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36242458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlumetia%20borbonica | Chlumetia borbonica | Chlumetia borbonica is a moth of the family Euteliidae. It is known from Réunion, where it is found in low and medium altitudes and Madagascar.
It has a wingspan of approx. 22 mm.
The larvae feed on Syzgium cumini and Eucalyptus robusta of the family Myrtaceae.
References
Moths described in 1992
Euteliinae
Moths of Africa |
10412234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambohidratrimo | Ambohidratrimo | Ambohidratrimo is a municipality in Analamanga Region, in the Central Highlands of Madagascar, located at 15 km from the capital of Antananarivo.
There are found the Twelve sacred hills of Imerina.
References
External links
Populated places in Analamanga |
2221610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus%20%28disambiguation%29 | Papyrus (disambiguation) | Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus.
Papyrus may also refer to:
Papyrus (comics), a Belgian comic book series
Papyrus (company), stationery and greeting card retailer purchased in 2009 by American Greetings
Papyrus, a synonym for a genus of plants, Cyperus
Papyrus (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
Papyrus (typeface), a widely available typeface designed by Chris Costello
Computing
Papyrus (software), an Open Source UML 2 tool
Papyrus Design Group, a computer game developer
Fictional characters
Papyrus (character), a major character from the 2015 video game Undertale
See also
List of ancient Egyptian papyri |
3235573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celbalrai | Celbalrai | Celbalrai, known as Beta Ophiuchi, is a star in the constellation Ophiuchus.
Celbalrai may also refer to:
Celbalrai Organic Revolution, Austrian brand of mineral supplements |
33058828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord%20Irrigation%20Area%20Important%20Bird%20Area | Ord Irrigation Area Important Bird Area | The Ord Irrigation Area Important Bird Area is an area of land used for irrigated agriculture along the Ord River in the vicinity of the town of Kununurra in the Kimberley region of north-western Australia. It has been identified by BirdLife International as a 220 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA) for its significance for birds, especially estrildid finches.
Description
The IBA comprises the entire irrigated area of the Ord River Irrigation Scheme around and downstream of Kununurra, with the adjacent Lake Kununurra extending upstream from the town. The establishment of irrigated farmland has formed perennially moist areas of cumbungi and native wetland grasses, which support larger numbers of several bird species than does the surrounding non-irrigated bushland and dry pasture. The cumbungi and grasses occur along waterways and the edges of Lake Kununurra, as well as in agricultural fallows. The average annual rainfall is 790 mm, falling mainly from October to April.
History
The irrigation and drainage infrastructure was constructed in the early 1960s, with commercial farming taking place from 1963 when Kununurra's Ord Diversion Dam was completed. Using water first from Lake Kununurra, and later from Lake Argyle, a reservoir formed by the completion of the main Ord Dam in 1972, some 140 km2 of cattle grazing land became productive farmland. Farm blocks are typically 260-360 ha in size, on heavy, black cracking clay soils. The main crops include sugarcane, sandalwood, fruit, vegetables and cotton.
Birds
The IBA supports the largest recorded numbers of star finches and yellow-rumped munias, as well as smaller number of Australian bustards, Bush stone-curlews, white-gaped and yellow-tinted honeyeaters, white-browed robins, masked and long-tailed finches, and sometimes over 1% of the population of Australian pratincoles. Other birds found in the IBA include brolgas, little curlews and black-backed bitterns. Letter-winged kites, white-quilled rock-pigeons, varied lorikeets, northern rosellas, bar-breasted and banded honeyeaters are occasionally recorded.
References
Kimberley (Western Australia)
Irrigation in Australia
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia |
5071106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua%20Tibia%20Wilderness | Agua Tibia Wilderness | Agua Tibia Wilderness (ATW) is a protected area in Riverside and San Diego counties, in the U.S. state of California. It is mostly within the Palomar Ranger District of the Cleveland National Forest. The area was originally protected as the Agua Tibia Primitive Area until January 1975 when it was added to the National Wilderness Preservation System with the passage of Public Law 93-632 by the United States Congress. Between its inception and 1984, the ATW was San Diego County's only officially designated wilderness area. The Spanish name, Agua Tibia, translates as warm water.
Its approximate boundaries are:
North – SR 79
East – Arroyo Seco River
South – Fray Creek
West – Pala Road
Environment
There are no permanent streams in the ATW. The highest landform is Agua Tibia Mountain with an elevation of .
Though the summer climate is hot, with limited shade and no water sources, there were no fires in the ATW for 110 years. In the last two decades, there have been four fires including the Palomar Mountain Fire (1987), the Vail Fire (1989), the Agua Tibia Fire (2000), and the Poomacha Fire (2007). Its pollution exposure is monitored within the San Diego Air Basin.
Flora
The Agua Tibia Wilderness is home to rare and endemic plants. These include:
Nevin's barberry (Mahonia nevinii)
Rainbow manzanita (Arctostaphylos rainbowensis)
Round-leaved boykinia (Boykinia rotundifolia)
Vail Lake ceanothus (Ceanothus ophiochilus)
Agua Tibia Research Natural Area
The Agua Tibia Research Natural Area (ATRNA), located within the wilderness, comprises of bigcone Douglas-fir—canyon live oak forest. The area was set aside for the study of this forest type in the Peninsular Range province and with emphasis on forest succession, long-range ecological changes and the effects of resource management practices. Bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) is a relict species and is endemic to Southern California. This population on the ATRNA is unique for its relatively great age, size, genetic purity, placement near the southern extent of the species' range, and for its remoteness and lack of disturbance by man. Other notable plants in the research area are Laguna linanthus (Linanthus orcuttii ssp. pacificus) and Hall's monardella (Monardella macrantha ssp. hallii). Both are listed as 1B by the California Native Plant Society's Rare Plant Program.
References
External links
USDA Forest Service official site
Topo Map
Land Management Plan Strategy
Agua Tibia Wilderness
Wilderness areas of California
Cleveland National Forest
Protected areas of Riverside County, California
Protected areas of San Diego County, California
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Protected areas established in 1975
1975 establishments in California |
6219719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory%20%28Vladimir%20Nabokov%20novel%29 | Glory (Vladimir Nabokov novel) | Glory () is a Russian novel written by Vladimir Nabokov between 1930 and 1932 and first published in Paris.
The novel has been seen by some critics as a kind of fictional dress-run-through of the author's famous memoir Speak, Memory. Its Swiss-Russian hero, Martin Edelweiss, shares a number of experiences and sensations with his creator: goal-tending at Cambridge University, Cambridge fireplaces, English morning weather, a passion for rail travel. It is, however, the story of an émigré family's escape from Russia, a young man's education in England, and his (perhaps) disastrous return to the nation of his birth—the "feat" of the novel's Russian title.
Translation
The text was translated by the author's son, Dmitri Nabokov, with revisions by the author, and published in English in 1971. The Russian title, Podvig, also translates as "feat" or "exploit." Its working title was Romanticheskiy vek (The Romantic Age), as Nabokov indicates in his foreword. He goes on to characterize Martin as the "kindest, uprightest, and most touching of all my young men," whose goal is fulfillment. Nabokov remarks that he has given Martin neither talent nor artistic creativity.
Plot summary
Martin Edelweiss grows up in pre-Revolutionary St. Petersburg. His grandfather Edelweiss had come to Russia from Switzerland, and was employed as a tutor, eventually marrying his youngest pupil. The watercolor image of a dense forest with a winding path hangs over Martin's crib and becomes a leading motif in his life. During Martin's upbringing, his parents get divorced. His father, whom he did not love very much, soon dies. With the revolution, his mother, Sofia, takes Martin first to the Crimea, then out of Russia.
On the ship to Athens, Martin is enchanted by and has his first romance with the beautiful, older poet Alla, who is married. After Athens, Martin and his mother find refuge in Switzerland with his uncle Henry Edelweiss, who will eventually become Martin's stepfather.
