
float width = style.CalcSize(new GUIContent("<b>Oneshot</b>")).x;
Rect labelRect = new Rect(position.x, position.y + baseHeight * 2, width, baseHeight);
Rect valueRect = new Rect(position.x + width + 10, position.y + baseHeight * 2, pathRect.width, baseHeight);
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("<b>GUID</b>"), style);
EditorGUI.SelectableLabel(valueRect, eventRef.Guid.ToString("b"));
labelRect.y += baseHeight;
valueRect.y += baseHeight;
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("<b>Banks</b>"), style);
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
eventRef.Banks.ForEach((x) => { builder.Append(Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(x.Path)); builder.Append(", "); });
GUI.Label(valueRect, builder.ToString(0, builder.Length - 2));
labelRect.y += baseHeight;
valueRect.y += baseHeight;
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("<b>Panning</b>"), style);
GUI.Label(valueRect, eventRef.Is3D ? "3D" : "2D");
labelRect.y += baseHeight;
valueRect.y += baseHeight;
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("<b>Stream</b>"), style);
GUI.Label(valueRect, eventRef.IsStream.ToString());
labelRect.y += baseHeight;
valueRect.y += baseHeight;
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("<b>Oneshot</b>"), style);
GUI.Label(valueRect, eventRef.IsOneShot.ToString());
labelRect.y += baseHeight;
valueRect.y += baseHeight;
}
}
else
{
Rect labelRect = new Rect(position.x, position.y + baseHeight, position.width, baseHeight);
GUI.Label(labelRect, new GUIContent("Event Not Found", EditorGUIUtility.Load("FMOD/NotFound.png") as Texture2D));
}
EditorGUI.EndProperty();
}
public override float GetPropertyHeight(SerializedProperty property, GUIContent label)
{
bool expanded = property.isExpanded && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(property.stringValue) && EventManager.EventFromPath(property.stringValue) != null;
float baseHeight = GUI.skin.textField.CalcSize(new GUIContent()).y;
return baseHeight * (expanded ? 7 : 2); // 6 lines of info
}
}
}
``` |
Antonio de Oquendo y Zandategui (October 1577 in San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa – 7 June 1640, in A Coruña) was a Spanish admiral; in 1639 he was in command of the Spanish forces at the Battle of the Downs.
Naval career
Antonio was the son of Captain-General Miguel de Oquendo, who died in October 1588 when his ship foundered off Pasajes, while coming back from the ill-fated campaign of the Armada Invencible. In 1594 he entered naval service. He commanded a naval squadron made of his flagship, the Delfín de Escocia, and the Dobladilla, two 500 ton galleons. On 7 August 1604 he captured an English privateer at the Battle of the Gulf of Cádiz. At that time he was serving in the fleet of Admiral Luis Fajardo. In 1607 he was appointed commander of the Biscay squadron, which was that year enlarged and renamed the squadron of the Bay of Biscay. From the same year he also functioned as the General of the Fleet of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
In 1619 he temporarily replaced Juan Fajardo de Tenza, 1st Marquess of Espinardo, arrested for insubordination, as commander of the Squadron of the Ocean, the Atlantic high seas navy. Ordered to be Fajardo's successor he refused, at the same time trying to make the government aware of the many shortcomings in the naval organisation; as a result he was himself incarcerated. Soon his imprisonment was changed for a forced stay in a convent. After a while Prince Philbert arranged his release; De Oquendo was then given command for a few years of the yearly Spanish treasure fleet, transporting the silver from the Andes to Spain.
In 1624 he was brought to trial on accusations of fraud and nepotism but managed to show that the charges were fabricated by his enemies within the fleet. Nevertheless, he was barred from command of the treasure fleet for four years and condemned to pay an indemnity of 12,000 ducats for having caused the loss of the galleons Espíritu Santo and Santísima Trinidad near Cuba through neglect of duty.
Later promotions
In 1626 De Oquendo became Admiral-General of the Ocean Fleet, under Captain-General Fadrique de Toledo. In 1628 by his own initiative he relieved La Mámora, at the time besieged by the Moors.
In 1631 he commanded a troop convoy destined for Brazil, to retake the city of Pernambuco, the previous year conquered by the Dutch West India Company. On 12 September he engaged and defeated a Dutch WIC fleet under Admiral Adriaan Pater, allowing him to successfully land the troop contingent. The Spanish lost one vessel, the Dutch three. De Oquendo was now promoted to the highest rank, that of Captain-General.
In 1636 he was arrested for duelling an Italian nobleman in Madrid. In 1637 he refused to reinforce the fleet of the Kingdom of Naples because his squadron was undermanned and poorly supplied. He was punished by being appointed governor of Mahón, the capital of the island of Menorca.
