id stringlengths 4 8 | url stringlengths 33 178 | title stringlengths 2 104 | text stringlengths 14 125k |
|---|---|---|---|
20988837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%85tek%20Ma%C5%82y | Piątek Mały | Piątek Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stawiszyn, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Stawiszyn, north of Kalisz, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Villages in Kalisz County |
65341029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Richard%20Matton | Jules-Richard Matton | Jules-Richard Matton was born on 10 October 1897. He was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1922 Tour de France. Matton died on 21 October 1973
References
1897 births
1973 deaths
Belgian male cyclists
Place of birth missing |
16335910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former%20Presidents%20Act | Former Presidents Act | The Former Presidents Act (known also as FPA; note (P.L. 85-745)) is a 1958 U.S. federal law that provides several lifetime benefits to former presidents of the United States who have not been removed from office solely pursuant to Article Two of the United States Constitution.
History
Before 1958, the U.S. federal government provided no pension or other retirement benefits to former United States presidents. Andrew Carnegie offered to endow a US$25,000 (equal to $ today) annual pension for former chief executives in 1912, but congressmen questioned the propriety of such a private pension. That prompted legislation to provide benefits to former presidents. Although legislation was first introduced later that year to provide any such benefits, that legislation was not enacted.
When the Former Presidents Act took effect in 1958, there were two living former presidents: Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to fall under the act upon leaving office.
The original act provided for lifetime Secret Service protection for former presidents. In 1994, protection was reduced to ten years after leaving office for presidents inaugurated after January 1, 1997. This protection limitation was reversed in early 2013 by the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012.
All living former presidents and their spouses after Dwight D. Eisenhower are now entitled to receive lifetime Secret Service protection. Their children are entitled to protection "until they become 16 years of age".
Benefits
By law, former presidents are entitled to a pension, staff, office expenses, medical care, health insurance, and Secret Service protection.
Pension
The secretary of the treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the salary of a Cabinet secretary (Executive Level I); , it was $219,200 per year and since January 2022, $226,300. The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office. A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension.
Transition
Transition funding for the expenses of leaving office is available for seven months. It covers office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition.
Staff and office
Private office staff and related funding is provided by the administrator of the General Services Administration. People employed under this subsection are selected by and responsible only to the former president for the performance of their duties. Each former president fixes basic rates of compensation for persons employed for them, not exceeding an annualized total of $150,000 for the first 30 months and $96,000 thereafter.
Medical insurance
Former presidents are entitled to medical treatment in military hospitals; they pay for this at rates set by the Office of Management and Budget. Two-term presidents may buy health insurance under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program.
Secret Service protection
From 1965 to 1996, former presidents were entitled to lifetime Secret Service protection, for themselves, spouses, and children under 16. A 1994 statute, , limited post-presidential protection to ten years for presidents inaugurated after January 1, 1997. Under this statute, Bill Clinton would still be entitled to lifetime protection, and all subsequent presidents would have been entitled to ten years of protection. On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012, reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for his predecessor George W. Bush, himself, and all subsequent presidents.
Richard Nixon relinquished his Secret Service protection in 1985, the only president to do so.
See also
Presidential Townhouse
References
External links
Presidency of the United States
United States federal government administration legislation
1958 in American law |
1022069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat%20Vehicle%20Reconnaissance%20%28Tracked%29 | Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) | The Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked), abbreviated CVR(T), is a family of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) developed in the 1960s and is in service with the British Army and others throughout the world. They are small, highly mobile, air-transportable armoured vehicles, originally designed to replace the Alvis Saladin armoured car.
Designed by Alvis in the 1960s, the CVR(T) family includes Scorpion and Scimitar light reconnaissance tanks, Spartan armoured personnel carriers (APC)s, Sultan command and control vehicle, Samaritan armoured ambulance, Striker anti–tank guided missile vehicle and Samson armoured recovery vehicle. All members of the CVR(T) family were designed to share common automotive components and suspension; aluminium armour was selected to keep the weight down. By 1996, more than 3,500 had been built for British Army use and export.
Scorpion, Scimitar, and Striker have now been withdrawn from British Army service.
Design and development
In the early 1960s, the United Kingdom's overseas commitments were proving costly to garrison and were a drain on the defence budget. A new strategy was proposed, that troops and equipment would be airlifted to trouble-spots from their bases in Europe. To support the air-landed troops, a requirement was identified for an AFV that could provide fire support with an anti-armour capability and be light enough to be airportable by the projected Armstrong Whitworth AW.681. At the same time, consideration was being given to the replacement of the Saladin armoured car.
In 1960, work began on what was called the Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance. The vehicle would mount a 76 or 105 mm main gun in a limited-traverse turret, which also housed the three-man crew; namely: driver, gunner and commander. The anti–armour capability would be met by a Swingfire missile system (then under development) mounted at the rear. The design would come in both tracked and wheeled versions and share the same engine and transmission as the FV432 armoured personnel carrier. The final weight of the prototype was over 13 tons, which exceeded the weight limit if it was to be transported by air.
To reduce weight, aluminium alloy armour – using AA7017 made to Alcan E74S specification (Al + Zn 3.9; Mn 2.6) – was originally selected instead of steel; research revealed that it provided greater protection from artillery shell-splinters because of its areal density. However, this alloy suffered from stress corrosion cracking over time, especially around the gun mantlets of the Scimitar, and an improved specification armour (AA1707 made to MVEE-1318B with strict quality control) was fitted from 1978.
To fit inside the transport aircraft of the time, the vehicle's height had to be less than , its width had to be less than . To meet the ground pressure requirement of five psi, the tracks had to be wide. The width also dictated the engine used – it had to fit next to a driver in full winter clothing. Thus the engine compartment could only be wide. No tank engines in production or development at the time were suitable, so the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine was used. This was modified to use military-grade fuel, with a compression ratio lowered from 9:1 to 7.75:1 and a single Solex Marcus carburettor, resulting in a power output reduction from 265 bhp to 195 bhp.
The driver position, being located at the front of the vehicle alongside the engine, dictated that the turret would have to be at the rear. The fire support version, armed with a 76 mm gun, was named Scorpion as the rear-mounted turret suggested a sting in the tail. Following the example of Alvis predecessor vehicles Saladin, Stalwart (load carrier) and Saracen (personnel carrier), all CVRTs started with the letter 'S'. The other vehicles were named to reflect their function; Striker anti–tank guided weapons, Spartan armoured personnel carrier; Samaritan ambulance; Sultan command and control and Samson recovery vehicles. In addition, the British General Staff had requested another vehicle armed with a 30 mm cannon, which became Scimitar.
In 1967, Alvis was awarded the contract to produce 30 CVR(T) prototypes. Vehicles P1–P17 being the Scorpion prototypes, P18–P30 were prototypes of the other six CVR(T) versions. Having to work under strict cost limitations imposed by the Ministry of Defence, the first prototype was completed on time and within budget on 23 January 1969, after extensive hot and cold weather trials in Norway, Australia, Canada and Abu Dhabi. In May 1970, the CVR(T) was accepted into British Army service; a contract was agreed for 275 Scorpions and 288 Scimitars. The first production Scorpion being completed in 1971, initial delivery to the British Army was in January 1972.
By 1986, the United Kingdom had taken delivery of 1,863 CVR(T)s. Total production for the British Army was 313 Scorpions, 89 Strikers, 691 Spartans, 50 Samaritans, 291 Sultans, 95 Samsons and 334 Scimitars.
Life Extension Programme
In 1988, Alvis plc was awarded a £32 million contract to carry out a Life Extension Programme (LEP). The initial contract was for 200 CVR(T)s and supply kits for a further 1,107 vehicles. The LEP was carried out on the Scimitar and Sabre reconnaissance vehicles, Spartan APCs, Sultan command post vehicles, Samson recovery vehicles, Samaritan ambulances and the Striker anti-tank vehicle. The major part of this upgrade was the replacement of the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine by a more fuel efficient Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine.
A second contract for 70 vehicles was divided between Alvis and the Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO). ABRO was then contracted to upgrade about 600 of the remaining CVR(T)s to the LEP standard.
Alvis also offered a comprehensive upgrade for the export version of the CVR(T), which included a diesel engine, upgraded suspension, new track and vision enhancements. Brunei is the only country known to have returned vehicles for an overhaul.
Battle Group Thermal Imaging programme
In 2001, Thales Optronics won the contract for the Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) programme. The contract will replace the image intensification sights installed on British Army Scimitar and Royal Engineers Spartan vehicles. They were replaced by a new gunner's sight with a day thermal image and laser rangefinder sight. The vehicle commander will have a monitor and a map display and the driver a navigation capability.
Variants
Scorpion
The FV101 Scorpion was originally developed to meet a British Army requirement for the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked). Scorpion was accepted by the British Army in May 1970, with a contract for 275, which later rose to 313 vehicles. Main armament consisted of a low velocity 76mm main gun with a coaxial 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The first production vehicles were completed in 1972. The first British regiment to be equipped with the Scorpion was the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) in 1973.
In November 1981, the RAF Regiment took delivery of the first of 184 Scorpions and other variants of CVR(T). These were to be used for airfield defence and served at RAF bases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Cyprus. The 76mm gun was ideal for the role, especially the canister round, which could be used on base against attacking personnel whilst minimising the risk to aircraft and infrastructure due to its short range. The RAF Regiment tranche of vehicles is understood to have originally been part of an order for Iran, but which were not delivered following the revolution that overthrew the Shah. The vehicles differed by having no wading equipment, and the vehicle commander's cupola on the RAF Regiment Spartan was a different design from that of British Army variants.
British Scorpions were withdrawn from service in 1995, principally because of the toxicity hazard in the crew compartment caused when the main armament was fired. In addition, RAF Bomb Disposal (EOD) teams used Scimitar and Spartan. Their protection and mobility allowed the teams to move around airfields that had unexploded ordnance (UXO) and CBRN contamination. The 30mm main armament on the Scimitar could be used to detonate the UXO or to crack the case of a bomb to allow the contents to drain or to deflagrate.
Striker
The FV102 Striker was the anti-tank guided missile version of the CVR(T), which was armed with the Swingfire missile system. Striker had five missiles ready to fire in a mounting at the rear of the vehicle, with another five stowed inside. Secondary armament consisted of a commander's 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Striker looked very similar to Spartan in appearance, becoming more easily identifiable only when the missile tubes were raised. In mid 2006, the British Army had 48 Strikers in service, although they were in the process of being phased out as the Swingfire missile was replaced by the Javelin in mid–2005.
Spartan
The FV103 Spartan is a small armoured personnel carrier (APC); it can carry seven men in all, the crew of three and four others in the rear compartment. In the British Army, it is used to carry small specialised groups, such as engineer reconnaissance teams, air defence sections and mortar fire controllers. In mid-2006, the British Army had 478 Spartans in service, which from 2009 were being replaced by the Panther Command and Liaison Vehicle in some roles.
Samaritan
The FV104 Samaritan is the ambulance version of the CVR(T), 50 were produced for the British Army. In appearance it is similar to the Sultan Command and Control vehicle. It has a crew of two and capacity for four stretchers; being an ambulance it is not armed except for multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers.
Sultan
The FV105 Sultan is the British Army command and control vehicle based on the CVR(T) platform, 205 were in service in 2006. It has a higher roof than the APC variants, providing a more comfortable "office space" inside. A large vertical map board and desk are located along one side, with a bench seat for three people facing it. Forward of this are positions for the radio operator, with provision for four radios, and the vehicle commander. Armament consists of a pintle-mounted GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The back of the vehicle is designed to be extended by an attached tent to form a briefing area.
Samson
The FV106 Samson is an armoured recovery vehicle. The hull of the Spartan was adapted to contain a winch, which was operated to the rear of the vehicle. A hinged spade anchor was designed in two-halves to preserve access to the rear door.
Scimitar
The FV107 Scimitar is very similar to the Scorpion but carries the 30mm RARDEN cannon as its main weapon. Secondary armament consists of a coaxial GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Stowage is provided for 201 rounds of 30 mm and 3,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition. In 2006, the British Army had 328 in service; which were retired from active service in 2023, being replaced by Ajax.
Sabre
The Sabre was a hybrid vehicle, with the turret from a Fox Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle on a FV101 Scorpion hull and armed with the same 30mm RARDEN cannon as the Scimitar. One hundred and thirty-six of these hybrid vehicles were brought into service in 1995, after some modifications were made to the turret. These modifications included redesigning the smoke grenade dischargers, replacing the standard machine gun with an L94A1 chain gun and domed hatches to improve headroom for the commander and gunner. They were assigned to the reconnaissance platoons of armoured and mechanised infantry battalions before being withdrawn from service in 2004.
Sturgeon and Salamander
Sturgeon (based on the Spartan) and Salamander (based on the Scorpion) are visually modified vehicles used to represent opposing forces in training exercises at the British Army Training Unit Suffield in Canada.
Stormer
The Alvis Stormer was originally designed in the 1970s as a private venture APC, using the CVR(T) range as a starting point. It is a larger ( longer with a 6th set of road wheels) and heavier (12,700 kg) vehicle with steel and aluminium armour. Production began in 1982. Malaysia ordered 25 of the APC variant.
In 1986, the British Army selected Stormer to carry the Starstreak missile anti–aircraft system and a flatbed version fitted with the Shielder minelaying system.
BAE Land Systems, the descendant of Alvis military vehicles, market Stormer with various weapon systems for many purposes. Indonesia has received about 50 Stormer variants, including the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle. Malaysia has 35, Oman has four and the United Kingdom has over 170.
Service history
United Kingdom
In British Army service, the CVR(T) was mainly used by the Formation reconnaissance regiments, which have been the Household Cavalry, 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, 9th/12th Royal Lancers, Light Dragoons, Queen's Royal Lancers, the Royal Yeomanry and the Queen's Own Yeomanry. Scimitars were also used by one of the four squadrons in an armoured regiment and the reconnaissance platoons of armoured infantry battalions.
In August 1974, Scorpions from A Squadron 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, were transported by C-130 Hercules to Cyprus, to protect the British Sovereign Base Areas during the Turkish invasion.
During the Falklands War in 1982, two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals were attached to the task force. They were equipped with four Scorpions and four Scimitars supported by a Samson and were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict. The two troops deployed provided fire support for the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment during the Battle of Wireless Ridge and for 2nd Battalion Scots Guards during the Battle of Mount Tumbledown.
By the time of the Gulf war, the CVR(T) was well established in the British Army and all versions were deployed. The divisional reconnaissance regiment attached to the 1st Armoured Division was the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, (with 36 Scimitars, 16 Strikers, 12 Spartans, 9 Sultans and 4 Samaritans), and 'A' Squadron 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards (16 Scorpions, 4 Spartans, 2 Sultans, 1 Samaritan, 1 Samson). This unit also had 1 Sqn RAF Regiment (Operating Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan & Samsons ) attached to them. The armoured regiments and armoured infantry battalions reconnaissance troops also had eight Scorpions or Scimitars each.
The CVR(T) family were deployed with the British Army's formation reconnaissance regiments– part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), a multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The next deployment for the British Army's CVR(T)s was the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Telic). The initial force contained the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards and D Squadron, the Household Cavalry, both equipped with CVR(T).
After Iraq, CVR(T) equipped formation reconnaissance regiments have taken part in Operation Herrick in Afghanistan, notably during Operation Panther's Claw with the Light Dragoons.
Europe
Four other European countries used CVR(T): Belgium, Ireland, Latvia and Spain.
The Belgian Army ordered 701 EA CVR(T) in the Scorpion, Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan and Samaritan versions, which were delivered in 1975. They were used by the COMRECCE that comprised the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mounted Rifles Regiments (also the 3rd Lancers, which was equipped with the Leopard 1 tank), the CVR-T group (Armoured Recce school) and all of the scout platoons from the 12EA armoured Infantry and 8EA Tank Regiments. The Belgian Army used its CVR(T) vehicles on UN deployments in the Balkans and Somalia. Belgium had disposed of all its CVR(T)s by 2004.
The Spanish Marines obtained 17 Scorpions in 1985. All had been disposed of by 2004.
The Irish Army obtained a small number of Scorpions for use by the Irish Army Cavalry Corps. As the United Kingdom, Belgium and Spain have all disposed of their Scorpions, Ireland was the sole user of the type during the last decade in Europe until they were retired in 2014.
The Latvian army has obtained 123 ex-British Army Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan, Samson and Samaritan vehicles. According to the contract, all the vehicles will be modernised and overhauled. First deliveries to the Latvian Land Forces will commence in September 2015. Some of these vehicles will be used as mobile platforms for 4th generation Spike anti-tank guided missile systems.
South and Central America
In South and Central America, CVR(T) operators included Chile, Honduras and Venezuela.
The Chilean Army has 28 Scorpions, which are used in a reconnaissance role alongside Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks.
The Venezuelan Army operates a fleet of 50 Scorpion 90s and two Sultans.
South East Asia and the Pacific
In South East Asia and the Pacific, CVR(T) operators included Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and New Zealand.
Brunei is understood to have a fleet of 19 CVR(T)s, which comprises 16 Scorpions, two Sultan command post variants and one Samson armoured recovery vehicle.
The Indonesian Army uses the Scorpion 90 armed with the Belgian 90mm Cockerill cannon and the Stormer. The Stormer variants include the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle.
The Malaysian Royal Armoured Corps of the Malaysian Army is known to use both Scorpion and the newer Stormer.
The Royal Thai Army was forced to expand its forces after the fall of South Vietnam and the increased tension in the area. As part of this expansion, they obtained 144 Scorpions between 1973 and 1976.
The Philippine Army operated up to 40 Scorpions in its Light Armor Division. This formation used a mixture of wheeled and tracked vehicles, but the Scorpion was the only fire support or anti-armour vehicle in their inventory. They also operated 6 Samaritans and 3 Samsons.
The New Zealand Army operated a small number of Scorpions, up to squadron strength. These have now been replaced by the LAV III.
Middle East
In the Middle East, CVR(T) operators included Iran, Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.
The Iranian army deployed its Scorpions with the reconnaissance regiment of the 28th Infantry Division in the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War. Little is known of how they performed or what losses they incurred. In December 1997, it was reported that Iran had manufactured a light tank named Tosan. Tosan was equipped with a 90 mm gun and appears to be based on the Scorpion.
The Royal Jordanian Land Force has obtained 80 Scorpions and 100 Spartans. Some of the Scorpions are reported to have been captured by Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war and handed on to Jordan. The Spartans were obtained when Belgium disposed of their CVR(T) fleet.
The Royal Army of Oman replaced the Saladin armoured car with between 30 and 50 Scorpions. They were delivered between 1982 and 1983, along with three Samson armoured recovery vehicles. In 1985, a second order for up to 30 vehicles was delivered. The second order included Scorpion, Sultan, Spartan and Samson vehicles. Oman operates the newer Stormer.
The United Arab Emirates Army has obtained 76 Scorpions for use by its armoured brigades. It is not known if these played any part in the Gulf War.
Africa
In Africa, CVR(T) operators included Botswana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Togo.
The Nigerian Army reorganised from an infantry to an all arms formation after 1979. Part of their AFV inventory includes an unknown number of Scorpions.
Scorpion turret
The Australian Army did not use CVR(T)s, but did use the Scorpion turret mounted on top of M113 armoured personnel carriers. Known in the Australian Army as the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle, they were used in a fire support role. They have now been replaced by newer vehicles.
The Canadian Army also used the Scorpion turret, which they mounted on the AVGP Cougar. A total of 195 Cougars were originally procured, but the fleet was reduced to 100 vehicles in 1999 and are no longer employed.
Enhancements and future developments
As a result of combat experience in Afghanistan, the British Army upgraded several Scimitar light tanks to Mark 2 standard. The improvements included a new aluminium hull based on that of the Spartan troop carrier, which provides greater internal volume and protection, and a new fuel system, environmental control system and suspension. New hulls have also been built for the Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan variants.
The British firm OVIK has designed a vehicle named "Meerkat" based on the CVR(T), anticipating that large numbers of these will become available for refurbishment in future years when they are replaced in British service, and perhaps several other armed forces. The hull has been redesigned, and the driver has been moved back into a central position – sitting side by side with his primary crewman. The vehicle is steered using a conventional steering wheel system – which can be swapped from left to right – to allow either crewman to drive or command the vehicle. The engine has been replaced by a Cummins 6.7-litre diesel engine whilst the transmission has been uprated to DB TN15E+ and STORMER final drives. The turret has been replaced by a modular weapon "cassette" that will mount remote weapon stations, armed with, for example, a .50" M2 HB machine gun.
Another British consortium claims to have designed and developed a concept that uses a common tracked chassis with interchangeable pods for different vehicle roles. The Mark 1 mPODt (multi-role POD (tracked)) uses the Stallion, a flat bed development similar to that used on Shielder, to demonstrate the concept on a 10–13 tonne weight vehicle. However, the chassis could be from a number of in-service vehicles.
See also
Future Rapid Effect System, the project for its replacement
Ajax, the selected replacement vehicle
Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Wheeled), a sister project of light wheeled vehicles
Future Combat Systems manned ground vehicles, a cancelled family of American tracked vehicles
BCT Ground Combat Vehicle Program, a future family of American vehicles
Stryker, a recent American family of wheeled vehicles
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle, a future American family of light wheeled vehicles
Notes
References
Armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Reconnaissance vehicles of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1970s
History of the tank
Tracked reconnaissance vehicles |
3751741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merey%2C%20Eure | Merey, Eure | Merey () is a commune in the Eure department of the Normandy region in northern France.
History
As Madrie (Pagus Madriensis, later pays de Merey) it was a pagus in the north of Gaul lying between the Seine river and the rivers Eure and Iton. At the beginning of the fifth century, when the Notitia provinciarum was compiled, it was a Roman administrative division or pagus of Provincia Lugdunensis Secunda.
In the ninth-century Carolingian Empire. In 822, Pepin, king of Aquitaine married Ingeltrude (also called Engelberga, Hringard, or Ringart), daughter of Theodobert, count of Madrie (c. 800-after 876), who was a son of Nibelung (Nivelan) of the royal house of the Burgundians.
It became part of Normandy in the 10th century and is now in the region called Normandy.
Population
Personalities
In 1694 Francois Quesnay was born at Merey.
See also
Communes of the Eure department
References
MSS Notitia provinciarum ecclesiasticarum bulliae
Communes of Eure |
5827408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview%20Christian%20High%20School | Lakeview Christian High School | Lakeview Christian School is a private prekindergarden-12th grade school founded in 1977. It is located in Marion, Grant County, Indiana, United States.
About
LCS is part of Lakeview Christian School Inc. which is accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and the State of Indiana Department of Education. As of the 2004-05 school year 270 students attended and the graduating class was 23 students. Lakeview Christian School is operated as a ministry of Lakeview Wesleyan Church, Marion but accepts students from numerous Christian churches around the Grant County area. The school was founded in 1977 out of the perceived need by the church's pastor and several families to "meet a growing community need for a private school which would be uniquely committed to quality academic opportunity and strong in moral and Christian teaching".
Athletics
Lakeview participates in inter-school sports under the auspices of the Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA). It formerly operated as a member of the Midland Athletic Conference; however, after the disbanding of the conference following the 2009-2010 season, Lakeview now participates as an Independent. The school sports mascot is the Lions. Teams include boys' basketball, soccer, track, cross-country, baseball, golf and girls' basketball, soccer, softball, volleyball.
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
External links
Official site
Private high schools in Indiana
Schools in Grant County, Indiana
1977 establishments in Indiana |
14540787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-alkylglycerophosphocholine%20O-acetyltransferase | 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase | In enzymology, a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
acetyl-CoA + 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine CoA + 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 2-O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase, 1-alkyl-2-lysolecithin acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase, blood platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase, lyso-GPC:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, lyso-platelet activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, lysoPAF:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, PAF acetyltransferase, platelet-activating factor acylhydrolase, platelet-activating factor-synthesizing enzyme, 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase, and lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.
References
EC 2.3.1
Enzymes of unknown structure |
35763252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina%20G%C3%B3mez%20de%20Sandoval%20y%20Mendoza%2C%208th%20Duchess%20of%20the%20Infantado | Catalina Gómez de Sandoval y Mendoza, 8th Duchess of the Infantado | Catalina Gómez de Sandoval y Mendoza (1616–1686) was the 8th Duchess of the Infantado, gaining the title after the death of her brother in 1657. She held the title until her own death in 1686. She also served in various important palace roles at the court of Charles II of Spain. She was also the Duchess Consort of Pastrana.
Family Origins
As a member of the prestigious Mendoza family, Catalina was next in line to receive the Dukedom of the Infantado after the death of her brother, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar Gómez de Sandoval y Mendoza, the 7th Duke who was childless. The Dukedom had been in the hands of the Mendoza family since the very first duke, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Figueroa. The Mendoza family rose to power when it merged with the House of Lasso de la Vega through the marriage of Leonor Lasso de la Vega, the last direct member of that line, and Admiral Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, the admiral of Castile.
Biography
Catalina preferred to live in Pastrana with her husband rather than Guadalajara, the traditional seat of the Dukes of the Infantado.
She filed suit for the Dukedom of Lerma against Diego Gómez de Sandoval, the Conde de Saldaña, the only nephew of the first Duke of Lerma and son of Catalina's father. Of issue was the fact that Diego had remarried. in 1659 at the house of the Duke of Alba, it was announced that the 5th Duke of Lerma would be Diego Gómez de Sandoval, but as he had no line of succession for lack of heirs, the Dukedom would pass, upon his death, to his sister Catalina.
In 1668, Diego Gómez de Sandoval died and Catalina Gómez de Sandoval y Mendoza who was already the Duchess of the Infantado and of Pastrana, gained the Dukedom of Lerma as well. The Duke of Medinaceli continued to fight against this decision until 1677 when all matters were settled in favor of Catalina.
In addition to amassing hereditary titles, Catalina also built the Convento de los Capuchinos de Jadraque, Donated much to the Carmelites of Guadalajara (Where her daughter Leonor became a member), and bought a house for the Dukes of the Infantado in Chamartín de la Rosa, Madrid where in 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte would stay when his troops occupied the city.
Marriage
In 1630, Catalina married Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar de Silva y Mendoza, the fourth Duke of Pastrana. This made her the Duchess Consort of Pastrana and united both dukedoms under one house. They had the following children:
Gregorio María de Silva y Mendoza, 9th Duke of the Infantado, inherited from his mother.
Leonor de Silva y Mendoza, joined the Carmelites of Guadalajara.
José de Silva y Mendoza
Gaspar de Silva y Mendoza
References
Much of the information on this page was translated from its Spanish equivalent.
1616 births
1686 deaths
8
Catalina |
33821200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji%20Nakagawa | Yuji Nakagawa | is a former Japanese football player. He is the goalkeeper coach J2 League club of Ventforet Kofu.
Club career
Nakagawa was born in Ube on October 22, 1978. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Japan Football League club YKK (later YKK AP, Kataller Toyama) in 2001. He played as regular goalkeeper from first season. The club was promoted J2 League in 2009. He retired end of 2010 season.
National team career
In August 1995, Nakagawa was elected for the Japan U-17 national team for 1995 U-17 World Championship, but he did not play a single minute during the championship.
Club statistics
References
External links
j-league
1978 births
Living people
Meiji University alumni
Association football people from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J2 League players
Japan Football League players
Kataller Toyama players
Men's association football goalkeepers |
52514796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocularia%20flavovittata | Ocularia flavovittata | Ocularia flavovittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.
References
Oculariini
Beetles described in 1940
Taxa named by Stephan von Breuning (entomologist) |
1125067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Wyoming%20state%20parks | List of Wyoming state parks | This is a list of state parks and reserves in the Wyoming state park system operated by the Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites. There are 11 state parks in Wyoming in which one could view the Milky Way in some form.
State parks and recreation areas
State-administered historic sites
See also
List of U.S. national parks
List of U.S. state parks
References
External links
Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails
Google Map of 13 State Parks
State parks of Wyoming
Wyoming state parks
State parks |
26942775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative%20Reporting%20Workshop | Investigative Reporting Workshop | The Investigative Reporting Workshop is a nonprofit, editorially independent newsroom based at American University in Washington, D.C. in that trains undergraduate, graduate student and early career journalists by pairing them with professional newsrooms on investigative, enterprise and data journalism projects. Since its founding, the IRW has partnered with dozens of professional newsrooms on hundreds of investigations, and trained more than 240 student journalists -- many of whom now work in leading newsrooms across the country.
Since 2013, IRW has had a partnership with The Washington Post in which graduate students work as researchers and reporters on major stories, including contributing to the 2022 Pulitzer Prize for public service for its coverage of the causes, costs and aftermath of the Jan. 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol.
Other reporting partnerships have included collaborations with PBS FRONTLINE, NBC News, WAMU-FM, Reveal News, the New Yorker, ABC World News Tonight, Politico, the Philadelphia Inquirer, Public Health Watch, McClatchy newspapers, Mother Jones magazine, and the Columbia Journalism Review.
History
Founding
IRW was founded by professors Charles Lewis, a national investigative journalist for more than 30 years, and Wendell Cochran, a longtime business reporter and editor; the publishing of original content began in the spring of 2009. Lewis, a MacArthur Fellow and former producer for "60 Minutes,” founded four nonprofits in Washington, including the Center for Public Integrity, and has written six books, including “The Buying of the President 2004.” In 2018, Lewis won the I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence. Lewis retired as executive editor in 2022.
Editors and Staff
In July 2023, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Wesley J. Lowery joined the Investigative Reporting Workshop as executive editor.
Other editors currently include:
Lynne Perri, former deputy managing editor for graphics and photography at USA TODAY and a former reporter and editor at The Tampa Tribune, is managing editor. Perri is a journalist-in-residence and senior lecturer in the School of Communication at American University. She teaches reporting, journalism ethics and visual journalism, and has led workshops for The Washington Post, the Knight Center for International Journalists, the American Press Institute, and the Society for News Design.
John Sullivan, a Pulitzer Prize winner while at The Philadelphia Inquirer and The Washington Post, is a senior editor. He is also as associate editor for the Post's investigations team, and runs an investigative practicum at the graduate level inside the Post's newsroom. Sullivan was previously a senior lecturer and assistant director of Medill Watchdog and on the journalism faculty at Northwestern University, after working for nearly a decade at The Inquirer where his assignments included covering the war in Iraq, state government, city hall, science and health.
Aarushi Sahejpal is data editor at IRW, adjunct professor of data journalism at American University’s School of Communication, and a data reporter on The Accountability Project at The Center for Public Integrity. Sahejpal is an alum of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Biden-Harris Administration, The COVID Tracking Project, and a former intern at IRW.
Background
The model for the Workshop is the Children's Television Workshop, which originally was created to produce “Sesame Street,” but became an incubator and innovator for much of educational television.
Recent Work
For the last two years IRW’s coverage has examined toxic air and water — or lack of access to water — and other environmental and health issues nationwide generally, and in Texas in particular, with the nonprofit Public Health Watch. Other stories have focused on immigration policy changes and sexual assaults in Virginia schools. IRW has continued coverage of fatal shootings by police with The Washington Post, as well as contributing to a series of stories about the NFL blocking the rise of Black coaches. While topics vary widely, IRW focuses on accountability.
Notable Work
The Accountability Project
When The Investigative Reporting Workshop launched The Accountability Project in 2019, the goal was to provide one place for researchers and journalists to search across a wide catalog of previously siloed public data at once. Our collections include a wide variety of data on money in politics, nonprofit organizations, government spending and several other topics – all accessible from a single search. In 2022, IRW transitioned leadership of the project to the Center for Public Integrity, but IRW staff and interns continue to work on TAP.
Banktracker
Each quarter the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. requires every bank in the nation to submit detailed reports about its financial condition. This data is public. The Investigative Reporting Workshop downloads the data files from the FDIC website to extract several key variables of bank performance.
Investigating Power
The online, multimedia project, Investigating Power showcases more than 50 hours of interviews with distinguished journalists. This project documents “moments of truth” in contemporary U.S. history and the careers of notable journalists since the 1950s. It is a part of a larger project and book, “The Future of Truth,” by Charles Lewis, the former "60 Minutes" producer.
In January 2018, Investigating Power was reworked with a new look and additional content. The update added educator resources for both the middle and high school level and the undergraduate/post-secondary level.
Documentaries
FRONTLINE documentaries
The Workshop has an ongoing partnership with the PBS program Frontline. Productions include "Flying Cheap" a documentary about the impact of the major carriers’ reliance on regional airlines and their pilots, which won a Screen Actors Guild Award for writing; a follow-up, “Flying Cheaper,” a follow-up about the impact of outsourcing maintenance on planes; and “Lost in Detention,” a documentary that chronicled the administration’s enforcement policy, which has deported 400,000 people annually the last two years and put thousands in detention centers with legal representation, often splitting up families in which the children are U.S. citizens. In 2012 and 2013, the Workshop also co-produced "Big Sky, Big Money," which chronicles campaign finance in Montana; "The Digital Campaign," about the 2012 presidential race; and "Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria," a look at the pervasive problem of drug resistant infestions in hospitals.
In 2017, The Workshop collaborated with Frontline to produce "Poverty, Politics, and Profit: The Housing Crisis."
In 2018, The Workshop co-produced "Blackout in Puerto Rico," with PBS Frontline and NPR. It aired on PBS stations across the country and online.
National Awards
I.F. Stone Award
The Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University honored Lewis, IRW's founding executive editor, with the 2018 I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence. The award honors investigative reporter I.F. Stone and goes out annually to a journalist whose work captures the spirit of journalistic independence, integrity and courage that characterized I.F. Stone’s Weekly.