Martin goes to study at Cambridge and, on the way, stays with the Zilanov family in London; he is attracted to their 16-year-old daughter, Sonia. At Cambridge, he enjoys the wide academic offerings of the university and takes some time to choose a field. He is fascinated by Archibald Moon, who teaches Russian literature. He meets Darwin, a fellow student from England, who has a literary talent and history as a war hero. Darwin also becomes interested in Sonia, but she rejects his marriage proposal. Martin has a very brief affair with a waitress named Rose, who blackmails Martin by faking a pregnancy, until Darwin unveils her ruse and pays her off. Just before the end of their Cambridge days, Darwin and Martin engage in a boxing match.
Martin does not settle down after Cambridge, to the dismay of his uncle and step-father, Henry. He follows the Zilanovs to Berlin and meets the writer Bubnov. During this period, Martin and Sonia imagine Zoorland, a northern country championing absolute equality. Sonia pushes Martin away, making him feel alienated among the group of friends he had in Berlin. He takes a train trip to the South of France. At some distance he sees some lights in the distance at night, mimicking an episode in his childhood. Martin gets off the train and finds the village of Molignac. He stays there and works a while, identifying himself alternately as Swiss, German, and English, but never Russian. Getting another negative letter from Sonia, he returns to Switzerland. Picking up an émigré publication, Martin realizes that Bubnov has published a story called Zoorland—a betrayal by Sonia, who has become Bubnov's lover.
In the Swiss mountains, he challenges himself to conquer a cliff, ostensibly as a form of training for his future exploits. It becomes clear that Martin has been planning on slipping over the border into Soviet Russia. He meets Gruzinov, a renowned espionage specialist, who knows how to secretly enter the Soviet Union. Gruzinov gives him information, but Martin doubts that Gruzinov is taking him seriously and giving him reliable information.
Preparing for this expedition, Martin says his farewells, first in Switzerland, then back in Berlin, where he meets Sonia, then Bubnov, and then Darwin, who now works as a journalist. He tells Darwin the basics of his plan and enlists his assistance, giving him a series of four postcards to send his mother in Switzerland so she does not get suspicious. Darwin does not believe he is serious. Martin takes the train to Riga, planning to cross from there into the Soviet Union. After two weeks, Darwin gets nervous and follows his friend to Riga. However, Martin is nowhere to be found: he seems to have disappeared. Darwin takes his concerns to the Zilanovs, and then travels to Switzerland to inform Martin's mother of her son's disappearance. The novel ends with Martin's whereabouts unknown and Darwin leaving the Edelweisses' house in Switzerland having delivered the troubling news.
Critical response
Glory was, as the writer and critic John Updike observed in a 1972 New Yorker review, the author's fifth Russian-language novel but his last to be translated to English. "In its residue of bliss experienced," Updike writes, "and in its charge of bliss conveyed, 'Glory' measures up as, though the last to arrive, far from the least of this happy man's Russian novels." In his non-fiction book U & I, the writer Nicholson Baker classes Glory as among his favorites of Nabokov's Russian works. James Wood writes, 'His novel Glory, for instance, is an absolutely ravishing Bildungsroman, but it must be one of the most idea-free novels of its genre in literature. Nabokov writes, of his hero Martin, that “to listen to Moon’s rich speech was like chewing thick elastic Turkish Delight powdered with confectioner’s sugar.” That is rather one’s sweet, obstructive experience of reading a book like Glory. It is a long corridor of intensified sensations.'
References
External links
An interpretation by Y. Isahaya, accessed 07-13-2008.
Novels by Vladimir Nabokov
1971 American novels
1932 Russian novels
Novels set in University of Cambridge |
27763343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona%20Coast%20%28film%29 | Kona Coast (film) | Kona Coast is a 1968 American drama film directed by Lamont Johnson, starring Richard Boone and Vera Miles.
Plot
Sam Moran (Richard Boone) is a Honolulu charter-boat captain who leads fishing expeditions in the tropical paradise. When his daughter is found murdered at the party of a wealthy young playboy, he seeks the truth about the murder. Convinced the playboy is guilty, he enlists the help of his friend Kittibelle (Joan Blondell), who runs an alcohol-abuse treatment center where Sam's former love Melissa (Vera Miles) is a recovering alcoholic.
Sam runs into a wall of silence obviously built by hush money and islanders fearful of reprisals from the rich and powerful family. The determined dad fights to uncover the information that will land the murderer in jail as he avenges the death of his daughter.
Cast
Richard Boone as Capt. Sam Moran
Vera Miles as Melissa Hyde
Joan Blondell as Kitibelle Lightfoot
Steve Ihnat as Kryder
Chips Rafferty as Charlie Lightfoot
Production
Producers at Seven Arts approached John D. MacDonald to see if he had any ideas for a TV series. He did a treatment for a show set in the Bahamas called Bimini Gal, which he wrote for Robert Mitchum. Eventually this became Kona Coast.
Richard Boone had moved to Hawaii and was keen to help establish film production in the state. He did a deal with CBS who agreed to put up most of the budget for Kona Coast. It was produced by Boone's Pioneer Productions and was distributed by Seven Arts. CBS were hoping it would lead to a TV series, but the film was shot as a theatrical feature rather than a pilot. In May 1967, Boone said "I really don't want to do another series but I've been battling for three years to get production going in Hawaii and if a series will do it, I'll go." CBS produced $750,000 of the $900,000 budget.
The film was produced and directed by Lamont Johnson, who was friends with Boone and had worked with him several times in television. Harlan Ellison was hired to write the script, but he clashed with Boone, and Gil Ralston replaced Ellison.
In July 1967, Vera Miles signed to co star.
Boone said "my role in the movie - and, hopefully, in a series - is so much like me that it's ridiculous. The guy's got a large fishing boat - I own a 42 footer - he'll do anything for a price, he's easy going and loves kids, intelligent enough to deal sympathetically with all the varied groups in the islands, but a hard guy when he's turned on."
It was the first movie to use Cinemobile technology, which enabled the film to be shot in five weeks instead of six.
In March 1968, Boone announced Pioneer Productions would make The Guns of Mauna Kea, a second film in Hawaii.
References
External links
Review of film at Shock Cinema
Kona Coast Letterbox DVD
1968 crime drama films
American crime drama films
Films directed by Lamont Johnson
Films scored by Jack Marshall
Films set in Hawaii
Films shot in Hawaii
Warner Bros. films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
English-language crime drama films |
32499391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayavaram | Rayavaram | Rayavaram may refer to places in India:
Rayavaram (Tamil Nadu), a Town in Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu
Rayavaram, Krishna, a village in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, East Godavari, a village and a Mandal in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, Guntur, a village in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, Prakasam, a village in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, Kadapa, a village in Kadapa district (formerly Cuddapah district), Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, Mahbubnagar, a village in Mahbubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh
Rayavaram, Medak, a village in Medak district, Andhra Pradesh
S.Rayavaram, a village and a Mandal in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh |
5337903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Costigan | Edward Costigan | Edward Costigan may refer to:
Edward P. Costigan, U.S. senator from Colorado
Edward A. Costigan, Boston, Massachusetts shipbuilder |
1540754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage%20of%20the%20Scarlet%20Queen | Voyage of the Scarlet Queen | Voyage of the Scarlet Queen was a radio drama portraying the adventures of the 78-foot ketch Scarlet Queen in the South Pacific. It was broadcast on Mutual from 3 July 1947 to 14 February 1948.
Personnel
James Burton produced the scripts by Gil Doud and Robert Tallman. Elliott Lewis starred as Philip Karney, master of the Scarlet Queen, with Ed Max as first mate Red Gallagher.
Other voice actors include: Gloria Blondell, Lillian Buyeff, William Conrad, John Dehner, Verna Felton, Paul Frees, Frank Gerstle, Virginia Gregg, Ira Grossel, William Johnstone, Berry Kroeger, Jack Kruschen, Mary Lansing, Cathy Lewis, Roddy McDowall, Alan Reed, Rolfe Sedan, Charles Seel, Eric Snowden, Ben Wright, and Barton Yarborough.
Sound effects were provided by Ray Kemper, Tom Hanley, Bill James, considered among the best in the business.
Music was composed and conducted by Richard Aurandt.