Role in the Battle of the Downs
In 1639, the situation of Spain in the Thirty Years War strongly deteriorated. France had blocked the so called Spanish road via land to the Army of Flanders by the capture of Breisach. Because of this, the Army of Flanders had to resupplied by sea. In August, De Oquendo was made a viscount and given command of a large transport fleet to ship reinforcements from Cadiz to Dunkirk. On 15 September he was intercepted near the Strait of Dover by the squadron of Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, who was reinforced two days later by a flotilla of Vice-Admiral Witte de With.
Though the Dutch force was rather small, consisting of only seventeen vessels, it managed by a clever use of the line-of-battle to severely damage the larger and crowded Spanish ships. De Oquendo feared that if he entered the narrow channel to Dunkirk, he would be trapped in that port, so he opted to take refuge in The Downs, in neutral English waters at the coast of Kent. As Charles I of England had concluded a secret treaty with Spain against the Dutch, De Oquendo hoped to move his troops to Flanders by means of English shipping. On 31 October the Dutch fleet, grown to over a hundred ships, violated English neutrality and attacked the Spanish fleet, succeeding in destroying or capturing many enemy vessels. De Oquendo himself escaped but was heavily wounded and morally broken. He never fully recovered. After his return to Spain he soon died in A Coruña.
References
1577 births
1640 deaths
Spanish admirals
17th-century Spanish people
Naval commanders of the Eighty Years' War
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) |
Parakiefferiella is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).
Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe |
Margot E. Machol (also known as Margot Machol Bisnow) is an American author and former United States government official. She is author of Raising an Entrepreneur: 10 Rules for Nurturing Risk Takers, Problem Solvers, and Change Makers. She is also a former commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and a former chief-of-staff of President Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers.
Public service career
Machol was a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission under President Reagan and nominated by President George H.W. Bush to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. During the Reagan Administration, she served in the Treasury Department and then as chief of staff to the Council of Economic Advisors. Later, she was a commissioner of the National Commission on Employment Policy; the first chief of staff of the Millennium Challenge Corporation; and staff director of the National H.E.L.P. Commission to advise the George W. Bush Administration and Congress on the future of United States foreign aid. She began her government career with the Banking Committee of the US House of Representatives.
Publications
Machol's book, Raising an Entrepreneur (New Harbinger 2016), is based on interviews with a highly diverse group of 60 noted entrepreneurs and their parents, distilling ten common ways in which the entrepreneurs were raised. Among those surveyed were founders of YouTube, TOMS Shoes, UnderArmour, Method, WordPress, Nantucket Nectars, Geek Squad, and Blue Man Group; founders of non-profits Pencils of Promise, FEED Projects, Kiva, charity: water, and Blue Star Families; and individuals known for solo careers such as movie director Jon Chu, actress Emmanuelle Chriqui, pop songwriter Benny Blanco, supermodel Karolina Kurkova, and political activist Mike de la Rocha.
In her book and in other writings, Machol argues that while it has become increasingly difficult to find satisfying jobs after college, it has become much easier to create modestly-financed startups. She therefore urges parents to help their children find their passions and consider one day building their own for-profit or non-profit adult occupation around them. She recommends that parents present entrepreneurship as a mainstream career choice for their children.
Education
Machol has an MBA from Northwestern’s Kellogg Graduate School of Management and a BA from Northwestern University.
Personal
Machol is married to digital media entrepreneur Mark Bisnow. They have two children, Summit Series founder Elliott Bisnow, and Magic Giant lead singer Austin Bisnow. She is the daughter of Robert E. Machol.
References
Federal Trade Commission personnel
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Reagan administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American women non-fiction writers |
Viktória Kokas (born 15 November 1990 in Győr) is a Hungarian handballer, who retired from professional handball in 2015. Currently she plays at the second division, also she serves as the technical director of Mosonmagyaróvári KC SE.
References
External links
Career statistics on Worldhandball.com
Profile on Kiskunhalasi NKSE Official Website
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Győr
Hungarian female handball players
Győri Audi ETO KC players |
The Zvezda Kh-35 (, AS-20 'Kayak') is a Soviet turbojet subsonic cruise anti-ship missile. The missile can be launched from helicopters, surface ships and coastal defence batteries with the help of a rocket booster, in which case it is known as Uran ('Uranus', SS-N-25 'Switchblade', GRAU 3M24) or Bal (SSC-6 'Sennight', GRAU 3K60). It is designed to attack vessels up to 5,000 tonnes.