Pulitzer Prize
John Sullivan leads a significant long-term partnership with The Washington Post resulting in ongoing, hands-on opportunities for IRW students that has helped drive complex, high-impact investigations such as The Attack (the centerpiece of the Post's 2022 Pulitzer Prize-winning public service coverage), Murder with Impunity (a Pulitzer finalist), and Fatal Force (a log of every fatal shooting by an on-duty police officer in the U.S. since 2015). Intensive, hands-on efforts of IRW and practicum students allow substantive data research that answers questions on inequity and abuse of power in America.
The Emmy Awards
“The Healthcare Divide,” the most recent of many collaborations over the years among veteran FRONTLINE writer-producer Rick Young and his team, NPR and the Investigative Reporting Workshop, has been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Business, Consumer or Economic coverage. The program, which aired in 2021, looked at disparities in American health care and the large urban hospitals hit hard by the pandemic. Reporters traveled across the country over four months to examine the market forces and uneven government support that were deepening the problems. They found widening resources between rich hospitals and those that serve the poor.
Frank Morton Award from the Overseas Press Club
“Trump’s Trade War,” a FRONTLINE-NPR collaboration in association with IRW, is the 2020 winner of the Morton Frank Award from the Overseas Press Club for best international business news reporting in TV, video, radio, audio or podcast. Young also won a Writers Guild Award, announced in February, for the same program.
Murrow Award
“Collateral Damage” won a regional Edward R. Murrow award in 2019 from the Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) in the Investigative Reporting Category for Large Market Radio Stations.
The story, produced in partnership with WAMU-88.5, revealed that few police departments are better at finding illegal guns than D.C.’s. But residents in some majority-African American neighborhoods say that trying to get those guns off the street has led to overly aggressive police tactics, including being unfairly targeted for stop-and-frisks.
IRW worked with reporter Patrick Madden and a team at the NPR affiliate to produce on-air and online stories.
Funding
As a nonprofit newsroom and training ground for future journalists, the Investigative Reporting Workshop is funded primarily by grants from private foundations and donations from individuals. The Workshop will accept corporate matches to their employees’ charitable contributions. IRW is a tax-exempt organization; donations to the organization are tax-deductible.
Reports and Filing
IRS Filing
The Workshop operates under the 501(c)(3) designation of American University.
External links
Investigative Reporting Workshop
Center for Public Integrity
Investigating Power
What Went Wrong: The Betrayal of the American Dream
References
Investigative journalism
News agencies based in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Articles containing video clips |
53397849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitubius | Sanitubius | Sanitubius is a monotypic genus of Asian ground spiders containing the single species, Sanitubius anatolicus. It was first described by T. Kamura in 2001, and has only been found in China, in Korea, and in Japan.
References
Gnaphosidae
Monotypic Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of Asia |
7916098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenumulapalle | Yenumulapalle | Yenumulapalle is a census town in Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Yenumulapalle mandal.
Cities and towns in Anantapur district |
12439943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalornis | Bubalornis | Bubalornis is a genus of bird in the family Ploceidae. Established by Andrew Smith in 1836, it contains the following species:
The name Bubalornis is a combination of the Greek words boubalos, meaning "buffalo" and ornis, meaning "bird". The genus got its name from the buffalo weavers' habit of following herds of African Buffalo.
References
External links
Bird genera
Ploceidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
21230204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20solo%20piano%20compositions%20by%20Robert%20Schumann | List of solo piano compositions by Robert Schumann | The following is a list of compositions by Robert Schumann for piano solo and for pedal piano solo. Schumann was a pianist himself and wrote over fifty works for the piano, numbering hundreds of constituent pieces and movements. Because his first 26 published works were all written for solo piano, the first ten years of Schumann's career are strongly associated with the instrument; nevertheless, he composed and published work for the piano throughout his entire life, and Schumann's final composition, the Geistervariationen, was a set of variations for solo piano.
This list is based upon the Thematisch-Bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis, a comprehensive catalogue of Schumann's works compiled by Margit L. McCorkle and published in 2003. Since Schumann's death scholars have made several separate attempts to catalogue his works not published with opus numbers. The result is that one work may bear several separate tags, as designated by the various cataloguers. For works published by Schumann or prepared by him for publication and published posthumously, opus numbers are given. For works not published or prepared for publication by Schumann, McCorkle's RSW ("Robert-Schumann-Werkverzeichnis") numbers are listed first, and Hofmann-Keil (H/K) WoO ("Werke ohne Opuszahl") numbers, which are still occasionally used, given in brackets where designated.
For a full list of Schumann's compositions, see List of compositions by Robert Schumann.
Works
Notes
Sources
Piano compositions by German composers
Piano compositions in the Romantic era
Lists of piano compositions by composer
Lists of compositions by composer |
71690592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys%20stebbinsii | Stachys stebbinsii | Stachys stebbinsii is a species of perennial herb in the mint family commonly known as Stebbins' hedgenettle. This plant is characterized by a musky aroma, flowers with large lower lips, and glandular hairs that densely cover the stems. S. stebbinsii is native to California and northwestern Baja California. It is usually found growing in moist places in a wide variety of habitats including disturbed areas, chaparral, coastal sage scrub and mountains.
Description
Stachys stebbinsii is a rhizomatous perennial herb. The leaves, upper stems, and calyx are abundantly covered in dense, yellowish, sticky, mostly glandular hairs that emit a strong musky odor. The size of the lower lip on the corolla, the strong odor, the cordate leaves, and the dense glandular hairs on the stem distinguish this species from Stachys rigida and Stachys ajugoides.
The rhizomes are white and fleshy, thick. The stems are erect and grow up to tall, and are generally robust in habit, covered in a sticky resin. The petioles measure up to long. The leaves are shaped broadly lanceolate to narrowly cordate, with an acute tip, measuring long by wide. The leaf base is shaped truncate to strongly cordate, and the leaf margins have a prominent scalloped edge.
The inflorescences are 6-flowered clusters. On the flower, the calyx tube measures long, with the individual lobes measuring long. The corolla is a whitish, pale-pink to pink and is long. The corolla is labiate, with a small upper lip and a larger lower lip measuring long by wide. The seeds are dark brown to black in color and measure by .
Taxonomy
Stachys stebbinsii was described by Gerald A. Mulligan and Derek B. Munro in their 1989 treatment on the Stachys species of North America. Before it was described, S. stebbinsii was usually included under Stachys rigida or Stachys ajugoides var. rigida. The chromosome number is 2n = 66.
Stachys stebbinsii is named after G. Ledyard Stebbins.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
Stachys stebbinsii is native to western California and Baja California. In California, it is found from the San Francisco area south to San Diego County. Localities mentioned in the type description include Lake Merced, areas in Napa County, Berry Canyon in Butte County, San Luis Obispo, the Santa Ana River, the Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County, the San Jacinto Mountains and Elsinore in Riverside County, and San Diego County. In Baja California, it is rarely found from Tijuana south to El Rosario, but is most abundant in the Sierra de San Pedro Martir.
Habitat
Stachys stebbinsii is usually found in moist or wet environments in a variety of habitats. This includes areas along water courses, near wetlands and waterbodies, and roadside ditches. In Baja California, habitats include coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and the various environments of the California Floristic Province part of the Peninsular Ranges. Substrates S. stebbinsii is usually associated with include humus and seepage soils, but also sand, gravel, or other substrates across its range where moisture is plentiful.
Gallery
References
External links
Landscape info at Calscape
Stachys stebbinsii at Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
Stachys stebbinsii — UC Photo Gallery
stebbinsii
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1989 |
28724190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Frezzolini | Giuseppe Frezzolini | Giuseppe Frezzolini (9 November 1789 – 16 March 1861) was an Italian operatic bass. Born in Orvieto, he studied singing in his native city with G. Pedoto. He began his career in 1819 and was active in Italy's leading opera houses up into the 1840s. He is best known for creating the role of Dr Dulcamara in the world premiere of Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore at the Teatro della Canobbiana in Milan on 12 May 1832. He also sang parts in the world premieres of two other Donizetti operas: Pasquale in Olivo e Pasquale (7 January 1827, Teatro Valle, Rome) and Belfiore in Alina, regina di Golconda (12 May 1828, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa). He died in Orvieto in 1861. He was the father of soprano Erminia Frezzolini.
References
1789 births
1861 deaths
19th-century Italian male opera singers
Operatic basses
Italian basses
People from Orvieto |
25648587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Levialdi%20Ghiron | Stefano Levialdi Ghiron | Stefano (or Esteban) Levialdi Ghiron (1936–2015) was an Italian computer scientist who was a full professor at the Sapienza University of Rome. His research areas included visual programming languages, image processing, pattern recognition, and human-computer interaction.
Stefano Levialdi graduated in Telecommunications Engineering from the University of Buenos Aires in 1959. He lectured in Electronics at the University of Genova and was a researcher of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) for 13 years, working on parallel image processing. In 1981 he became full professor at the University of Bari, and moved to the Sapienza University of Rome in 1983. He was founder and co-Editor, together with Shi-Kuo Chang, of the Journal of Visual Languages and Computing.
References
2015 deaths
1936 births
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
National Research Council (Italy) people |
72491725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i%20Te%20Ohuake | Ngāi Te Ohuake | Ngāi Te Ohuake is a Māori iwi (tribe) centred around Tōrere in the central North Island. It is one of four iwi in the Mōkai Pātea confederation, along with Ngāti Hauiti, Ngāti Tamakōpiri, and Ngāti Whitikaupeka. The iwi claims descent from Kahungunu, a son of Tamatea Pōkai Whenua and his wife Iwipupu. As such, Ngāi Te Ohuake trace their origins to the Tākitimu waka.
The iwi'''s rohe'' (tribal area) and tribal lands are situated east of Waiouru, Moawhango, Taihape and Mangaweka, to the south of the North Island's Central Plateau. It includes parts of the Hastings District in Hawke's Bay and the Rangitīkei District in Manawatū-Whanganui.
See also
List of Maori iwi
References
Iwi and hapū |
70984775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Puerta%20del%20Sol | History of the Puerta del Sol | The history of the Puerta del Sol represents an essential part of the memory of the Villa de Madrid (capital of Spain), not only because the Puerta del Sol is a point of frequent passage, but also because it constitutes the "center of gravity" of Madrid's urban planning. The square has been acquiring its character as a place of historical importance from its uncertain beginnings as a wide and impersonal street in the sixteenth century, to the descriptions of the first romantic travelers, the receptions of kings, popular rebellions, demonstrations, etc. It has been the scene of major events in the life of the city, from the struggle against the French invaders in 1808 to the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931, and it has also retained its place as the protagonist of the custom of serving twelve grapes on New Year's Eve, to the sound of the chimes struck by the Correos clock. Nowadays it is a communications hub, a meeting point, a place of appointments, a place for celebrations and the beginning of demonstrations in the Capital.
During this intense historical evolution, the Puerta del Sol has been gathering the popularity of Madrid in its various periods. Since its beginnings, its position in the urban geography of Madrid has given it a leading role as a social meeting place, sometimes referred to as forum matritense. It has also been defined as "Plaza y foro" of Spain by Antonio Machado, and Ángel Fernández de los Ríos mentioned that "There is not an inch of land there that is not watered with the blood of patriots, factious or revolutionaries."
From the architectural point of view, the Puerta del Sol is a widened, oblong-shaped passageway, a point of convergence of streets that took on the appearance of a square in the mid-nineteenth century. In this space, a dozen streets converge, which in the eighteenth century were only eleven. The Puerta del Sol has undergone various urban improvement works throughout its history, the most important being the one undertaken in the mid-nineteenth century. In many cases, the urban development carried out throughout its history has gradually erased important buildings of the past. Of all of them, the only survivor is the old Casa de Correos, which was later the headquarters of the Ministry of the Interior and is now the headquarters of the Community of Madrid. It is the oldest building in the Puerta del Sol today. The second oldest is the Casa Cordero, which throughout the history of the square has been changing its use.
The Puerta del Sol has excited several writers since the beginning of its history, and many of them have included this space in their literary works. Ramón Gómez de la Serna and the Generation of '98, in their works about Madrid, have described the social atmosphere of this center. In them they describe the existing animation of its daytime activities. From Lope de Vega to Ramón Gómez de la Serna the literary descriptions are frequent, perhaps because of the literary gatherings of the nineteenth century in its famous cafés.
Origins
Historians specializing in the origins of Madrid show that the first settlers of the Madrid area were the pre-Roman tribes of the Carpetani. Their settlements were established in the area near the current Royal Palace. Little is known about the Roman settlements that invaded Hispania and settled in Madrid, and the customs and ways of inhabiting the ancient settlements that proliferated in the surrounding area are unknown. The first news of the primitive settlement, which was called Magerit, dates from the time of the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, when they established themselves in the area by building a walled fortification that surrounded and defended the town from possible attacks. Subsequent attempts by Ramiro II of León and Fernán González, Count of Castile to take the fortified square were momentarily successful in the year 932. During the years of the Reconquista, the center of the Muslim Magerit was the Plaza del Alcázar, which was located in the middle of olive groves, and probably on the site of the building known as the Alcázar, which burned down in 1734 and on whose site the present Royal Palace was built. Finally, the square was taken by the Christians during the reign of Alfonso VI in 1085.
More than a century later, in the twelfth century, the growth of the hamlet made it necessary to build a wall fence that had the Puerta de Guadalajara (on the road to Guadalajara) located approximately at the current San Miguel Market. Another gate from medieval times, relatively close, belonging to the same fence as the Puerta de Guadalajara, was the Puerta Cerrada (now converted into a square).
Madrid is considered to be a city from the Charter of Population of the Vicus Sancti Martini, granted by Alfonso VII in 1126. This letter makes the new population emerges as administratively dependent on a prior:
Since then, as it was normal at the time, the hamlet extends outside the walls and, to the right of the Puerta de Guadalajara, the Plaza del Arrabal was born, which would become the Plaza Mayor centuries later. The hamlet grew to the point that it was necessary to build another fence, already in the fourteenth century when the new gate facing the rising sun was called Puerta del Sol (for the same reason as the almost contemporary gate of the same name in Salamanca), and the Guadalajara gate was moved to the east.
Three centuries earlier, in an area near what would become the Puerta del Sol was the Arenal stream, where a population center would later emerge, the arrabal of San Ginés. The other area was located in the northern area near the Postigo de San Martín (near the current Plaza del Callao) and was initially very devoid of buildings. The arrabal of San Ginés settled on the southern bank of the stream. This area would have an intense craft and hospitality activity in the form of inns, an immediate consequence of being an important access route to the new city. Around 1420, it can be assumed that a discontinuous row of houses began to form the section of the Calle Mayor.
All these streets would end up having a common exit from the city in the gate that the people would call Puerta del Sol, which was located at the entrance of the current Calle Preciados (Cava del Arrabal). The description made by the documents of the time seems to give greater relevance to the Puerta de Guadalajara (located in the current Calle Mayor) to the detriment of the incipient "calle ancha" that would be the Puerta del Sol. To know the size of such a street, some chroniclers mention that the width of the gate barely exceeded that of two carriages. Many of the historians of Madrid (as is the case of López de Hoyos) mention the Puerta del Sol, in medieval times, as a "transit, road and entrance to Madrid".
There are references that assure that in the fourteenth century the entrance of the wall gate was located approximately in the middle of the entrance of the current Calle Preciados to the Puerta del Sol. In the middle of the fifteenth century, the downtown area of the city began to grow, and as a result, the area of Postigo de San Martín began to populate and expand towards the area near the Puerta del Sol. The area, due to its flat and well leveled character, was very suitable for meeting and as a starting point for other possible roads.
In 1478 Puerta del Sol is mentioned as an urban entity and in 1481 it is mentioned in documents, for the first time, in the description of a popular trial regarding the demarcation of the jurisdictions of the parishes of San Ginés and San Martín, both in dispute since long ago. The parish of San Ginés had expanded its area to occupy the arrabal of Arenal (today Calle del Arenal), extending its influence to what is now Calle Preciados. This expansion threatenedly extended towards the limits of the parish of San Martin (located further north, in a place near the current Plaza del Callao), which gave rise to the aforementioned trial. Also dating from this period are the writings on the requests made by Juan de Madrid for a plot of land located in the Puerta del Sol (also one of the first documents to explicitly mention it as such). In 1498 it was ordered to surface the "calle grande de la Puerta del Sol" (referring to what would later become the square), and in 1501 a municipal provision ordered the "paving of the calle grande de la Puerta del Sol for the entrance of the princes". The space, due to the large number of citizens, was used to make official announcements to the city.
One of the theories about the origin of the name dates back to 1520 when the Junta de Madrid meets to organize the uprising against King Charles V (born in Flanders), a rebellion led in Madrid by the Comuneros of Castile, under the command of Zapata. In this meeting they decide to build a fortification with a gate facing east, where the sun rises. The comuneroshad spread their rebellion throughout the different territories of Castile against the "foreign king", and the population of Madrid defended itself against the imperial troops by building fortifications. This assumption, although documented and validated by several scholars, has been called into question by recent research. Another theory about the origin of the name mentions how an anonymous painter made a painting or relief of a sun on one of its gates, giving rise over the years to the current name.
The space does not take on the appearance of a rectangular square-like area, remaining a crossroads of several streets until after the first quarter of the sixteenth century. In 1570 the wall of the fort was demolished and the area was cleared in the form of a square, frequented by water carriers and peddlers. A fountain appears in its center, the Mariblanca fountain. The image of the Puerta del Sol in the middle of the eighteenth century was that of a conglomerate of unequal houses, most of them with only one floor. The streets were swept weekly, there were often dead horses in the pens, and the smell was unbearable in some areas due to putrefaction and the prolonged accumulation of garbage. The situation changed gradually during the reign of Ferdinand VI, the most significant change being the one experienced with Charles III.
First large buildings
At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Puerta del Sol area was a widened passageway with several important buildings, each one with "lonjas" where the inhabitants gathered to trade different products, socialize with neighbors, learn about new things, spread news, etc. The importance of the Puerta del Sol in the sixteenth century was scarce compared to other areas of Madrid, being more relevant the Plaza del Salvador (predecessor of the Plaza de la Villa), the Puerta de Guadalajara, and especially the Plaza Mayor, as shown in the chronicles of the time. The name "Calle Grande" was common in the documents of the time. The "Calle Ensanchada" (which was the Puerta del Sol at the end of the fifteenth century), was paved and the consequence of the final cost of such improvement ended up in a dispute between the first neighbors of the Puerta del Sol and the City Council. The neighbors claimed that the work should be paid for by the City Council, while the latter refused to do so. The official interest was to improve the decorum and aesthetic appearance of the street for the royal retinues that usually entered Madrid through the Puerta de Alcalá on their way to the Alcázar. The neighbors were interested in improving the comfort of access and transit through the streets.
The most important retinues in those early days were the entry into the Villa of Charles V and his son Philip II on January 6, 1560. In the eighteenth century there was a church and hospital of La Inclusa for foundlings, located on Calle Preciados. In the vicinity of Puerta del Sol, a Carmelite convent was founded in 1573, on the site of an old brothel on Calle del Carmen, which had been vacated in 1541. Although its dedication was that of Pope Saint Damasus I, during its history it was better known by the name of Carmen Calzado. The church and the convent were exclaustrated and disentailed in 1836, leaving only the church in operation, which is currently the parish of Nuestra Señora del Carmen and San Luis.
The first constructions of the Puerta del Sol were accompanied in 1580 by those carried out in the neighboring Plaza Mayor. After having moved the Court to Madrid in 1561, Philip II commissioned the remodeling project of the Plaza Mayor to Juan de Herrera, beginning the demolition of the "block houses" of the old square that same year. The construction of the first building of the new square, the Casa de la Panadería, was begun in 1590 by Diego Sillero, on the site of the old lonja. In 1617, Philip III commissioned Juan Gómez de Mora to finish the work, who completed the square in 1619. From that moment on, both nearby spaces vied to be the place for celebrations and congregations of the citizens of the incipient city.
Street markets and peddlers
Since its beginnings, another urban dimension of the Puerta del Sol has been the commercial one; this due to the fact that it was an important place of passage in the entrance and exit of the city, subsequently becoming a meeting center, which favored the spontaneous generation of business and sales of various items. The City Council commissioned several people over time to order, regulate and prohibit certain commercial activities at "street level" in the Puerta de Sol. In the sixteenth century, between the Hospital de la Corte and the Convento de la Victoria (in the Carrera de San Jerónimo) there was an open-air food market: fruit, bread and vegetable vendors. In the Puerta del Sol itself, various baratijas (trinkets) were sold on the street, so these markets were called "baratillos", and the most common goods were old clothes, hairpieces, ribbons, hats, puppies, with the presence of hawkers, braziers, etc. The "alojeros" (street sellers of the drink aloja, who served it in glass cups with two handles in stalls marked by a white flag crossed with red, called "alojerías") began to establish themselves in the hot months. On many occasions these vendors carried the merchandise with them and sold it on the street.
In summer, stalls selling melons and watermelons were also set up in the square. All these stalls were called "cajones" because of their wooden construction (some of them can be seen in Texeira's map surrounding the fountain). The density of stalls must have been such that they hindered the access streets, to which a solution was soon sought through municipal ordinances that limited their existence; until eventually the markets were moved to the Plaza del Carmen. From the seventeenth century onwards, bookshops were established, some of which were the protagonists of dramatic episodes, such as the Librería San Martín, at whose door Canalejas was assassinated.
Iglesia del Buen Suceso
This modest construction dates back to the sixteenth century. The Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso, built in 1529 and demolished in 1854, had its origin in a modest medieval hermitage architecturally linked to the Hospital de San Andrés (Hospital Real de la Corte). The primitive Church and the Hospital del Buen Suceso were located on the eastern side of the essential Puerta del Sol, between Calle de Alcalá and the Carrera de San Jerónimo. It was initially called Hospital de la Caridad (or Hospital de la Corte). It was the first great monument of the Puerta del Sol, and during its three hundred years led an existence full of renovations and neglect that ended with its demolition in the mid-nineteenth century. It was undoubtedly the representative image of the Puerta del Sol during this initial period, prior to the widening of the Puerta that took place in the mid-nineteenth century.
The first traces of this building date back to the time of John II. Initially, the Ermita de San Andrés and a small hospital were founded, designed to care for the numerous patients of the devastating plague infection that entered Madrid in 1438. This building was changing shape due to the successive renovations made to its facade and its main structure. It also changed its functionality and from a hospital it gradually became a church. This religious building had a great relevance for several centuries in the history of Puerta del Sol. It had the Puerta del Sol Clock on its façade for centuries, until it was replaced by the Casa de Correos Clock in the middle of the nineteenth century. The church was demolished in 1854 due to the confiscation of Mendizábal, giving way to what would later be the great widening project in the nineteenth century. The renovation of the square in 2009 renewed its prominence when its foundations were accidentally discovered, a fact that caused the stoppage of the works. Nowadays, its remains can be seen at the accesses to the Sol Commuter Train Station. A small commemorative block of the historic church, along with a plaque with its description, can be seen today at the Puerta del Sol.
Convento de San Felipe el Real
Another important building in Puerta del Sol, built in the sixteenth century, was the Convento de San Felipe el Real (Convent of Saint Philip the Royal). This convent was founded on March 9, 1546, by Fray Alonso Fernández de Madrid, provincial father of the Discalced Augustinians; it was located on the corner of Calle Mayor and Calle Esparteros. In the Monastery, built with berroqueña stone, lived the Discalced Augustinians. The wide esplanade in front of its doors (called "lonja") became a favorable place to establish improvised gatherings, hear rumors, spread news, etc. For centuries it was one of the "mentidero de la villa" (gossip mill of the town), popularly called "Gradas de San Felipe", in allusion to the dedication of the convent. The steps allowed access to the market, which was limited by a metal fence. The popularity of this space as a meeting place led Juan Vélez de Guevara to mention that from this gossip mill "the news comes out before the events". Sometimes known as the "mentidero de los soldados" or the "mentidero de los tercios españoles", as this was the meeting place for the soldiers, who recounted their exploits in Flanders and Italy. This lonja was larger than the existing one in the Iglesia del Buen Suceso, and therefore, it was better accepted as a suitable place for social gatherings. Underneath the lonja there were the "covachuelas", a place where there were about thirty stalls that served as a market for various goods such as toys. These covachuelas were housed in a basement opened by twenty-eight Doric arches. The Monastery of San Felipe was one of the most beautiful monumental works of sixteenth century Madrid.
During the reign of Charles V there was a public mancebía (house of ill repute) located near San Felipe between Calle Mayor and Calle del Arenal (in the place where the Palace de Oñate would be in the future) and it was called "Las Soleras". Finally Las Soleras were moved due to repeated complaints from the monks of San Felipe el Real. The Puerta del Sol was already the busiest square in Madrid in the eighteenth century. Antonio Ponz mentions it in 1776 as "The most public place of the Court". These comparisons were made against another space such as the neighboring Plaza Mayor. The church burned down in a fire in 1718 and was later plundered by French troops during the War of Independence. The cloister, the work of Francisco de Mora, remained for some time until it was also demolished. The space occupied by the entire building ended up being the current Casa Cordero, and on the second floor in the nineteenth century would be the well-known Bazar de la Unión.
Convento de Nuestra Señora de las Victorias
Shortly after building a monastery in Malaga, the architect Fray Juan de la Victoria, who belonged to the order of San Francisco de Paula de los Mínimos, asked King Philip II to build another convent in Madrid (also known for this reason as the Convento de Mínimos de San Francisco de Paula). The king agreed, despite the opposition of the Augustinian friars of the nearby Convento de San Felipe el Real, and the building was completed in 1561. Mass was celebrated there for the first time on August 1 of that year. This convent was located in the area between the Puerta del Sol itself (on the corner) and the current Calles; la Victoria, de la Cruz, Cádiz and Carretas. The mass at the Iglesia de la Victoria was very fashionable during the reigns of Philip III and Philip IV; the image of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (sculpted by Gaspar Becerra) became very popular and was taken out in the Good Friday procession. The church was of neoclassical architecture. During the War of Independence the building was seriously damaged and later restored.
Like the neighboring Convento de San Felipe el Real, it existed until the confiscation of Mendizábal in 1836 decreed that it be finally demolished. This church had its door in the current Calle de Espoz y Mina (which did not exist at that time) and was famous among ladies and gallants for celebrating a "light mass" (of short duration). The church appears frequently in the literature of the sixteenth century and later, in works by Tirso de Molina (La celosa de sí misma), and then by Moreto (El Caballero), Antonio Solís (La gitanilla de Madrid).
Statue of the Mariblanca
Since the sixteenth century there are reports of fountains and spouts in the Puerta del Sol, for the service of water carriers in Madrid. These are the most famous:
Between 1630 and 1838, the first place went to the Fuente de la Mariblanca, also known as the Fuente de la Fe, Fuente del Buen Suceso, Fuente de Venus or Diana (depending on which chronicler), Fuente de las Arpías (by the mythological beings called Harpies, that surrounded its pedestal) or "Primera Fuente Ornamental de la Puerta del Sol" (First Ornamental Fountain of the Puerta del Sol).
In 1630, La Mariblanca appeared for the first time in the space of the Puerta del Sol, topping the Fuente de la Fe, a work designed by the Italian sculptor Rutilio Gaci (1570-1634). The monumental complex had been designed by the sculptor Antonio de Riera, in collaboration with Guillem de Bona, Martín de Azpillaga and Francisco del Río.
In Mancelli's map of 1623 only the Iglesia del Buen Suceso and the fountain with the statue of the Mariblanca appear in the square. The same occurs in Texeira's map of 1656.
Apparently, the name of Mariblanca was given by the water carriers of the Villa as a traditional allusion to the whiteness of the marble it was made of. The profession of water carrier, exercised for a long period by Galicians and Asturians, remained in the Puerta del Sol until the mid-nineteenth century, when they came from the Canal de Isabel II canalizations. Among all the characters of the time who gathered around the fountain were the menestrales (people with mechanical trades), azacanes (a type of water carrier) and servants and domestic servants of the noble houses, who went to fill the water jugs. On Fridays, the Capuchin friars set up an improvised pulpit to preach Christian doctrine to passersby. The continuous improvement works carried out in the Puerta have caused this small statue to have different locations throughout history, there being periods in which it did not appear in the urban furniture. This journey did not prevent the growing popularity of its image, making the saying "More popular than the Mariblanca" run around Madrid at the end of the reign of the Habsburgs (later the same would be said of the Cibeles). Also, during the celebrations in which the Puerta del Sol was decorated, it was customary to decorate the fountain.
The abundance of groundwater in the area of the Puerta del Sol meant that in the mid-eighteenth century there were numerous wells in the area of the "Calle Ancha" (Puerta del Sol), and it is remarkable that there were more wells in this central neighborhood than in the average of Madrid. Presumably, water consumption was higher due to the large volume of traffic of people and animals through the primitive Puerta. The water that supplied the canalization of the central area corresponded to a viaje de agua (type of qanat) coming from the Abroñigal Alto (the canalization of the "Viaje del Alto Abroñigal" was responsible for the canalization of water during the seventeenth and later centuries until the nineteenth century). The name "Calle Grande de la Puerta del Sol" is common in the documentation of the time, and in most cases refers to it as a place of transit. The statue of the fountain underwent several changes of location throughout Madrid. Since 1985, without the fountain, there is a replica of the old Mariblanca placed on a cylindrical pedestal at the entrance of Calle del Arenal.
Madrid under Charles III
On July 13, 1760, the Puerta del Sol was decorated with balcony shelves, and the Mariblanca fountain was surrounded by a rotunda of eight columns topped with nymphs forming a laurel wreaths. These preparations were made on the occasion of the entry of Charles III (1759-1788) into the city, coming from Naples. The king arrived in Madrid accompanied by new architects from Italy and France.
In the eighteenth century, the space of the Puerta del Sol was composed of two very distinct areas. This space contrasts with the current situation, since both areas were united after the great renovation undertaken in the mid-nineteenth century. On one side, on the western side, was the area of the Lonjas, or stands of San Felipe el Real, facing the Calle Mayor. On the opposite side, the eastern area was dominated by the Lonja del Buen Suceso, which faced the Calle de Alcalá and the Carrera de San Jerónimo. Both areas were cut off by the confluence of Calle Carretas to the south, and the northern trio formed by Calle del Carmen, Calle Montera and Calle Preciados. Before the renovation, it looked like two small squares instead of one.
Prior to the appearance of newspapers, people went to these two areas to share news, spread news, meet new people, sell merchandise, etc. Puerta del Sol was also known at this time for its large number of bookstores. Some of the usual meeting points in the Madrid under Charles III were the Real Casa de Postas (the Estafeta or, as it was popularly called, the Corralón) located behind the Casa de Correos, the "slabs of the Palace" in the courtyard of the old Alcazar, the "news archive", and the mentidero of the "Representantes" on Calle León.
The city council, under the auspices of Charles III, established a system of street location that corresponds to the Planimetría General de Madrid (General Planimetry of Madrid). On September 25, 1765, the king, due to the constant complaint of the people of Madrid for having to be in charge of the maintenance of the gas lighting system of the streets, created a service of serenos (initially called "faroleros") in order to settle this controversial issue. Over time the serenos were dedicated to other surveillance tasks, and the idea soon spread to other Spanish provinces, as well as to the New World. The serenos were guarding the Puerta del Sol at night until the middle of the twentieth century. Nearby, the construction of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1752, and the Real Casa de la Aduana in 1769 by the Italian architect Francesco Sabatini, both on Calle de Alcalá, are of relevance.
Real Casa de Correos
When the Court was moved from Toledo to Madrid, Charles III was in charge of cleaning the streets and modernizing their appearance, preparing the city to receive the Court. This effort affected the renovation of the urban architecture, creating new administrative functions such as the postal service. To this end, Charles III reactivated the construction of the Casa de Correos as a support to the idea of a central administration at the service of the new Court already established in Madrid. Until the eighteenth century, the postal service did not depend on the State until Ferdinand VI decided to take control of the correspondence. The initial designs for the work had been entrusted to the Spanish architect of Madrid origin Ventura Rodríguez, who during the reign of Ferdinand VI had ordered the demolition of blocks bordering the Puerta del Sol for the construction of a centralized postal service. The arrival of Charles III caused the works of the building to be reassigned to the French architect Jaime Marquet, who finished it in 1768. Ventura Rodríguez was transferred to Valladolid and removed from the project.
Due to the increase in mail and the gradual need to manage the growing volume of mail, in 1792 the architect Juan Pedro Arnal designed what would become the Real Casa de Postas, located behind the Casa de Correos. The same architect designed the Imprenta Real (Royal Printing House) on neighboring Calle de Carretas, which would favor the establishment of bookstores in Puerta del Sol and adjacent streets.
The Count of Aranda soon realized that the building could also have a certain military utility due to its central location, and suggested the creation of a "permanent guard corps". The Real Casa de Correos witnessed major historical events in Madrid, such as the uprising of May 2nd, 1808. In the mid-nineteenth century, it was renamed to "de la Gobernación" because it was housing the Ministerio de Gobernación (Ministry of Home Affairs) from 1847, and a metal tower and a telegraph mirror were added, which would later be removed with the decline of optical telegraphy. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were plans to demolish the building, which were never carried out. Today it is one of the oldest and most emblematic buildings of the Puerta el Sol, and headquarters of the Government of the Community of Madrid after its renovation in the 1990s.
Esquilache Riots
When in 1759 Charles III, then reigning in Naples, succeeded his brother Ferdinand VI on the Spanish throne, he was accompanied by several of the collaborators who had worked for him in the Italian kingdom. Among them was Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache, who held a position in Spain as a close advisor to the new King. Charles III commissioned him to carry out enlightened reforms in the capital. However, from the very first moments, the people of Madrid began to detest him, spreading rumors of accumulating rents, assigning important posts to his relatives and selling positions. One of Esquilache's sons went from captain to field marshal in one year. On March 10, 1766, by means of a Royal Decree, he ordered that chambergo hats and long capes be replaced by three-cornered hats. This clothing was considered very Spanish and this was considered a provocation.