Scenario
Each episode opens with an entry from the ship's log, such as: "Log entry, the ketch Scarlet Queen, Philip Karney, master. Position – three degrees, seven minutes north, 104 degrees, two minutes east. Wind, fresh to moderate; sky, fair..." with a similar closing: "Ship secured for the night. Signed, Philip Karney, master." Arriving at an exotic port of call, the captain and first mate would go ashore and immediately run into trouble with local authorities, agents of rival merchants, or desperate women in need of rescue. After some investigation and at least one good fight they would solve the problem, get back on the ship and sail away, Karney and Gallagher sharing a laugh and a drink at the wheel before the captain's closing log entry.
Principal characters
Ship's Master Captain Philip Karney is a principled man of action who places mission above personal gain.
First Officer Red Gallagher is a skilled bo'sun and a loyal sidekick to Karney, although the loyalty is suspect for the first few episodes.
Ku Chei Kang, Karney's employer and the financier of the voyage of the Scarlet Queen, appears in only one episode, but figures prominently in episodes 1–21. Kang is the owner of the sprawling international "China Traders, Kang and Sons", offices of which are visited numerous times by Karney in those episodes.
Constantino, a Portuguese crime lord or similar stature villain, is Kang's antagonist and the source of many (but by no means all) of the troubles that befall Karney and the Scarlet Queen. Constantino's many agents appear in the first 20 episodes, but Constantino himself does not appear until episode 21.
Ah Sin is a remarkably obese, delicate, vain, educated and ruthless Chinese trader who speaks "like Charles Laughton" and surrounds himself with clouds of jasmine perfume. He appears in three episodes. Ah Sin has a sidekick, a Texan named Mangan who carried a pearl-handled frontier pistol. (Ah Sin was the name of an unrelated character in a Bret Harte poem and later a play by Harte and Mark Twain that attempted to expose American racist attitudes toward immigrant Chinese laborers in California. See The Heathen Chinee.)
Henrietta "Hank" Ainley is a love interest of Karney who appears in two episodes. She is acted by Cathy Lewis, real-life wife of Captain Karney actor Elliott Lewis.
Neilson is the crew member who is mentioned most by name and the only one with any speaking lines. He is voiced by Frank Driscoll in Episode 4 and by William Conrad in episode 20. Other crew members mentioned in the action include Cronin, Gordon, and Kohler.
Changes from the pilot to the series
The pilot starred Howard Duff as Captain Phil Karney, and Elliott Lewis as First Officer Red Gallagher. For the series, Lewis took the role of Karney and Ed Max was brought on to play Gallagher.
The pilot show mentions the ultimate villain as Van Gort; this becomes Constantino in the series. Other than a few edits to tighten up the script, The Death of David Malone (the pilot) is as effective as The Shanghai Secret (the first episode of the series) as an introduction to the drama.
Dramatic basis and story arc
Episodes 1–20 chronicle the voyage from San Francisco through many meticulously detailed ports of call until they reach episode 20, "Kang's Treasure and the Ghost of Tangolan Bay". During this time Karney and Gallagher visit ports of call for resupply and further instructions from Kang, provided through local agents of Kang's sprawling Pacific trading operation. At nearly every step they are opposed by agents of Constantino. The "$10 million" prize is a set of ancient Chinese artifacts from every major period of Chinese history. Kang feels the artifacts will restore much needed pride to the people of devastated postwar China, while Constantino is simply greedy and knows that Kang will pay dearly for the artifacts. This climaxes at episode 21.
After Episode 21, Karney, Gallagher, and the Scarlet Queen have another dozen or so adventures, but the series seems to run out of steam without the Kang–Constantino rivalry and the continuity of the original story.
The Scarlet Queen and the Starship Enterprise
The structure of the adventures, opening with a quote from the Ship's Log that introduces a sense of mystery of what is to come, and finishing with a final "captain's log" entry, with adventure in between, has been suggested as a forerunner to the much later Star Trek. The opportunities for inspiration are myriad, but they do not prove causation.
Spelling of the captain's name
Many old-time radio websites exist with reviews of the show and downloads of episodes. Captain Phil Karney's name is spelled variously as Carney, Karney, and Kearney. An image of a Billboard magazine review of the show from August 1947 uses Kearney. However, the original scripts for "The Barefoot Nymph in the Mother Hubbard Jacket" and "The Ninth Niece in the Street of Weeping Women" use Karney. These scripts are in the UCLA library special collections Mort Fine collection boxes 51 and 52.
Individual episodes
Voyage of the Scarlet Queen – Complete Log
Fictitious locations are in quotes. Modern Google Maps place names are in parentheses.
Assessment
Technically the show was among the better radio productions of the time, employing realistic sound effects and sailing terminology, well paced stories and colorfully detailed settings. Most places visited by the Queen are real. Even the map coordinates given by the captain are mostly accurate, following a zigzag course around the South Pacific.
Follow-ups
After the show was cancelled, an attempt was made to revive it under a different name. Only the audition show was produced which was not picked up. The new show's title was to be The Log Of The Black Parrot. The cast included Ed Max, Ted Osborne, Lillian Buyeff, Harold Hughes, Jack Kruschen, and Ben Wright. Music was directed by Walter Schumann and composed by Nathan Scott. The audition was produced by the star of Scarlet Queen, Elliot Lewis and directed by Gil Doud. The announcer was Bob Stevenson. It was recorded on May 6, 1950.
A TV pilot was made in 1975 loosely based on the same concept, titled The Log of the Black Pearl, which likewise included Jack Kruschen in the cast, co-starring with Ralph Bellamy and Kiel Martin, with Jack Webb as executive producer.
References
External links
OTR Network Library: Voyage of the Scarlet Queen (33 episodes)
Internet Archive: Voyage of the Scarlet Queen (32 episodes, mp3 format)
American radio dramas
1940s American radio programs
Mutual Broadcasting System programs |
22465533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renat%20Abdulin | Renat Abdulin | Renat Footovich Abdulin (; born 14 April 1982) is a Kazakh retired footballer.
Career
Abdulin has previously played for Kairat Almaty.
On 15 June 2017, Abdulin moved from FC Ordabasy to FC Okzhetpes. He retired at the end of 2019.
International career
He scored his first goal for Kazakhstan on 1 April 2009 in a 5–1 defeat to Belarus in a World Cup qualifying match. In his next appearance, he fouled England striker Emile Heskey to concede a penalty in a 4–0 defeat.
Even so, he created a shock in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying by scoring the goal to take the lead over the World Cup's eventual third place team Netherlands in the Amsterdam ArenA. Kazakhstan eventually lost 1–3, but it marked for the first time ever a Central Asian side had taken the lead over the world's strongest teams.
International goals
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Kazakhstani men's footballers
Kazakhstan men's international footballers
Kazakhstan Premier League players
FC Kairat players
FC Astana players
FC Tobol players
FC Atyrau players
FC Vostok players
FC Ordabasy players
Footballers from Almaty |
1895850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray%20%28disambiguation%29 | Stingray (disambiguation) | A stingray is a type of cartilaginous fish.
Stingray or Sting Ray may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Stingray (1964 TV series), a British children's series
"Stingray" (Stingray episode), the first episode of the above series
Stingray (1985 TV series), an American drama
Stingray (film), a 1978 action comedy film directed by Richard Taylor
Stingray Timmins, a character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Lord Stingray, a fictional character on the American animated TV series Superjail!