Development
The previous anti-ship missiles made in USSR were highly capable, but they also were large and expensive. Therefore, the Soviet Navy found that a similar, small and very low flying missile would be useful. This new system was planned as small, cheap, and easy to install missile for a variety of platforms. This new system, called 3M24 Uran (in western nomenclature, SS-N-25) was originally meant for small surface combatants such as frigates, like the Krivak, Gepard and Neustrashimy. It was the answer to western missiles like the US Harpoon. Informally, it was also known as 'Harpoonski', as it was broadly comparable, especially in appearance, with the American missile.
The initial development started in Zvezda-Strela State Scientific-Industrial Center (GNPTs) group in 1972 or 1977, depending on the sources. Zvezda received the official go ahead to begin work on the Kh-35 in 1983-1984 by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers and the USSR CPSU Central Committee to arm ships of medium tonnage.
Test launches began in 1985, but there were several problems and failures with the miniaturized active radar system. It was first displayed in 1992 and listed as only being intended for export, when it was, in fact, not yet for production. In 1994 India ordered Uran missiles (the Kh-35E export variant). This led to the full development, and deliveries started to the Indian Navy in 1996. Russia adopted it only in 2003 (for ships), and 2004 (Bal, coastal system). The air-launched variant (originally made for Indian Il-38SD patrol aircraft) was completed in 2005 and later deployed on Russian Federation aircraft.
The KH-35 can be considered the successor to the SS-N-2 Styx missile, albeit much smaller and more modern. It boasts greater range than legacy missile systems, and is much cheaper than other contemporary anti-ship missiles like Kalibr or Oniks, costing an estimated $500,000 USD per missile.
Design
The Kh-35 missile is a subsonic weapon featuring a normal aerodynamic configuration with cruciform wings and fins and a semisubmerged air duct intake. The propulsion unit is a turbofan engine. The missile is guided to its target at the final leg of the trajectory by commands fed from the active radar homing head and the radio altimeter.
Target designation data can be introduced into the missile from the launch aircraft or ship or external sources. Flight mission data is inserted into the missile control system after input of target coordinates. An inertial system controls the missile in flight, stabilizes it at an assigned altitude and brings it to a target location area. At a certain target range, the homing head is switched on to search for, lock on and track the target. The inertial control system then turns the missile toward the target and changes its flight altitude to an extremely low one. At this altitude, the missile continues the process of homing by the data fed from the homing head and the inertial control system until a hit is obtained.
The Kh-35 can be employed in fair and adverse weather conditions at sea states up to 5–6, by day and night, under enemy fire and electronic countermeasures. Its aerodynamic configuration is optimized for high subsonic-speed sea-skimming flight to ensure stealthy characteristics of the missile. The missile has low signatures thanks to its small dimensions, sea-skimming capability and a special guidance algorithm ensuring highly secure operational modes of the active radar seeker.
Its ARGS-35E active radar seeker operates in both single and multiple missile launch modes, acquiring and locking on targets at a maximum range of up to 20 km. A new radar seeker, Gran-KE has been developed by SPE Radar MMS and will be replacing the existing ARGS-35E X band seeker.
Operational history
The Kh-35 missile entered service with Russian Navy only in 2003. In July 2003, the system created by the "Tactical Missiles Corporation" passed the state tests and began to come into service of ships of the Russian Navy. Today it is generally accepted that in the criterion of "cost-effectiveness", "Uran-E" is one of the best systems in the world. It has also been acquired by India. The Bal coastal missile system showed excellent results in state tests in the fall of 2004, and entered service in 2008. The tests of the upgraded Kh-35UE missile were completed as of June 2021.
A Bal system has four self-propelled launcher vehicles each carrying eight missiles for a total of 32 missiles in a salvo, plus reloads for another wave. The launchers can be up to 10 km from the coast and hit targets at ranges up to . Currently, the Bal system is equipped with an upgraded version of the Kh-35E increasing the range to . At IMDS 2019, a new version of the Russian Bal-E coastal defence system was presented for the first time. The four-tube Rubezh-ME, dedicated to the export market, is based on a Kamaz 63501 8x8 chassis which is more compact than the MZKT-7930 of the original Bal-E. As reported on October 19, 2021 by the TASS news agency, a new missile of the Bal coastal missile complex developed and manufactured by Tactical Missile Armament Corporation (KTRV) will allow hitting targets at a distance of over 500 km. The new capabilities of the complex made it comparable in range and the possibility of firing on the ground with the Bastion missile system using the Onyx supersonic missile, a source in the defense industry said.
Variants
Kh-35 (3M-24) - Base naval version for Russia (2003).
Kh-35E (3M-24E) - Export version of Kh-35 (1996).
Kh-35U - Base upgrade unified missile (can be used with any carrier), version for Russia in production (as of July 1, 2015). Capable of striking land targets.
Kh-35UE - Export version of Kh-35U, in production.