On March 23, 1766, during Palm Sunday, a man was walking through the door of Antón Martín and the guard arrested him. The intercepted man defended himself and soon a riot broke out and headed for the Puerta del Sol. The riot caused a crowd to gather in front of the Royal Palace the next day, and the nervousness caused the Walloon guards to shoot a woman. In retaliation, a guard was captured in the Calle Mayor. The situation became tense until the intermediation of Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Spínola, Duke of Medinaceli, who went to the Puerta del Sol to parley with the rioters. It was finally agreed that Esquilache and his family would be banished, that the Walloon guards would leave the Court and that the people would dress according to their customs. Finally Charles III agreed, and Esquilache left the city with his family, ending the revolt.
May 2, 1808
The presence of French troops in Spain, by virtue of the Treaty of Fontainebleau, had become threatening as they occupied various Spanish localities, without any support from the treaty. The total number of French soldiers stationed in Spain amounted to some 65,000, who controlled not only the communications with Portugal, but also with Madrid, as well as the French border. On March 18, 1808, the Tumult of Aranjuez took place, a popular uprising that took place in the streets of this town near Madrid, where the Court was located. It was unleashed due to several causes, among them the consequences of the defeat of Trafalgar that fell fundamentally on the humble classes. To this must be added the popular discontent and the intrigues of the Court, where an opposition party was being created around the Prince of Asturias, the future Ferdinand VII, formed by aristocrats suspicious of the absolute power of Manuel Godoy, and scandalized by his supposed relations with Queen Maria Luisa of Parma. Also the fear of the clergy of the confiscation measures. Speculations were growing after the incidents of the Tumult of Aranjuez and the passers-by at the Puerta del Sol who came to hear the news were affected by it.
On May 2 of the same year, the people of Madrid rose up in what would be called the Second of May uprising against the French who occupied the streets of the city with their armies. The rebellion began the War of Independence against Napoleon, who had occupied Spain in 1808 and had obtained the cession of the Spanish throne to his brother, Joseph. On May 1, a revolt broke out in front of the Royal Palace and this incident heated up the population. The popular uprising of May 2 was concentrated mainly in the Puerta del Sol and was quite bloody because the poorly armed Madrilenians confronted well-armed elite troops, leaving two hundred Madrilenians dead after the confrontation. This event was depicted by the Aragonese painter Francisco de Goya y Lucientes in a painting called "The Charge of the Mamluks" at the Puerta del Sol. The painting, an oil on canvas painted in 1814, is currently in the Prado Museum. In the painting, Spanish insurgents attack Mamluk troops (Egyptian mercenaries) fighting alongside the French army. Goya reflected in other works such as "The Disasters of War" the violent situations experienced at the Puerta del Sol (Print no. 2). This revolt in the streets of Madrid was bloodily crushed by the immediate shooting of the suspects the following day, in the fields of Atocha and the Iglesia del Buen Suceso. In memory of that popular uprising there is a commemorative plaque on the façade of the Post Office building, to the right of its main entrance. The plaque reads: "To the popular heroes who on May 2, 1808 fought in this very place the first combat with Napoleon's troops" (another similar plaque is located in front of the Royal Palace). The incident led to the War of Independence, in which numerous buildings in the Spanish capital, as well as Puerta del Sol, were damaged.
Other events marked the era. On April 17, 1815, a great fire broke out in the houses between Calle de Arenal and Calle del Carmen. First the water carriers' pitchers were seized, and seeing how the fire spread, seventeen houses in these streets were demolished in order to stop the advance of the fire. Later, the priest Merino stood before the carriage of Ferdinand VII when he was passing through the Puerta del Sol and showing him the "Constitution of Cadiz" pronounced the phrase that would later become a revolutionary song: "Trágala tirano" (swallow it, tyrant). The liberals established themselves in the Café Lorenzini of the Puerta del Sol, and Espronceda, Larra, the Duke of Rivas, Zorrilla, etc. used to go there. The café was named after its owner, José Carlos Lorenzini, who inaugurated it in 1820, and together with La Fontana de Oro became centers of proclamations during the Liberal Triennium. In 1864 it changed its name to Café de las Columnas. This café inaugurated the tradition of gatherings that would mark the social aspect of the square until the beginning of the twentieth century.
Romantic Madrid
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Joseph Bonaparte, nicknamed by the people of Madrid as "King Plazuelas" due to his determination to carry out urban transformations, proceeded to widen several streets in Madrid, demolishing houses and churches. Joseph I commissioned the architect Silvestre Pérez to carry out the ambitious project of widening the Calle del Arenal. In this way, the passage to the Royal Palace was ennobled and the Alcalá-Palacio Real axis was given greater prominence. This work could not be carried out due to his short reign and the poor economic situation of the country under Ferdinand VII, which did not allow him to carry out urban renovations.
On December 13, 1829, the Puerta del Sol received the fourth and last wife of King Ferdinand VII, Maria Christina, who was accompanied by her parents, the Monarchs of the Two Sicilies. For the occasion, the Mariblanca fountain was decorated. The statue of Mariblanca was moved in 1838 to the Plaza de las Descalzas. On October 10, 1830, on the occasion of the celebration of the birth of Princess Isabella, gas lighting was used for the first time in Spain throughout the Puerta del Sol and its adjacent streets (from the gas factory near the Puerta de Toledo). The facade of Buen Suceso came to show almost fifty thousand lights. The street markets, so typical at the beginning of the century, moved to the newly created Plaza del Carmen. In 1834 the premises and houses in the streets of Madrid were numbered, following a system of assignment based on the proximity to the Puerta del Sol. In 1836 the confiscation of Mendizábal began to be applied, which affected almost a hundred religious buildings, many of which were sold or demolished. One of the demolished buildings in Puerta del Sol was the Iglesia del Buen Suceso, demolished in 1854 leaving a free space in the eastern part of the square. With the same effect, the Iglesia de San Felipe el Real was demolished (leaving only the convent, which later would be demolished to build the Casa Cordero) and the Iglesia Nuestra Señora de las Victorias (giving rise to Calle Espoz y Mina). The victory of February 7, 1860 in the battle of Tetouán caused a great festive uproar in the Puerta del Sol: Isabella II gave a speech from the balcony of the Gobernación and in the evening banquets were held in the cafés of the Puerta del Sol.
Period of Fondas
There are references that the Puerta had low-cost taverns as early as 1774. In spite of the disappearance of the inns, from 1835 to 1838, the Puerta de Sol began to have new hotel establishments. In 1839 an establishment with a markedly Madrilenian character was inaugurated: the Frenchman Emilio Huguenin Lhardy opened a pastry shop in the nearby Carrera de San Jerónimo and called it Lhardy, an establishment that would eventually become a famous restaurant in Madrid society. A new means of transport arrives to the heart of the Villa, the stagecoach, which brings to the Puerta del Sol an unexpected protagonism. The influx of visitors increased due to its cadence of arrival: in the year 1845 the company of Diligencias Postas Generales transported about 85,000 passengers to Madrid. The company took over a mansion in Calle Alcalá (number fifteen) owned by the Marquis Torrecilla and named it Fonda Peninsulares (or Fonda de Postas Peninsulares). The Fonda was located next to the Casa de Aduanas, and this one next to the Palacio de Torrecilla. The continuous arrival of foreign travelers through this new stagecoach system reached the Puerta de Alcalá, and through the steep Calle de Alcalá they went to the Puerta del Sol, where the end of the trip was located with stops at the Casa de Aduanas. This situation increased the number of people passing through the Puerta del Sol as well as the adjacent streets, many of them looking for lodging. The Fonda Peninsulares operated next to the Puerta del Sol until it closed for a period of time, between 1892 and 1898. The building would be acquired by the Ministry of Finance until the 1960s, and was later acquired by a bank. Other Fondas opened in the surrounding area; one of the best known in the Puerta del Sol was La Vizcaína, located in the modern Casa Cordero.
Casa Cordero
The construction of the Casa de Cordero, also known as Casa del Maragato due to the Maragato origin of its owner, Santiago Alonso Cordero, dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is, in the twenty-first century, the second oldest building after the Casa de Correos. It was built taking advantage of the demolition of the temple and Convento de San Felipe el Real, leaving free its famous cloister. The freed space allows to leave clear the later Plaza del Marqués Viudo de Pontejos. During the period from 1841 to 1846, a house designed by the architect Juan José Sánchez Pescador was built on the site formerly occupied by the Monastery of San Felipe. The owner of the house will finally be Santiago Alonso Cordero, a muleteer of Maragato origin who won the money in one of the first editions of the National Christmas Lottery in Spain. The house was well known in its time for having been built with architectural quality parameters unknown at the time. The house had seven interior patios, 296 windows and running water in each dwelling. Passengers coming from the stagecoach trips who did not want to stay at the Fonda de Postas Peninsulares ended up at La Vizcaína located in the Casa Cordero. It was so named due to the Bilbao origin of its owner, and the quality of the service was an advantage over other establishments of the time. Most of the lodgings of the time congregated around the Plaza and in the surrounding streets.
In 1847 the merchant and real estate developer Manuel Matheu inaugurated a modern Parisian-style passageway and bazaar on the site vacated by the demolition of the Convento de la Victoria. The urbanistic idea at the time was to endow the area around the Puerta del Sol with Parisian-style commercial "passages". Today this passage is located in the vicinity of the Puerta del Sol. The Casa Cordero, a contemporary of the passageway, underwent several interior renovations during the nineteenth century, housing the popular Bazar de la Unión (Union Bazaar).
Foreign travelers
The improvement of the means of transportation to the capital soon led to the appearance of numerous travelers writers (people of letters) who would describe in their works what they observed there. One of the first travelers who described the Puerta del Sol in the mid-eighteenth century was the Marquis de Langle (José María Jerónimo Fleuriot) who, in his Viaje de Fígaro a España, describes the Puerta del Sol as a cheerful entrance to the city, referring to multi-storey houses. This book was censored in 1788 by the Count of Aranda. In 1797 the German traveler Christian August Fischer settles in Madrid for a year and makes a description of daily life in the Plaza. He mentions that only two buildings gave majesty to the square: the Correos building and the Iglesia del Buen Suceso, the rest being a group of half-ruined and propped up houses. He describes an atmosphere full of people that makes it difficult to circulate on foot, a thunderous noise of various criers shouting, barouches circulating and water carriers that gather at the Mariblanca fountain (shouting "fresh water, good fresh water! Who wants it?"), the orange sellers, the florists, the coachmen, the gazette sellers, the beggars, the courtesans, etc. Fischer comments that the Plaza was noisier on holidays because of the people congregating there as they left the nearby churches.
In 1843 the Frenchman Théophile Gautier published his story Voyage en Espagne. Gautier already mentions some of the existing cafes in the Puerta del Sol such as the Café de Levante, and describes the fondness of the Madrilenians for sorbets and various refreshing drinks such as agraz, barley water (agua de cebá in the slang of the time). Another of the foreign travelers who describes the social atmosphere of the square is Richard Ford who narrates the Spanish custom of walking with the cloak and hat. In 1830 the Scottish journalist Henry D. Inglys describes the square as a small populous space. Later, in 1836, George Borrow (known as "Don Jorgito") describes the Plaza during the Mutiny of La Granja.
The Italian writer Edmundo de Amicis, in 1883, was impressed by the atmosphere of the Puerta del Sol. In his work entitled Viaje por España, written after a trip made on the occasion of the coronation of Amadeo I, he devotes an extensive description to the Puerta del Sol and its social atmosphere. The traveler Henry Blackburn, registering at the Hotel de los Príncipes years later, has an unbeatable position to describe the Puerta del Sol in his work.
First great renovarion of the square
Already in 1831, the Marquis of Pontejos had advised the City Council to demolish the Buen Suceso and San Felipe in order to widen the Puerta del Sol. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, several renovation and remodeling works were carried out, all of them with a limited impact on the Puerta del Sol. One of the most significant was the change of the cobblestones in the streets for carved flint wedges (setts). In the same way, street lamps were installed, as well as a sewer system that runs parallel to the streets of the Puerta del Sol. The asphalting of the Puerta del Sol was begun for the first time in 1848, shortly after the demolition of the Iglesia del Buen Suceso and Iglesia de la Victoria, when the Count of Villahermosa was the Mayor of Madrid. Despite all this, the impression given by Puerta del Sol in the mid-nineteenth century was that of an "uneven square". The houses did not have a homogeneous structure. Small urbanistic changes were made in order to accommodate some aesthetic aspects of the square, but in no case had an integral renovation of it been carried out. All these small changes led to the need to address a change that would "unify" and organize the final aesthetic appearance of the Plaza. On the other hand, the pressure of the growing traffic problem, which in a report of 1857 mentioned that from eight in the morning to nine at night 3950 carriages and 1414 horses circulated through the square, forced the municipal authorities to think about widening the space of the square.
All this led the Ministry of Transport to think about changing the Puerta del Sol, adapting it to the new times. In the administrative division of Madrid, established on November 17, 1840, the barrio de la Puerta del Sol was created, within the North quarter. This neighborhood will keep this name until October 31, 1968. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Puerta del Sol was an obligatory crossing point for all Madrilenians who wanted to cross the center of the city. It was necessary on the one hand to widen it, and at the same time to provide an architecturally homogeneous and monumental appearance. The period of commissioning urban studies that would allow a remodeling of the square began.
Beginnings (a rectangular space)
With the need for change on December 17, 1852, in a session of the City Council it was decided to approve a series of alignments on certain streets of the Puerta del Sol. The alignments meant a slow and cheap change to carry out urban renovations. The alignments fixed the width of the streets, a measure that had no immediate physical repercussions. However, when a house was demolished, the land was adjusted to the predefined width and the part that remained outside the street alignment was expropriated; in this way the facade was set back to the stipulated width. This procedure did not have the desired speed and was inadequate. At this time, the Puerta del Sol had an area of barely eight hundred square meters. This slow procedure of alignments was intended for the renovation and enlargement of the Puerta del Sol, but the urgency of the renovations made that on October 19, 1853, the Urban Police Advisory Board proposed to the City Council a renovation that would turn it into a rectangular square of about five thousand square meters. The Board was chaired by Ramón Mesonero Romanos. The realization of major urban renovations needed ministerial approval, and on January 18, 1854, they approved the alignments, and later on February 15 of the same year approved the realization of the rectangular square. The conflicting interests flourished in this urban renovation and reached their peak when another Royal Order on April 22 recognized that the enlargement of the Puerta de Sol was "of public utility". This last Order forcibly reduced the prices demanded for the expropriations, something that must not have pleased the original owners.
The initial proposal for change affected twenty-nine houses on the perimeter, distributed in eight blocks. A competition for architectural projects was called to decide the final appearance. This situation led to numerous projects being presented, some with original ideas. One of them, signed by Mariano Albo, presented a rectangular square design that affected the building of the Casa Cordero. After several deliberations, the project presented by architect José Antonio Font was approved. After approving the project, the City Council called an auction for the works: the deadline was opened on October 30, 1855, but curiously, no one bid for the works. In order to unblock the situation, on January 16, 1856, a Special Commission was created, which in less than a couple of weeks decided that the rectangular square project was the most appropriate. The decision caused numerous protests, anger and discussions. The commission, chaired by Pedro de Navascués, gave its controversial support to the project of the architect Juan Bautista Peyronet. Peyronet worked on the project and finally presented on March 10 an enlarged square on the initial project, which left on the maps an area of six thousand square meters (an area equivalent to the effective area of a soccer field) in which the space of part of the site of the Iglesia del Buen Suceso was considered free. The Ministry finally approved Peyronet's project on May 28, 1856.
Final project
Peyronet's project is paralyzed for political reasons. General Espartero is forced to leave the Government that he formed with Leopoldo O'Donell since the Vicalvarada. Both characters had serious disagreements. The crisis put Ramón María de Narváez at the head of the Council of Ministers, and with the change came José María Nocedal, previously a councilman of the City Council of Madrid, to the Ministry of Home Affairs. It was he who approved by Royal Order on June 28, 1858, a project by Lucio del Valle, Morer and Rivera. This project enlarged the square to more than nine thousand square meters. The surface area of the projects increased with each approval, and with it the expropriations. The affected properties began to be demolished in October 1857. A new Royal Order on August of that year approves an extension that raises the square to twelve thousand square meters and presents as a novelty that the north side (Alcalá-Arenal) presents a slight concave curve to the north. Some authors such as Fernández de los Ríos criticize this decision by making fun of it, calling this new section "half a lid of an olive barrel". This new design would make the popular streets of Zarza, Peregrinos, Cofreros (sometimes known as Cofre) and the Callejón de la Duda (formerly called Callejón de la Caza, because there was a meat market there) disappear.
Demolitions and inauguration
The widening of the Puerta del Sol was a work of great magnitude. The demolition of about thirty houses ended on May 1, 1858. After the expropriations (under the Law of Forced Expropriation) and later the demolitions, the building plots were sold (some of the plots were photographed by Charles Clifford and J. Laurent). The rubble resulting from the demolitions ended up in the Moro gardens. Of all the old buildings, only the Casa de Correos and the Casa Cordero were left standing. Public land sales brought new owners onto the scene. The one who acquired the most land was Fernández Casariego (he bought four premises), followed by Juan Manuel Manzanedo (Marquis of Manzanedo), a situation that led to Puerta del Sol being jokingly called "Manzanedo's courtyard". The rest of the premises were distributed among different owners. The largest and most expensive premises was the one acquired by Lamberto Fontanella between Calle de Alcalá and Carrera de San Jerónimo, premises that would become the Hotel de París (and which currently has the sign "Tío Pepe"). On December 5, 1858, the first house was built between Calle Preciados and Calle del Carmen; the auction of premises ended on January 18, 1860. The demolitions left such a desolate aspect that the novelist Wenceslao Ayguals de Izco compared the new Puerta del Sol to "another bombed Sebastopol".
At the end of the renovation of the Gate on June 24, 1860, a fountain was inaugurated circumscribed in a basin of eighteen meters in diameter; this fountain raised a jet of water to more than thirty meters, coming from a "mouth" of seven centimeters of diameter and was located right in the center of the square. A subway channel seventy-seven kilometers long, coming from the Lozoya River, provided the necessary supply to feed the first reservoir of the Canal de Isabel II. This reservoir supplied the new neighborhoods of the widening of Madrid as well as the flow of this fountain. The canalization work is considered one of the first of the Canal de Isabel II. The day of its inauguration was attended by Queen Isabella II, and to the general surprise of those present when the powerful jet of the fountain was activated, the writer Manuel Fernández y González exclaimed: "Oh marvel of civilization, which makes rivers stand up!" (Spanish: "Oh maravilla de la civilización, que pone los ríos de pie!".) The writer's phrase was very popular at the time, and numerous newspapers echoed it. Over the years the fuente del chorro ("fountain of the jet" as it was called) was deactivated because the light gusts of wind deflected the high jet of water, wetting passers-by who strolled through the Puerta del Sol. Finally the fountain was moved to the Plaza de Cuatro Caminos, and later to the Casa de Campo, where it still remains (today it can be seen working next to the Puente del Rey, in front of the Casa de los Vargas). On February 19, 1862, a more modest fountain was placed to replace the previous one, and the paving of the sidewalks was completed with setts. The change caused protests among some Madrilenians due to the custom that was beginning to take root of splashing in the fountain's basin during the early morning hours on Saint John's Eve.
Arrival of the big hotels
After finishing the reconstruction of the square and clearing its semi-elliptical area, it looked like a homogeneous square and soon began the projects of locating the best hotels in the buildings that surrounded its space. The almost analogous buildings have a height of almost thirty meters. One of the most striking was the Fonda de los Príncipes (later called Hotel de los Príncipes), which consisted of two luxurious buildings occupying numbers eleven and twelve of the Puerta del Sol. This hotel was inaugurated on October 1, 1861, being one of the first in the Puerta del Sol. One of the attractions of the hotel was that its exterior windows overlooked the fuente del chorro. It was an expensive hotel for the time, and travelers who wanted less luxury had other options such as the Fonda de San Luis and the Diligencias Peninsulares. Next to the Puerta del Sol down Calle Arenal, the Gran Hotel de Oriente was built in 1855, and the Hotel de la Paz (also known as Hôtel de la Paix) was located on the west side. The Hotel del Universo was inaugurated in 1870 the last to be built.
After the renovation, one of the largest premises in the square was rented in 1863 to a French financier who was in charge of setting up one of the most luxurious hotels in Madrid. In 1864, one of the oldest hotels in Madrid was inaugurated: the Grand Hôtel de París. It had the essence of an elegant hotel until 1910 when it was eclipsed by the Ritz Hotel. This hotel had a capacity for several hundred residents and on the second floor had one of the best dining rooms of the time (French style). The hotel was closed in 2006. Among its illustrious visitors was Rubén Darío who occupied its rooms in 1908. Other hotels were later opened in the area, such as the Hotel Cuatro Naciones on Calle Arenal.
Shortly after the work was completed, large awnings were set up in the northern part of the Plaza, held up by iron supports, whose surface covered the sidewalks in front of the stores on the first floor.
New projects, improvements and events
In the old tavern Casa Labra, located in the adjacent street to the Calle de Tetuán, a group of people met to eat clandestinely on May 2, 1879. Among them was Pablo Iglesias, who was elected the first president of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party. The party was created secretly and was finally legalized in 1881. On June 19 of that same year, during a parade of troops, an explosion occurred when one of the guns ignited. As a result, one of the artillerymen died and several of his companions were wounded.
After the renovation of the Puerta del Sol, Giraud Daguillon designed an urban project between the Puerta del Sol and the Royal Palace that was signed in Brussels. In 1863 the first public urinals of Madrid were installed in the Puerta del Sol, specifically on the corner of Calle de Carretas, and between Calle Preciados and Calle del Arenal. In 1865 the clockmaker Losada gave a tower clock that was placed in the Gobernación and a tower was installed over the building to fulfill this new function (the joke arises that "the clock works as bad as the government underneath"). In January 1890 the passage of the funeral procession that bid farewell to the Navarrese tenor Julián Gayarre was celebrated; as it passed through the Puerta del Sol, the emotion of the crowd made a "Viva Gayarre!" burst out, which would be echoed in the press of the time.
On April 10, 1865, students from the Central University of Madrid held a serenade at the Puerta del Sol in support of the rector Juan Manuel Montalbán. This rector had been deposed three days earlier by government order along with other professors, among them Emilio Castelar and Nicolás Salmerón. The reason for the dismissal was his belligerence and his positions contrary to the official educational and ideological doctrine established by the government of Ramón María Narváez. The Civil Guard, together with Infantry and Cavalry units of the Army, opened fire against the students. The incident was called the Noche de San Daniel, or Noche del Matadero (Night of San Daniel or Night of the Slaughter). The prolific journalist Manuel Ossorio y Bernard published a work of critical essays in several installments starting in 1874, entitled: Viaje Crítico alrededor de la Puerta del Sol (Critical Journey around the Puerta del Sol). Ossorio describes the social situation of Spain, taking as a sample what happens and the characters that pass through this Madrid square.
Among the projects that followed the reforms was that of Mariano Albo to build a cathedral in front of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The large number of pedestrians at the Puerta at the beginning of the twentieth century led to other projects aimed at improving the circulation of pedestrians. In 1908 a project was presented to link the north and south areas, Quevedo and Tirso de Molina, through the Puerta del Sol. Antonio Palacios, ten years later, wanted to improve the viability of the area by creating a ring of streets surrounding the Plaza. On April 4, 1910, King Alfonso XIII began the construction of the Gran Vía in a ceremonial act. At the end of 1929 Ramón Gómez de la Serna inaugurated from the Puerta del Sol a new radio program that would be the "first radio report" (of costumbrista character) that Unión Radio would begin with a weekly broadcast after having made the first call of the "free contest of radio reports" through the magazine Ondas in November of that year.
After the great mid-century renovation, architectural improvement projects were presented. The architect José Luis Oriol planned to isolate the central core of the Puerta del Sol. In 1939 Serrano Suñer addressed a speech to the municipal architects of Madrid in which he commented "Work so that we can all put an end to the tragic Spanishness of decadent and traditional Madrid, even if the Puerta del Sol and the building of the Gobernación, which is a breeding ground for the worst germs, have to disappear".
In 1875 the first streetlight was installed in Puerta del Sol, "very intense but flickering" in the words of Ramón Gómez de la Serna. In November 1881 the total number of gas lanterns (reverberation lanterns, also known as fernandinos), including the seasonal ones, was 6562 square meters, but electric lighting had already been introduced in Puerta del Sol. In 1894, when the Count of Romanones was mayor, the electric arc lanterns were installed. In this area, and in the adjacent Calle de Sevilla, half a hundred street lamps were about to be installed, which were expected to be lit until one o'clock in the morning.
New means of transportation
The population of Madrid underwent strong growth throughout the nineteenth century. In addition, new populations were agglomerated in the future urban planning that will be known as the Ensanche Madrileño. The appearance of new means of transport, such as the steam locomotive, attracted many visitors. On February 9, 1851, the first railroad station in Madrid was inaugurated under the name of Estación del Mediodía ("Midday station", currently Atocha station). The history of Madrid's streetcars dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, and was considered a popular means of transport and an alternative to automobiles.
First streetcars
The first streetcars were pulled by animals. The first line, Sol-Salamanca, was inaugurated on 31 May 1871 with the participation of the promoter of the idea, the Marquis of Salamanca José de Salamanca y Mayol, who would operate The Madrid Street Tramway Co. There were discussions about whether to call them tranvías or tram-vías (from tramway). Each imperial carriage was double-decker and carried three mules that acted as tractor animals, although they were reduced to two due to the damage caused by their horseshoes on the Madrid roadway. Soon this first line was extended from Sol to the neighborhood of Las Pozas (located between the streets of Princesa, Alberto Aguilera and Serrano Jover) which was served by vehicles called ripers, which became popular with the name of Ripers de Oliva (Oliva ripers) due to its builder: Oliva. Other lines were immediately opened to stations or markets. The first line was later electrified and extended in 1898. For some time ripers coexisted with electric streetcars. The appearance of electric trams with trolley cars dates back to 1906. At first the streetcars were taken from any position in the square, but, as the population grew, the crowds made safe access to them impracticable. It was then that metal railings, popularly known as parallel railings, were installed so that passengers could wait in orderly fashion for the arrival of the streetcars. This system had little success and was dismantled over the decades. On July 10, 1906, a night service was established from Puerta del Sol, starting at nine o'clock at night.
Between 1920 and 1933 the Sociedad Madrileña de Tranvías provided transport service to the capital's tramway network. The streets that had tracks were Alcalá, Montera, Preciados, Mayor and Carretas. Some of the existing vehicles at that time were called "cangrejos" (crabs) due to their red color. From 1924 to 1927 the Sociedad General de Autobuses began to provide service, which operated the first bus network in the capital. In the 1930s the Puerta del Sol was collapsed by the number of streetcars circulating. This situation was due to the fact that a large part of the network had its terminus in the square itself. There were even important tramway traffic jams that, at times, reached almost to Cibeles. During the Civil War the problem disappeared due to the conflict, but it arose again in the post-war period and the bus was thought of as a possible solution. In 1947 the Empresa Municipal de Transportes, or EMT, was created, which in a few years came to control all public bus transport in the city. The EMT carried out a reorganization of lines with the aim of freeing the permanent congestion suffered by the Puerta del Sol, which continued to be the nerve center of the network despite the fact that the three sections of the Gran Vía were already open. Slowly, the streetcars were abandoning the Puerta until, in 1949, the last one circulated. At this time began the slow decline of the tramway and in 1972 the last of them circulated through the streets of Madrid.
Arrival of the metro
The annals tell that, in 1913, the engineer Carlos Mendoza y Sáez de Argandoña, waiting for a tramway at Puerta del Sol, realized the real need to create an underground railway line. In 1914 he began to draw up the designs together with two other engineers, Alfredo Moreno Osorio and Antonio González Echarte, in the engineering office known as Mengemor. The project included a stretch of three and a half kilometers from Sol to the neighborhood of Cuatro Caminos and among which eight stations were distributed. The first works of excavation of galleries began in June 1917 at Puerta del Sol and in the direction of Red de San Luis. The tunnels were drilled by surface mining methods in the area of the square, while the section running along Calle Montera was done by the Belgian method (nowadays called the classic Madrid method). This made transit through the square and surrounding streets impossible while the works were in progress for a couple of years.
Sol Station was one of the first stations of the Madrid Metro. Line 1 came into operation on October 17, 1919, at three o'clock in the afternoon before a procession attended by Alfonso XIII. On October 31 it went into operation for the public, making possible since then the first section of the subway in the city between Sol and Cuatro Caminos at a depth of approximately thirteen meters. Subsequently, the network was extended to Puente de Vallecas, Ventas and Quevedo stations (extended to Cuatro Caminos). In the same year, the first cinema in Spain was projected in the Carrera de San Jerónimo.
The success of this means of transport meant that a year later the mayor of Madrid, Ramón Rivero de Miranda, inaugurated the Sol-Ventas line and in 1921 the Sol-Atocha section. In addition to the three metro exits, a pavilion by Antonio Palacios was placed in the center of the Puerta de Sol, a work that was demolished in 1934 by an order of the Directorate General of Railways and whose demolition was used to accommodate the connection with line 3. The central pavilion had an interior vestibule of gray and white marble walls, and a high ceramic frieze with the coats of arms in high relief of the Spanish regions.
Period of Cafés and gatherings
During the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, numerous cafés appeared in the area around Puerta del Sol. At its moment of maximum splendor there were almost a dozen cafés. This coincided with a period in the history of Spain called the liberal triennium (1820-1822), in which the cafés multiplied as meeting places for liberals exalted by the political situation of the moment. They served the typical café con media (the "tostada de arriba" as it was also called), which became a classic of the gatherings. The "peñas" and the tertulias were very frequent in the Cafés of the Puerta del Sol. One of the first was the Café Lorencini, a meeting place for the liberals of the Sociedad Patriótica de Amigos de la Libertad (Patriotic Society of Friends of Liberty), characters who launched proclamations on the tables of the premises. This establishment (located in the block between Calle Carretas and Calle Espoz y Mina) was renamed Café de las Columnas, and later Café Puerto Rico. The Café Universal (No. 14) was popularly known as the one with the mirrors. The Café de Levante, the first of them located on the first floor of No. 10, was located near Calle de Alcalá, in front of the former Iglesia del Buen Suceso, and was a place where chess and backgammon were played. It was the most discreet of the Cafés of the Puerta del Sol. The Café de Correos was full of officials of the time; in 1895 the soldiers returning from the colony of Cuba gathered on its sidewalk, which is why it was called the sidewalk of the repatriated. The Café Lisboa had been installed on the first floor of the Casa Cordero (next to the Calle Mayor) and was later called the Café del Comercio; Jacinto Benavente had his gatherings there.
The Café Imperial, located on the block between Carrera de San Jerónimo and Calle de Alcalá, was one of the greatest cafés of nineteenth century Madrid. It was later renamed Café de la Montaña, famous in 1899 for being the café where Ramón María del Valle-Inclán lost an arm in a dispute with the journalist Manuel Bueno. On Calle de Alcalá, next to the doors of the Café de la Montaña, was the chocolate shop of Doña Mariquita, famous for its chocolates with mojicones. All these cafés were visited in 1879 by a dog that became very popular at that time: the Perro Paco. Perro Paco was the subject of numerous newspaper articles during the 1880s, he slept in the Café de Fornos (a café on Calle de Alcalá that was famous for never closing) and suffered a tragic end in a bullfight. The Café Oriental was located on the first floor of the Hotel de la Paix, that is, on Calle Preciados. The Café Colonial, where Rubén Darío was a regular in 1905, was later one of the gathering places of the Generation of '98.
Apart from the Cafés, the renovations of the Puerta del Sol gave way to the proliferation of commercial premises. One of the best known is La Pajarita, located at number five and inaugurated by Vicente Sola in 1852. This store offered candies flavored with various essences, and its wrappers showed the image of a paper bow tie. Later, in 1915, the store La Violeta opened in the nearby Plaza de Canalejas, offering a more specific type of candy called violets. Violets have become over time a symbol of typical Madrid confectionery. In 1894 the Mallorcan Juan Ripoll opened the pastry shop and tea room (initially a place for social gatherings) that would later add aroma to the square: La Mallorquina, the only nineteenth-century establishment that remains today in Puerta del Sol and in its original function.
Another well-known candy shop in the nineteenth century was the Flor de Lis, located at No. 10 and Nos. 11 and 13 Calle Peligros. The Trust Joyero Internacional (International Jeweler's Trust) was located at no. 12. The social environment of the Puerta del Sol at the beginning of the twentieth century caused the spread of swindles, such as the burial swindle or the Portuguese swindle, and many foreign visitors from the provinces (called catetos in popular parlance) fell into the nets of these swindlers.
The disappearance of the Cafés was progressive after the Civil War and with it the shops that provided newspapers to the old tertulianos settled on the sidewalks, recalling in their shops the names of the old cafés: Puerto Rico, De la Montaña, etc.
Gobernación clock
At the end of the nineteenth century, knowing the exact time in any place was something reserved for wealthy people who owned a clock; for the rest of the people it was enough to hear the chimes, or the chiming of a distant tower clock. Since the eighteenth century the Iglesia del Buen Suceso had a primitive tower clock on its façade (it can be seen in the illustrations of the time), which regulated with its only hand the transit of stagecoaches and post office posts. It was a very inaccurate clock, with antiquated machinery, and with only one hand on its dial it indicated the time approximately. The protests of the Madrilenians were growing due to the constant stops of the clock and the situation caused a new mechanism to be ordered in 1848 that did not satisfy the public either.