Stingray, the main antagonist from Godfrey Ho's 1993 martial arts film Undefeatable
Music
Music Man StingRay, an instrument
Stingray (album), by rock singer Joe Cocker
Stingray Music, a Canadian digital television audio service
"Stingray" (The Tornados song), a 1965 instrumental single
"Stingray", A song by instrumental rock band The Shadows
Stingray (band), a South African rock band, active around 1980
The Sting-rays, a British (Greater London) psychobilly band, active 1980s
The Stingrays (Bristol band), a British new wave musical group, active 1977-present
King Stingray, an Australian band, active in 2020s
Other uses in arts and entertainment
Stingray (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Stingray Group, a media and entertainment company
Stingray (ride), an amusement park attraction
Autodesk Stingray, a video game engine owned by Autodesk - formerly called Bitsquid
People
Joanna Stingray (born 1960), American singer and actress
Sting Ray Robb (born 2001), American auto racing driver
Sports teams
Dandenong Stingrays, an Australian rules football team that plays in an under 18s league in Victoria
Florida Stingrays, a team of the American Indoor Football Association
Gold Coast Stingrays, an Australian Gridiron football club of the Gridiron Queensland League
Hull Stingrays, an ice hockey club from Kingston upon Hull, England
Long Beach Stingrays, a defunct professional women's basketball team of the American Basketball League
Rhode Island Stingrays, a defunct American soccer team of the USL Premier Development League
San Diego Stingrays, a defunct semi-professional basketball team that was a member of the International Basketball League
South Carolina Stingrays, an ECHL professional minor-league hockey team
Vehicles
Cars
Chevrolet Corvette (C2), produced between 1963 and 1967
Chevrolet Corvette (C3), produced between 1968 and 1982
Chevrolet Corvette (C7), produced between 2014 and 2019
Chevrolet Corvette (C8), beginning with model year 2020
Corvette Stingray (concept car), designed in 1957
Suzuki Wagon R Stingray, variant of the Suzuki Wagon R
Other vehicles
Dyke Stingray, a variant of the Dyke Delta home-built aircraft
MH-68A Stingray, a variant of the AgustaWestland AW109 helicopter, used by the US Coast Guard
Progressive Aerodyne Stingray, an American flying boat design
Sting-Ray, a bicycle made by Schwinn Bicycle Company
Stingray light tank, an armored vehicle
USS Stingray, two real submarines and two fictional ones
Boeing MQ-25 Stingray, an aerial refuelling drone in development for the US Navy
Other uses
Sting Ray Harbour, original name given to Botany Bay, Australia by James Cook
Sting Ray torpedo, a naval weapon
Stingray Nebula, a planetary nebula in the southern constellation Ara
Stingray phone tracker, a cellular phone surveillance device manufactured by Harris Corporation
Stingray, a boat-trapping net made by Foster-Miller
See also
King Stingray, contemporary Aboriginal Australian band |
36960248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%B8rja%20Church | Andørja Church | Andørja Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ibestad Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Engenes on the northwestern tip of the island of Andørja. It is the church for the Andørja parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1914 using plans drawn up by the architect S. Kristensen. The church seats about 325 people. The church was consecrated on 11 October 1914 by the Bishop Gustav Dietrichson.
See also
List of churches in Nord-Hålogaland
References
Ibestad
Churches in Troms
Wooden churches in Norway
20th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1914
1914 establishments in Norway
Long churches in Norway |
27896978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Oaxaca%20earthquake | 2010 Oaxaca earthquake | The 2010 Oaxaca earthquake struck Oaxaca, Mexico on June 30, 2010, with an magnitude of 6.3. Many people in different cities left their beds and ran into the street, as the quake struck at 2:22 am. Helicopters and police vehicles were sent to inspect possible damage in Mexico City, primarily in downtown and central areas, where some buildings were evacuated. In Mexico City, some cases of power outage in Azcapotzalco, Iztapalapa, and Benito Juárez and cracks in buildings were reported. 1 person died in San Andrés Huaxpaltepec, Oaxaca.
See also
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Mexico
Hurricane Alex (2010)
References
External links
2010 earthquakes
2010 Oaxaca
2010 in Mexico
June 2010 events in Mexico
2010 disasters in Mexico |
23842936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna%20Park%2C%20Olcott%20Beach | Luna Park, Olcott Beach | Luna Park (also commonly known as Luna Amusement Park) was an amusement park on the shore of Lake Ontario in Olcott Beach, New York, USA. A popular venue for live entertainment (with the Dreamland Dance Hall), it was open to the public from 1898 to 1926 (predating the Coney Island Luna Park by five years). The name of the dance hall and the inscription on the arch spanning the park's main entrance led to the commonly used nickname of "Dreamland."
In contrast to the similarly named parks that were opened throughout the United States from 1903 to 1914, the primary attractions presented by the Olcott Beach Luna Park were not large rides like the Shoot-the-Chutes and roller coasters but a section of Lake Ontario shore (a popular swimming attraction), restaurants and concessions (shared by the park and nearby Castle Inn), and live entertainment (at Dreamland Dance Hall). Smaller-scale mechanical rides were gradually added, including a circle swing ride. While the "lives" of most of the other Luna Parks were relatively brief (virtually all were gone by 1915), the Olcott Beach park maintained its prominence as a popular recreation stop and a major venue for live entertainment into the 1910s, as Olcott Beach remained a popular stop for both steamboats along the shore of Lake Ontario and interurban trains connecting Albany, Niagara Falls, and Buffalo.
At the end of World War I, Olcott Beach's prominence as a popular tourist destination faded quickly as the automobile replaced trains and steamboats as the city's primary method of access. As tourism dollars declined in the region, so did Luna Park and its main competitor, Rialto Park. While the crowds were dwindling in the 1920s, Luna Park managed to survive the 1926 season, its last in operation.
The following year, a massive fire destroyed virtually every building on Cooper Street (including the Castle Inn and the train station across the street) and most of Main Street. Luna Park was destroyed. The beachside hotels could not be saved and were eventually razed. So was nearby Rialto Park (opened 1902): it was demolished in 1928. Olcott Beach didn't have any operating amusement parks until 1940, when Olcott Amusement Park opened amidst a resurgence of the city (staying in operation until 1986). New Rialto Park opened at the site of its namesake in 1942 and stayed in operation for 50 years.
In 2003, Olcott Beach Carousel Park opened in the same location.
References
1898 establishments in New York (state)
1926 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct amusement parks in New York (state)
Amusement parks in New York (state) |
27420099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Krisak | Len Krisak | Len Krisak (born July 30, 1948) is an American poet.
He graduated from University of Michigan, and Brandeis University.
He taught at Brandeis University, Northeastern University, and Stonehill College.
His work has appeared in Agenda, Commonweal, Raritan, The Sewanee Review, The Hudson Review, PN Review, The Antioch Review, Measure, The Formalist, The Cumberland Poetry Review, Tennessee Quarterly, Classical Outlook, Pivot, Rattapallax, and The Weekly Standard.
He has read his work at the Newburyport Literary Festival and other sites throughout New England.
He is a former member of the Powow River Poets.
He was also a contestant on Jeopardy! in 1995, winning $43,399 in four games and giving himself a berth in that year's Tournament of Champions.
Krisak also won the Gold Pocket.com National Trivia Competition.
Works
Midland (Somers Rocks Press, 1999)
Fugitive Child (Aralia Press, 1999)
Even as We Speak (University of Evansville Press, 2000, )
If Anything (WordTech Editions, 2004, )
Afterimage (Measure Press, 2014, )
As translator
The Odes of Horace (Carcanet, 2006, )
Virgil's Eclogues (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, )
Rainer Maria Rilke: New Poems (Boydell & Brewer, 2015, )
Ovid's Erotic Poems: Amores and Ars Amatoria (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, )
Virgil: Aeneid (Focus Classical Library, 2020)
Anthologies
"Tantalus III", Gods and mortals: modern poems on classical myths, Editor Nina Kossman, Oxford University Press, 2001,
Awards and honors
2000 Richard Wilbur Award
Robert Penn Warren Prize
Robert Frost Prize
2009 Der-Hovanessian Translation Award, New England Poetry Club
Los Angeles Poetry Festival
Pinch Prize
References
American male poets
University of Michigan alumni
Brandeis University alumni
Brandeis University faculty
Living people
Northeastern University faculty
Translators of Virgil
1948 births
Jeopardy! contestants |
324817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleo | Chamaeleo | Chamaeleo is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus Chamaeleo are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to India and Sri Lanka.
Description
Species in the genus Chamaeleo are slow moving, with independently movable eyes, the ability to change skin colouration, a long tongue, usually a prehensile tail, and special leg adaptations for grasping vegetation. Males are generally larger and more colorful than females. Almost all species have a maximum snout-vent length (SVL) between .
Behavior
The vast majority of Chamaeleo species are arboreal and typically found in trees or bushes, but a few species (notably the Namaqua Chameleon) are partially or largely terrestrial.
Reproduction
The genus Chamaeleo includes only oviparous species.