Kh-35UV - Helicopter-launched version, intended for the Kamov Ka-52K.
Kh-35EMV - Export version of Kh-35 missile-target without warhead for Vietnam.
Kh-35E (Uran-E) (SS-N-25 'Switchblade', 3M-24) - Shipborne equipment of the control system with a missile Kh-35/Kh-35E.
Bal/Bal-E - Coastal (SSC-6 Sennight) missile complex with Kh-35/Kh-35E missiles (2008).
Rubez-ME - Coastal missile complex with 4 Kh-35/Kh-35U missiles. Compact version of the Bal-E, dedicated for the export .
KN-09 Kumsong/GeumSeong-3 (Venus 3 금성3호 金星3号) - KN0v 0x 01, KN-19 Reported North Korean copy of the Kh-35U. Kumsong-3 is a North Korean domestic variant/clone of Kh-35 likely based on Kh-35U due to range. Demonstrated range in 2017, June 8 test is 240 km.
VCM-01 - Vietnamese derivative
Neptune - Ukrainian derivative
Operators
Current operators
– Kh-35U derivative Kumsong/GeumSeong-3 (Venus 3) 금성3호 金星3号.
Mobile coastal defence (anti-ship) system KN-19 on a tracked chassis.
Believed to be also able launched with Ilyushin Il-28/H-5 due to missiles being stored at Uiju Airfield, home to these bombers.
– 112 Kh-35 (3M-24) delivered in 2009–2010.
Bal coastal missile brigades deployed by the Russian Navy:
11th Black Sea Fleet Brigade, Utash, Krasnodar
46th Separate Division of the Caspian Flotilla, Dagestan
15th Black Sea Fleet Brigade, Sevastopol, Crimea
72nd Pacific Fleet Regiment, Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai
At least one more complex was delivered to the Western Military District in mid-2016.
Two Bal missile systems delivered in 2017 and one more in November 2018 for the BSF. Three more systems in 2019 and 2020 for the PF, CFl and BF.
A deployment was moved to the Sredny Peninsula in 2019.
The Russian Air Force has acquired since 2014 an unknown number of Kh-35U missiles integrated with the Sukhoi Su-35S fighter aircraft and the Sukhoi Su-34 fighter-bombers.
– Bal Coastal missile complex being delivered.
– 340 Kh-35UE missiles delivered in 2001–2021. A local derivative designated as VCM-01 is being developed by Viettel.
– Kh-35 derivative Neptune
Failed bid
– Bal Coastal missile complex suspended
See also
AGM-158C LRASM
Naval anti ship missile -MR
Exocet
A/R/UGM-84 Harpoon
Naval Strike Missile
Otomat
RBS-15
Sea Eagle
Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile
Type 88 Surface-to-Ship Missile
Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missile
Type 93 Air-to-Ship Missile
YJ-83
References
External sources
KH-35 at CSIS Missile Threat
Anti-ship cruise missiles of Russia
Cruise missiles of Russia
Submarine-launched cruise missiles of Russia
Tactical Missiles Corporation products
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s |
Triin Vahisalu (born October 4, 1978) is an Estonian botanist. She studies the effects of stress on plants and discovered a gene that regulates stomata in harsh environments.
Education
Vahisalu attended the University of Tartu for her undergraduate degree in biology between 1997 and 2004 and stayed on until 2005 for her master's.
Vahisalu completed her doctorate in plant biology at the University of Helsinki, though her research was in collaboration with the University of Tartu. In 2011, she received a fellowship from the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards which supported her research outside Estonia. She was the first winner from the Baltic States.
Career and research
Vahisalu's primary research interests are the effects of varying environmental conditions on crops. She has investigated how plant stomata open and close in drought conditions or under exposure to ozone. When under stress, plants close their stomata to limit exposure to the surrounding atmosphere. She has identified a gene and an associated protein responsible for stoma regulation in Arabidopsis plants. This was achieved by comparing different mutations with varying sensitivity to ozone. Her work could lead to the development of plants that are more resilient in harsh environments. An article about this discovery was published in the high-profile journal Nature.
Vahisalu continues to work at the Universities of Tartu and Helsinki as a post-doctoral fellow. In 2019, she was involved in a conference called "Plants in a Changing World".
Awards and honours
2011 Fellow from L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science. She was praised by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves for her contributions to science on the occasion of her receiving this award.
2011 Best Doctoral Thesis at the University of Tartu.
2010 Estonian National Research Award.
Personal life
Vahisalu is married and has a child.
References
External links
21st-century Estonian women scientists
21st-century Estonian botanists
Estonian women botanists
University of Helsinki alumni
University of Tartu alumni
1978 births
Living people |
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