When the Iglesia del Buen Suceso was demolished in 1854, a tower clock made by Tomás de Miguel was installed on the upper façade of the Gobernación building, which had a minute hand. This new clock had three dials. Its appearance was striking but it was still not very accurate and sometimes showed a different time on each of the three dials. A popular saying went: "No one will be dissatisfied (...) everyone can choose the one that suits him best". With the renovation of the square in 1860, a ball was added to the clock that fell at noon, which was called the bola electrica. The malfunctioning of this first clock is evident in the well-known epigram of the time:
The situation of this third clock changed when in 1866 the famous Spanish clockmaker Losada installed a new one with a precision unknown until that time. Its twelve chimes at the end of the year would resound throughout Spain. As for the previous clock, it was thought to be placed in the Casa de la Panadería but finally ended up in the Almacén General de la Villa.
"Losada Clock"
In 1863 the watchmaker José Rodríguez Losada (known as Losada), who had built precision marine chronometers for the Navy, decided to meet with the municipal authorities of the time and offered to donate free of charge a new and more accurate clock to replace the old and inaccurate Gobernación clock. It took three years to build it and finally, on November 19, 1866, the new clock was inaugurated by Isabella II on the occasion of her birthday. The ball that descended at noon sounded a chime, and the noon chime was maintained until the 1930s. In 1928 one of the weights came loose and broke through the floor into the governor's main office. The new clock has functioned perfectly and with sufficient accuracy to the present day, chiming at the end of the year. Every year since its placement, about 28 seconds before midnight on December 31, the ball of the clock descends to announce that the year is about to end; then the four quarters and then the 12 chimes sound. Each chime has a cadence of three seconds. In 1941 Radio Nacional de España provided the time signals with the sound of the bells of the Gobernación clock, in many of the spoken newspapers of Radio Nacional de España began with indications to the time references of this clock. In 1952 the Venezuelan ambassador, through a proposal of the Caracas City Council, made an offer to the Madrid City Council to buy the clock, but finally an agreement was not reached.
New Year's Eve grapes
The Gobernación clock already had another utility apart from providing the exact time to the people of Madrid, and it was slowly gaining national prominence. The Madrid press already commented in January 1897: "It is a Madrilenian custom to eat twelve grapes at twelve o'clock on the clock that separates the outgoing from the incoming year", and it is possible that at that time the tradition was not very widespread. The following year the press encouraged this tradition with an article entitled "Las Uvas milagrosas" (The miraculous grapes). Although some date it back to 1880, it is clear that the tradition has been documented since December 1897, setting in December 1896 the certain beginning of the tradition of eating twelve grapes to the rhythm of the twelve chimes of the Puerta del Sol clock.
Another explanation mentions that in the fall of 1909 there would have been a great harvest of grapes throughout the country, and this caused that in order to increase consumption, bunches of grapes were given to the New Year's attendees present at the Puerta del Sol. This legend says that someone had the idea of taking one grape for each chime of the Gobernación clock. On the north façade of Puerta del Sol (number fourteen), the Gran Hotel Universo had opened in 1898, the place where the tradition that would later become so popular among Spaniards began. Among the anecdotes of the 1930 New Year's Eve street celebrations is the one starring Alfonso XIII who, incognito, celebrated among the crowd. The first chimes were televised in December 1962, and since then they have never stopped being rebroadcast, giving for a few minutes a moment of prominence to the Puerta del Sol.
20th Century
The Puerta del Sol gained prominence in 1906, as it was the year of royal weddings: in January the Infanta Maria Teresa married her first cousin Ferdinand of Bavaria. The news of the engagement of Alfonso XIII to Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg (granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England), who in Spain would be known by her first two names: Victoria Eugenia, also reached Madrid.
The Puerta del Sol became at the beginning of the century a vindictive icon of the political life of the country, due to its location halfway between the Palacio de las Cortes de España (Palace of the Spanish Cortes) and the Royal Palace of Madrid.
A small store called El Corte Inglés, located on Calle Preciados on the corner of Calle del Carmen and Calle de Rompelanzas, dedicated to tailoring and dressmaking for children, began its activity. It had already been founded in 1890 and enjoyed a certain prestige. In the mid-twentieth century this store, converted into a department store, would undergo a commercial expansion along the northern area of the Puerta del Sol. At the end of the 19th century, one of the most important commercial centers was the Union Bazaar located in the Casa Cordero. In 1911 a Universal Eucharistic Congress was held and its celebrations took place in the Puerta del Sol. In 1913 the Palacio de Oñate, located on Calle Mayor, was demolished.
The future monarch Alfonso XIII, in his childhood, and his mother, the queen regent Maria Christina, had an anecdote that would give rise to a popular children's story and tradition. When Alfonso was eight years old, a baby tooth fell out and this event worried him a lot, so much so that his mother commissioned Father Luis Coloma to write a story to reassure him. Coloma wrote a story about an imaginary mouse called Ratoncito Pérez who lived in a big box of cookies in the warehouse of the Prats candy shop (located at number 8, Calle Arenal, very close to Puerta del Sol), and who collected the children's teeth under a pillow. This little story, which later became so popular, reassured the child king Alfonso XIII.
On November 12, 1912, Senator José Canalejas, on his way to the Senate, was assassinated by three shots in front of the Librería San Martín by an anarchist. This bookstore was located in the southern area of Puerta del Sol, and today there is a plaque commemorating this event. In that same year the writer Ramón Gómez de la Serna established in one of the access streets to the Puerta del Sol a famous gathering in the Café Pombo: The "sacred crypt of Pombo".
The writer Ramón del Valle Inclán (a regular at the Cafés of the Puerta del Sol) wrote a play in 1928 entitled Luces de Bohemia, in which part of the situations (starring Max Estrella) take place in the Puerta del Sol and its surroundings. In 1929 Francisco Elías directed the first Spanish sound film, El misterio de la Puerta del Sol, in which you can see (and hear) the hustle and bustle of the Puerta del Sol. Due to its technical errors it was a failure from an economic point of view, so its importance is historical and documentary.
Many of the revolutionary celebrations of the time are echoed in the Puerta del Sol. That same year the National Telephone Company of Spain was born and the first telegraph tower was installed in Casa Cordero. On September 13, 1923, martial law was proclaimed in Puerta del Sol and other places in Madrid, which initiated the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera.
From this period at the beginning of the 20th century, there are details in the literature about the popularity of the Corpus Christi procession in Madrid, which had its main route in the Puerta del Sol and in some of its main streets (Calle Carretas and Carrera de San Jerónimo). The procession was multitudinous and the great affluence of people gave business to the water carriers, who served water from the fountains with aniseed aromas. Another religious procession that made its entrance in the Puerta is that of Good Friday (called "del Santo Entierro"). These processions had their period of concealment during the Second Republic. From the same, in its condition of passage between Cañadas Reales, every year in September the arrival of the cattle from the grazing areas was celebrated, claiming the rural past.
Second Republic and Civil War
On April 14, 1931, the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic took place, and the Puerta del Sol witnessed the change of power and the popular celebrations for the proclamation of the Republic; many Madrilenians came to the Plaza in order to celebrate and learn about the event. The crowd was so large that the members of the provisional government who were approaching by car to the Casa de Correos (Gobernación) had to make the trip from Puerta de Alcalá to Puerta del Sol in two hours, and when they arrived at the main doors of Gobernación they were met by civil guards who, hesitating, did not allow them to pass. Maura shouted: "Gentlemen, give pass to the government of the Republic!" and, just at that moment, from one of the balconies waved the Republican flag (waved by Rafael Sánchez Guerra and Manuel Ossorio Florit). In 1934, when Alejandro Lerroux went to the Casa de Correos to declare the state of war, there was a shooting without consequences in the middle of Puerta del Sol. The Puerta del Sol would become the nerve center of celebrations and protests during the Republic, acquiring the image of a place of popular vindication. During the Republican period, the so-called red sidewalk was established from Alcalá to Montera. This sidewalk was a meeting and strolling place for supporters of the Republic.
During the beginnings of the uprising of July 17–18, 1936, which turned into the Civil War, Madrid fell under the Republican faction, and soon (November 6, 1936) the battle of Madrid began. Already in the initial advance to the capital from the south of Spain, General Franco and Mola ordered their forces to take the offensive against the capital; the evolution was so fast that they declared a few days later that "they will have coffee in the Puerta del Sol next week". The resistance in the area of the University City prevented the assault on the capital. Later the battle of Jarama paralyzed a broad front and definitely delayed the initial plans to invade the capital. Madrid maintained its resistance until 1939. During the first aerial bombardments carried out in December, the Puerta del Sol suffered part of the destruction of its setts and some surrounding houses due to the explosion of several bombs (bombings of November 9 and 10). Of the subsequent air raids, one of the most serious for the Plaza was the one carried out on November 17, 1936, in which a bomb exploded on the corner with Calle de Alcalá, opening a crater of twenty meters in diameter and fifteen meters deep; its momentum was such that it lifted the rails of the subway and brought them to the surface. The intense violence of the air attacks was diminishing in the first days of December, and later the artillery attacks from the artillery batteries located in the Casa de Campo (in its highest elevation, called Cerro Garabitas) were increasing. These artillery bombardments meant that the Puerta del Sol area was within artillery range and was frequently affected by the explosion of various 155 millimeter shells (the neighboring Gran Vía was known during the war as "the Avenue of the fifteen and a half" due to the frequency of impacts of that caliber). The Puerta del Sol was not spared from these bombardments of the fifteen and a half, and was affected daily by the artillery of the rebel troops. The year 1936 ended with the bombardment of the Puerta del Sol, in which the artillerymen of Garabitas launched, during the chimes of midnight on New Year's Eve, twelve projectiles on the Puerta del Sol.
The appearance of Puerta del Sol during the conflict was similar to that of other areas attacked in the center of Madrid, demolished houses, damaged facades, craters in the streets, disorder of urban furniture. This situation was also shared with the neighborhood of Argüelles. In one of the aerial bombardments, one of the dials of the Gobernación clock was damaged by a projectile and later popular collections were made for its restoration. On April 1 Franco signed the last report of war ending the war, and his troops entered and occupied the Puerta del Sol. The post-war period began and the consequent restoration of the damage caused by the conflict on this place, as well as the surrounding buildings.
Post-War Period
As soon as it was occupied by Franco's troops, the military authorities considered it necessary to change the physical landscape of Madrid as part of the general process of "cleansing" the moral and political life of the country. The new Franco regime associated Puerta del Sol with the defunct Republic and revolutionary movements, as it had been a traditional meeting point for the left. Already on May 19, 1939, the Minister of Home Affairs (and brother-in-law of the dictator) Serrano Suñer held talks with the consistory to discuss the reconstruction of the capital; during the subsequent press conference, he stated that the aim was to "put an end to the tragic Spanishness of the decadent and traditional Madrid, although the Puerta del Sol and the building of Gobernación, which is a breeding ground for the worst political germs, must disappear". On July 7, 1939, the pro-Nazi newspaper Informaciones expressed its satisfaction with the apparent loss of popularity of this square among the popular classes of Madrid. As part of this plan, the architect Antonio Palacios came to design an elevated platform with a double floor of reinforced glass in the middle of the square, with capacity for 52,000 people, but the great projects to create a completely new imperial Madrid would not be realized for economic reasons, limited to a purification of names in streets and buildings made in April 1939 to exalt the heroes of the recent Crusade (Avenida del Generalísimo Franco, Avenida de José Antonio).
During this post-war period, in the midst of Franco's dictatorship, the southern building known as Corres is used as police headquarters and the General Directorate of State Security (Spanish: Dirección General de Seguridad del Estado, DGSE). The basements were filled with socialist and communist prisoners who had been arrested by police officers. Some of these prisoners were held in the cellars for a period of seventy-two hours without charges being brought against them. Also after the Civil War, the department store El Corte Inglés acquired a property at Calle Preciados #3: it was a multi-storey building dedicated to specific sales. Shopping centers increased their presence and some of them appeared in the streets near Puerta del Sol: Almacenes Arias (Saldos Arias), Galerías Preciados, Bazar de la Unión (from 1958 the premises became a self-service store called Tobogán), etc. Different lottery sellers, newspaper shops, shoeshiners, etc. are scattered.
In 1950, the municipal architect Herrero de Palacios directs a renovation of the Puerta del Sol in order to renew the street furniture of the square. The political regime established by Franco watched over the area and prevented it from being a meeting place; it is for this reason that Luis Moya in 1962 states that "the political function of the Puerta del Sol ended in 1936 (...) it is now a discreet central square, with a circulation suited to its size, with gardens and fountains, with stores and offices...".
There is a dispute between literary and urbanistic, which begins with Fernández de los Ríos stating that the Puerta del Sol has ceased to be the center of the Villa in favor of the Gran Vía. This dispute was taken to court because the "center" served as a reference in the calculation of distances for the installation of gas stations within a radius of fifteen kilometers of towns with more than fifty thousand inhabitants. Estaciones de Servicio San Fernando was the plaintiff. Finally, the Supreme Court, in a 1967 ruling by endorsement of the Madrid City Council, confirmed that the center of Madrid is the Puerta del Sol.
Some of the streetcar lines passing through the center were dismantled, especially those running from Calle de Alcalá. This dismantling operation directed by the municipal architect Manuel Herrero de Palacios facilitated the traffic through Puerta del Sol. In 1950, a horizontal plaque was placed on the ground in front of the main door of the Edificio de Gobernación, representing the famous Kilometer Zero, the origin of the six radial roads leaving the Capital. It became a meeting place and meeting point. This geographical center was recalculated in 1978 and located again behind the Prado Museum. From the same period dates the measure of 635.50 meters above mean sea level in Alicante, a measure that serves to trace the changes in the meter. In the sixties it became fashionable to place a large illuminated Christmas tree in the center of the Plaza. In the renovation of the Purta (the mayor was Moreno Torres) in 1951 two twin fountains are placed, popularly known as "El dos de oros" or "Los ceniceros" ("The two of gold" or "The ashtrays"), both the work of Herrero de Palacios.
In the sixties the daily flow of people along the Puerta del Sol leads Rafael García Serrano to mention that it "dumps like a pot" people towards the Plaza de Oriente, from Calle de Carretas, Espoz y Mina, Alcalá, Calle del Carmen, del Correo and Montera: all provide people to the door. Calle Mayor and Carrera de San Jerónimo do not contribute to the net flow. In 1951 trolleybuses replaced electric streetcars at Puerta del Sol, although streetcars continued to run in Madrid until the 1960s. For the first time the Cavalcade of Magi is established. Slowly, the hotels installed in the last century disappear, the premises are acquired to create shopping centers, boarding houses and offices, hardly any housing. The abundant advertisements that surrounded the balconies of the Puerta del Sol, which were so popular in the post-war period, are progressively eliminated. One of the advertisements was finally saved from this elimination, the luminous advertisement of "Tío Pepe" (named after José Ángel de la Peña, a relative of the founder of González Byass), due to an economic impediment: the high cost of its removal. This situation made this poster, which shows a bottle of sherry designed by Luis Pérez Solero (a bottle dressed in a jacket, a guitar and a hat), become a modern symbol of Puerta de Sol. The sign remained in place, and in the eighties it was decided to keep it (along with the Schweppes illuminated sign in the Edificio Carrión), thanks to a popular vote that decided to keep them in place.
The retransmission of the twelve bells, which until then was only followed by radio, began on Televisión Española in 1962. For many years, especially when there were only two public television channels, they were televised from the Puerta del Sol in Madrid, except for those of 1973, which were broadcast from Barcelona. The Puerta del Sol clock continues with the same annual ritual: 35 seconds before twelve o'clock, a ball at the top of the clock descends, sounding a chime. Then four double bells ring, representing the four quarters, and finally, at twelve o'clock, the twelve chimes begin, one every three seconds approximately.
In 1967 a statue of four meters high was placed in the square with the figure of the Bear and the Strawberry Tree, a work by the sculptor Antonio Navarro Santafé. The statue placed in the entrance area of Calle de Alcalá represents the heraldic symbols of Madrid. This statue will be placed in various locations in the square throughout history. At that time the streets used to offer numerous hot dog stands. Slowly the cafés of tertulia would disappear from the center of Madrid. One of the last cafés in Puerta del Sol was the Café Universal (also known as the Café de los Espejos), which finally closed its doors on January 9, 1974.
On September 13, 1974 ETA-V Assembly commits the attack of the Calle del Correo, adjacent to the government building: a bomb explodes at noon in the Rolando cafeteria and causes twelve deaths and more than seventy wounded. In 1986, the facades of the buildings (in a total of fourteen buildings) of the Puerta del Sol are remodeled. The illumination installed by the City Council was designated by the people of Madrid as a phallic forest.
In the midst of La Movida Madrileña, the pop music group Mecano issued a single entitled Un año más in which they dedicated a song to the chimes and the twelve grapes of New Year's Eve. During 1986 some aesthetic renovations were carried out in the square: Javier Ortega and Antonio Rivière were in charge of them, under the supervision of Antón Capitel. The twin fountains that were placed in the previous renovations in 1950 were moved to Paseo de García Lorca, in Vallecas, and were replaced by others, built by Ángel Rivière Gómez and Jaime Ortega Vidal. Mayor Enrique Tierno Galván returns the statue of the Mariblanca to Puerta del Sol and places it in the middle of a superficial bus stop. It is decided to close successively some streets to the traffic: one of the first is Calle Preciados, then Calle del Carmen and finally Calle Montera. The Puerta becomes a collection point for the blood bank that is periodically set up in the area.
21st Century
One of the figures that decorate the Puerta del Sol today is the equestrian statue of Charles III, which was placed in 1994 almost in the center of the square. It is a bronze reproduction by Miguel Angel Rodriguez and Eduardo Zancada of a work by Juan Pascual de Mena preserved in the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando); its final location was submitted to popular vote. Among the sites in Puerta del Sol that have become meeting places, one of the most popular is kilometer zero. The popularity of this meeting point makes that in 2000 a film was shot on the theme Km. 0. In 2002 becomes famous cultural tour known as La Noche de Max Estrella, which passes through the Puerta del Sol. In 2006 the Hotel Paris closes for good.
In memory of the victims of the March 11, 2004 attacks and the people who collaborated in the rescue operations after the catastrophe, a marble plaque was placed on the façade of the Correos building. In May 2006, as a result of works to improve the access to the Metro station, the remains of the Iglesia del Buen Suceso were discovered. The remains found correspond to the foundations of the main façade (located just in front of the "Tío Pepe" building) and the side walls. During the excavation, human remains were recovered, possibly from the War of Independence and the executions of May 2nd. The primitive canalizations of the first locations of the Mariblanca fountain were also investigated.
Puerta del Sol becomes a place of congregation of computer and telecommunications stores. The 101st Apple Store opens at the end of June 2014, occupying part of the building of the former Hotel París, also causing the Tío Pepe ad located on the roof of the building to be placed on the roof of the central building, opposite the Casa de Correos. Vodafone España located a store in the Plaza and achieved through a negotiation with the metropolitan company that the Metro station is called "Vodafone Sol" since June 2013 and for a period of three years.
The renovation
The second remodeling of Puerta del Sol began in 2005 and was completed in June 2009. The objectives of the works were to increase the pedestrian area (allowing a redistribution of the central space of the square), reduce road traffic, complete the pedestrianization process of Calle del Arenal and Calle Montera, connect the Metro network with the Cercanías network (affecting the eastern area of the square) and remove the EMT stops (moved to the junction of Sevilla and Alcalá). The connection with Cercanías allowed the construction of a new deep platform and direct connection with Nuevos Ministerios and Atocha stations. The works were assigned to the construction company Sacyr Vallehermoso. During this time, some accesses were closed to traffic and the eastern part of the square was forbidden to pedestrians by a metal fence. The excavation works were carried out in order to improve the infrastructure of the Metro station, and at the same time to connect Puerta del Sol with the Cercanías network lines. This connection made it possible to go directly from Puerta del Sol to the city's main railway stations: Atocha and Chamartín.
As a result of the works, a new subway station appears on the surface: the pavilion designed by the architect Antonio Fernández Alba, popularly known as the glass igloo. The statue of the Mariblanca is placed again, this time at the head of Calle del Arenal. On September 25, 2009, the location of the statue of the bear and the strawberry tree is changed from the entrance of Calle del Carmen to the head of Calle de Alcalá, its original location in 1967. The sidewalk on the north side is widened because Arenal, Preciados, Carmen, Montera and Alcalá streets (partially) become pedestrian streets. The access to the square with automobiles is activated only in the axis Calle Mayor-Carrera de San Jerónimo. With this project and the pedestrianization of Plaza de Callao and Calle Preciados, several hundred square meters of roadway are extended in the area. A new subway station is added (three in total). A new plaque commemorating kilometer zero is placed, removing the previous one because it was very worn out. The inauguration of the new Puerta del Sol, on June 27, 2009, brings the renovations to an end.
The renovation operations, which had the noticeable effect of increasing the pedestrian area, did not only affect the surface area of the square (which has remained unchanged since the first widening in 1860). The works also focused on the subsoil of the square. During the execution of the earthworks in the subsoil, the pillars of the Iglesia del Buen Suceso (corresponding to its main façade and the side walls) were discovered by surprise in May 2006. Human remains were also found that were dated to the time of the War of Independence and were possibly burials from the executions of May 2, 1808. This archaeological discovery delayed for a year the completion of the renovation of the Puerta. After its discovery, the stones were dismantled and the remains were replaced at a lower level. The final solution adopted was to build a space dedicated to the archaeological find in the interchange station itself. This space includes the possibility of admiring, inside the Cercanías station, the remains of the pillar of the façade of the Iglesia del Buen Suceso, separated from the public by a large display case.
The square after the renovation
The renovation left a square with some of the pedestrian streets, and others such as Mayor, Alcalá, Carrera de San Jerónimo and Carretas with restricted automobile circulation. The appearance and renovation of new urban elements after the 2009 renovation, such as the central "igloo" (exit of the interchange), and the return of the statue of the Mariblanca, makes the dating patterns in Puerta del Sol change. The economic crisis causes an abundance of gold buying and selling stores to proliferate, which in turn causes the circulation of various "Human billboard" with flashy vests in search of potential selling clients. The aesthetics and popularity of certain street artists and groups of musicians make that in the space of the square are flourishing various styles.
15-M Movement
On May 15, 2011, an event took place that began with a protest called to the platform ¡Democracia Real Ya! (Real Democracy NOW!) in which dozens of protesters camped in the square that same night; joined the next day by more people and reaching thousands in the course of the following week. This event would originate the protests against the Spanish political system and the privileges of politicians; demanding a political, social and economic change in Spain. From this square, the revolts spread to other Spanish cities such as: Barcelona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Seville, Palma de Mallorca, Valencia, etc. following the example of the capital. The square thus became the symbol of the 15M Movement. After several weeks of camping, nearby merchants began to complain, claiming that their sales were plummeting. On June 19, it was proposed to dissolve it and so most of them left Puerta del Sol. The "indignados" decided to leave the square to mobilize in the streets of Madrid in the form of a protest. But not without leaving a permanent information point in this square. On August 2, the National Police evicted the last campers.
References
Bibliography
Plazas in Centro District, Madrid
City gates in Spain |
40193943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chriolepis | Chriolepis | Chriolepis is a genus of gobies native to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Americas.
Species
There are currently 13 recognized species in this genus:
Chriolepis atrimelum W. A. Bussing, 1997
Chriolepis benthonis Ginsburg, 1953 (Deepwater goby)
Chriolepis bilix Hastings & Findley, 2013 (Double-filament goby)
Chriolepis cuneata W. A. Bussing, 1990 (Rail goby)
Chriolepis dialepta W. A. Bussing, 1990
Chriolepis fisheri Herre, 1942 (Translucent goby)
Chriolepis lepidota Findley, 1975
Chriolepis minutillus C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (Rubble goby)
Chriolepis prolata Hastings & Findley, 2015 (Platform goby)
Chriolepis roosevelti (Ginsburg, 1939) (Roosevelt's goby)
Chriolepis tagus Ginsburg, 1953 (Mystery goby)
Chriolepis semisquamata (Rutter, 1904) (Secret goby)
Chriolepis vespa Hastings & Bortone, 1981 (Wasp goby)
Chriolepis zebra Ginsburg, 1938 (Gecko goby)
Two species, C. bilix and C. prolata, are classified in the genus Pinnichthys by some authorities, as is C. atrimelum but this has not been reflected in FishBase.
References
Gobiidae
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert |
18721286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Whately%20Historic%20District | West Whately Historic District | The West Whately Historic District is a historic district encompassing over of western Whately, Massachusetts. The area, located in the foothills of The Berkshires above the Connecticut River, has a long agricultural history, but also experienced a surge of industrial activity in the 19th century, of which only fragments remain. The district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, is focused on the areas surrounding West Brook and the areas where there was once industrial activity. From the late 18th century into the early 20th, there were some 16 mill complexes in the area, of which only one still has a surviving structure. The principal elements that survive of this industrial past are foundations and evidence of water works such as dams and millraces. There are only two institutional buildings in the district: the West Whately Chapel, built in the Queen Anne style in 1896, and a schoolhouse that has since been converted to a residence.
The oldest documented mill privilege on West Brook was granted about 1765 to Edward Brown, who operated a sawmill with his sons. This mill site was active into the 1920s, and was probably one of the longest-lived industrial sites. Privileges granted in the 1780s include one that was initially used for an oil mill, and another that included both grist and saw mills. At the mid-19th century, the area was that of the largest non-agricultural employment in the town, and also had several shops. The water-powered industries suffered due to reduced waterflows after the Northampton Reservoir was built in 1901, and most of the buildings were gone by the 1920s.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Whately Center Historic District
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Massachusetts |
30721678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20W.%20Bloch%20School%20of%20Management | Henry W. Bloch School of Management | Henry W. Bloch School of Management (formerly known as Henry W. Bloch School of Business and Public Administration) is an AACSB accredited business school founded in 1952 at the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Kansas City, Missouri. It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in Business, Accounting and Public Administration. It is named after Alumnus Henry W. Bloch, founder of H&R Block. The Bloch School also offers NASPAA accredited degrees in Public administration.
Rankings
The school's Executive MBA was ranked once by Financial Times and the Master of Public Administration (MPA) in Non-Profit Management is ranked among the top 25 of the United States by U.S. News & World Report. As one of the most entrepreneurial schools in the nation,
In 2012, the Journal of Product Innovation Management published a study that ranked the school number 1 in the world for research in innovation management. However, the methodology of the study and the independence of its authors was questioned. In March, 2015, the journal published an "expression of concern" regarding the study.
The School is also home to a number of centers and institutes such as the L.P. Cookingham Institute of Urban Affairs and the Midwest Center for Nonprofit Leadership.
See also
University of Missouri–Kansas City
Missouri University System
UMKC Law School
UMKC School of Medicine
References
External links
Business schools in Missouri
Universities and colleges established in 1952
University of Missouri–Kansas City
1952 establishments in Missouri |
62553425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiann%C3%A9%20Allen | Christianné Allen | Christianné Allen is a communications professional who, until the week of August 29, 2021, worked for the legal and consulting firm of Giuliani Partners. She served as Director of Communication for Rudy Giuliani, is a Liberty University online communications major (Class of 2022), and was involved with the firm between August 2019 and August 2021. Allen announced her departure from the firm in late August 2021. Much of her working experience has been described as false or inaccurate.
Allen lists herself as an ambassador for Turning Point USA and the Falkirk Center at Liberty University, a think tank started in November 2019.
References
Spokespersons
Liberty University people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Rudy Giuliani |
1015274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Corsair | USS Corsair | Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Corsair, for
the California rockfish, or a pirate or privateer, especially Turkish or Saracen.
was built as the private yacht Corsair III in 1898, and was acquired and commissioned by the Navy on 15 May 1917. Cross referencing DANFS also finds the names, USC&GS Oceanographer (OSS-26), USS Natchez (PG-85) and USS Oceanographer (AGS-3). as being held by this same ship.
1946, was a that served during the early years of the Cold War.
See also
USS Corsair, a fictitious submarine in the 1943 movie Crash Dive
Sources
United States Navy ship names |
6553468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinestra%C3%9Fe%20%28Berlin%20U-Bahn%29 | Leinestraße (Berlin U-Bahn) | Leinestraße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the line.
The station was built by Alfred Grenander and A. Fehse in 1929. In the 1930s the southern tunnel was extended towards Hermanstraße for the then-uncompleted extension of the U-Bahn to Hermanstraße. During World War II the tunnel served as air raid shelter.
In the 1960s the extended tunnel was used by Berlin Transport for parking of disused subway trains.
In 1996, the subway station at Hermanstraẞe was finally completed so travelers now have direct access to the Berlin S-Bahn one stop after Leinestrasse.
The color of this station is light green, with green tiles on the walls.
References
External links
U8 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Neukölln
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1929 |
5302864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader%20Horn | Trader Horn | Alfred Aloysius "Trader" Horn (born Alfred Aloysius Smith; 1861–1931) was an ivory trader in central Africa. He wrote a book, Trader Horn, detailing his journeys. The book also documents his efforts to free slaves; meet the founder of Rhodesia, Cecil Rhodes; and liberate a princess from captivity.
A silent film exists of Horn, as do recent writings about him online and a biography by Tim Couzens.
Film adaptations
Trader Horn (1931)
Trader Horn (1973)
Complete title
Horn, Alfred Aloysius. Trader Horn; Being the Life and Works of Aloysius Horn, an "Old Visiter" ... the works written by himself at the age of seventy-three and the life, with such of his philosophy as is the gift of age and experience, taken down and here edited by Ethelreda Lewis; With a foreword by John Galsworthy. New York: Garden City Publishing, 1927, 302pp.
Later editions
Other works
list of publications and editions
Notes
External links
1861 births
1931 deaths
Explorers of Africa |
31803373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%20the%20Sake%20of%20Mankind | For the Sake of Mankind | For the Sake of Mankind is the second studio album by the Norwegian heavy metal band, Artch.
Track listing
"When Angels Cry" - 5:30
"Appologia" - 4:42
"Burn Down the Bridges" - 5:07
"Paradox" - 5:12
"To Whom It May Concern" - 4:19
"Titanic" - 4:40
"Confrontation" - 4:11
"Turn the Tables" - 4:59
"To Be or Not to Be" - 3:15
"Batteries Not Included" - 4:04
"Razamanaz" - 4:06 (Nazareth cover)
Personnel
Eiríkur Hauksson aka Eric Hawk – vocals
Cato Olsen aka Cat Andrew – guitar
Geir Nilssen aka Gill Neill – guitar
Bernt A. Jansen aka Brent Jansen – bass
Jørn Jamissen aka Jack Jamies – drums
References
1991 albums
Artch albums
Metal Blade Records albums |
14714073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrowyck%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Yarrowyck, New South Wales | Yarrowyck is a rural locality on the western slopes of the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia.
Yarrowyck is located in Uralla Shire and in Sandon County. The locality is about 23 kilometres north west of Uralla on Thunderbolts Way and about 31 kilometres west of the city of Armidale. Yarrowyck is an agricultural area with mostly sheep and beef cattle breeding and grazing activities in the valley of the Rocky River.
History
Historically a small village, there are now only scattered agricultural properties, and a timber church that is now a private residence. There was a small cemetery located near the Gwydir River on the property Riverview. It is believed that about ten people were buried there but the headstones have now disappeared. The church hall was built c. 1910 and used for Protestant services and public meetings. The Yarrowyck region had a population of 136 people, (53.0% male, 47.0% female) in the 2006 census.
Mount Yarrowyck Nature Reserve
The Mount Yarrowyck Nature Reserve near the junction of Bundarra Road and Thunderbolts Way protects an Aboriginal cave painting site and much of the natural environment of Mount Yarrowyck. The reserve's Aboriginal cultural walk, a return track, runs along the granite slopes of the mountain to the cave painting site. The track passes through one of the few remnants of natural bushland on the western slopes of the New England Tablelands. The walking track is clear and easy to follow and, apart from one short section, is level and undemanding.
References
Towns in New England (New South Wales) |
56841243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita%20Boyd | Bonita Boyd | Bonita Boyd (born August 1, 1949) is an American flutist, soloist and pedagogue. She has been the Professor of Flute at the Eastman School of Music since 1977, when she succeeded her mentor Joseph Mariano. Her primary teachers include Mariano, Maurice Sharp of the Cleveland Orchestra, and Roger Stevens of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1971, she became the youngest principal flutist (at age 21) of a major American orchestra after winning the positions of principal flute with the Rochester Philharmonic. Following this position, her Alice Tully Hall debut was received as "a great success" and subsequent tour performances harkened her comparisons to Jean-Pierre Rampal and Sir James Galway. Boyd was Principal Flutist with the Aspen Festival Orchestra, Chautauqua Symphony and Filarmonica de las Americas.
Biography
Bonita Boyd was born in Pittsburgh, but later moved with her family to Long Beach, California. She played piano and flute growing up, while studying privately with Maurice Sharp of the Cleveland Orchestra, and Roger Stevens of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Occasionally, she would participate in competitions with both piano and flute pieces. before moving to study with Joseph Mariano at Eastman. She succeeded both of his positions at Eastman and the Rochester Philharmonic, making her the youngest principal flutist and the youngest person to hold both major academic and orchestral positions. She kept her position with the Philharmonic until 1984, when she pursued a more active solo career. Since that time, she has performed as a soloist with the National Gallery Orchestra, National Symphony of the Dominican Republic, Chautauqua Symphony, Concerto Soloists of Philadelphia, Denver Chamber Orchestra, Buffalo Philharmonic, Pusan (Korea) Symphony Orchestra, Western Australia Symphony, Queensland Symphony, Polish Radio Orchestra, and Vilnius (Lithuania) Chamber Orchestra.