In captivity
With few exceptions, the chameleons most commonly seen in captivity are all members of the genus Chamaeleo; the most commonly found species in the pet trade (as well as through captive breeders) include the common, Senegal, and veiled chameleons, but all chameleons tend to require special care, and are generally suited to the intermediate or advanced reptile keeper.
Taxonomy
Chamaeleo is the type genus of the family Chamaeleonidae.
All other genera of the subfamily Chamaeleoninae (Bradypodion, Calumma, Furcifer, Kinyongia, Nadzikambia, and Trioceros) have at some point been included in the genus Chamaeleo, but are now regarded as separate genera by virtually all authorities.
Extant species
14 species are recognized as being valid, and subspecies are recognized for some species.
Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Chamaeleo.
Fossils
References
Further reading
Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Chamaeleo, p. 227).
Laurenti JN (1768). Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum. Vienna: "Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern". 214 pp. + Plates I-V. (Chamaeleo, new genus, p. 45). (in Latin).
Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Köln, Germany: Academic Press. 544 pp. .
External links
http://www.chameleoninfo.com/Species_Profiles.html
Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
Lizard genera |
43988439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpanjali%20%281972%20film%29 | Pushpanjali (1972 film) | Pushpanjali is a 1972 Indian Malayalam drama film, directed by J. Sasikumar and produced by P. V. Sathyam. The film stars Prem Nazir (in triple roles) and Vijayasree in the lead roles. The film had musical score by M. K. Arjunan. The film was a remake of the Bengali film Uttar Falguni based on the story of Dr. Nihar Ranjan Gupta.
Cast
Prem Nazir as Thampi/Ravi/Chandran
Vijayasree as Usha
Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Thampi's Wife
Adoor Bhasi as Pachupilla
Jose Prakash as Damu
Prema as Renuka
T. S. Muthaiah as Madhava Menon
Sadhana as Salome
Soundtrack
References
External links
1972 films
1970s Malayalam-language films
Malayalam remakes of Bengali films
Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta
Indian drama films
Films directed by J. Sasikumar |
45436447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Perpignan-3 | Canton of Perpignan-3 | The Canton of Perpignan-3 is a French canton of Pyrénées-Orientales department, in Occitanie.
Composition
The canton includes the commune of Cabestany and the southeastern part of Perpignan. At the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the canton was enlarged.
Before 2015, the canton included Cabestany and the following neighbourhoods of Perpignan:
Saint-Gaudérique
Champ de Mars
Saint-Vincens
References
Perpignan 3 |
21407208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99gowo%2C%20Strzelce-Drezdenko%20County | Łęgowo, Strzelce-Drezdenko County | Łęgowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Kurowo, within Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.
It lies approximately east of Stare Kurowo, east of Strzelce Krajeńskie, and east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
References
Villages in Strzelce-Drezdenko County |
290339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20racket%20sports | List of racket sports | Racket sports are games in which players use a racket or paddle to hit a ball or other object. Rackets consist of a handled frame with an open hoop that supports a network of tightly stretched strings. Paddles have a solid face rather than a network of strings, but may be perforated with a pattern of holes, or be covered with some form of textured surface.
Sports that use a netted racket
Badminton
Ball badminton
Battledore and shuttlecock
Crossminton (previously "Speedminton")
Frontenis
Qianball
Racketlon (a series of other racket and paddle sports)
Rackets
Racquetball
Real tennis
Soft tennis
Speed-ball
Squash
Hardball squash
Squash tennis
Stické
Tennis
Tennis polo
Touchtennis
Sports that use a non-netted racket, or paddle
Basque pelota
Beach tennis
Downside ball game
Four wall paddleball
Frescobol
Frescotennis
Jokari
Jombola
Matkot
Miniten
One wall paddleball
Paddle ball
POP tennis
Padel
Paleta Frontón
Pan Pong
Pelota mixteca
Pickleball
Pitton
Platform tennis
Road tennis
Sphairee
Stoolball
Table squash
Table tennis (Ping Pong)
Tamburello
Totem tennis
Paddle Tennis
References
Sport-related lists by sport |
69676519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora%20cuzcoensis | Cora cuzcoensis | Cora cuzcoensis is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Peru, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by María Holgado-Rojas, Eimy Rivas-Plata, and Gary Perlmutter. The specific epithet cuzcoensis refers to the type locality in the Cusco Province, near Machu Picchu. It is only known to occur here, where it grows on the ground near a disturbed rainforest. Similar in appearance (but not closely related) is Cora caliginosa.
References
cuzcoensis
Lichen species
Lichens described in 2016
Lichens of Peru
Basidiolichens |
36855007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan%20at%20the%202012%20Summer%20Paralympics | Kazakhstan at the 2012 Summer Paralympics | Kazakhstan competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from August 29 to September 9, 2012.
Athletics
Men’s Track and Road Events
Men’s Field Events
Women’s Track and Road Events
Powerlifting
Men
Women
Swimming
Men
Women
See also
Kazakhstan at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Kazakhstan at the Paralympics
References
Nations at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
2012
2012 in Kazakhstani sport |
28074122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronto | Pronto | Pronto may refer to:
Transport
Ford Pronto, a vehicle rebadged Suzuki Carry
Pronto (smart card), a contactless smart card used for public transit in San Diego, California
Pronto Cycle Share, a defunct bicycle-sharing system in Seattle, Washington
Pronto (bus service), operating between Manchester and Chesterfield in the UK
Places
Pronto, Alabama, a community in the United States
Pronto Mine, in Ontario, Canada
Other uses
Pronto (magazine), a Spanish celebrity weekly
Pronto (novel), by Elmore Leonard
"Pronto" (Snoop Dogg song)
Pronto, a chain of cafes in Japan managed by Suntory
Pronto, alternate name in some countries for S. C. Johnson's Pledge cleaning product
Pronto, a brand of touchscreen remote control
Plymouth Pronto, a concept car released in 1997
Pronto Airways, a Canadian airline
Pronto Computers, a defunct American computer company
Pronto condoms, released in South Africa
Pronto Software, an Australian company
Pronto.com, an Internet-based price comparison service |
53019475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%2025th%20Anniversary%20Album | The 25th Anniversary Album | The 25th Anniversary Album is the fourteenth studio album by Australian country singer Lee Kernaghan. It was released digitally and physically in Australia on 24 March 2017 through ABC Music.
Background and release
On 19 January 2017, the album was announced to mark the 25th anniversary of Kernaghan's country number one single, "Boys from the Bush", and the release of his debut album, The Outback Club (1992). Kernaghan has since had 34 number one hits on the Australian country music charts, won 36 Golden Guitars and has sold over two million albums in Australia. Kernaghan also performed a 25th anniversary show in Tamworth on 26 January 2017.
Track listing
"Drive On" – 2:51
"Back in '92" (featuring James Blundell) – 3:09
"Yaraka Dust" – 3:03
"Outback Club Reunion" – 4:00
"Island of Oceans" (with John Williamson) – 2:45
"Trip Around the Sun" (with The McClymonts) – 3:20
"Damn Good Mates" with The Wolfe Brothers) – 3:02
"Walk a Country Mile" (with Troy Cassar-Daley and Kasey Chambers) – 3:46
"High Country" (with Robby) – 3:23
"Ned Kelly" with Adam Harvey) – 3:52
"Dumb Things" (with Adam Brand) – 2:41
"Somewhere Between" (with Tania Kernaghan) – 3:01
"Nothin' On" – 3:23
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
Lee Kernaghan albums
2017 albums |
25432423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnaz%20street | Shahnaz street | Shahnaz is a street in Tabriz, Iran. The street is well-known because of its distinct architecture, the churches and shops. It is passing through few of Tabriz old suburbs including Baron Avak and Emamiye connecting them to the city center and Bazaar of Tabriz.
See also
Tarbiyat street
Ferdowsi Street
References
Editorial Board, East Azarbaijan Geography, Iranian Ministry of Education, 2000 (High School Text Book in Persian)
http://www.eachto.ir
Streets in Tabriz |
21886587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliniec%2C%20West%20Pomeranian%20Voivodeship | Gliniec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship | Gliniec (German Neu Glien) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Czarnowo, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately west of Stare Czarnowo, east of Gryfino, and south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
References
Gliniec |
18523892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popielarnia | Popielarnia | Popielarnia may refer to the following places:
Popielarnia, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Popielarnia, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Popielarnia, Ostrów Mazowiecka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Popielarnia, Żyrardów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) |
56216008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Puckett | Martin Puckett | Martin Puckett (born 1992) is an English international male lawn and Indoor bowler.