She was awarded the National Flute Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2012, an organization where she had previously served as president. Additionally, she has been awarded the Eisenhart Award for Excellence in Teaching by the Eastman School of Music. Boyd is collaborating and touring with guitarist Nicholas Goluses.
Personal life
She was married to Swedish engineer Christian Soderstrom and together, the couple had three sons.
External links
New York Times Review of Boyd's recital at Alice Tully Hall in 1978
Interview with Boyd in the New York Flute Club newsletter
Video of Boyd teaching "Aus Liebe will mein Heiland sterben!” by J.S. Bach
References
1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Pittsburgh
Eastman School of Music alumni
Eastman School of Music faculty
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Albany Records artists |
25593169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touliao%20Mausoleum | Touliao Mausoleum | Touliao Mausoleum or Daxi Mausoleum () is the resting place for Republic of China President Chiang Ching-Kuo located in Daxi District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
History
The Mausoleum building was originally known as the "Touliao guesthouse" and was constructed by RSEA Engineering and completed on July 17, 1966. The building's function was later changed to the presidential palace archives, and then to the Chiang family collection of information.
When Chiang Ching-Kuo died on January 13, 1988, preparations were made to bring his body here for interment on January 30. The name of the building was subsequently renamed to Daxi Mausoleum.
On January 13, 2001, the Taoyuan County Cultural Affairs Bureau announced the Mausoleum as a regional historic building. In 2006, the Taoyuan County government combined the Jiaobanshan villa, Cihu Presidential Burial Place, and Touliao Mausoleum into the "Chiang's Cultural Park". The Touliao Mausoleum building is about one kilometer from the Cihu Presidential Burial Place building. The two places are now linked by a footpath.
In 2004, a request was made to move Chiang Ching-kuo's remains, along with those of his father, Chiang Kai-shek to Wuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery for interment in newly built tombs there. However, political disputes held up the reinterment process. As of 2016, the reinterment has not occurred.
See also
Ching-kuo Memorial Hall
Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Hall
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Cihu Mausoleum
Wuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery
Chen Tsyr-shiou Memorial Park (Former Tomb and Memorial Museum of Chen Cheng, demolished in 1995)
Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
References
External links
1966 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures completed in 1966
Buildings and structures in Taoyuan City
Mausoleums in Taiwan
Tourist attractions in Taoyuan City |
70572433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuma%20No.2%20Dam | Azuma No.2 Dam | Azuma No.2 Dam is an earthfill dam located in Chiba Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 4.4 km2. The dam impounds about 4 ha of land when full and can store 201 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1979 and completed in 1984.
References
Dams in Chiba Prefecture
1984 establishments in Japan |
23509159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%2016 | Radical 16 | Radical 16 or radical table (几部), meaning small table, is one of 23 of the 214 Kangxi radicals that are composed of 2 strokes.
is also the 16th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China. is an associated indexing component affiliated to the principal component . In addition, the identical character used in Simplified Chinese for jǐ used to ask "how many" for small amounts or to mean "a few, some, almost, nearly" does not have any historical connection to the "table" character.
Evolution
Derived characters
Literature
Leyi Li: “Tracing the Roots of Chinese Characters: 500 Cases”. Beijing 1993,
KangXi: page 133, character 16
External links
Unihan Database - U+51E0
016
016 |
26257455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupungnyeong | Chupungnyeong | Chupungnyeong is a mountain pass between Yeongdong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do and Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea.
Summary
It lies in the Sobaek Mountains, and it was a border between Jinhan and Mahan in Proto–Three Kingdoms period and Silla and Baekje in Three Kingdoms period. Now it is a border between Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Hoseo and Yeongnam. Korail Gyeongbu Line, Route 4 and Gyeongbu Expressway pass through it, and it is the highest point in Gyeongbu Line. There is a meteorological observatory controlled by Daejeon Area Meteorological Administration. As a name of administrative divisions, it is one of myeon in Yeongdong-gun and ri in Chupungnyeong-myeon.
Around
Gyeongbu Line – Chupungnyeong station
Gyeongbu Expressway Chupungnyeong IC/SA
Chupungnyeong Meteorological Observatory
Climate
Chupungnyeong has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa) with very warm summers and cold winters. Precipitation is much higher in summer than in winter.
References
Landforms of North Chungcheong Province
Landforms of North Gyeongsang Province
Mountain passes of South Korea
Sobaek Mountains |
4440047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingosi | Flamingosi | Flamingosi () was a popular Serbian-Montenegrin duo. Its members were the Serbian TV presenter Ognjen Amidžić (a.k.a. Renato) and actor Marinko Madžgalj (a.k.a. Valentino). The group was founded in the summer of 2005. Their style was a mix of typical Serbian folk, rock and jazz. They became a big hit that year, in turn gaining mass popularity. Together with the folk jazz singer Louis they were the favourites to win the national pre-selection for the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest, Evropesma with their song Ludi letnji ples (Crazy Summer Dance), however due to the dispute they came second, eventually Serbia and Montenegro having to pull out of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006.
The duo hosted a Serbian game show called Ciao Darwin (Ћао, Дaрвинe, Ćao, Darvine) on RTV Pink. Marinko Madžgalj died in 2016, after a long illness.
Discography
Razum i osećajnost, (2005)
Gordost i predrasude, (2006)
Prljavi igrači, (2011)
Seti se našeg zaveta [A strana], (2011)
Seti se našeg zaveta [B strana], (2014)
References
External links
Official site
http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/2259505/Preminuo+Marinko+Mad%C5%BEgalj.html
Serbian pop music groups
Beovizija contestants
Beovizija winners |
52673188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee%20Branch%20%28Bridge%20Creek%20tributary%29 | Bee Branch (Bridge Creek tributary) | Bee Branch is a stream in northeast Adair and southwest Scotland counties of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Bridge Creek.
Bee Branch was so named on account of honeybees in the area.
See also
List of rivers of Missouri
References
Rivers of Adair County, Missouri
Rivers of Scotland County, Missouri
Rivers of Missouri |
13863962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorornis | Explorornis | Explorornis ("discovered bird", from Latin explōrō "to discover" and Ancient Greek ornis (όρνις) "bird") is a genus of Mesozoic birds which lived during the mid-late Turonian stage, around 90 million years ago, in the Bissekty Formation of the Kyzyl Kum, in present-day Uzbekistan.
E. walkeri (specimen PO 4825) was originally placed in Enantiornis, but the description of the type species E. nessovi (PO 4819), showed that it was not congeneric with the South American Enantiornis, which makes far more sense considering biogeography and age. The two species are named after famous paleontologists: Lev Alexandrovich Nesov (1947–1995) and Alick Donald Walker.
These were all smallish birds, maybe 15–20 cm long in life, except E. walkeri which was probably more than 25 cm long.
Since only the coracoids are known, the phylogenetic position of these taxa is somewhat unresolved. While they do resemble the more advanced Enantiornithes more than they do any other bird, confirmation of their placement with Euenantiornithes would still require more material.
References
Bissekty Formation
Euenantiornitheans
Fossils of Uzbekistan
Fossil taxa described in 1998
Late Cretaceous birds of Asia
Prehistoric bird genera
Turonian life |
33715427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Bijl | Marc Bijl | Marc Bijl (Leerdam, 7 July 1970) is a Dutch artist who lives and works in Berlin. His works are based upon social issues and their use of symbols and rules. This can result in interventions in the public space, sculptures or installations that undermine or underline this perception of the world.
Biography
From 1992 until 1997 Marc Bijl studied at the Royal Academy of Art & Design in 's-Hertogenbosch. In 1996 he studied for a year at Glasgow School of Art. In his early work Marc Bijl reacted to global themes and to popular fascination with symbols of political power, globalization of the economy, religion and nationalism. This resulted in interventions in public space, videos, sculptures and installations that underscored or undermined world views. Bijl endeavours to expose superficialities and myths via his work. Bijl switches in his work between political activity and street culture as he does between the media of image, text and music. He exposes the superficialities, icons and myths of popular culture in his work to stimulate the spectator to contemplate about moral and ethical issues. The symbol, the logo and the label are his potential targets and his artistic tools. He likes to upset, relocate and re-connote their superficial image and their mythmaking – always aiming at a critical analysis of the social conditions of the society. Bijl employs visual elements borrowed from punk and Gothic subcultures and from anarchism. His early works are representational, cartoon-like and often textual. His recent work is more abstract and minimalistic, exemplifying a shift in approach, by which he pares down different perspectives and methodologies to a new essence. The crux is no longer the 'symbolism' but what that symbolism represents and signifies. In these most recent works Bijl makes clear references to modernist art-historical icons such as Mark Rothko, Mondriaan, De Stijl (Rietveld chair) and more subtle references to Jannis Kounellis and Joseph Beuys. Bijl adapts these classical works to his own corporate style. He seeks a more abstract formal language that is in many respects more ambiguous than his earlier vocabulary.
Bijl undermines systems but at the same time he is depended on these systems. Bijl's work is often rebellious and tends to the illegality. His work is clearly rooted in street culture and possesses elements of graffiti, performance and installation art.
Works
As said earlier the symbols and logos are often the Leitmotiv in Bijls work. In 2000 when the European Football Championship was hosted by the Netherlands and Belgium, Bijl set up a gallery/shop in Rotterdam selling orange color coated bricks endued with the Nike slogan Just do it for the "potentially violent hooligan" to bring the championship into discredit with the help of the official sponsor.
The work La revoluzione siamo noi (2002) shows Bijls fascination with popular culture. The work is a lifelike sculpture of the famous icon Lara Croft. She is covered in tar, holding two pistols and smoking a cigarette. With this black dripping compound she had to give up her vivid youthfulness and sex appeal and turned into a scary mutant-like appearance. On the wall behind her is sprayed La revoluzione siamo noi (We are the revolution), the famous slogan which Joseph Beuys often used in his artworks. Like the Nike Logo, the heroine of the computer game Tomb Raider is a prominent icon in Bijl's work.
Bijl's textual installations take an important place in his oeuvre. In these installations he sprays with graffiti short messages on places in the public space. In 2002 he sprayed RESIST on the entrance to the exhibition space Portikus in Frankfurt am Main. During Documenta 11 in September 2002 het sprayed te words TERROR on each of the six columns of the entrance to the Museum Fridericianum in Kassel. The very next morning all the letters were gone and the audience – still shocked from September 11, 2001 – could visit the exhibition without worrying. In January 2009 he sprayed the words MODERN CRISIS on the same entrance to the Fridericianum. Bijl also posted his name on the hoardings of prominent building sites, mimicking the corporate identity of the hoardings concerned, he was following the strategy of the corporate players who appropriate the realm. He surfed on their strategies and demanded his place within the economic and urban-planning establishment.
In 2002 Bijl made a fake edition of the art magazine Flash Art. With this he reacted on the art system using that systems own rules. In bookshops his artist's book was hardly distinguishable from an actual edition of Flash Art.
In recent works Bijl refers to Rietveld's famous zigzag chair, but unlike Rietveld's colored chair Bijl makes the chair unattractive, covering it with a thick layer of tar. He also relates to the geometrical language of shapes of Piet Mondrian. When abstraction was supposed to lead Mondrian to the "nature of all things", Bijl rather sees the actual social wish for structure and orderliness in it.
Collections
Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Germany
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León, Spain
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Netherlands
Groninger Museum, Netherlands
Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, Netherlands
Rabobank, Netherlands
HVCCA New York City, United States
KPN Collection, Netherlands
Frac Nord-Pas de Calais, France
KRC Collection, Netherlands
Awards
2008 Theo Wolvecamp Prize
2004 Charlotte Köhler Prize
Solo exhibitions (selection)
2018
After Dark, Galerie Reinhard Hauff, Stuttgart
2017
Zeitgeist, Upstream Gallery, Amsterdam
2016
tags, Spinello Projects, Miami, FL (US)
Blurry Conflicts, Buro Groningen, NL
2015
Family Man, Kunstverein Heppenheim, Germany
2014
Solo Booth Armory Show, New York under auspicien of Upstream Gallery Amsterdam, the Netherlands
The Order of The Black Opaque, Plaatsmaken Arnhem, The Netherlands
2012
Urban Gothic, Groninger Museum, Groningen, The Netherlands (cat.)
Light and Shadow, Gallery, Upstream Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Never trust a rebel, Galerie Reinhard Hauff, Stuttgart, Germany
2010
9/11 666 777, Upstream Gallery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands&
Bite The Beef, Kunstverein Artitude, Berlin, Germany
2009
ArtBaselMiami under auspicien of The Breeder Athens, Miami, USA
The simple complexity of it all, Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany curated by
Rein Wolfs
Towards our new construction, Rental Gallery with The Breeder, Cologne, Germany
Arrested Development, DA2 Salamanca, Spain (cat.)
2008
New sites for personal structures, Upstream Gallery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
2006
Indy Structures, The Breeder, Athens, Greece (Cat.)
Afterhours, Cosmic Gallery, Paris, France
2005
Afterhours, curated by Roel Arkesteijn, Gem Museum, The Hague, The Netherlands (cat.)
Get the balance right, Upstream gallery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
2004
A passion play, curated by Anouk van Heesch, Museum Valkhof, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Chesed / Dien, The Breeder, Athens, Greece
In times like these, Grafisch Atelier, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Marc Bijl, Giorgio De Chirico Art Center, Volos, Greece
The nation had been flirting with forms of götterdämmerung, with extremes of vocabulary and behavior and an appetite for violent resolutions, Casco, Utrecht, The Netherlands
The world won’t listen, Bergman Designstore/gallery Frankfurt, Germany curated by Nicolaus Schafhausen
Black Planet, Magazin 4, Bregenz, Austria curated by Judith Reichart
References
Further reading
Paco Barragàn, Marc Bijl. In case you didn't feel like showing up. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers, 2009.
Marc Bijl Afterhours. The Hague: GEM, Museum of Contemporary Art, 2005.
Marc Bijl Flash Art / "Forever" Statement. Berlin: Marc Bijl and Kunstlerhaus Bethanien, 2002.
External links
Studio Marc Bijl
Upstream Gallery representing Marc Bijl
Marc Bijl on Artmap.com
Galeries.nl
Videowork of Marc Bijl
Exhibition in Kunsthalle Fridericianum Kassel (2009
website Mark Bijl's Rotterdam gothic band Götterdämmerung
1970 births
Living people
Graffiti and unauthorised signage
Dutch performance artists
Dutch contemporary artists
Dutch installation artists
People from Leerdam |
49770374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru%20discography | Guru discography | This is the discography for American hip hop musician Guru.
Studio albums
Remix albums
Compilation albums
Mixtapes
Group albums
Guest appearances
1990: "Jazz Thing" (from the soundtrack of Mo' Better Blues)
1991: "Down the Line" (from the Nice & Smooth album Ain't a Damn Thing Changed)
1991: "Qui Seme Le Vent Recolte Le Tempo (Gang Starr Remix)" (from an MC Solaar 12" single)
1992: "A Buncha Niggas" (from the Heavy D & The Boyz album Blue Funk, also featuring Biggie Smalls, Busta Rhymes, Rob-O, Third Eye)
1992: "A Little Spice (Gangstarr Remix)" (from the Loose Ends album Tighten Up Vol. 1)
1992: "It's Getting Hectic" (from The Brand New Heavies album Heavy Rhyme Experience, Vol. 1)
1992: "Sassy (from the Neneh Cherry album Homebrew)
1993: "Why Can't Lovers" (from Lisa Lisa single Skip to My Lu)
1993: "Patti Dooke" (from De La Soul album Buhloone Mindstate)
1993: "Season For Change" (from the Ronny Jordan album The Quiet Revolution)
1993: "Listen (Guru Remix)" (from an Urban Species 12" single)
1993: "Stop Lookin' at Me" (In collaboration with the Cutthroats from the soundtrack of Menace II Society)
1993: "Do It Any Way You Wanna" on the soundtrack album Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture
1994: "Why Cant Lovers" (from Lisa Lisa album LL77)
1994: "Borough Check" (from the Digable Planets album Blowout Comb)
1994: "I've Lost My Ignorance" (from the Dream Warriors album Subliminal Simulation)
1994: "Black Monday" (from the Buckshot LeFonque single "Another Day")
1995: "B-Boy Mastermind" (from the DJ Krush album Krush) – This appears on the Japanese import only.
1995: "Serious Rap Shit" (from the Group Home album Livin' Proof)
1995: "Most Wanted Man" (from the DJ Krush album Meiso, also featuring Big Shug)
1996: "Fed Up (Remix)" (from House of Pain album Truth Crushed to Earth Shall Rise Again)
1996: "Listen Here" (from The New Groove: The Blue Note Remix Project)
1996: "What You Expected" (from the DJ Honda album h)
1997: "The Way It Iz" (from Rhyme & Reason (soundtrack))
1997: "For da Love" (from Afu-Ra and EZD unofficial release "A D&D Project In Association With DJ Premier Vol. 1")
1998: "Nights in Harlem (Darkchild Extended Remix)" (from the Luther Vandross album I Know, featuring uncredited background vocals by Brandy)
1998: "Salute Part II" (from the M.O.P. album First Family 4 Life)
1998: "Trilogy of Terror" (from the Afu-Ra 12 "Whirlwind Thru Cities")
1999: "NY Niggaz" (from the Sway & King Tech album This or That)
1999: "The Legacy" (from the Group Home album A Tear for the Ghetto)
1999: "Bare Witness" (from the Choclair album Ice Cold)
1999: "Whatever Happened to Gus" (Word to the Drums mix) (from the Medeski Martin & Wood album Combustication Remix EP)
2000: "Games" (from the Big L album The Big Picture, also featuring Sadat X)
2001: "Hot Shit" (from a D&D All Stars 12" single, also featuring Big Daddy Kane, Sadat X and Greg Nice)
2001: "Worst Comes to Worst" (from the Dilated Peoples album Expansion Team)
2002: "Blvd." (from the Afu-Ra album Life Force Radio)
2002: "Karma" (from the Adam F 12" single also featuring Carl Thomas)
2003: "Weed Scented" (from the A.G. album The Dirty Version)
2003: "Condor (Espionage)" (from the DJ Cam album Soulshine)
2003: "Knowledge of Self" (from the BT album Emotional Technology)
2003: "Träume" (from the Spax album Engel und Ratten)
2004: "The Best" (from the Chief Kamachi album Cult Status)
2004: "Αυτή Τη Ζωή (This Life)" (from the Goin' Through album La Sagrada Familia)
2004: "Home" (from the Kreators album Live Coverage, also featuring Akrobatik, Big Shug, Ed O.G., Krumbsnatcha)
2005: "Party Hard" (from The Perceptionists album Black Dialogue featuring & produced by Camu Tao)
2005: "Counter Punch" and "Gangsta Luv" (from the Big Shug album Never Say Die)
2006: "Junk" (from the Ferry Corsten album L.E.F.)
2007: "Major Game" (from the Domingo album The Most Underrated)
2007: "The Otherside" (from the Slightly Stoopid album Chronchitis)
2008: "Watucamehere 4" (from the Downsyde album All City)
2010: "You Got to Luv It" (from the Cradle Orchestra album Transcended Elements'')
References
Discographies of American artists
Hip hop discographies |
10601442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout%20Unlimited | Trout Unlimited | Trout Unlimited (TU) is a US non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of freshwater streams, rivers, and associated upland habitats for trout, salmon, other aquatic species, and people. It is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. The organization began in 1959 in Michigan. It has since spread throughout the United States and has local chapters in nearly every State in the United States.
Trout Unlimited History and Profile
Trout Unlimited was established in 1959 along the banks of Michigan's Au Sable River by a group of 16 anglers who were interested in protecting trout in that and other popular fishing rivers. Founders included Art Neumann and George Griffith, the creator of the popular fly pattern Griffith's Gnat. The first president was Dr. Casey E. Westell Jr, and Art Neumann was the first vice president.
TU is a national organization with more than 150,000 formal members organized into about 400 chapters in nearly every state. The organization's annual budget is approximately $50 million. Trout Unlimited has achieved a rating score of 93% from Charity Navigator.
Trout Unlimited currently has approximately 220 staff members. About 25 of those members are based in the organization's national office in Arlington, Virginia. The others work throughout the country in regional offices.
The staff is organized into several departments, including Volunteer Operations, Science, Eastern Conservation, Western Conservation, Government Affairs, Development, and Marketing.
The organization has developed various tools to help prioritize protection, restoration, and conservation efforts. These tools include the Conservation Success Index (CSI), a framework for assessing the health of cold-water fish species throughout their native range, and the Brook Trout Portfolio Analysis, which utilizes GIS technology to assess brook trout habitat strongholds.
Activities
Trout Unlimited undertakes projects, programs and awareness campaigns at both the volunteer/chapter level, and at the staff level. TU members tallied more than 734,000 volunteer hours in 2017. Local chapter activities typically include stream restoration work, participating in citizen science, advocacy, educational programs, group fishing outings, and outreach activities for youth, women and veterans. The organization publishes a quarterly magazine titled TROUT, which all members receive upon signing up for the organization. The magazine has featured angling authors like John Gierach.
Stream restoration focuses on improving habitat for trout and other cold water species, including aquatic insects. Tactics can include planting trees and shrubs along streams to reduce erosion while also increasing shade, strategic addition of boulders or trees to provide cover and improve water depth and flow, and removing or improving barriers that block fish passage, such as culverts and dams. To carry out restoration work, Trout Unlimited frequently partners with the United States Forest Service and United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The work is informed by research from staff scientists and government scientists.
Trout Unlimited advocates on issues of interest at both volunteer and staff level. In recent years, for example, Trout Unlimited has publicly opposed a large-scale proposed mine (Pebble Mine) in Alaska's Bristol Bay. Trout Unlimited has also been active in opposing legislative efforts to transfer public lands from federal ownership.
Trout Unlimited established a program in the early 2000s to train volunteers to monitor streams in areas of natural gas extraction in the East's Marcellus Shale region. The program has expanded to include monitoring in areas where pipelines are proposed or being constructed. Several hundred volunteers have been trained in the program and they have helped to identify a number of pollution events that were subsequently addressed.
Trout in the Classroom is one of TU's largest youth education initiatives. Volunteers help teachers set up aquariums in the classrooms, and students raise trout from eggs during the school year. The program supports ecology-related curriculum and helps to educate students in the importance of cold, clean water not only for trout, but also for people. These programs take place in classrooms all over the country. TU started a similar program for college students with the purpose of raising awareness for "public lands and native fish".
TU's Veteran's Service Program provides activities and engagement for former and current military members and their families. The organization also has an active diversity initiative to expand the reach of conservation and fly fishing.
Funding
Trout Unlimited draws some of its funding from membership fees and contributions. Chapters often undertake fundraising activities to pay for their restoration work, or they may seek grants through TU's Embrace a Stream program.
Projects undertaken by scientists and conservationists working for Trout Unlimited are funded through competitive grants as well as cost-share agreements with federal agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management. These grants fund large projects such as dam removal and culvert removals or repairs, bank stabilization and restoration, in-stream habitat building.
References
External links
Trout Unlimited Twitter
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Recreational fishing in the United States
1959 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1959
Fly fishing |
19741583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian%20Mint | Austrian Mint | The Austrian Mint () is located in Vienna and is responsible for minting Austrian coins. Since 1989 it has been a public limited company (Aktiengesellschaft) and a subsidiary of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank, which also has its headquarters in Vienna.
The Austrian Mint carries out both the design and stamping of the coins it produces. Until 2002 it was only responsible for minting the coins of the Austrian schilling; since then it has been responsible for producing the Austrian euro coins. The mint also produces other coins, such as gold bullion coins, as well as commemorative issues: the Vienna Philharmonic coins and the Maria Theresa thaler are produced by the Austrian mint, for example. The mint also supplies circulation coins and blanks to many other countries across the world. In addition to gold coins, the Austrian mint also produces silver coins, platinum coins, as well as bullions in various sizes. Each product is carefully crafted with the highest attention to detail and quality, ensuring that investors receive the best possible product for their investment.
History
In 1194, Duke Leopold V of Austria was paid 15 tonnes of silver by Richard the Lionheart. On his way back from the crusades Richard had been captured and imprisoned by the Duke in retaliation for a previous insult; he paid the bounty to secure his release from prison. Leopold decided to strike coins from the silver, marking the beginning of the history of minting in Vienna (though the Vienna Mint was not actually mentioned in historical documents for another 200 years).
The mint was originally located near the Hoher Markt, then relocated to the Wollzeile. Subsequently, it was housed in Prince Eugene’s winter palace in Himmelpfortgasse, before finally moving to its present home at Heumarkt, central Vienna, in the 19th century.
Though other mints were established across Austria in the past, the Vienna Principal Mint became the sole mint when the Republic of Austria was formed in 1919. The mint changed its name to Münze Österreich ("Austrian Mint") as it became a subsidiary of Oesterreichische Nationalbank in 1989.
See also
Austrian schilling
Euro coins
Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)
Vienna Philharmonic (coin)
Oesterreichische Nationalbank
References
External links
(English language)
Buildings and structures in Landstraße
Manufacturing companies based in Vienna
Mints (currency)
Mints of Europe
Bullion dealers
1989 establishments in Austria |
14134875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKKB | WKKB | WKKB (100.3 FM, "Latina 100.3") is a radio station in Middletown, Rhode Island, United States. The station airs a Tropical format, which consists of such musical styles as salsa and merengue and some reggaeton. Its transmitter is located in Middletown. Its offices and studios are located in 75 Oxford Street in Providence, while its transmitter is located in Tiverton. Prior to its switch to Tropical, the station was a rock station.
History
WKKB started out as WOTB in 1974 on 107.1 MHz. WOTB was a smooth jazz station with the moniker "Cool FM", co-owned with WKFD/1370 in Wickford, later with WADK/1540 in Newport. WOTB switched frequencies to 100.3 MHz and boosted its effective radiated power to 6 kW.
The smooth jazz format ended on June 14, 1996, when it was sold to Urso Broadcasting. WOTB then changed to WDGF and began simulcasting WDGE for a brief time. In February 1997, WDGF became a '70s oldies/disco station as "100.3 The Beat". After stunting with a three-day electronic countdown, WDGF then became classic hits as WHKK "100FM The Hawk" on October 10, 1997. During this time, 99.7 entered into simulcasting WHKK. Both stations then became all-'80s hits as "Z100" with the 100.3 frequency adopting the WZRI callsign.
In October 2002, WHKK's studios were moved to Fairhaven, Massachusetts with Citadel sister stations WBSM and WFHN. On Halloween of that year, the calls were then changed to the current WKKB, and the station began targeting the South Coast region of Massachusetts by flipping to a rock format as "100.3 KKB"; the first song on KKB was "You Shook Me All Night Long" by AC/DC. During its run as a rock station, WKKB served as the Providence and South Coast affiliate of the Patriots Rock Radio Network.
In January 2005, Citadel sold WKKB and WAKX to Davidson Media Group; WKKB took on its current format on February 1 of that year.
WKKB was one of four stations sold to Red Wolf Broadcasting in 2015.
Brian Ram serves as VP/Programming.
References
External links
Latina 100.3 WKKB official website
KKB
KKB
Middletown, Rhode Island
Radio stations established in 1978
Tropical music radio stations |
23888119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door%20Number%203 | Door Number 3 | Door Number 3 is an independent brand development and integrated advertising agency located in Austin, Texas, United States. The agency is known for creating and integrating marketing that helps challenger brands topple their giants.
The agency was founded in 1994 by M.P. Mueller. Mueller is also known for her blog featured in The New York Times, "You're the Boss: The Art of Running a Small Business" series. The agency was purchased by Prentice Howe in February 2015. Prior to taking sole ownership of the company, Howe worked at Door Number 3 as Executive Creative Director from 2005-2012.
Door Number 3 relocated their offices from East Austin to 910 West Avenue in 2016.
Notable Campaigns
The firm's “Can you love a road?” campaign for the SH 130 Concession Company in 2012 gained wide state recognition and was also featured in The New York Times.
The firm's “Access Granted” campaign in 2012 for the Cowboys Stadium was featured in Communication Arts (magazine).
In 2010, the firm launched “The Allies of the Alamo”, the first marketing campaign for the landmark. The campaign was featured in Communication Arts, AdWeek and AdFreak.
The firm's Number 3's 2010 “Heads of State” campaign for small Georgetown-based company, Cow Wow, featured six-foot terra cotta busts of Texas gubernatorial candidates Rick Perry and Bill White. The campaign was featured on a “Stuff from Ebay” segment on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
The firm's campaign for The Blood Center of Central Texas was covered by Austin American-Statesman and The New York Times. AdWeek and AdFreak both featured Door Number 3's work for The Blood Center of Central Texas as the Ad of the Day.
The firm's viral marketing campaign launched in 2008. In 2009 the website, GetYourDrugOn.com was nominated for a Webby Award. It was highlighted by AdWeek as an Ad of the Day.
The firm's “Come Into the Cold” campaign for the Dallas Stars played off on the roughness of hockey compared to other sports, which gained media attention from a variety of media outlets.
Recent recognitions
2012 Webby for “Stop the Choddy” Initiative
2009 Silver Addy Micro or Mini Site for CEDRA Clinical Research
2009 Bronze Addy Mixed Media Local Consumer for American Bank of Texas
2009 Bronze Addy Mixed Media National Consumer for American Bank of Texas
2009 Webby Award, People's Voice for CEDRA Clinical Research
2009 AdWeek Ad of the Day for The Blood Center of Central Texas
2008 Communication Arts 50th Anniversary Issue, Campaign for Marfa Texas
2008 Ad Freak Ad of the Day for The Blood Center of Central Texas
2008 Adweek Ad of the Day for CEDRA Clinical Research
References
Advertising agencies of the United States
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Marketing companies established in 1994 |
51036862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident%20in%20the%20Taiga | Incident in the Taiga | Incident in the Taiga (Russian: Случай в тайге) is a 1953 Soviet action film directed by Yuri Yegorov and starring Aleksandr Antonov and Gombozhap Tsydynzhapov.
Cast
Rimma Shorokhova as Yelena Sedykh (as R. Shorokhova)
Boris Bityukov as Andrey Sazonov (as B. Bityukov)
Aleksandr Antonov as Fyodor Volkov (as A. Antonov)
Anatoliy Kubatsky as Nikita Stepanych (as A. Kubatskiy)
Gombozhap Tsydynzhapov as Bogduyev (as G. Tsydynzhapov)
Muza Krepkogorskaya as Katya Volkova (as M. Krepkogorskaya)
Ivan Kuznetsov as Dolgushin (as I. Kuznetsov)
Tsyren Shagzhin as Uladay (as Ts. Shagzin)
Pyotr Lyubeshkin as Yegor Ivanovich (as P. Lyubeshkin)
Vladimir Gulyaev as Yasha
References
Bibliography
Rollberg, Peter. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2008.
External links
1953 films
1950s action films
Soviet action films
1950s Russian-language films |
24399920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiolama | Pleiolama | Pleiolama is an extinct genus of terrestrial herbivore in the family Camelidae, endemic to North America during the Pliocene.
Taxonomy
The genus Pleiolama was originally named Pliauchenia by Edward Drinker Cope in 1875.
Fossil distribution
Fossil distribution ranges from southern and north-central United States to Mexico.
References
Prehistoric camelids
Pliocene even-toed ungulates
Prehistoric mammals of North America
Prehistoric even-toed ungulate genera |
147211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20Pleasant | Point Pleasant | Point Pleasant may refer to:
Places
In Canada
Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia
In England
Point Pleasant (Wallsend), Tyne and Wear
In the United States
Point Pleasant Township, Warren County, Illinois
Point Pleasant, Indiana
Point Pleasant, New Jersey
Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey
Point Pleasant, Maryland, a neighborhood of Glen Burnie, Maryland
Point Pleasant, Missouri, in New Madrid County, Missouri
Point Pleasant, Ohio
Point Pleasant, Pennsylvania
Point Pleasant, West Virginia
Other
Point Pleasant (TV series), a 2005 Fox television show set in a fictionalized version of the New Jersey town
Point Pleasant Battleground, near Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and site of a 1774 battle between Virginia militia and Native Americans
"Point Pleasant", a song by God Is an Astronaut from the 2002 album The End of the Beginning
See also
Point Pleasant Historic District (disambiguation)
Pleasant Point (disambiguation)
Point Pleasant High School (disambiguation) |
7829821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Silva%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201980%29 | Fernando Silva (footballer, born 1980) | Fernando Dinarte Santos Silva (born 3 October 1980), known simply as Fernando, is a Portuguese retired footballer. Mainly a central defender, he could also play as a defensive midfielder.
Football career
Fernando was born in Funchal, Madeira. After also playing youth football there he was promoted to local powerhouse C.S. Marítimo's first team for the 1999–2000 season, but served only as a backup for the vast majority of his 12-year spell.
On 30 September 2007, in a 1–1 away draw against C.F. Estrela da Amadora, Fernando scored the club's historical 1,000 goal in the Primeira Liga. However, he appeared in just five games during that campaign.
Fernando played a combined 23 league matches for Marítimo in the following three years – no appearances whatsoever in 2010–11 – continuing to feature for the reserves sporadically. At the age of 30 he moved abroad for the first time, signing with C.R.D. Libolo in Angola.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Funchal
Portuguese men's footballers
Madeiran footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football utility players
Primeira Liga players
Segunda Divisão players
C.S. Marítimo players
Girabola players
C.R.D. Libolo players
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Angola
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Angola |
3438091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGYM | KGYM | KGYM (1600 AM) is a radio station broadcasting in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The station is owned by KZIA, Inc., which also owns KZIA (102.9 FM). It is Cedar Rapids' second-oldest radio station, after WMT.
KGYM does not broadcast a digital HD signal on its AM frequency of 1600 kHz, but it can be heard in HD on KZIA-HD3.
History
KGYM signed on as KCRG on December 20, 1947, under the ownership of the Cedar Rapids Gazette Company (later known as Gazette Communications). The Gazette Company had launched Cedar Rapids' first FM station, KCRK-FM 96.1, a month earlier and had applied for a construction permit for a television station on channel 9 that year. (KCRK-FM signed off in 1954 as FM radio was still in its infancy and the station proved to be unprofitable.) In 1953, the Gazette Company consolidated its interests with the Cedar Rapids Television Company, another group interested in the channel 9 license, and in October 1953 the call letters of the radio and television stations were changed to KCRI. After the Gazette Company bought out the Cedar Rapids Television Company's stock on August 27, 1954, the KCRG call letters were restored to both the AM and TV stations.
KCRG was formerly an adult contemporary station until 1984 when it switched its format into a big band/adult standards format. The station returned back to adult contemporary in January 1987, but flipped to oldies two years later in 1989. During the early 1990s, KCRG was a country music station, and it later adopted a news/talk format. By 2000 the station had moved to its current sports talk format but continued to simulcast KCRG-TV's newscasts and ABC's World News Tonight for radio listeners. KCRG radio adopted the nickname "The Zone" in 2003.
On July 10, 2006, Gazette Communications announced that KCRG was being sold to owners of another local broadcaster, KZIA FM 102.9, subject to FCC approval. The sale was finalized on October 31, 2006, and the call letters were changed to KGYM as a result of the sale. After the acquisition, KGYM ended its simulcasting of KCRG-TV's newscasts, and KGYM's studios moved from downtown Cedar Rapids to KZIA's studios on the city's southwest side.
Programming
KGYM currently broadcasts ESPN Radio programming along with Iowa State University sports, college basketball and the NFL from Westwood One, the IndyCar Series, Minnesota Twins baseball on 107.5 FM and area high school football and basketball games. It also carried Cedar Rapids Kernels games before sharing rights with KMRY, another Cedar Rapids radio station, during the 2006 season. Kernels games moved exclusively to KMRY starting in 2007.
Local talk shows include The Gym Class hosted by KGYM sports director Scott Unash and former Cedar Rapids Gazette sports editor Mark Dukes, and The Todd Brommelkamp Show hosted by Voice of the Hawkeyes magazine editor Todd Brommelkamp. "Spencer on Sports" was added in early 2022, hosted by Spencer Wagen.
Translators
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KGYM
KGYM website
Sports radio stations in the United States
GYM (AM)
Mass media in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Iowa
ESPN Radio stations |
34073573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaera%20lophophora | Azaera lophophora | Azaera lophophora is a species of snout moth in the genus Azaera. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1912, and is known from Panama.
References
Moths described in 1914
Phycitinae
Moths of Central America |
69293002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Billie%20Jean%20King%20Cup | 2022 Billie Jean King Cup | The 2022 Billie Jean King Cup was the 59th edition of the international women's tennis team's tournament.
Billie Jean King Cup Finals
Date: 8–13 November 2022
Venue: Emirates Arena, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Surface: Hard (i)
12 nations took part in the Finals, formerly known as the World Group. The qualification was as follows:
2 finalists of the previous edition
1 host nation / 1 wild card
9 winners of a qualifier round, in April 2022
Qualifying round
Date: 15–16 April 2022
Eighteen teams were scheduled to play for nine spots for the Finals, in a series decided on a home and away basis.
These eighteen teams originally were:
10 teams ranked 3rd-12th in the 2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup Finals,
7 winners of the 2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs,
1 loser of the 2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup play-offs, based on rankings
The 9 losing teams from the qualifying round play the play-offs, against the 9 nations that are promoted from the Regional Group I from Americas, Europe/Africa and Asia/Oceania, to see who will contend the 2023 Qualifiers and who stays in the Regional Group I in 2023.
However, prior to the qualifying round both Russia and Belarus were suspended from taking part in international events by the ITF. Australia, the runner-up from 2020, was given the defending champion's right to advance. They were scheduled to play Slovakia. Both teams were given byes. Belgium, scheduled to play Belarus, was also given a bye.
#: Nations Ranking as of 8 November 2021.
Group stage
The final draw was held on 8 July 2022 in Glasgow.
T = Ties, M = Matches, S = Sets
Knockout stage
Billie Jean King Cup play-offs
Date: 11–12 November 2022
Sixteen teams played for seven spots in the 2023 qualifying round, in series decided on a home and away basis.
These sixteen teams were:
6 losing teams from Qualifying round.
7 winning teams from their Group I zone.
2 later promoted teams from Zonal Group I (Serbia and Mexico) to fill the vacancy of Russia and Belarus.
1 later promoted team from Zonal Group I (Austria) to fill the vacancy of Great Britain, whose was announced as Final hosts.
Eight winners will advance to the 2023 qualifying round while losers will contest in their respective regional Group I event in 2023.
Seeded teams
(#2)
(#10)
(#13)
(#16)
(#18)
(#19)
(#20)
(#21)
Unseeded teams
(#22)
(#23)
(#24)
(#26)
(#29)
(#33)
(#36)
(#37)
Ties were announced on June 16.
Americas Zone
Group I
Venue: Salinas Golf and Tennis Club, Salinas, Ecuador (hard)
Dates: 13–16 April 2022
Participating teams
Pool A
Pool B
Play-offs
and advanced to the Billie Jean King Cup play-offs, while was later promoted.
and were relegated to Americas Zone Group II in 2023.
Group II
Venue: Centro Nacional de Tenis Parque del Este, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (hard)
Dates: 25–30 July 2022
Participating teams
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Withdrawn
Inactive teams
Play-offs
and were promoted to Americas Zone Group I in 2023.
Asia/Oceania Zone
Group I
Venue: Megasaray Tennis Academy, Antalya, Turkey (clay)
Dates: 12–16 April 2022
Participating teams
Pool A
Promotions/Relegations
and advanced to the Billie Jean King Cup play-offs.
and were relegated to Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2023.
Group II
Venue 1: National Tennis Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (hard) Venue 2: Central Stadium Frunze, Dushanbe, Tajikistan (hard)
Dates: 8–13 August 2022 (Kuala Lumpur) / 22–27 August 2022 (Dushanbe)
Participating teams
Kuala Lumpur
Pool A
Pool B
Dushanbe
Pool A
Pool B
Withdrawn
Inactive teams
Play-offs
and were promoted to Asia/Oceania Zone Group I in 2023.
Europe/Africa Zone
Group I
Venue: Megasaray Tennis Academy, Antalya, Turkey (clay)
Dates: 11–16 April 2022
Participating teams
Pool A
Pool B
Play-offs
, , and advanced to the Billie Jean King Cup play-offs, while and were later promoted.
and were relegated to Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2023.
Group II
Venue: Vierumäki, Finland (indoor hard)
Dates: 12–15 April 2022
Participating teams
Pool A
Pool B
Withdrawn
Play-offs
and were promoted to Europe/Africa Zone Group I in 2023.
and were relegated to Europe/Africa Zone Group III in 2023.
Group III
Venue 1: Bellevue Tennis Club, Ulcinj, Montenegro (clay) Venue 2: Tennis Club Jug, Skopje, North Macedonia (clay)
Dates: 7–11 June 2022 (Ulcinj) / 5–10 July 2022 (Skopje)
Participating teams
Ulcinj
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Skopje
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Withdrawn
Inactive Teams
Play-offs
and were promoted to Europe/Africa Zone Group II in 2023.
Notes
References
External links
billiejeankingcup.com
2022
2022 in women's tennis |
70816641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising%20%28Mxmtoon%20album%29 | Rising (Mxmtoon album) | Rising (stylized in all lowercase) is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Mxmtoon, released on May 20, 2022, through AWAL. Rising was promoted by the singles "Mona Lisa", "Sad Disco", "Victim of Nostalgia", and "Coming of Age".
Background and promotion
Since the release of her debut studio album The Masquerade in 2019, Mxmtoon released the twin EPs Dawn and Dusk in 2020, and in 2021 contributed songs to the game Life Is Strange: True Colors. In November 2021, Mxmtoon told Dork that she was working on her second studio album, and aiming to release it in 2022. On January 25, 2022, she posted a snipped of the song "Mona Lisa" on TikTok, along with making the song available for pre-save. "Mona Lisa" was released as the album's lead single on February 8, 2022, alongside the announcement of a 2022 North American tour. Mxmtoon said of the song, "As someone who usually writes songs about other people, one of my ongoing questions is, 'Will anyone ever write songs about me?' Mona Lisa is about wanting to be the subject of the art for once instead of being the creator. I think we all daydream at some point in our lives of diving into our favorite stories and finding ourselves in the pages." The music video for the song dropped on March 3, 2022, along with the hint that a full album might come in Spring 2022.
Mxmtoon released the second single "Sad Disco" on March 24, 2022, and announced that the album's title and release date. Mxmtoon intended the song to be a sort of response to her 2018 breakout single "Prom Dress", saying "in a way, it feels like an answer to the girl who wrote 'prom dress' in the first place. serving as a reminder that she isn't stuck on the floor with tears streaming down her face forever, but that she'll grow up, and the loneliness she sometimes feels won't define her. she can still choose to dance and have her own 'sad disco.
The third single, "Victim of Nostalgia" was released on April 27, 2022. According to the artist, the song is "about missing the blind optimism and warmth that's so much easier to experience when you're younger. Wanting to escape back into a time when your worries weren't so pervasive." The fourth and final pre-release single "Coming of Age" was released on May 13, 2022. Mxmtoon said the song is about "the growth I've experienced between writing, producing, and personally understanding the individual I know myself to be currently. It's a strange experience having thousands of people watch you grow up and enter your twenties, and it felt necessary to make a song that simultaneously celebrates the uncertainty of self discovery but can find confidence in growth."
Tour
On February 9, 2022, Mxmtoon announced a headlining tour in support of the album, titled "Rising (The World Tour)" (stylized in all lowercase), with legs in North America, the United Kingdom, and Oceania. The tour started on May 2, 2022, in Montreal, Canada, and concluded on October 30, 2022, in Dublin, Ireland. Chloe Moriondo supported the North American leg of the tour.
Shows
Critical reception
Alisdair Grice of DIY praised Mxmtoon's relatability as a songwriter, saying "Maia is to indie-pop what Olivia Rodrigo is to pop-punk a fresh and welcome face that disregards gatekeeping in favour of utilising nostalgia to captivate new audiences, bridging a gap that ignores the omnipotent zeitgeist for confessional, shimmering accessibility". Rhian Daly, writing for The Forty-Five, called it "a collection that gently encourages you to find light and joy again in the simplest, smallest ways." The Guardians Kate Hutchinson praised the album's sharp songwriting which she felt would appeal to fans of Phoebe Bridgers.
Track listing
Notes
All track titles are stylized in all lowercase.
References
2022 albums
Mxmtoon albums
AWAL albums
Self-released albums
Disco albums by American artists
Electropop albums |
65486251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilma%20Rakusa | Ilma Rakusa | Ilma Rakusa (born 2 January 1946) is a Swiss writer and translator. She translates French, Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Hungarian into German.
Biography
Ilma Rakusa was born in 1946 in Rimavská Sobota, Slovakia to a Slovenian father and a Hungarian mother. She spent her early childhood in Budapest, Ljubljana and Trieste. In 1951, her family moved to Zürich, Switzerland. Ilma Rakusa attended the Volksschule and the Gymnasium in Zürich. After the Matura, she studied Slavic and Romance Languages and Literature in Zürich, Paris and Leningrad between 1965 and 1971.
In 1971, she was awarded a doctorate for her thesis titled Studien zum Motiv der Einsamkeit in der russischen Literatur, about themes of loneliness in Russian literature. From 1971 to 1977, she was a Wissenschaftlicher Assistent at the Slavic Seminar at the University of Zurich (UZH). From 1977 to 2006, she worked at UZH as a .
In 1977, Rakusa authored her first book, a collection of poems titled Wie Winter. She has since published numerous collections of poems, collected short stories and essays. Rakusa works as a translator from French, Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Hungarian into German. She has translated works by authors including the French novelist Marguerite Duras, the Russian writer Aleksey Remizov, the Hungarian author Imre Kertész, the Russian poet Marina Tsvetaeva and the Serbo-Croatian Danilo Kiš. Rakusa also works as a journalist (Neue Zürcher Zeitung and Die Zeit). Rakusa's novel Mehr Meer (2009) has been translated into many languages and received the Swiss Book Prize in 2009.
Rakusa has been a member of the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung since 1996 and the jury of the . In 2010/2011, she was a fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study.
Today, Ilma Rakusa lives as a freelance writer in Zürich.
Awards and honors
1987: of the
1991: Petrarca translation award
1995: Swiss Writer-in-residence Max Kade Institute at the University of Southern California
1998: Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding (Commendation Award)
1998:
2003:
2003: Adelbert von Chamisso Prize
2004: Johann-Jakob-Bodmer-Medaille der Stadt Zürich
2005: Vilenica International Literary Prize
2005 by the Mitteleuropazentrum of the Technical University of Dresden and the Sächsische Akademie der Künste
2009: Swiss Book Prize for Mehr Meer. Erinnerungspassagen.
2010/2011: Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study
2015:
2017:
2019: Kleist Prize
Bibliography
(Afterword by Kathrin Röggla)
As editor
Translations into German
References
1946 births
Living people
20th-century Swiss journalists
21st-century Swiss journalists
20th-century Swiss non-fiction writers
21st-century Swiss non-fiction writers
20th-century Swiss novelists
21st-century Swiss novelists
20th-century Swiss poets
21st-century Swiss poets
20th-century translators
21st-century translators
Kleist Prize winners
People from Rimavská Sobota
Swiss Book Prize winners
Swiss essayists
Swiss people of Hungarian descent
Swiss people of Slovenian descent
Swiss translators
Swiss women journalists
Swiss women non-fiction writers
Swiss women novelists
Swiss women poets
Swiss women short story writers
Translators to German
Translators from French
Translators from Hungarian
Translators from Russian
Translators from Serbian
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Swiss women essayists
Writers from Zürich
Literary translators |
9335751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward%20%28Ayla%20Brown%20album%29 | Forward (Ayla Brown album) | Forward is the debut album of singer Ayla Brown, which was released on October 17, 2006.
The album was recorded in New York City, at Tonic Studios, Raw Sugar Studios and Double Deal Studios, and mixed at A-Pawling Studios by Peter Moshay, of Hall & Oates, and Mariah Carey fame. On August 25, as soon as Ayla was legally able, she raced to New York to record the 11 tracks of her debut album, with producer Jim McGregor of Double Deal Records, (founded by Wayne Laakko). One week later, it was finished.
There was speculation that the record company rushed this out to beat Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee to the punch, but the record needed to be finished prior to Ayla's college enrollment to meet certain NCAA compliance & eligibility requirements.
The first single to be released was a double release of "Know You Better" and "I Quit", which was released on September 12, 2006.
Track listing
"Know You Better"
"If I Was A River"
"Sugah"
"I Quit"
"Forward"
"Breaking Away"
"Falling Into You"
"Miles Away"
"Thanks To You"
"Ten Cent Wings"
"Forward (Unplugged)"
References
External links
Ayla Brown Official Website
American Idol - Contestants: Ayla Brown
2006 debut albums
Ayla Brown albums |
39317314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera%20bag | Camera bag | Camera bags are a 20th-century development for the convenient carrying and quick access to high-end camera equipment. They replaced fitted leather cases that were supplied with the earliest cameras.
In the 1970s, war and documentary photographers used fishing bags made by English companies Brady and Billingham. Billingham noticed their waterproof soft bags were popular with photographers and modified the fishing bag with padding to protect camera gear.
In 1975, photojournalist Jim Domke wanted a bag to carry all his camera gear and worked with a tent manufacturer to prototype a canvas camera bag. Feedback from photographers at the 1976 Republican National Convention changed the design to arrange the gear vertically, accessed from above. Domke sold his company in 1990 to Tiffen.
References
Photography equipment
Bags |
66606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/328%20BC | 328 BC |
Year 328 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Scapula or Decianus and Barbatus (or, less frequently, year 426 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 328 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Macedonian Empire
At Maracanda, Alexander murders Cleitus, one of his most trusted commanders, friend and foster-brother, in a drunken quarrel; but his excessive display of remorse leads the army to pass a decree convicting Cleitus posthumously of treason.
Spitamenes raises all Sogdiana in revolt behind him, bringing in the Massagetae, a people of the Scythian confederacy. He besieges the Macedonian garrison in Maracanda. Alexander the Great sends an army under the command of Pharnuches of Lycia which is promptly annihilated with a loss of more than 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry.
Understanding now the danger represented by his enemy, Alexander moves personally to relieve Maracanda, only to learn that Spitamenes has left Sogdiana. Spitamenes then attacks Bactra, from where he is repulsed with great difficulty by the satrap of Bactria, Artabazus of Phrygia.
Alexander attacks Oxyartes and the remaining Bactrian barons who are holding out in the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tajikistan). The Macedonians seize the crag on which Oxyartes has his stronghold (the Sogdian Rock), and among the captives is his daughter, Roxana. In the reconciliation that follows the battle, Alexander marries Roxana. The rest of Oxyartes' opponents are either won over or crushed.
December – Spitamenes is badly defeated by Alexander's general Coenus. At this point Spitamenes' allies, feeling the situation desperate, kill their leader and send his head as a gift to Alexander.
Births
Deaths
Cleitus, lieutenant and friend of Alexander the Great (b. c. 375 BC)
Spitamenes, Persian nobleman (b. 370 BC)
References |
75044562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy%20Creedon | Paddy Creedon | Paddy Creedon is an Irish hurler who plays club hurling for Thurles Sarsfields and at inter-county level with the Tipperary senior hurling team.
Career
On 19 March 2023, he made his league debut for Tipperary in the fifth round of the 2023 National Hurling League, coming on as a substitute against Antrim, as Tipperary won by 4–28 to 2–17.
References
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
Living people
Thurles Sarsfields hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
24536365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20reclamation%20in%20Hong%20Kong | Land reclamation in Hong Kong | The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD), when beaches were turned into fields for salt production. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century.
Projects
Bonham Strand
Praya Reclamation Scheme (1868–1904)
One of the earliest projects, the works were completed in two phases. The second added 50 to of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken during the Colonial Hong Kong era. It significantly expanded the land around Praya Central.
Praya East Reclamation Scheme (1921–1931)
Kai Tak Airport extension (1957–1974)
The old airport, Kai Tak, was located In Kowloon and part of the land is reclaimed. A section of runway and most parking stands were built on reclaimed land.
New towns, phases 1–3 (1973–1996)
The new towns were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Sha Tin, Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O. These were built in a series of three phases.
New International Airport construction (1991–1998)
The "new" airport, Chek Lap Kok International airport was built on two islands and was opened in 1998. Land was reclaimed to build a third runway and extend the current Terminal 2 in the airport.
Central and Wan Chai projects (1993–2018)
Several projects in and around Victoria Harbour, constructed for various purposes. This includes transportation improvements such as the Hong Kong MTR Station, Airport Express Railway & Central-Wanchai Bypass, as well as public recreation space such as the Central Harbourfront Event Space, Tamar Park and the Hong Kong Observation Wheel.
Disneyland construction (2003–2005)
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (2009–2018)
The bridge project involved the creation of four islands, including one in Hong Kong.
Tung Chung New Town Extension (2017- )
Currently under construction, an expansion of Tung Chung on the north shore of Lantau island. The project is expected to be completed in 2023.
Hong Kong International Airport Third Runway (2016–2024)
The third runway and the extension of Terminal 2 in the Hong Kong International Airport is built on reclaimed land.
Lantau Tomorrow Vision (planned)
In October 2018, a development project was announced with the intention of creating 1700 hectares of land in the form of new islands off the east coast of Lantau, to house an estimated 1.1 million people. The project has an estimated cost of HK$500 billion.
Issues
Much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the Central district, as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.
Environmental legislation
Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance in 1996 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development. In a judicial review in January 2004, the Court of Final Appeal stipulated an "overriding public need" test which the government must adhere in order to carry out reclamation at Victoria Harbour.
Gallery
See also
Land reclamations of the People's Republic of China
Society for Protection of the Harbour
References
External links
Enhancing Land Supply Strategy
Reclamation History
Maps of the reclamations
Detailed list of historical land reclamation projects in Hong Kong
Chen Yu, "Transformation of waterfront space in Asian cities: Macau, Hong Kong, Shanghai", National University of Singapore, 2009
"Enhancing Land Supply Strategy: Reclamation Outside Victoria Harbour and Rock Cavern Development"
Land reclamation
Geography of Hong Kong
Coastal construction in Hong Kong |
2492612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th%20Street%E2%80%93Penn%20Station%20%28IRT%20Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh%20Avenue%20Line%29 | 34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) | 34th Street–Penn Station is an express station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 34th Street and Seventh Avenue, it is served by the 1 and 2 trains at all times, and the 3 train at all times except late nights. Connections are available to the LIRR, NJ Transit and Amtrak at Pennsylvania Station.
The station was built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the Dual Contracts with New York City, and opened on June 3, 1917.
History
Construction and opening
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction, rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the city and two separate private companies, the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in Brooklyn. As part of Contract 4, the IRT agreed to build a branch of the original subway line south down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street, and West Broadway to serve the West Side of Manhattan.
The construction of this line, in conjunction with the construction of the Lexington Avenue Line, would change the operations of the IRT system. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turning onto 42nd Street, before finally turning onto Park Avenue, there would be two trunk lines connected by the 42nd Street Shuttle. The system would be changed from looking like a "Z" system on a map to an "H" system. One trunk would run via the new Lexington Avenue Line down Park Avenue, and the other trunk would run via the new Seventh Avenue Line up Broadway. In order for the line to continue down Varick Street and West Broadway, these streets needed to be widened, and two new streets were built, the Seventh Avenue Extension and the Varick Street Extension. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as Chelsea and Greenwich Village.
34th Street–Penn Station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was opened on June 3, 1917, as part of an extension of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the dominant subway in Manhattan at the time, from Times Square–42nd Street to South Ferry. Concrete-laying for the platforms had started shortly before the station opened, and only the northern part of the express platform was in service on the station's opening day. The passageways to Pennsylvania Station were still under construction, forcing passengers to exit the subway station and walk along the street to access the railroad station. Once the passageways were complete, passengers could access both the railroad station and the neighboring Hotel Pennsylvania at 32nd and 33rd Streets without leaving the subway station.
A shuttle service ran between Times Square and Penn Station until the rest of the extension opened a year later on July 1, 1918. Afterward, the shuttle ran from Times Square to South Ferry. The new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square. An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle in order to retrace the original layout. The completion of the "H" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system.
Later years
The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. As part of a pilot program, the BOT installed three-dimensional advertisements at 34th Street–Penn Station in late 1948. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights throughout the station. On August 23, 1985, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) awarded a $2.24 million contract to rebuild the station and to double the width of the passageway to Penn Station. The project was scheduled to be completed in spring 1987.
Under the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program, the station, along with thirty-two other New York City Subway stations, underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, charging stations, improved signage, and improved station lighting. Unlike other stations that were renovated under the initiative, 34th Street–Penn Station was not completely closed during construction. In January 2018, the NYCT and Bus Committee recommended that Judlau Contracting receive the $125 million contract for the renovations of 57th and 23rd Streets on the IND Sixth Avenue Line; 28th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, and 34th Street–Penn Station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line. However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts. The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. These improvements were substantially completed by May 2019.
The MTA announced in December 2021 that it would install wide-aisle fare gates for disabled passengers at five subway stations, including 34th Street–Penn Station, by mid-2022. The implementation of these fare gates was delayed; none of the wide-aisle fare gates had been installed by early 2023. The MTA announced in late 2022 that it would open customer service centers at 15 stations; the centers would provide services such as travel information and OMNY farecards. The first six customer service centers, including one at 34th Street–Penn Station, were to open in early 2023. The 34th Street station's customer service center opened at the beginning of March 2023. Additionally, the MTA replaced four of the station's elevators; this work was completed in January 2023, along with a new elevator entrance at 33rd Street.
Station layout
The local platforms are served by the 1 at all times and by the 2 during late nights. The express platform is used by the 2 and 3 trains during daytime hours. The next stop to the north is Times Square–42nd Street, while the next stop to the south is 28th Street for local trains and 14th Street for express trains.
This station has two side platforms for local service and a center island platform for express service. Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and 34th Street–Penn Station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line are the only other stations in the system with this configuration. This is due to the expected increase in ridership and to encourage riders to switch at the next stop northbound, Times Square–42nd Street, as it is set up in the usual island platform manner for cross-platform interchanges.
There is no free transfer between this station and the station of the same name on the IND Eighth Avenue Line, despite the fact that both connect to Penn Station. The nearest transfer location is at Times Square–42nd Street with a free transfer to 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal.
Exits
34th Street–Penn Station spans three streets (32nd, 33rd, and 34th Streets) with a set of entrances/exits at all of these streets. For the purposes of this article, entrance and exit are interchangeable.
There are four entrances directly from the intersection of 34th Street and Seventh Avenue. On the local platforms the turnstiles for these exits are at platform level; passengers wishing to use the express platforms must use a passageway beneath the platforms and tracks. These entrances utilize the northern portions of the platforms. There is also a supplementary and handicapped-accessible entrance to the Penn Station complex in general from 34th Street. A wheelchair-accessible elevator is also present on the south side of 34th Street at Seventh Avenue, within Penn Station's LIRR entrance.
There are three direct entrances from the street at 33rd Street and Seventh Avenue. As a replacement for the southwestern corner's lack of an entrance, there is an underground entrance directly connecting the station with the Long Island Rail Road concourse in the Penn Station complex. The turnstiles for this entrance are located below the track level and utilize the central portions of the platforms. There is an elevator from the street at the northwestern corner of this intersection.
The main entrance to the Penn Station complex is located on the western end of 32nd Street. From there, passengers may go through the New Jersey Transit and Long Island Rail Road concourses and use the entrance to this station at the end of the latter's concourse. There is also a smaller exit from the station at the southern ends of the platforms that connects with the end of the New Jersey Transit concourse where it meets the Long Island Rail Road underneath the main corridor in the station that connects New Jersey Transit and Amtrak. There is also an entrance on the north side of 32nd Street between Seventh and Sixth Avenues.
Ridership
34th Street–Penn Station on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line is continually ranked as one of the busiest stations in the subway system. In 2016, it was the fifth-busiest subway station, with 27,741,367 riders as recorded by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. By comparison, its sister station on the Eighth Avenue Line is ranked sixth-busiest, with 25,183,869 passengers. When the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station was a shuttle stop before the rest of the South Ferry extension opened, ridership was quite low; in its first year of operation, only 78,121 boardings were recorded.
References
External links
1918 establishments in New York City
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations
Midtown Manhattan
34th Street - Penn Station (IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line)
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1918
Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)
34th Street (Manhattan) |
73187565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayron%20Biswas | Bayron Biswas | Bayron Biswas is an Indian politician and social worker who is serving as an MLA of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Sagardighi in Murshidabad. He is a member of the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) and before joining that party, he was the sole MLA in West Bengal belonging to the Indian National Congress. Backed by CPI(M)-led Left Front, he defeated the AITC candidate by 22,986 votes during the 2023 bypoll in Sagardighi.
He joined TMC on 29 May 2023 in the presence of party general secretary Abhishek Banerjee.
References
1982 births
Living people
West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026
Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal
Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal |
47512898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisylvian%20syndrome | Perisylvian syndrome | Perisylvian syndrome is a rare neurological disease characterized by damage to the sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus), an area in the brain involved in language and speech. The main symptoms are difficulty chewing and swallowing, low muscle tone in the face and tongue, speech and language development disorders, and epilepsy. These symptoms may also be accompanied by difficulties with mobility and intellectual disabilities.
References
External links
Rare syndromes
Neurological disorders |
19803861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian%20Vilhelm%20Koren%20Schjelderup | Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup | Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup may refer to:
Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr. (1853-1913), Norwegian bishop
Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Jr. (1894-1980), Norwegian bishop and son of the former |
39766854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Hogland%20%281705%29 | Battle of Hogland (1705) | The battle of Hogland 1705 was a minor naval battle between the Swedish ship of the line Reval and 7 Russian galleys. After several hours of fighting the Swedes were victorious. It was the first time that Russian galleys took part in a naval battle in the Baltic Sea.
Sources
Ehrensvärd, Ulla; Kokkonen, Pellervo; Nurminen, Juha (1995). Mare Balticum : 2000 år av östersjöns historia [2000 years of history of the Baltic Sea] (in Swedish). .
Hogland 1705
Hogland 1705
1705 in Europe
Gulf of Finland
Hogland 1705 |
38670586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementerio%20de%20La%20Teja%2C%20Montevideo | Cementerio de La Teja, Montevideo | Cementerio Paso Molino, known also as Cementerio de La Teja, is a cemetery in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is located in the barrio of La Teja.
Interments
María Auxiliadora Delgado (1937–2019), First Lady of Uruguay (2005–10 and 2015–19)
Abdón Porte (1893–1918), association football player
Carlos Solé (1916–1975), sportscaster
Raúl Sendic (1925–1989), Tupamaro guerrilla fighter
Tabaré Vázquez (1940–2020), President of Uruguay (2005–10 and 2015–20)
References
External links
Cementerio Paso Molino – data
Cemeteries in Montevideo |
36902199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphyosemion | Aphyosemion | Aphyosemion is a genus of African rivulines endemic as the name indicates to Africa. Many of these species are popular aquarium fish.
Species
There are currently 100 recognized species in this genus:
Aphyosemion abacinum Huber, 1976
Aphyosemion ahli G. S. Myers, 1933
Aphyosemion alpha Huber, 1998
Aphyosemion amoenum Radda & Pürzl, 1976 (Red-finned killifish)
Aphyosemion aureum Radda, 1980 (Golden killifish)
Aphyosemion australe (Rachow, 1921) (Lyre-tail killifish)
Aphyosemion bamilekorum Radda, 1971 (Bamileke killifish)
Aphyosemion batesii (Boulenger, 1911) (Bates' killifish)
Aphyosemion bitaeniatum (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924) (Two-striped killifish)
Aphyosemion bitteri Valdesalici & Eberl, 2016
Aphyosemion bivittatum (Lönnberg, 1895) (Two-stripe lyretail)
Aphyosemion bualanum (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924)
Aphyosemion buytaerti Radda & Huber, 1978
Aphyosemion callipteron (Radda & Pürzl, 1987)
Aphyosemion calliurum (Boulenger, 1911) (Banner lyretail)
Aphyosemion cameronense (Boulenger, 1903) (Cameroon killifish)
Aphyosemion campomaanense Agnèse, Brummett, Caminade, Catalan & Kornobis, 2009
Aphyosemion castaneum G. S. Myers, 1924
Aphyosemion caudofasciatum Huber & Radda, 1979 (Caudal-stripe killifish)
Aphyosemion celiae Scheel, 1971
Aphyosemion chauchei Huber & Scheel, 1981
Aphyosemion christyi (Boulenger, 1915) (Christy's lyretail)
Aphyosemion citrineipinnis Huber & Radda, 1977
Aphyosemion coeleste Huber & Radda, 1977 (Sky-blue killifish)
Aphyosemion cognatum Meinken, 1951 (Red-spot killifish)
Aphyosemion congicum (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924) (Congo killifish)
Aphyosemion cyanostictum J. G. Lambert & Géry, 1968 (Gabon jewel killifish)
Aphyosemion dargei Amiet, 1987 (M'bam killifish)
Aphyosemion decorsei (Pellegrin, 1904)
Aphyosemion ecucuense (Sonnenberg, 2008)
Aphyosemion edeanum Amiet, 1987 (Edea killifish)
Aphyosemion elberti (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924) (Red-barred killifish)
Aphyosemion elegans (Boulenger, 1899) (Elegant killifish)
Aphyosemion erythron (Sonnenberg, 2008)
Aphyosemion escherichi (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924) (Escherich's killifish)
Aphyosemion etsamense Sonnenberg & T. Blum, 2005
Aphyosemion exigoideum Radda & Huber, 1977 (False jewel killifish)
Aphyosemion exiguum (Boulenger, 1911) (Jewel killifish)
Aphyosemion fellmanni van der Zee & Sonnenberg, 2018
Aphyosemion ferranti (Boulenger, 1910)
Aphyosemion franzwerneri Scheel, 1971 (Goby killifish)
Aphyosemion fulgens Radda, 1975
Aphyosemion gabunense Radda, 1975 (Gabon killifish)
Aphyosemion georgiae J. G. Lambert & Géry, 1968
Aphyosemion grelli Valdesalici & Eberl, 2013
Aphyosemion hanneloreae Radda & Pürzl, 1985 (Hannelore's killifish)
Aphyosemion heinemanni Berkenkamp, 1983 (Heinemann's killifish)
Aphyosemion hera Huber, 1998
Aphyosemion herzogi Radda, 1975 (Herzog's killifish)
Aphyosemion hofmanni Radda, 1980 (Hofmann's killifish)
Aphyosemion jeanhuberi Valdesalici & Eberl, 2015
Aphyosemion joergenscheeli Huber & Radda, 1977
Aphyosemion kouamense Legros, 1999
Aphyosemion koungueense (Sonnenberg, 2007)
Aphyosemion labarrei Poll, 1951
Aphyosemion lamberti Radda & Huber, 1977
Aphyosemion lefiniense Woeltjes, 1984
Aphyosemion lividum Legros & Zentz, 2007
Aphyosemion loennbergii (Boulenger, 1903)
Aphyosemion louessense (Pellegrin, 1931)
Aphyosemion lugens Amiet, 1991
Aphyosemion lujae (Boulenger, 1911)
Aphyosemion maculatum Radda & Pürzl, 1977
Aphyosemion malumbresi Legros & Zentz, 2006
Aphyosemion melanogaster (Legros, Zentz & Agnèse, 2005)
Aphyosemion melinoeides (Sonnenberg, 2007)
Aphyosemion mengilai Valdesalici & Eberl, 2014
Aphyosemion mimbon Huber, 1977
Aphyosemion musafirii van der Zee & Sonnenberg, 2011
Aphyosemion ocellatum Huber & Radda, 1977
Aphyosemion ogoense (Pellegrin, 1930)
Aphyosemion omega (Sonnenberg, 2007)
Aphyosemion pamaense Agnèse, Legros, Cazaux & Estivals, 2013
Aphyosemion pascheni (C. G. E. Ahl, 1928)
Aphyosemion passaroi Huber, 1994
Aphyosemion plagitaenium Huber, 2004
Aphyosemion poliaki Amiet, 1991
Aphyosemion polli Radda & Pürzl, 1987
Aphyosemion primigenium Radda & Huber, 1977
Aphyosemion pseudoelegans Sonnenberg & van der Zee, 2012
Aphyosemion punctatum Radda & Pürzl, 1977
Aphyosemion punctulatum (Legros, Zentz & Agnèse, 2005)
Aphyosemion raddai Scheel, 1975
Aphyosemion rectogoense Radda & Huber, 1977
Aphyosemion riggenbachi (C. G. E. Ahl, 1924)
Aphyosemion schioetzi Huber & Scheel, 1981
Aphyosemion schluppi Radda & Huber, 1978
Aphyosemion schoutedeni (Boulenger, 1920)
Aphyosemion seegersi Huber, 1980
Aphyosemion splendopleure (Brüning, 1929)
Aphyosemion striatum (Boulenger, 1911)
Aphyosemion teugelsi van der Zee & Sonnenberg, 2010
Aphyosemion thysi Radda & Huber, 1978
Aphyosemion tirbaki Huber, 1999
Aphyosemion trilineatus (Brüning, 1930)
Aphyosemion volcanum Radda & Wildekamp, 1977
Aphyosemion wachtersi Radda & Huber, 1978
Aphyosemion wildekampi Berkenkamp, 1973
Aphyosemion wuendschi Radda & Pürzl, 1985 (Wuendsch's killifish)
Aphyosemion zygaima Huber, 1981
References
Nothobranchiidae
Fish of Africa
Ray-finned fish genera
Freshwater fish genera
Taxa named by George S. Myers |
9972063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20Together | We Are Together | We Are Together (Thina Simunye) is a British documentary film about the orphanage "Agape" in South Africa. Children, who live here, lost their parents to AIDS. The film is full of songs, both native and English. Eventually the children get a chance to visit New York City and raise money by singing for the public.