Biography
He won the National Junior title in 2014. In 2015 he was selected for the England team for the 2015 British Isles Senior International Series.
In 2019, Puckett won the senior mixed doubles title with Devon Cooper at the IIBC Championships.
In February 2019, Puckett won the Mens English National Indoor Singles Champion of Champions.
In March 2022, Puckett won the Mens English National Indoor Singles Championship.
References
1992 births
Living people
English male bowls players |
40768116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daceton%20boltoni | Daceton boltoni | Daceton boltoni is a Neotropical species of arboreal ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The species occurs in Peru and Brazil and is similar to its sister species, D. armigerum.
Distribution
It seems to be exclusively canopy-dwelling and is known to occur in Iquitos, Peru, and Manaus and Cotriguaçu, Brazil. D. boltoni is sympatric with D. armigerum. Although its known distribution is currently only two locations in the Amazonian forest, it is possible and indeed likely that D. boltoni shares a broadly overlapping distribution with D. armigerum.
Description
The worker caste of D. boltoni shares many important character states with that of its sister species D. armigerum, including the heart-shaped head, the large eyes located on a low cuticular prominence, the number of apical mandibular teeth, and general habitus. Daceton boltoni differs from D. armigerum by the absence of a specialized row of thick setae on the inner (masticatory) margin of the mandibles; by mandibles that are slightly shorter and more stout, which could indicate differences in prey preferences between the two species; by a broad gap, when seen in profile, between the bases of the fully closed mandibles and the margins of the head capsule; by shallow depressions adjacent to and ventral to the mandibular insertions; by long and simple lateral pronotal spines; by a weakly impressed metanotal groove; and by subdecumbent to decumbent hairs on the tergite of abdominal segment IV.
Behaviorally, D. boltoni appears to be very similar to D. armigerum. However, drop tests conducted at the type locality indicate that D. boltoni individuals exhibit weak and inconsistent aerial gliding behavior relative to those of D. armigerum.
Gynes and males are unknown.
Worker variation
Among the specimens studied in the original description, Azorsa & Sosa-Calvo (2008) documented some morphological variation, including:
All castes with sides of head lacking a broad gap between bases of mandibles and margins of head capsule when mandibles are fully closed, with the exception of the two minor workers studied, in which case there is a narrow gap.
Erect hairs on the ocular crest are present in all workers examined. However, the number of hairs varies among specimens. We suspect that these hairs are fragile and can be easily lost, which may account for the variation observed between specimens. This seems also to apply to the standing hairs on the median promesonotum and behind the posterior tubercles of the promesonotum.
Humeral tubercles are strongly reduced, sometimes forming a carina or absent, especially in smaller workers.
The propodeal spines of all of the Peruvian specimens examined converging at the tips (U-shaped, when seen in fronto-dorsal view), whereas in most of the specimens from Brazil the propodeal spines are diverging, more like the state in D. armigerum.
Petiolar spines short, almost absent in the smaller castes. The petiolar spines are more developed in the specimens from Brazil.
References
Myrmicinae
Insects described in 2008
Hymenoptera of South America
Hymenoptera of Brazil
Invertebrates of Peru |
63418563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20L%C3%B3pez%20%28editor%29 | Luis López (editor) | Luis López was a seventeenth-century Spanish editor.
López was born in Palencia, but moved to Zaragoza to work as a pastry chef. He later devoted himself to editing. He published several books under his own name, which led some to suppose that he was the author, but it seems more likely that they were written by various Aragonese scholars.
Works
(Universal Chronological Tables of Spain, From the Year 1800 of the Creation of the World, When the Patriarch Tubal Began to Populate Spain, for 3799 Years Until our Times) (Zaragoza, 1637)
("Thropheos" and the Antiquities of the Imperial City of Zaragoza, and its General History from its Foundation by the Grandchildren of the Patriarch Noah after the Universal Flood, to our Times) (Barcelona, 1639)
(The Pillar of Zaragoza, the Most Firm Column of the Faith in Spain, the World's First Catholic Church, Built in the Name of the Most Holy Mary by the Apostle James, son of Zebedee) (Alcalá, 1649)
(Annals of the Kingdom of Aragón)
References
Spanish editors
People from Palencia
17th-century Spanish people |
6726541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20D.%20Walsh | J. D. Walsh | J. D. Walsh may refer to:
J. D. Walsh (actor), American actor
J. D. Walsh (coach), American basketball coach
See also
Walsh (surname) |
26786716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Arum | Richard Arum | Richard Arum (born 1963) is an American sociologist of education and stratification, best known for his research on student learning, school discipline, race, and inequality in K-12 and higher education.
Arum has a B.A. in Political Science from Tufts University, an M.Ed. in Teaching and Curriculum from the Harvard University Graduate School of Education, and a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of California, Berkeley.
He was the second dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Education, as well as a senior fellow at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Research and scholarship
Higher education
Arum’s most notable contributions to research on higher education stem from his work on the CLA Longitudinal Study, a project he led as Education Research Program Director at the Social Science Research Council from 2005-2013. The CLA Longitudinal Study was a large-scale longitudinal study that “tracked over 2,000 young adults as they made their way through college and transitioned into the labor force and graduate school.” Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (University of Chicago Press, 2011) is a book based on the first two years of the study. It received national media attention for its finding that, after the first two years of college, a significant number of students demonstrated no improvement in a range of skills, including critical thinking, complex reasoning, and writing. A follow-up book to Academically Adrift, entitled Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates, was released in September 2014. Arum co-authored both of these books with Josipa Roksa, associate professor of sociology and education at the University of Virginia.
K-12 education
Arum is author of Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority in American Schools (Harvard University Press, 2003), a book that examines the evolution of school discipline in the United States, and co-editor of Improving Learning Environments in Schools: Lessons from Abroad (Stanford University Press, 2012), an edited volume that examines school discipline from an international comparative perspective. He has also written several articles and book chapters on race and stratification in public and private schools.
From 2005-2009, as Program Director of Education Research at the Social Science Research Council, he led efforts to create the Research Alliance for New York City Schools, an entity that focuses on ongoing evaluation and assessment research to support public school improvement efforts.
Since 2011, Arum has served as principal investigator of Connecting Youth, a multi-city research project on teen behaviors, attitudes, and competencies around digital media and learning. The purpose of this research is to document how a set of informal out-of-school programs and two schools (one in NYC and one in Chicago) are implementing initiatives that seek to encourage student-centered, peer-supported learning, the role of technology in learning, and how these elements shape youth trajectories.
Selected publications
Books
Arum, Richard and Josipa Roksa. Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. ()
Arum, Richard and Melissa Velez, eds. Improving Learning Environments in Schools: Lessons from Abroad. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
Arum, Richard and Josipa Roksa. Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. ()
Shavit, Yossi, Richard Arum, and Adam Gamoran, eds. Stratification in Higher Education: A Comparative Study. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007.
Arum, Richard and Walter Mueller, eds. The Resurgence of Self-Employment: A Comparative Study of Self-Employment Dynamics and Social Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Arum Richard, with Irenee Beattie, Richard Pitt, Jennifer Thompson, and Sandra Way. Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority in American Schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Articles
Roksa, Josipa and Richard Arum. "Life after College: The Challenging Transitions of the Academically Adrift Cohort." Change Magazine July/August (2012).
Roksa, Josipa and Richard Arum. "The State of Undergraduate Learning." Change Magazine March/April (2011).
Stevens, Mitchell, Elizabeth Armstrong and Richard Arum. “Sieve, Incubator, Temple, Hub: Empirical and Theoretical Advances in the Sociology of Higher Education,” Annual Review of Sociology 34(2008):127-152.
"The Effect of Racially Segregated Schools on African American and White Incarceration Rates, 1970 to 1990," with Gary LaFree, Criminology 44:1, 73-103 (2006)
Arum, Richard. "Schools and Communities: Ecological and Institutional Dimensions," Annual Review of Sociology 26(2000):395-418.