The film has won eight awards.
Cast
Lorraine Bracco as herself
Alicia Keys as herself
Mbali as herself
Mthobisi Moya as himself
Nonkululeko Moya as herself
Sifiso Moya as himself
Slindile Moya as herself
Swaphiwe Moya as herself
'Grandma' Zodwa Mqadi as herself
Paul Simon as himself
Kanye West as himself
Awards
Standard Life Audience Award, Edinburgh International Film Festival 2007
Cadillac Audience Award, Tribeca Film Festival 2007
Special Jury Prize, Tribeca Film Festival 2007
Audience Award, Amnesty International Film Festival 2007
All Rights Award, Amnesty International Film Festival 2007
Special Jury Prize, One World International Film Festival 2007
Audience Award, IDFA Amsterdam 2006
First Appearance Award, IDFA Amsterdam 2006
References
External links
Official site (archive)
Review at IDFA
Film information and the official trailer on Shooting People
2006 films
2006 documentary films
British documentary films
Documentary films about HIV/AIDS
Documentary films about orphanages
Zulu-language films
Films scored by Dario Marianelli
Films set in New York City
Films set in South Africa
2000s English-language films
HIV/AIDS in British films
2000s British films
2006 multilingual films |
31501446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s%20Burn%20Foundation | Children's Burn Foundation | The Children's Burn Foundation is an American non-profit organization founded in 1985 to meet the physical, psychological and financial needs of children who have been severely burned. Located in Sherman Oaks, California, it was founded by Dr. Paul Navarro and Daniel Navarro. One child supported by the Children's Burn Foundation is Youssif, a young Iraqi boy set on fire by masked men outside of his Baghdad home in 2007.
References
External links
Charities based in California
Children's charities based in the United States |
43984806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-breasted%20kingfisher | Brown-breasted kingfisher | The brown-breasted kingfisher (Halcyon gularis) is a tree kingfisher endemic to the Philippines, where it is widely distributed. This kingfisher is a resident over much of its range.
It was previously considered a subspecies of the white-throated kingfisher (H. smyrnensis), but was split as a distinct species by the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International in 2014, and the International Ornithological Congress followed suit in 2022.
References
Collar 2011b; Allen 2020; HBW/Birdlife
Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2022. IOC World Bird List (v12.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.12.1.
brown-breasted kingfisher
Endemic birds of the Philippines
brown-breasted kingfisher
brown-breasted kingfisher |
1734645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Construction%20Set | Music Construction Set | Will Harvey's Music Construction Set (MCS) is a music composition notation program designed by Will Harvey for the Apple II and published by Electronic Arts in 1983. Harvey wrote the original Apple II version in assembly language when he was 15 and in high school. MCS was conceived as a tool to add music to his previously published game, an abstract shooter called Lancaster for the Apple II.
Music Construction Set was ported to the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, IBM PC (as a booter), and the Atari ST. Two years later, in 1986, Will Harvey released a port for the 16-bit Apple IIGS, utilizing its advanced sound. Also that year, a redesigned version for the Amiga and Macintosh was released as Deluxe Music Construction Set.
Overview
With MCS, a user can create musical composition via a graphical user interface, a novel concept at the time of its release. Users can drag and drop notes right onto the staff, play back their creations through the computer's speakers, and print them out. The program comes with a few popular songs as samples. Most versions of this program require the users to use a joystick to create their songs, note by note.
The original Apple II version supports the Mockingboard expansion card for higher fidelity sound output. In addition, use of the Mockingboard allows the musical staff to scroll along with the music as notes are played. Without it, the Apple II can not update the display while playback is in progress.
Ports
Electronic Arts ported MCS from the original Apple II version to the Atari 8-bit family, IBM PC, and the Commodore 64. The Atari 8-bit and Commodore 64 versions use the multi-channel audio hardware of those systems.
The IBM PC version allows output audio via the IBM PC Model 5150's cassette port, so 4-voice music can be sent to a stereo system. It also takes advantage of the 3-voice sound chip built into the IBM PCjr and Tandy 1000.
The Apple IIGS version was done by the original programmer, Will Harvey, in 1986. This port takes advantage of the built-in Ensoniq wavetable sample-based synthesizer, offering over thirty instruments to choose from (sixteen are digitized and thus realistic sounding), but only two instruments can be selected per song. It supports up to 15 simultaneous voices, stereo audio and MIDI-output. A port of Deluxe Music Construction was also written, scheduled to be in stores by late 1987, but never released.
The version of Music Construction Set for the Atari ST is not a port and shares no source code with the original versions. It was written by Richard J. Plom for Intersect Software Corporation under the name The Orchestrator. It was acquired from Intersect Software by Electronic Arts and rebranded Music Construction Set in 1987. The Atari ST version is the first version to have supported the new MIDI standard, with this computer's built-in MIDI hardware.
The program was completely redesigned for the Amiga and Macintosh and renamed Deluxe Music Construction Set. This version has more features, including lyrics and support for IFF SMUS files.
Reception
II Computing listed Music Construction Set third on the magazine's list of top Apple II education software as of late 1985, based on sales and market-share data. Music Construction Set sold over a million units. Ahoy! stated that despite some limitations, Music Construction Set for the Commodore 64 "will aid both experienced songwriters and dedicated novices alike. It's a powerful music processor and a joy to use".
See also
Pinball Construction Set, EA's first program with "Construction Set" in the title from 1983.
Bank Street Music Writer
References
1984 software
Apple II software
Atari 8-bit family software
Atari ST software
Commodore 64 software
Electronic Arts
Scorewriters
Assembly language software |
51384604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyden%20Farm%20No.%206%20Farmstead%20Historic%20District | Tyden Farm No. 6 Farmstead Historic District | Tyden Farm No. 6 Farmstead Historic District is an agricultural historic district located east of Dougherty, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
Description
At the time of its nomination it consisted of 24 resources, which included eight contributing buildings, two contributing structures, one non-contributing building, and 13 non-contributing structures. The historic buildings include the farmhouse (1910), wash house and possible summer kitchen (c. 1910), auto garage (C. 1936), the massive gambrel roofed barn (1936), feed shed (1936), machine shed (1936), hen house (1940), and the hog house (1941). The unique drive-thru corn crib (1936) and the water tower (c. 1920) are the structures. The large farmhouse is a rural vernacular form of the American Foursquare known as the Cornbelt Cube. It is a two-story frame structure capped by a hip roof. It has an odd wing on the northwest side that houses the main kitchen on the first floor and a bedroom on the second.
Emil Tyden
This was one of eight farms in Floyd and Butler Counties owned by Emil Tyden, a native of Sweden who immigrated to Moline, Illinois in 1882. He eventually worked for the Union Pacific Railroad where he noticed the inefficiency of sealing boxcars. He developed and patented the "Tyden Self-Locking Seal," a tamper-proof device that fit any boxcar locking mechanism. He made a fortune from his invention, opening a factory in Hastings, Michigan. While remaining in Hastings Tyden began to acquire farms in North Central Iowa in 1915, and his holdings grew to almost . He hired resident farm managers and hired hands to operate each farm. Tyden modernized the farms and employed "new agriculture" methods espoused by Iowa State College in Ames that made extensive use of science and technology to improve farming methods and production. He continued to maintain and expand his holdings during the economic downturn in farming in the 1920s and the Great Depression. Tyden bought this farm in 1936, and began making improvements. In 1941 he released all his employees after the harvest and leased the farms out to farmers to run as they saw fit. Tyden died in 1951. He still owned Farm No. 6, and it remained in the family until 1994. The farm is now part of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area and houses farming exhibits and tours.
References
Houses completed in 1910
Infrastructure completed in 1936
Farm museums in Iowa
Museums in Floyd County, Iowa
Historic districts in Floyd County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Floyd County, Iowa
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa |
67130001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstre%20Cosmic | Monstre Cosmic | Monstre Cosmic is the third and final studio album from the French band Monade, released on 19 February 2008 on Too Pure records.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Lætitia Sadier – guitar, singing, trombone, additional sounds
Marie Merlet – bass guitar, singing
Nicolas Etienne – keys , guitar , sleeve
David Loquier – drums
Joe Watson – various keys and piano acoustic guitar , string arrangements , production
Emma Mario – drums and percussion , recording , additional sounds
Julien Gasc – bass, slide guitar, singing. piano, keys
Rachel Ortas – additional singing , illustrations
Marie-Laure Prioleau – strings
Emmanuèle Faure – strings
Nicolas Miller – strings
Rainer Halter – strings
References
External links
2008 albums |
32624413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthijs%20Kleyn | Matthijs Kleyn | Matthijs Kleyn (born 24 June 1979 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch television presenter, novelist, and tabloid journalist.
In December 2006 Kleyn made headlines all over the world when Eddie Murphy told him in an interview for RTL Boulevard the unborn baby of Mel B is not Murphy's child. Representatives for Mel B later announced in People that a DNA test had confirmed that Murphy was the father.
Kleyn currently works for the Dutch TV show De Wereld Draait Door.
He's also the author of Vita, a Dutch novel which takes place in Amsterdam. It's about a girl, named Vita, who suffers from depression and asks her boyfriend to help her commit suicide.
References
1979 births
Living people
Dutch television presenters
Writers from Amsterdam |
75145015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo%20Shui-t%27an | Kuo Shui-t'an | Kuo Shui-t'an (Chinese: 郭水潭; February 7, 1908 – March 9, 1995), also known by the pen name Chien-chih (千尺), was a prominent figure in the literature of the Saline Land during the Japanese occupation period in Taiwan. Hailing from Jiali in Tainan, he was one of the seven notable poets known as the "Seven of Beimen" (北門七子). Due to his education in Japanese, his primary language of creative expression was Japanese and was already involved in the creation of haiku and short poems during his student years. He was also actively involved in various literary organizations, including Nan Ming Paradise Society (南溟樂園社), the Taiwan Literature and Art Association, and the publication Taiwan New Literature (臺灣新文學).
Works
Kuo Shui-t'an initially entered the Taiwanese literary field through the creation of Japanese short poems, and his works were featured in the Imperial Year 2594 Poetry Collection (皇紀二五九四年歌集). His literary genres included short poems, haiku, novels, diaries, essays, critiques, and modern poetry. He began by studying classical Japanese literature and short poems, gaining later recognition for his modern poetry. His works encompassed both lyrical poetry and social criticism. Notably, his poem "Mourning at the Coffin" (向棺木慟哭), lamenting the death of his second son, was hailed by critic Lung Ying-tsung (龍瑛宗) as "the most touching masterpiece of 1939." In 1935, his autobiographical novel in the form of a diary, A Man's Memoirs (某男人的手記), earned him the Newcomer Award in the Main Island from the Osaka Daily News (大阪每日新聞). Kuo Shui-t'an was also honored with the Tainan Literature Award (南瀛文學獎) for Special Contributions.
Reception
Huang Wu-chung (黃武忠) noted that his poetry tended towards realistic literature, primarily focusing on depicting the scenes of his hometown and nativist literature. Kuo's works often revealed personal thoughts, exposed societal inequalities, and expressed resistance against the oppression of Japanese imperial rule. Some of his poems and novels carried elements of class criticism, satirizing oppressive class systems and conveying the sentiments of the laboring masses.
His collected works have been published in The Kuo Shui-t'an Collection edited by Yang Tzu-chiao (羊子喬) and in Compilation of Research Materials on Contemporary Taiwanese Writers Volume 56: Kuo Shui-t'an by the National Museum of Taiwan Literature.
Reference
Taiwanese poets
Taiwanese novelists
Taiwanese writers
Japanese-language literature
People from Tainan |
25045494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Norway%20relations | Finland–Norway relations | Finland–Norway relations are the foreign relations between Finland and Norway. The states share the Finland-Norway border.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1917, after Finland's independence. Finland has an embassy in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Helsinki.
For some decades surrounding 1900, many in Norway feared the Finnish immigration and Kven people in Northern Norway, coining the term "the Finnish danger". For a period, interests in Norway wanted to annex parts of Lapland (most notably the "arm" protruding from the north-west and into Storfjord) as buffer zones. The controversy around Finns in Norway subsided over time, and the land claim never evolved into open conflict.
Both countries are full members of the Nordic Council, Council of the Baltic Sea States, NATO and of the Council of Europe. There are around 2,000 Norwegians living in Finland and around 6,665 Finns (15-60,000 including Kvens) living in Norway.
Country comparison
European Union
Finland joined the EU in 1995. Norway has never been a member of EU.
NATO
Both Norway and Finland are full member of NATO.
Resident diplomatic missions
Finland has an embassy in Oslo.
Norway has an embassy in Helsinki.
See also
Foreign relations of Finland
Foreign relations of Norway
Norway–EU relations
Finland–Norway border
References
Norway
Bilateral relations of Norway |
22281145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305%20Florida%20Panthers%20season | 2004–05 Florida Panthers season | The 2004–05 Florida Panthers season was cancelled due to the lockout of the players of the National Hockey League.
Off-season
General manager Rick Dudley was fired on May 24, 2004. Two days later Dudley was replaced by the head coach he had fired months earlier, Mike Keenan, while Jacques Martin was named the team’s new head coach.
Schedule
The Panthers preseason and regular season schedules were announced on July 12 and July 14, 2004, respectively.
|-
| 1 || September 26 || @ Nashville Predators
|-
| 2 || September 27 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 3 || September 29 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 4 || October 1 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 5 || October 3 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 6 || October 8 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
|-
| 1 || October 14 || Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 2 || October 16 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 3 || October 19 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 4 || October 21 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 5 || October 23 || Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 6 || October 27 || Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 7 || October 29 || Nashville Predators
|-
| 8 || October 31 || Washington Capitals
|-
| 9 || November 3 || Montreal Canadiens
|-
| 10 || November 5 || @ New York Rangers
|-
| 11 || November 6 || @ New York Islanders
|-
| 12 || November 9 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 13 || November 12 || Calgary Flames
|-
| 14 || November 14 || Los Angeles Kings
|-
| 15 || November 17 || @ Anaheim Mighty Ducks
|-
| 16 || November 18 || @ Los Angeles Kings
|-
| 17 || November 20 || @ San Jose Sharks
|-
| 18 || November 24 || New Jersey Devils
|-
| 19 || November 26 || Vancouver Canucks
|-
| 20 || November 28 || @ Washington Capitals
|-
| 21 || November 29 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 22 || December 1 || St. Louis Blues
|-
| 23 || December 4 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 24 || December 8 || Montreal Canadiens
|-
| 25 || December 11 || @ Phoenix Coyotes
|-
| 26 || December 13 || @ Colorado Avalanche
|-
| 27 || December 15 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 28 || December 17 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 29 || December 19 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 30 || December 21 || @ Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 31 || December 23 || @ New York Rangers
|-
| 32 || December 26 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 33 || December 27 || New Jersey Devils
|-
| 34 || December 29 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 35 || December 31 || New York Rangers
|-
| 36 || January 4 || @ New York Islanders
|-
| 37 || January 6 || @ Ottawa Senators
|-
| 38 || January 8 || @ Montreal Canadiens
|-
| 39 || January 12 || Washington Capitals
|-
| 40 || January 15 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 41 || January 17 || Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 42 || January 19 || Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 43 || January 21 || Boston Bruins
|-
| 44 || January 22 || @ Washington Capitals
|-
| 45 || January 24 || @ Boston Bruins
|-
| 46 || January 26 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 47 || January 28 || Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 48 || January 29 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 49 || February 2 || Chicago Blackhawks
|-
| 50 || February 4 || @ Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 51 || February 5 || Anaheim Mighty Ducks
|-
| 52 || February 8 || @ New Jersey Devils
|-
| 53 || February 9 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins
|-
| 54 || February 16 || Ottawa Senators
|-
| 55 || February 19 || New York Islanders
|-
| 56 || February 20 || Detroit Red Wings
|-
| 57 || February 22 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 58 || February 24 || @ Montreal Canadiens
|-
| 59 || February 26 || @ Columbus Blue Jackets
|-
| 60 || February 27 || @ Minnesota Wild
|-
| 61 || March 2 || Toronto Maple Leafs
|-
| 62 || March 4 || @ Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 63 || March 5 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 64 || March 7 || Ottawa Senators
|-
| 65 || March 9 || Edmonton Oilers
|-
| 66 || March 11 || Washington Capitals
|-
| 67 || March 12 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 68 || March 15 || Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 69 || March 18 || @ Washington Capitals
|-
| 70 || March 19 || Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 71 || March 21 || Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 72 || March 23 || @ Dallas Stars
|-
| 73 || March 24 || @ Nashville Predators
|-
| 74 || March 26 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning
|-
| 75 || March 28 || @ Atlanta Thrashers
|-
| 76 || March 30 || New York Rangers
|-
| 77 || April 1 || New York Islanders
|-
| 78 || April 3 || @ Buffalo Sabres
|-
| 79 || April 5 || @ Philadelphia Flyers
|-
| 80 || April 6 || @ New Jersey Devils
|-
| 81 || April 8 || Carolina Hurricanes
|-
| 82 || April 10 || @ Carolina Hurricanes
|-
Transactions
The Panthers were involved in the following transactions from June 8, 2004, the day after the deciding game of the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals, through February 16, 2005, the day the season was officially cancelled.
Trades
Players acquired
Players lost
Signings
Draft picks
Florida's picks at the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, which was held at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina on June 26–27, 2004.
Notes
References
Flo
Flo
Florida Panthers seasons
Florida Panthers
Florida Panthers |
14678853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavi%C8%9Ba | Glavița | The Glavița is a left tributary of the river Bega in Romania. It discharges into the Bega near Chizătău. Its lower course is part of the Coșteiu-Chizătău Canal between the Timiș and the Bega. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Timiș County |
38853545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derzerb | Derzerb | Derzerb (; also known as Dezerv, Dezerve, and Dozdū’īyeh) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Bam County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 11 families.
References
Populated places in Bam County |
15742842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parempuyre | Parempuyre | Parempuyre (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
References
Communes of Gironde |
26954534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Kennedy%20High%20School%20%28Michigan%29 | John F. Kennedy High School (Michigan) | John F. Kennedy High School was a high school located in Taylor, Michigan, in the United States, in Metro Detroit.
The school, which had two stories, served portions of Taylor and Brownstown Township. It had a capacity smaller than that of Truman High School.
Notable alumni
Joseph Calleja better known as Joe C., Class of 1993, was an American rapper of Maltese descent. He became popular as part of Kid Rock's band.
Steve Avery Class of 1988, is a former left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who was a 1st round draft pick and young star with the Atlanta Braves in the early 1990s.
History
Kennedy High opened for classes on February 8, 1965. The 1965-66 enrollment was 1,359 10th and 11th grade students. In 1966, the school graduated 399 students in its first graduating class. On April 10, 2017, the Taylor School District Board voted 4–3 to close Kennedy High School due to declining enrollment and cost savings.
The school closed permanently after the 2018 school year, with its students and staff merged with Harry S. Truman High School to form a new school, called Taylor High School. The district decided to discontinue use of Kennedy's building partly because of the facility's smaller capacity, partly it was not compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and that it had no elevator which could be used for disabled students, and partly because the boiler system and pool heater were not working.
References
External links
Taylor School District Home Page
Defunct schools in Michigan
Schools in Wayne County, Michigan
1965 establishments in Michigan
Educational institutions established in 1965
2018 disestablishments in Michigan
Educational institutions disestablished in 2018
Taylor, Michigan |
71219529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultive%20Junta | Consultive Junta | Consultive Junta () may refer to:
Consultive Junta (Guatemala) of Guatemala (1821–1822), see Central America under Mexican rule
Consultive Junta (El Salvador) of El Salvador (1823) |
38847787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul%20Takzim | Darul Takzim | Darul Takzim may refer to:
Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C., a football club based in Johor, Malaysia
Johor Darul Takzim, a state of Malaysia |
3182832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Garner | Kate Garner | Kathryn Mary Garner (born 9 July 1954) is a British photographer, fine artist and singer.
Early life
Born in Wigan, Lancashire to Anne Philomena Shannon and George Sandeman Garner, a factory worker and a sailor, Garner was expelled from high school at the age of 16, and became a runaway who joined The Children of God. To escape the grasp of the cult she hitchhiked from London through Eastern Europe to India in 1970, where she lived for a year as a traveller before being located by her parents. She attended art school at Blackpool in northern England; later she moved to London, where she began to both photograph and model for up and coming magazines such as The Face and i-D.
Career
Garner first came into the public eye as one third of the 1980s avant-garde, new wave pop project Haysi Fantayzee, along with other members Jeremy Healy and Paul Caplin. Emanating from street arts scenes such as the Blitz Kids that were cropping up in London in the early 1980s, Haysi Fantayzee's music combined reggae, country and electro with political and sociological lyrics couched as nursery rhymes.
Catapulted to stardom by their visual sensibilities, Haysi Fantayzee combined their extreme clothes sense – described as combining white Rasta, tribal chieftain and Dickensian styles – with a quirky musical sound comparable to other new wave musical pop acts of the era, such as Bow Wow Wow, Adam and the Ants and Bananarama. They appeared several times on the BBC Television programme Top of the Pops. Despite being touted by David Bowie's producer Tony Visconti as the next big thing, the group quickly disbanded after releasing three hit singles "John Wayne Is Big Leggy", "Shiny Shiny" and "Holy Joe", and an album, Battle Hymns for Children Singing, that went gold.
Garner then returned to painting, photography and video, launching a successful media arts career, starting with her collaboration with Sinéad O'Connor, in which she created memorable images of O'Connor for her 1987 debut, The Lion and the Cobra. Garner has since photographed a wide range of musicians and celebrities, including Dr. Dre, Eazy E Leigh Bowery, Patti Smith, Angelina Jolie, Cate Blanchett, Iggy Pop, David Bowie, Cameron Diaz, PJ Harvey, John Galliano, Björk and Kate Moss. Her work has appeared in the American and British versions of Vogue and Harper's Bazaar as well as W magazine, Interview, i-D, The Face, GQ, Vanity Fair, Elle and The Sunday Times.
She had her first multimedia exhibition in February 2007 at the Painter's Gallery on Charing Cross Road, London, and a year later had an exhibition in San Francisco, California, titled 'Identity Artists'. She has shown at/with Galerie13 in Paris., Artcube in Paris, Bankrobber Gallery,London, Zebra One Gallery in Hampstead, London and The Lawrence Alkin Contemporary Art Gallery, Soho, London. Her work has appeared at the Affordable Art Fair in London 2009, Brussels 2010 and Paris 2010, London 2012. She was sponsored by the Arts Council for her show at The Future Gallery, off Charing Cross Road, in January 2010.
She designed a wallpaper collection, which is archived at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and was in a touring exhibition with the Whitworth Gallery from 2010 to 2012.
References
External links
Interview about her life and photography on Maledetti Fotografi
Kate Garner's page at Zebra One Gallery (archived)
Kate Garner's own page
1954 births
Living people
English women singers
Photographers from Lancashire
Women new wave singers
People from Wigan |
59702450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Norwegian%20Football%20Cup%20final | 1995 Norwegian Football Cup final | The 1995 Norwegian Football Cup final was the final match of the 1995 Norwegian Football Cup, the 90th season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF). The final was played at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and opposed two Tippeligaen sides Rosenborg and Brann. As the inaugural final match finished 1–1, the final was replayed seven days later at the same venue with the Rosenborg defeated Brann 3–1 to claim the Norwegian Cup for a seventh time in their history.
Route to the final
Matches
First match details
Replay match details
References
1995
Football Cup
Rosenborg BK matches
SK Brann matches
1990s in Oslo
Sports competitions in Oslo
October 1995 sports events in Europe
November 1995 sports events in Europe |
238422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam%20Lynch | Liam Lynch | Liam Lynch may refer to:
Liam Lynch (Irish republican) (1893–1923), general in the Irish Republican Army
Liam Lynch (musician) (born 1970), American musician, writer, and movie director |
5194143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2041 | New York State Route 41 | New York State Route 41 (NY 41) is a north–south state highway in Central New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an interchange with NY 17 (Future Interstate 86) in the town of Sanford in Broome County, New York. Its northern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in the village of Skaneateles. The route is almost long and passes through Broome, Chenango, Cortland, and Onondaga counties. NY 41 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, replacing New York State Route 70 from Homer to Skaneateles. The route initially extended as far north as Jordan; however, NY 41 was cut back to its current northern terminus .
Route description
Sanford to Greene
NY 41 begins at NY 17 exit 82 in McClure, a hamlet within the town of Sanford. The route heads north, following Oquaga and Cornell Creeks through a series of valleys in the rural eastern portion of Broome County. It intersects only minor highways of local importance before crossing into Chenango County. Now in the town of Afton, NY 41 passes under Interstate 88 (I-88) just south of an intersection with County Route 26 (CR 26). The highway turns northeast, paralleling I-88 into the village of Afton.
In Afton village, NY 41 connects to I-88 by way of an eastward extension of Maple Avenue. NY 41 turns northwest at this junction, following Maple Avenue across the Susquehanna River and into the center of the village. Here, NY 41 briefly overlaps with NY 7 before exiting the village and heading northwestward through two more river valleys to the town of Coventry, where it meets NY 206 in the hamlet of Coventryville.
The two routes converge here and head west to the hamlet of Coventry, where they intersect the northern end of NY 235. NY 41 and NY 206 continue on, following Wheeler Brook westward into the town of Greene and the village of Greene located within. In the eastern portion of the village, the highway intersects CR 32, which joins the two state highways for two blocks before splitting off to the south at a junction on the eastern bank of the Chenango River. NY 41 and NY 206 continue west across the river into the village center, where the two routes meet NY 12. Here, NY 41 leaves NY 206 and follows NY 12 northward through the western portion of the village. The concurrency lasts for just before NY 41 splits from NY 12 and exits Greene village.
Greene to Cortland
The route continues north through the towns of Greene and Smithville to the hamlet of Smithville Flats, where it meets the western terminus of NY 220. NY 41 heads northwest from this junction, passing by Long Pond and Cincinnatus Lake before crossing into Cortland County and the town of Willet. In the hamlet of the same name, NY 41 intersects NY 26. It joins NY 41 here, and the two routes proceed northwest from the hamlet and across the Otselic River to a junction with the east end of NY 221. Past this point, NY 26 and NY 41 head due north along the river's west bank into the town of Cincinnatus.
The overlap comes to an end near the hamlet of Gee Brook, where NY 41 splits from NY 26 and veers northwestward into a rural valley surrounding a small stream that gives the hamlet of Gee Brook its name. NY 41 crosses through the northeastern corner of the town of Freetown and the southern portion of the town of Solon on its way to the town of Cortlandville, where it intersects I-81 and US 11 west of the village of McGraw. US 11 and NY 41 come together here and parallel I-81 westward toward the city of Cortland. Just east of the city line, I-81 veers north to avoid downtown Cortland while US 11 and NY 41 continue west across the Tioughnioga River and into the city.
US 11 and NY 41 follow Port Watson Street into downtown Cortland, where they meet NY 13 at Church Street. All three routes turn north here, following Church Street for three blocks to Groton Avenue. Here, NY 13 turns east to follow Groton Avenue (which becomes Clinton Road) out of the city while US 11 and NY 41 turns west onto Groton, joining NY 222, which begins at the junction of Groton Avenue and Church Street. Here, maintenance of the route shifts from the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) to the city of Cortland. The overlap between NY 41 and NY 222 ends two blocks later when US 11 and NY 41 turn north onto Main Street. The two routes remain on Main Street up to Homer Avenue, at which point the two routes veer onto Homer Avenue and follow it out of the city, at which point maintenance of NY 41 becomes the responsibility of NYSDOT once more.
Cortland to Skaneateles
Now in the adjacent village of Homer, US 11 and NY 41 meet I-81 once more by way of a lengthy exit ramp internally designated as NY 930Q by NYSDOT. The two routes continue on into the village center, where they meet the southern terminus of NY 90. The overlap between US 11 and NY 41 ends three blocks later when NY 41 leaves US 11 and follows Clinton Street to the northwest. NY 41 intersects with NY 281 before leaving Homer village.
Just over northwest of the Homer village limits in the town of Homer, NY 41 intersects with NY 41A, its only suffixed route. While NY 41A heads off to the west, NY 41 heads north through the town of Scott and into the Onondaga County town of Spafford, where it becomes East Lake Road and begins to parallel Skaneateles Lake. NY 41 heads northwest through Spafford, running atop a long, narrow hill bounded by Skaneateles Lake to the west and Otisco Lake to the east. At Borodino, a hamlet in northern Spafford, NY 41 meets the southern terminus of NY 174. North of Borodino, NY 41 follows a more lakeside routing through the towns of Spafford and Skaneateles to the village of Skaneateles, where NY 41 ends at a junction with US 20.
History
From the mid-1920s to 1930, the road connecting the village of Skaneateles to the village of Homer via the east side of Skaneateles Lake was designated as NY 70, a numbered state highway long. Further south, the road leading southeast from the city of Cortland, through Greene at the Chenango River, to Afton at the Susquehanna River (a distance of ) was an unnumbered road. In the 1930 state highway renumbering, the entire length of old NY 70 was incorporated into the newly established NY 41. This new route was, at the time, designated from McClure (beginning at an intersection with NY 17) through Afton and Greene to Cortland, where it met US 11. NY 41 overlapped US 11 through Cortland to Homer, from where NY 41 used old NY 70 to reach US 20 in Skaneateles. The new Route 41 continued further north to the village of Jordan (at NY 31). The portion of the Skaneateles–Jordan highway between Elbridge and Jordan was previously known as NY 31A prior to 1930. When initially created in 1930, NY 41 was long. A pair of state routes in the vicinity of Jordan were renumbered as spur routes of NY 31 . One of these was the portion of NY 41 north of Elbridge, which became NY 31C. NY 41 was truncated on its northern end to Skaneateles as part of the change. The south end of NY 41 was shifted slightly with the opening of the Quickway .
NY 41A
NY 41A () is a western alternate route of NY 41 which runs from Homer to Skaneateles along the west shore of Skaneateles Lake. It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
041
Transportation in Cortland County, New York
Transportation in Chenango County, New York
Transportation in Broome County, New York
Transportation in Onondaga County, New York |
43678360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayllani%20%28La%20Paz%29 | Wayllani (La Paz) | Wayllani (Aymara waylla Stipa obtusa, a kind of feather grass, -ni a suffix, "the one with the feather grass", also spelled Huayllani) is a mountain in the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, on the border of the municipalities of Jesús de Machaca and Viacha. It lies southeast of Turini.
References
Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia) |
69164763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Perry | General Perry | General Perry may refer to:
Edward A. Perry (1831–1889), Confederate States Army brigadier general
Nick Perry (British Army officer) (born c. 1972), British Army major general
Scott Perry (politician) (born 1962), Pennsylvania Army National Guard brigadier general
William F. Perry (1823–1901), Confederate States Army brigadier general |
16174248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos%20in%20Nigeria | Filipinos in Nigeria | Filipinos in Nigeria consist largely of migrant workers in the oil industry, though those in the capital city Abuja also work in the education and medical sectors. By mid-2008, their numbers had grown to an estimated 4,500, up from 3,790 in December 2005. They commonly hold skilled construction positions, among them pipe layers, welders, and engineers, and may earn as much as US$10,000 per month; however, they often find themselves the target of violence by local militants.