Arum, Richard. "Do Private Schools Force Public Schools to Compete?" American Sociological Review 61(1996):29-46.
References
External links
Richard Arum, Curriculum Vitae, New York University, 2014
Living people
University of California, Irvine faculty
American sociologists
21st-century American male writers
1963 births
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Sociologists of education
Social Science Research Council |
19305201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer%20Neutral%20Party | Khmer Neutral Party | The Khmer Neutral Party () is a political party in Cambodia. It has its headquarters in Kampong Chhnang.
First participating in the 1993 Cambodian general election, winning 1.3% of the vote, the party believes in promoting a pluralistic political system, combining both right-wing and left-wing ideologies. It also supports liberalism and democracy, opposing absolutism and genocide.
References
External links
Khmer Neutral Party website
Political parties in Cambodia
1993 establishments in Cambodia
Cambodian democracy movements
Democratic socialist parties in Asia
Liberal parties in Cambodia
Political parties established in 1993
Social democratic parties in Cambodia |
36903241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo%20%28Cetu%20Javu%20song%29 | Tiempo (Cetu Javu song) | "Tiempo" is a 1994 single by German synthpop band Cetu Javu taken from their second album Where Is Where.
Track listings
12" vinyl
SPA: Modermusic / EP-1002-M
References
1994 singles
Cetu Javu songs
1992 songs |
20804644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA%20Nagoya | WTA Nagoya | This is a defunct women's tennis tournament on the WTA Tour that was held just once, in 1995. It was held in Nagoya, Japan from September 11 to September 17 and was a Tier IV event. The official name of the tournament was the TVA Cup Ladies Open.
Finals
Singles
Doubles
See also
List of tennis tournaments
External links
Defunct tennis tournaments in Japan
Nagoya
Sports competitions in Nagoya |
45411693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgate | Overgate | Overgate or The Overgate may refer to:
Overgate Centre, a shopping centre in Dundee, Scotland
Overgate (former Dundee street), former street in Dundee, replaced by the Overgate Centre during the 1960s
V9 Overgate, part of the Milton Keynes grid road system
Overgate Hospice Choir, a choir based in Halifax, West Yorkshire which raises money for the Overgate Hospice
The Overgate (folk song), a folk song with Roud number 866 |
4185821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Heat%20of%20the%20Night%20%28Pat%20Benatar%20album%29 | In the Heat of the Night (Pat Benatar album) | In the Heat of the Night is the debut studio album by American singer Pat Benatar, released on August 27, 1979, by Chrysalis Records. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 for the week ending October 20, 1979, peaking at 12 in March 1980, almost six months after its release.
The album includes "Heartbreaker", her breakthrough single in the United States (where it reached the top 25), Canada and New Zealand (it reached the top 20 in both those countries). "Heartbreaker" was the third single released from the album, as neither the first single, Benatar's version of "I Need a Lover", or the second single, her rendition of "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", charted in the US, Canada, Australia or New Zealand.
In the Heat of the Night also contained "We Live for Love", which became Benatar's first top-10 entry in any country when it rose to No. 8 in Canada, while also reaching the top 30 in the US, New Zealand and Australia, her first sizable hit in the latter. In France, "We Live for Love" reached the top 40, although "Rated X" had previously reached the French top 30. In the Netherlands and Belgium, Benatar's rendition of "I Need a Lover" charted within the top 30.
On Billboard magazine's 1980 year-end top pop albums chart, In the Heat of the Night was listed at No. 7. The album also reached No. 3 in Canada, No. 8 in New Zealand, and No. 25 in Australia.
In the Heat of the Night was remastered and reissued on Capitol Records in 2006.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of In the Heat of the Night.
Musicians
Pat Benatar – vocals
Neil Giraldo – lead guitar, keyboards, slide guitar, back-up vocals
Scott St. Clair Sheets – guitars
Roger Capps – bass, back-up vocals
Glen Alexander Hamilton – drums
Recorded At
MCA Whitney Studios, Glendale California. June '79 to July '79
Technical
Mike Chapman – production
Peter Coleman – production
Steve Hall – mastering
Management and Direction
Rick Newman
Artwork
Ria Lewerke – art direction, design
Alex Chatelain – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1979 debut albums
Albums produced by Mike Chapman
Chrysalis Records albums
Pat Benatar albums |
73289972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20IBA%20Women%27s%20World%20Boxing%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Flyweight | 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Flyweight | The Flyweight competition at the 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships was held between 16 and 25 March 2023.
Results
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
Draw
Flyweight |
4279734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Kaberle%20Sr. | František Kaberle Sr. | František Kaberle (born 6 August 1951 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman.
Kaberle spent the majority of his career with HC Kladno where he won five Czechoslovak Extraliga championships and was instrumental in the team's exhibition game victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1977. He was also a member of the Czechoslovak national ice hockey team in the mid-1970s winning the World Championships twice, in 1976 and 1977. He also played at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Personal life
He is the father of Tomáš Kaberle and František Kaberle, who both went on to play in the National Hockey League.
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Czechoslovak ice hockey defencemen
HC Dukla Jihlava players
Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Czechoslovakia
Ice hockey people from Kladno
Rytíři Kladno players
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Czechoslovak expatriate ice hockey people
Czech ice hockey coaches
Czechoslovak ice hockey coaches |
13825433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldo%20Nartallo | Osvaldo Nartallo | Osvaldo Darío Nartallo (born 1972 in General Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina), is a former Argentine footballer.
Nartallo started his career with San Lorenzo de Almagro in 1990, he only made 10 appearances for the club, and left in 1992. His next club was Nueva Chicago in the Argentine 2nd Division.
Later in 1992 he joined Orlando Pirates in South Africa and in 1993 he joined Beşiktaş JK in Turkey, he achieved moderate success at the club, scoring several goals. He later played for in Petrol Ofisi Spor in Turkey.
In 1998, he moved to Spain and played for Granada CF, along with other compatriots, Gaston Lolito and Sebastian Hernán Cattáneo.
In 1999 Nartallo moved to Mexico where he played for three clubs, Puebla Fútbol Club (1999–2000), Toros Neza (2000) and Querétaro FC (2001).
In mid-2001 he wanted to seek new horizons, he nearly signed for a club in Chile but at the last moment the deal fell through. He then returned to Argentina to play for San Lorenzo de Mar del Plata, in the regional tournaments and in the local league, where he played alongside Cristian Daguerre, Gaston Ervitti and Darius Cajaravilla. He retired in 2003.
External links
Argentine Primera statistics
Profile at BDFA
Profile at TFF
1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Granada CF footballers
Club Puebla players
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Toros Neza footballers
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
Envigado F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Süper Lig players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate men's footballers in Colombia
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Colombia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Turkey |
5342526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Nautical%20School | London Nautical School | London Nautical School (LNS) is an 11–18 foundation secondary school for boys and mixed sixth form in Blackfriars, Greater London, England. It was established in 1915.
History
The London Nautical School was established in 1915 in response to the Titanic disaster and subsequent Government inquiry. In 1990, it became one of the country's first 11–18 comprehensive secondary schools for boys to be awarded grant-maintained status. In September 1999, it became a foundation school and was awarded Sports College status in 2003.
Curriculum
The school's academic programme is supported by close associations with the Maritime industry and local football academy offering a range of courses and qualifications in support of its curriculum. The school maintains its own fleet of boats on the River Thames and hosts its own Sea Cadet Unit.