History
There were Filipinos in Nigeria as early as the 1970s; the Philippine Barangay Society of Nigeria was founded in 1973 in an effort to coordinate the various Philippine community organisations that had already sprouted up around the country. Its offices are located at the Caverton Helicopter Staff Compound in Ikeja, Lagos.
Violence and travel ban
In January 2007, Philippine president Gloria Arroyo imposed a ban on further travel to Nigeria in response to the kidnapping of twenty-four Filipino sailors from a boat in the Niger Delta state of Warri, coming on the heels of nearly a hundred incidents of foreigners being taken hostage in the previous few months. However, workers already in Nigeria were permitted to stay there, and the government indicated that they did not plan to evacuate them. There had been only seven Filipino victims of abductions in Nigeria in all of 2006, compared to the twenty-four in January 2007. The ban was relaxed just two months later, allowing workers with pre-existing contracts to return to Nigeria; by May, the Filipino government estimated the number of workers had grown to 4,500. That month saw the repatriation of 45 Filipinos working for Daewoo Engineering and Construction, after they had been released by gunmen who kidnapped them from their camp in Port Harcourt.
Despite the relaxation of the ban, it remained in place through the end of the year; Filipino workers largely ignored a government appeal to return home (which included the promise of an amnesty for those who had gone to Nigeria undocumented or in violation of the ban), after the announcement that anyone who returned to the Philippines for the Christmas holiday would not be allowed to depart for Nigeria again. The Christmas season in Nigeria was marred by further violence, with one group of nineteen migrant workers attacked twice in two weeks, first on board their ship and then at their hotel, resulting in one death; the survivors were also repatriated to Manila.
Ironically, despite the ban, one Filipina engineer in Nigeria, Esperanza Derpo, was chosen as one of the recipients of the Banaag Award for the Year 2008 Presidential Awards for Filipino Individuals and Organizations Overseas by the Presidential Commission on Filipinos Overseas.
Crime
Filipinos have been involved in a number of incidents of oil theft in Nigeria. In July 2008, 14 Filipinos aboard the MT Lina Panama were arrested on board their vessel and accused of stealing 168,000 tons (150,000 metric tonnes) of crude oil. They were subsequently released on bail. In November 2008, 22 Filipino crews were arrested, aboard the ship MT Akuada for alleged oil theft, commonly known as 'oil bunkering'. 9 were released but 13 crewmen remained in jail awaiting trial. They were tried in Nigerian court and the 13 Filipinos were subsequently convicted and fined. Eventually, the charterer of the ship paid the fine that lead to the release of the Filipinos.
References
External links
Philippine Barangay Society in Nigeria
Asian Nigerian
Nigeria |
38589257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala%20language%20%28Papua%20New%20Guinea%29 | Lala language (Papua New Guinea) | Lala, Nara, or Pokau is an Austronesian language of the central southern coast of the Papuan Peninsula in Papua New Guinea. This language is spoken in the villages of Oloi, Diumana, Ala'ala, Tubu, Kaiau and Vanuamae. A count in 2017 showed there to be about 3000 speakers with a current language status of developing, meaning that the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some.
According to Ethnologue the Lala language shares a 57% lexical similarity with the Toura language, and 47% with the Abadi language.
Culture
The coastal surroundings of this land allows for vegetable farms and plenty of animals to be hunted, the wallaby being one notable example. The coast is also utilized for fishing.
Phonology
Vowels
The Lala language contrasts five vowel qualities. The front vowels are always short, while the back (or non-front) vowels are always long. Hence, the vowels are long , short , short , long , and long . Vowel pairs are au, ei, io, oe, oi, and ou.
Consonants
The following consonant phonemes are distinctive in the Lala language:
The fricative only occurs in the words 'horse' and 'Hula people'. Consonants and were probably originally pronounced as . Introduced can be heard in the name and in 'ship'. Introduced appears in 'boat'.
Stress
Stress usually falls on the second-to-last syllable of a word. It shifts when a syllable is added to a word. In some words no apparent stress can be heard, except in combination. The stress can also be altered when the word is shouted.
Morphology
Tense
Simple present, simple past, and present continuous tenses marked on subject person markers. The markers a, o, ka, de, and e are placed after a noun to indicate these three tenses.
Past continuous tense uses the subject person markers , , , , , , . Remote past tense uses the marker . Future tense uses the subject markers , , , , , , and .
Affixes
Object suffixes are often used with transitive verbs. These object suffixes are , , , , , , . Because the object pronoun usually comes in order after the subject pronoun, the object suffix is sometimes dropped without confusing the meaning. If the object pronoun comes first because of emphasis, the correct object suffix must be used to make the meaning clear.
The causative prefix changes a root to a causative verb or noun. An example of this is 'to show', which is based on the root 'to look'.
The nominalizing prefix changes words to nouns. An example of this is 'woven', from 'to weave'.
The prefix does not take the object suffixes and is not used with the causative , nor does the duplication of the verb root occur with .
Modifiers
Negative modifiers are the general negator 'not', 'no', and 'not yet'. Verbal modifiers of manner and time are presented in the following two charts.
Possession
The Lala language distinguishes alienable from inalienable possession, the latter of which refers to relatives, parts of the body, and close extensions of the body.
Plural forms
Some nouns can be pluralized by reduplication. Examples of this are 'bird' and 'birds', and 'girl' and 'girls'.
There are exceptions to this rule, for example the reduplicated word 'woman' is singular, while the corresponding plural form is simpler 'women'.
Syntax
The basic constituent order in most sentences follows the structure subject–object–verb.
Clause types
The following clause types can be distinguished:
Purpose clause e.g. 'We went to the town to buy a truck.' In this sentence the stated purpose is to buy a truck.
Reason clause e.g. 'Work hard lest your father get cross.' In this sentence the reason is to avoid the father's getting cross.
Coordinate clause e.g. 'Go and help your mother.' In this sentence the two actions of going and helping your mother are conjoined.
Time clause e.g. 'After the rain stops we'll go hunting.' The important word to note in this sentence is 'after'. The use of the word 'after' makes the listener know when the action can or should take place.
References
Notes
Sources
Central Papuan Tip languages
Languages of Central Province (Papua New Guinea) |
71520040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awhina%20Tangen-Wainohu | Awhina Tangen-Wainohu | Awhina Tangen-Wainohu (born 16 December 1997) is a New Zealand rugby union player. She plays for New Zealand at international level and was a member of their 2021 Rugby World Cup champion squad. She also plays for Chiefs Manawa in the Super Rugby Aupiki competition and represents Waikato provincially.
Rugby career
2021
Tangen-Wainohu was named in the Chiefs team that played the Blues women in the first-ever women's super rugby match at Eden Park on 1 May 2021. She was later selected for the Chiefs Manawa squad for the inaugural 2022 Super Rugby Aupiki season.
2022
On August, Tangen-Wainohu was named in the Black Ferns squad for the Laurie O’Reilly Cup Test series. She made her international debut for New Zealand on 20 August against Australia at the Orangetheory Stadium in Christchurch.
Tangen-Wainohu was also selected for the 32-player squad to the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup. She scored her first try against the Wallaroos in the opening match of the World Cup.
2023
On 17 April, She was given a fulltime Black Ferns contract for the first time as New Zealand Rugby announced the 34-contracted-players for the year.
References
External links
Awhina Tangen-Wainohu at AllBlacks.com
1997 births
Living people
New Zealand female rugby union players |
46583003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola%20Maltese | Paola Maltese | Paola María Elena Maltese Mongelos, known professionally as Paola Maltese (born 10 January 1984) is Paraguayan actress, presenter and entrepreneur. Born in Asunción, she attended the Scuola Italiana Dante Alighieri and majored in audio visual communication. As a teenager she appeared in the TV series Gonzalez vs. Bonetti, and she later landed a role in La Chuchi. On stage, she appeared in productions Sorpresas, Cinderella (La cenicienta) and Beauty and the Beast (La bella y la bestia).
Maltese is one of the presenters of the morning show Marca Latina, and a leading presenter for Radio Latina. In 2010 she featured in the film Universo Servilleta.
Currently she is the host of MasterChef Paraguay.
References
Paraguayan stage actresses
Paraguayan television actresses
1984 births
Living people
People from Asunción
Paraguayan radio presenters
Paraguayan people of Italian descent
21st-century Paraguayan actresses
Paraguayan women radio presenters |
27413813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles%20Bullard | Giles Bullard | Sir Giles Bullard (24 August 1926 – 11 November 1992), was a British diplomat. His appointments included British Ambassador to Bulgaria and High Commissioner to the West Indies at the time of the American invasion of Grenada.
Early life
Giles Lionel Bullard was born in Oxford, England, one of five children of Sir Reader Bullard and his wife, Miriam Catherine (Biddy), née Smith (one of his brothers being the diplomat Sir Julian Bullard).
Bullard was educated at the Dragon School, Oxford, and at Blundell's School in Tiverton in Devon. He won a scholarship to Balliol College in Oxford, which he attended from 1944 to 1945, before three years of national service, including a year with the West African Rifles.
In 1948 Bullard returned to Balliol, where he was president of the junior common room, and played cricket and rugby for the college, and rugby for the university in 1950 and 1951, in the latter year as captain of the side that beat Cambridge 13–0 in the Varsity Match, Bullard contributing most of the Oxford score. In 1952 he captained the Oxford University RFC team which made an unbeaten tour of Japan. He graduated with a second in modern history in 1951. On 20 December 1952 he married Hilary Chadwick (d. 1978), daughter of J. C. Brooks, of London; they had two sons and two daughters.
Career
After three years with a shipping firm, mostly in Norway, Bullard joined the foreign service in 1955, serving in Bucharest, Panama, Bangkok, and Islamabad. He had two home postings, in the mid-1960s to the personnel department of the Foreign Office, and in the mid-1970s as a senior inspector.
Bullard spent a year at the Centre for South-East Asia Studies in Cambridge, and from 1977 to 1980 was consul-general in Boston, where he met his second wife, Linda Lewis, née Rannells (d. 1995), whom he married in 1982. His next post was as British Ambassador in Sofia.
Bullard's next posting was as High Commissioner to the West Indies, based in Bridgetown, Barbados. Only two months after his arrival came the American invasion of Grenada, to topple a left-wing regime and a suspected pro-Cuban plot. This armed intervention in a Commonwealth country was greeted in London with official outrage, but Bullard, who knew the strong feelings about the Grenada regime in other West Indian countries, advised co-operation with the Americans, or at any rate doing nothing to hamper them. The fact that his advice was ignored was something he never referred to, though he was sorely tempted to do so in the face of American criticism.
Bullard was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1980 and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1985.
After his retirement in 1986 Bullard lived at the Manor House, West Hendred, near Wantage, where he engaged in many country pursuits and local interests. Like his father, Bullard was quietly spoken, a rock of integrity, and a man of wide reading and subtle humour. He died at his home on 11 November 1992.
References
External links
E. C. Hodgkin, 'Bullard, Sir Reader William (1885–1976)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, January 2010. Accessed 19 May 2010.
Details of the estate of Sir Giles Lionel Bullard, The Independent, 5 June 1993. Accessed 20 May 2010.
1926 births
1992 deaths
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Blundell's School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Oxford University RFC players
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Bulgaria
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Barbados
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Antigua and Barbuda
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Dominica
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Grenada
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Kitts and Nevis
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Lucia
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
3378941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship%20Operators | Starship Operators | is a Japanese light novel series written by Ryo Mizuno. Six volumes were published by MediaWorks (now ASCII Media Works) between 2001 and 2005. An anime television series adaptation animated by J.C.Staff aired on TV Tokyo from January to March 2005. Starship Operators is licensed in North America by Geneon.
Plot
Starship Operators is about the 73rd class of the Defense University of the Planet Kibi. As they are returning home after the maiden voyage of the , they find that their home planet, Kibi, has been taken over by one of the Henrietta region's super powers, Henrietta Alliance of Planetary Nations.
The original command crew all abandon ship, as per the conquerors' demands. Left alone on the ship, the cadets decide to keep their command and fight on. To this end, they have decided to ask Galaxy Network to fund the operation of Amaterasu as a fleeing self-governed nation in exchange for letting them broadcast the ship's adventures live - as a reality TV program.
The novel's storyline also features Amaterasu finding its way through space to reach the control zone of another super power, the Henrietta Independent Federation, for protection.
Characters
The Amaterasu command structure is divided into three bridges. If the first bridge is inoperable or unavailable, any of the other two may assume command. The Operators' uniform color signifies their station.
Primary (Command) Bridge
Operator uniform color: blue
Sinon is the main protagonist and executive officer of the Amaterasu. She is a brilliant strategist in combat, often providing CO Kanzaki with a voice of reason. She is also one of the most resistant in fighting with the Amaterasu against the kingdom. Sinon has some problems when is comes to understanding feelings and thus may appear cold.
Alley is quiet and reserved, and often handles the ship-to-ship communications. She is fighting to avenge the destruction of the Maizuru that her father commanded. This hatred results in her being one of the most driven members of the crew to the point of near recklessness at times.
Miyuri is one of Sinon's close friends, and the chief astronomer. She joined the Defense Forces because the starships, in particular the Amaterasu, carry the best observatories in the galaxy. Miyuri has some of the best eyes on the ship and spends most of her free time observing the stars.
The commanding officer of the Amaterasu. He is an excellent administrator but easily cracks under the pressures of battle. The only thing that prevents him from totally folding under the pressure at times is his pride as a man and officer. Captain Kanzaki is slightly pessimistic but he and the others use that nature to find flaws in combat plans and ways of improving the plans for maximum efficiency. Cisca is considered to be one of the leaders by the Kingdom. He was one of the two people on the ship that is aware that someone else is pulling the strings behind the scenes.
Secondary (Fire Control) Bridge
Operator uniform color: orange
The shy and relaxed teenage daughter of the president of a Kibi corporation called "Wakana Rare Metals". She has a two year crush on Takai Kiryu but has not acted on it all.
Although she is one of the youngest members on board, she acts as the crew's "big sister".
A short cadet who is cheerful and lackadaisical.
The fire control chief, and commander of the second bridge. Nicknamed the "King of Fighters" among the cadets, he is also an accomplished marksman. A very laid back young man with a strong will that doesn't give into peer pressure and doesn't believe that others should either, thus he gets frustrated with the other crew members who feel forced into staying on the ship. Takai also lost a father on the Guard Ship Maizuru but rather than fighting for vengeance like Alley Hisaka, he is more concerned about the justice of the Kingdom’s actions and uses the battles as a form of protest. Takai is considered third in command of the ship even though he directly states that he is unsuited for full leadership.
Tertiary (Navigation) Bridge
Operator uniform color: red
An easygoing cadet who has a good sense of humor.
Text-message pals with Sinon, but an otherwise quiet young woman. Renna is an agent of Kibi Intelligence that was to keep and eye on the ship. She dies from gunshots from soldiers while on the planet of Shu. Renna desperately wanted to be a full member of the crew but was unable due to her job as spy.
She is from a family of diplomats and politicians, and brought her uncle, former Kibi Prime Minister Tatsuma Mamiya, on board as head of the government-in-exile. She is a very politically intelligent woman who at times acts as the public face of the crew. Rio is one of the two people who knows that someone else is pulling the strings behind the scenes. While she puts on a strong face, Rio is afraid of dying in the fighting. She only ever allows this vulnerability to be shown around Cisca Kanzaki. She was head of the debate team while in the academy.
The navigation control chief, and commander of the third bridge. In addition to being the helmsman of the Amaterasu, Shinto also pilots the Amaterasus small shuttle, and is among the best flight controllers in the Defense Forces. He was given officer status due to his high grades and the fact he is one of the few males on the ship. That was done for the Network. Shinto's piloting skills have allowed him to save a number of his fellow crew's lives.
Other Amaterasu Crew Members
Operator uniform color: purple
Shimei Yuuki
A child prodigy, he holds mathematics and theoretical physics degrees at the age of 15. He is also the systems administrator of the AESOP computer, and is the only commissioned officer who remained on board the Amaterasu. Shimei spends most of his time away from the rest of the crew because of the need to work in a sealed room with AESOP. He always seems to smile even when in the face of imminent doom. Shimei dies in the final episode piloting the Amaterasu as a fireship, asserting his official rank as superior to the cadets'.
Minase Shinohara
The ship's only medical staff, who was a trainee during the shakedown cruise. She is highly pressed for her medical skills.
Sei Ogino
The ship's supply chief, and an expert economist.
Kouki Sakakibara
The chief engineer of the Amaterasu. He is nicknamed Oyassan (Old Man) by fellow crew mates, to his annoyance. Kouki does his best to keep the engineering crew from panicking but due to the high demand for his level of skill, the chief engineer can not always break up every dispute. Kouki tries to act like a father to the young crew, especially Sinon.
Henrietta Planetary Alliance
Admiral Dul Elroy
The commanding officer of the Alliance heavy cruiser Conquistador. He is the first to start treating the Amaterasu as a real threat while his constitutions cannot see beyond the fact that the Amaterasus is made up of mostly children. The Admiral believes that only a three to one advantage over the Amaterasu will have a chance of beating the warship and its cunning crew. Elroy was responsible for sinking the Shenlong. While he is an officer of the Alliance, this man is willing to directly challenge orders if they go in the face of destroying the Amaterasu.
Hans Georg Hermann
An intelligence officer in the Alliance military.
Civilians
Dita Mirkov
The enthusiastic reporter for the Galaxy Network reality show Starship Channel. She starts to sympathize with the crew and at times forgets that she isn’t officially part of the crew itself.
Peter Spikes
The cynical, sarcastic producer for Starship Channel that heads the show and provided funds for the ship. He cares more about the ratings than the lives of the crew and only cares about the show.
President Rau
Episodes
Ships
Amaterasu - 3rd Freedom Guard Ship, Kibi Planetary Nation
(name origin: Amaterasu (天照), a sun goddess and a principal Shinto deity)
CO: Cisca Kanzaki
XO: Shinon Kouzuki
Crew: 46
Length: 310 m
Width: 105 m
Primary Armament: 4600 mm Plasma Cannon
(possibly derived from the 460 mm naval guns mounted on the Yamato-class battleships)
Secondary Armament: Torpedoes/Missiles
Tertiary Armament: one "Revolver" - 5 chamber LASER cannon, one Pulse LASER, one Plasma Coil Gun
Defensive Munitions: Anti-Laser Defensive Systems
Kasumi (霞, "misty") - Magnetic wave reflection plate
Ikasumi (烏賊墨, "squid ink")- Magnetic wave absorption fiber
Armor: Hotaru (蛍, "Firefly") Heat Protection Plates
Sensor: Kamioka (神岡) - Neutrino emission Sensor
(origin: Kamioka Observatory)
Onboard Artificial Intelligence (AI): AESOP (Artificial Encephalon System by Optical Processor)
(name origin: Aesop, an ancient Greek story teller)
Propulsion: 2 main thrusters
6 sub thrusters
Max acceleration 5G+ (with auxiliary boosters)
Destroyed: EP 13
Trafalgar - 21st Battleship (Destroyer Class), Henrietta Alliance (15:50 Ep 2)
(name origin: Battle of Trafalgar, British naval victory over combined French and Spanish fleets, 1805)
CO: Captain Joseph Meyer
Primary Armament: Laser cannons
Defensive Armament: 10000 mm Plasma cannon
Destroyed: EP 2
Maizuru - 2nd Freedom Guard Ship, Kibi Planetary Nation (07:52 Ep 3)
(name origin: Maizuru (舞鶴市 Maizuru-shi), a city in Kyōto Prefecture 京都府, headquarters of the JMSDF Western District fleet)
CO: Captain Hisaka Jin
Destroyed: EP 1
Aboukir - Stealth Ship, Henrietta Alliance (7:30 Ep 4)
(name origin: Battle of Aboukir Bay, Japanese name for Battle of the Nile, British naval victory over French fleet, 1798)
CO: Admiral Ricardo Fares
Destroyed: EP 4
Actium - Stealth Ship, Henrietta Alliance
(name origin: Battle of Actium, Naval victory of Gaius Octavius' over Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra VII, 31 BC)
Primary Armament: Laser Cannon
Defenses: Invisible to active and passive sensors
Destroyed: EP 12
Solomon - Flagship, Henrietta Alliance
(name origin: Battles of the Solomon Sea, Japanese name for a series of naval engagements during the Guadalcanal Campaign, 1942.
CO: Fleet Admiral August Perry
Appeared in novel
Shenlong - Battleship, Shu Planetary Nation, (12:35 EP 7)
(name origin: Shenlong, (神竜, Shinryū, lit. "Spirit Dragon"), a spiritual dragon from Chinese mythology)
CO: Captain Wong
Primary Armament: 1 Plasma Cannon
Secondary Armaments: 4 missile launchers
Tertiary Armaments: 4 pulse lasers, 2 pulse beams
Propulsion: 1 main thruster
2 sub thrusters
Max Acceleration: 7 G
Destroyed: EP 8
Conquistador - Battleship, Henrietta Alliance, Gordova Planetary Nation (13:03 EP 7)
(name origin: Conquistador, a term used for Spanish and Portuguese explorer-soldiers during Spanish conquest of Americas)
CO: Admiral Dulle Elroy
Primary Armament: 1x 4000 calibre Plasma Cannon
Secondary Armament: 1x 300PM class LASER Cannon
Propulsion: 2 Main thrusters
8 sub-thrusters
Max Acceleration: 10 G
Destroyed: EP 13
Lissa (Dragonfly) - Warship (Skipper Class), Henrietta Alliance (13:10 EP 7)
(name origin: Battle of Lissa (1866), Austrian naval victory over Italy; Battle of Lissa (1811), British naval victory over combined French and Venetian squadron)
CO: Captain Harrel Naja
Primary Armament: Lisa2 - Assault Module (pulse laser), capable of precision short-warp
Propulsion: 1 Main thruster
4 sub-thrusters
Max acceleration: 8 G
Destroyed: EP 11
Leyte (Hammerhead) - Armored Battleship (Corvette Class), Henrietta Alliance (13:28 EP 7)
(name origin: Battle of Leyte, Japanese name for the Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944)
CO: Captain Yun-suk Lee
Primary Armament: 4 Separating turrets (1 plasma cannon, 3 laser cannons)
Propulsion: 1 Main thruster
4 sub-thrusters
Max Acceleration: 7 G
Destroyed: EP 8
Mariana (Hedgehog) - High Speed Warship (Frigate Class), Henrietta Alliance (13:35 EP 7)
(name origin: Battle of the Marianas, Japanese name for the Battle of the Philippine Sea near the Mariana Islands, June 1944)
CO: Admiral Louis Belmont
Primary Armaments: 4 LASER Cannons
Propulsion: 2 main thrusters
6 sub-thrusters
Max Acceleration: 9.5 G
Destroyed: EP 11
Levant, Recon Ship, Henrietta Alliance (19:27 EP 9)
(name origin: Battle of the Levant, Japanese name for Battle of Navarino, 1827)
CO: Captain Tiet Langa
Incapacitated: EP 11
Earth Federation Warship (EP 12)
CO: Captain Josef Truman
(possibly a reference to former American President Harry S. Truman)
Primary Armament: 4 LASER Cannons
Unknown Henrietta Alliance warship (EP 1)
Primary Armaments: 1 Railgun
Support facilities: Onboard refinery capable for producing ammunition from nearby Asteroids
Destroyed: EP 1
Additional info - First names of ship captains from
Organizations
(Name origin: Henrietta, a feminine given name ultimately derived from the Germanic name Henrik, which means "Ruler of the home" or "Lord of the house.")
Militaristic alliance of nations within Henrietta region of known space. It has forced several neighbouring planetary nations into submission, and after securing nonaggression treaties, purchases their weaponry at ridiculous bargains. Because of such practices, this alliance is nicknamed the "Kingdom".
Planetary Nation of Kibi
(Name origin: Kingdom of Kibi (吉備国, Kibi no kuni), a kingdom based in Western Japan during the 4th century)
Home of crew of Amaterasu. Currently has a pacifist administration. Surrenders to Henrietta Alliance after destruction of 2nd Guard Ship, Maizuru.
Planetary Nation of Shu
(Name origin: Kingdom of Shu (蜀國), an ancient state based in what is now Sichuan, China.)
Government which used to be closer to Henrietta Alliance before the Amaterasu incidents. The Amaterasu and its crew have many fans in Planet Shu.
Galaxy Network
Large media corporation that finances the purchase of the Amaterasu and its crew's fight against the Henrietta Alliance, by creating a reality show based on it. Starship Channel broadcasting is based in Hollywood.
Arima General Industrial (AGI) Corp.
(Name origin: Arima clan (有馬氏, Arima-shi), a Japanese kin group.)
Large conglomerate that is equivalent to today's Boeing, and the company that developed and built the Amaterasu. AGI also acts as an intermediary for sale of military hardware.
Alliance of planetary nations that competes for power with the Kingdom.
Appeared in novel.
Earth Federation (Originally: Earth Alliance Planetary Nation)
A political power centered on Earth, rivalling or surpassing in power all others.
Places
Kibi
(name origin: Kingdom of Kibi, 4th century western Japanese kingdom that acted as cultural bridge between Korea and Yamato, conquered by Yamato)
Home planet of Amaterasu and its crew.
Phoenicia
(name origin: ancient Phoenicia, located north of the Canaan, enterprising maritime culture, conquered by Persia)
Neutral system where Amaterasu sought temporary sanctuary. It is located near Kibi.
Shu
(name origin: Shu (state), one of major states during China's warring states era, conquered by Qin)
Planet of origin for Captain Wong and Shenlong
Gordova
(name origin: Cordoba, Spain, Spanish city conquered by Moors)
Planet of origin for the Conquistador and its original crew.
Palmia
(name origin: Palmyra, Ancient Syrian city, conquered by Romans)
Location of Arima General Industry (AGI) Headquarter
Theme songs
Opening theme
Radiance
by Mami Kawada
arranged by Tomoyuki Nakazawa
Ending theme
Chi ni Kaeru ~on the Earth~
by Kotoko
arranged by Yoichi Shimada
Staff
Director - Takashi Watanabe
Screenplay - Yoshiko Tomizawa
Music - Kenji Kawai
Original Work - Ryo Mizuno
Character Design - Fumio Matsumoto
Mech Design - Kimitoshi Matsumoto
Sound Director - Toru Nakano
Japanese Companies
Geneon Entertainment, Inc.: - Production
J.C.Staff - Animation Production
MediaWorks - Production
TV Tokyo - Broadcaster/Production
External links
TV Tokyo's Starship Operators website (Japanese)
Starship Operators at the Internet Movie Database (IMDB)
Fictional spacecraft by work
2001 Japanese novels
Anime and manga based on light novels
Dengeki Bunko
Dengeki Comics
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Drama anime and manga
Geneon USA
J.C.Staff
Light novels
Military science fiction
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Shōnen manga
Space opera anime and manga |
31013478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patitta%20Attayatamavitaya | Patitta Attayatamavitaya | Patitta Attayatamavitaya (; ; born August 26, 1986), nicknamed New, is a Thai actress and television personality. She starred in the film Pai In Love.
References
1986 births
Living people
Patitta Attayatamavitaya
Thai television personalities |
71791723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Peverelli | Giuseppe Peverelli | Giuseppe Peverelli (Turin, 19 December 1893 – Montevideo, 1969) was an Italian industrialist and Fascist politician, who served as Minister of Communications for one day in the Mussolini Cabinet in July 1943 and then again in the Italian Social Republic from September to October 1943.
Biography
Holding a degree in engineering, he was an assistant teacher at the Polytechnic of Turin and practiced the profession of engineer. He took part as a volunteer in the First World War, and after the war he joined the National Fascist Party; during the Fascist period he was President of the National Marble Federation from 1928 to 1934 (his family owned a granite quarry near Lake Orta) and a member of the board of directors of Confindustria from 1934 to 1943. In 1939, he became a member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations. After serving as Undersecretary of State for Communications from 13 February 1943, on 24 July 1943 he was appointed Minister of Communications, replacing Vittorio Cini who had resigned, but his tenure lasted only one day, as on 25 July 1943 Mussolini was deposed following a no confidence vote by the Grand Council of Fascism. After the armistice of Cassibile he joined the Italian Social Republic and served as its Minister of Communications from its establishment on 23 September 1943 to 5 October of the same year, when he was replaced by Augusto Liverani. After the war he fled to Argentina, where he founded a stone-cutting company, and later to Montevideo, Uruguay, where he died in 1969.
References
1893 births
1969 deaths
People of the Italian Social Republic
Mussolini Cabinet
Government ministers of Italy
Italian military personnel of World War I
Members of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations |
20448157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique%20Ndjeng | Dominique Ndjeng | Dominique Ndjeng (born 4 November 1980) is a German former footballer who played as a defender. He also holds Cameroonian citizenship. His brother Marcel Ndjeng is also a professional footballer.
References
External links
Living people
1980 births
Footballers from Bonn
German people of Cameroonian descent
Cameroonian people of German descent
Men's association football defenders
German men's footballers
1. FC Köln II players
Rot Weiss Ahlen players
VfL Osnabrück players
TuS Koblenz players
SC Preußen Münster players
SC Fortuna Köln players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players |
37097474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overload%20%28convention%29 | Overload (convention) | Overload (formerly Doujin Overload) is an annual single-day anime convention focusing on doujin held in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the first of its kind to run in New Zealand.
Origins
Overload (the Doujin Overload) was set up based on conversations in the Auckland doujin community about helping local artists showcase and sell their work, specifically inspired by the Comiket in Japan.
Programming
The convention has run as a single-day event every year apart from 2011 when it took place over two days. Aside from the sale of artists' work, it includes a comic competition (from 2012), an art exhibition (since 2012) and cosplay competition (since 2010).
History
The conference has become more diverse over the years, such as with the dropping of 'Doujin' from the convention name and focus on wider comic work from 2011 on, and with events in recent years such as the 2011 Game Development panel, and the 2012 art exhibition at Unitec Snow White Gallery of Japanese anime artist Fuzichoco.
The event is notable for early support of cos-players from 2008 on. In 2011 former World Cosplay Champion Yuri Inaba was an invited participant of Overload.
Event History
External links
2011 Convention in Photos (stuff.co.nz)
2009 Overload (Asia Down Under)
References
Anime conventions in New Zealand
Book fairs in New Zealand
Comics conventions
Doujin
Recurring events established in 2006
Events in Auckland |
69933442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20FIL%20Junior%20European%20Luge%20Championships | 2022 FIL Junior European Luge Championships | The 43rd FIL Junior European Luge Championships took place under the auspices of the International Luge Federation in Bludenz, Austria from 15 to 16 January 2022.
Medalists
Medal table
References
FIL Junior European Luge Championships
Junior European Luge Championships
Junior European Luge Championships
Luge
Luge in Austria
International sports competitions hosted by Austria
Sport in Vorarlberg
Junior European Luge Championships |
32245680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20Orientation%20Non-Discrimination%20Act | Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act | The Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act (SONDA) is a New York law which prohibits discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation in employment, housing, public accommodations, education, credit, and the exercise of civil rights. Passed in 2002, SONDA added the term "sexual orientation" to the list of specifically protected characteristics in various state laws, including the Human Rights Law, the Civil Rights Law, and the Education Law.
History
SONDA was first introduced in the New York State Assembly on February 16, 1971 by Assemblymember Al Blumenthal (D-Manhattan) and in the New York State Senate by Senator Manfred Ohrenstein (D-Manhattan), only to be defeated. The bill was reintroduced in the Assembly in 1983, but was again defeated by a narrow margin.
In 1990, Deborah Glick (D-Manhattan) became the first openly gay member of the Assembly. Glick made SONDA as a top priority of her campaign. The legislation was first passed by the Assembly on February 1, 1993 by a vote of 90–50, with 81 Democrats and nine Republicans favoring the bill and 14 Democrats and 36 Republicans opposing it. It was stalled repeatedly in the Senate for the rest of the decade.
On January 28, 2002, the Assembly passed SONDA by a vote of 113–27. On December 17, 2002, the Senate passed the legislation by a vote of 34 to 26; it was signed into law by Governor George Pataki the same day. SONDA went into effect on January 16, 2003.
Provisions of the law
SONDA prohibits discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation in employment; admission to and use of places of public accommodation, resort or amusement; admission to and use of educational institutions; publicly assisted housing; private housing accommodations and commercial space; and credit. SONDA also prohibits discrimination and/or harassment on the basis of actual or perceived sexual orientation in the exercise of an individual's civil rights. Institutions that are "religious or denominational", together with organizations "operated for charitable or educational purposes", are exempted from the provisions of SONDA. SONDA indirectly applies when a transgender person is discriminated against based on that person's actual or perceived sexual orientation.
In 2019, New York enacted the Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act (GENDA), which added "gender identity" and "gender expression" as protected categories under New York's Human Rights Law.
See also
New York City Gay Rights Bill of 1986
Equality Act
Employment Non-Discrimination Act
Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act
New York Human Rights Law
References
New York (state) statutes
LGBT rights in New York (state)
2002 in American law
2002 in LGBT history
2002 in New York (state)
Anti-discrimination law in New York (state) |
18849253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goranboy%20%28city%29 | Goranboy (city) | Goranboy (also, Geran’boy, Geranboi, Kasum-Ismailov, Kasum-Ismailovo, Kasum-Izmaylovo, and Qasym Ismayylov) is the capital city of the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan. The municipality consists of the city of Goranboy and the nearby villages of Qarasüleymanlı, Şahməmmədli, İrəvanlı, and Şurakənd. Vougar Aslanov is from Goranboy.
References
External links
World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan – World-Gazetteer.com
Populated places in Goranboy District |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.