Notable alumni
Marcus Bettinelli, professional footballer
John Bostock, professional footballer
Abdul Buhari, athlete
Jim Dowd, politician
Stewart Jackson, politician and adviser
Edward Lister, political strategist
Reiss Nelson, professional footballer
Jeff Probyn, rugby union player
Mark Stanhope, retired Royal Navy officer
John Wardle, bass guitarist, singer, poet and composer
Gregg Wallace, media personality, presenter, writer, and former grocer
References
External links
Foundation schools in the London Borough of Lambeth
Secondary schools in the London Borough of Lambeth
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Lambeth
Educational institutions established in 1915
1915 establishments in England |
70614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rizzio | David Rizzio | David Rizzio ( ; ; – 9 March 1566) or Riccio ( , ) was an Italian courtier, born in Pancalieri close to Turin, a descendant of an ancient and noble family still living in Piedmont, the Riccio Counts di San Paolo e Solbrito, who rose to become the private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, is said to have been jealous of their friendship because of rumours that Rizzio had impregnated Mary, and he joined in a conspiracy of Protestant nobles to murder him, led by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven. Mary was having dinner with Rizzio and a few ladies-in-waiting when Darnley joined them, accused his wife of adultery and then had a group murder Rizzio, who was hiding behind Mary. Mary was held at gunpoint and Rizzio was stabbed numerous times. His body took 57 dagger wounds. The murder was the catalyst of the downfall of Darnley, and had serious consequences for Mary's subsequent reign.
Career
Rizzio (whose name appears in Italian records as Davide Riccio di Pancalieri in Piemonte) went first from Turin to the Court of the Duke of Savoy, then at Nice. However, finding no opportunities for advancement there, he found means in 1561 to get himself admitted into the train of the Count of Moretta, who was about to lead an embassy to Scotland. The Count in Scotland had no employment for Rizzio, and dismissed him. He ingratiated himself with the Queen's musicians, whom she had brought with her from France. James Melville, a friend of Rizzio, said that "Her Majesty had three valets in her chamber, who sung three parts, and wanted a bass to sing the fourth part".
Rizzio was considered a good musician and excellent singer, which brought him to the attention of the cosmopolitan young queen. Towards the end of 1564, having grown wealthy under her patronage, he became the queen's secretary for relations with France, after the previous occupant of the post had retired. Rizzio was ambitious, controlling access to the queen and seeing himself as almost a Secretary of State. Other courtiers felt that as a Catholic and a foreigner he was too close to the queen. Rizzio became an ally of Lord Darnley, and helped in plans for his marriage to Mary. David Calderwood later wrote that Rizzio had "insinuated himself in the favours of Lord Darnley so far, that they would lie some times in one bed together".
After the marriage, rumours became rife that Mary was having an adulterous affair with Rizzio. According to a French report, it was said that Darnley had discovered Rizzio in the closet of Mary's bedchamber at Holyroodhouse in the middle of the night dressed only in a fur gown over his shirt.
Wealth, possessions and costume
His annual salary for the post of valet was 150 Francs or £75 Scots. In 1565 he got £80 in four installments paid by George Wishart of Drymme. Mary gave him gifts of rich fabric from her wardrobe, including black velvet figured with gold, and five pieces of gold cloth figured with scales. It was said that Rizzio took bribes. William Douglas of Lochleven wrote that he offered Rizzio £5,000 to prevent the forfeit of the Earl of Moray, but Rizzio refused saying he would not act for £20,000.
According to a letter of Thomas Randolph, Rizzio took part in a costumed masque in February 1566, celebrating the arrival of Nicolas d'Angennes, seigneur de Rambouillet, who brought the Order of Saint Michael for Darnley.
After his murder, it was noted that Rizzio had been living in wealthy circumstances. He was said to have £2,000 Sterling in gold coins, good clothing including 18 pairs of velvet hose, and his chamber at Holyroodhouse was well-furnished with a variety of hand-guns described as daggs, pistolets, and arquebuses, and 22 swords. He was said to be wearing a very rich jewel at his neck when he was killed, and was wearing a satin doublet and a furred damask night gown, perhaps the garment mentioned in the earlier French report.
Murder
Jealousy precipitated Rizzio's murder in the Queen's supper chamber in the Palace of Holyroodhouse at 8 o'clock on Saturday, 9 March 1566. Mary, Rizzio, and the Lady Argyll were seated at the supper table. The supper room, which still exists as part of the bedchamber, and was then "a cabinet about XII foot square, in the same a little low reposinge bedde, and a table" according to an account of the murder written by Francis, Earl of Bedford, and Thomas Randolph. The room had been decorated by Mary's servant Servais de Condé.
On the night of the murder the royal guards were overpowered and the palace was turned over to the control of the rebels. The Queen was six months pregnant (with James VI) at the time, and some accused Rizzio of having impregnated her. The rebels burst into the supper room, led by Lord Ruthven, and demanded that Rizzio be handed over. The Queen refused. Rizzio then hid behind Mary but was nevertheless seized. According to Mary, one of the intruders, Patrick Bellenden brother of the Lord Justice Clerk, pointed his gun at her pregnant belly, while Andrew Kerr of Faldonsyde threatened to stab her. Lord Ruthven denied this.
After this violent struggle, Rizzio was dragged through the bed-chamber into the adjacent Audience Chamber and stabbed an alleged 57 times. His body was thrown down the main staircase nearby (now disused) and stripped of his jewels and fine clothes. The location of Rizzio's murder is marked with a small plaque in the Audience Chamber, underneath which is a red mark on the floorboards, which reportedly was left when Rizzio was stabbed to death.
Rizzio was first buried in the cemetery of Holyrood Abbey. Buchanan states that shortly afterwards his body was removed by the Queen's orders and deposited in the tomb of the kings of Scotland in Holyrood Abbey. This strengthened the previous rumours of her familiarity with him. Rumours circulated about the motive for the murder: that Darnley was jealous, or that powerful lords sought to manipulate Darnley and remove an irritating presence at court.
Aftermath
Immediately after the murder Mary was able to speak to Lord Darnley, and may have convinced him they were both in danger and captives in the palace. The guard around her was relaxed and at midnight the next day they escaped and she rode behind Arthur Erskine of Blackgrange, master of her stable, to Seton Palace and then to safety at Dunbar Castle. An English servant of Lord Darnley Anthony Standen later claimed to have accompanied the queen with John Stewart of Traquair and his brother William Stewart. Mary returned to Edinburgh with her supporters, and took up lodgings on the Royal Mile rather than return to the palace. On 21 March she had Darnley declared innocent of the murder.
Robert Melville arrived in Edinburgh from London and reported back to Elizabeth and Cecil on the aftermath of the murder. He noted that Morton, Lord Ruthven, Lord Lindsay, William Maitland of Lethington, the Clerk Register James Balfour, the Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden (whose brother was alleged to have pointed a gun at the queen), and some gentlemen of Lothian, who were all suspected of having knowledge of the plan had fled.
Rizzio's brother, Joseph, arrived in Scotland with Michel de Castelnau and was appointed secretary in David's place by 25 April 1566. Joseph and an Italian colleague, Joseph Lutyni, had some trouble over coins taken from the queen's purse, and in April 1567 he was accused and acquitted with Bothwell of Darnley's murder.
Legacy and memorial
David Rizzio's career was remembered and referred to by Henry IV of France. Mocking the pretension of James VI of Scotland to be the "Scottish Solomon", he remarked that "he hoped he was not David the fiddler's son", alluding to the possibility that Rizzio, not Darnley, fathered King James.
It has been alleged that Rizzio is buried at Canongate Kirkyard, Edinburgh; this would have required reinterment of a Catholic with no living friends in a Protestant graveyard 120 years after his death. It is considered more likely that he lies in an unmarked grave in the graveyard attaching Holyrood Abbey. The Protestant historian George Buchanan wrote in 1581 that David was first buried outside the door of the Abbey, and then Mary arranged for him to be buried in the tomb of her father James V and Madeleine of France within. Buchanan described this circumstance as reflecting badly on the Queen. Fearing that Mary's son, James VI, would suppress the book, Buchanan's friend James Melville tried to get Buchanan to rewrite the passage while the book was at the printers. Buchanan asked his cousin, Thomas Buchanan, a schoolmaster in Stirling, if he thought the story was true, and the cousin agreed. The story was published.
Representation in fiction
Rizzio was played by John Carradine in the 1936 RKO picture Mary of Scotland; by Ian Holm in the 1971 movie Mary, Queen of Scots; by Tadeusz Pasternak in the BBC mini-series Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot; by Andrew Shaver in The CW network television show Reign; and by Ismael Cruz Córdova in the 2018 film Mary Queen of Scots.
The murder of Rizzio and the subsequent downfall of Darnley form the main subject of the 1830 play Maria Stuart by Juliusz Słowacki.
Rizzio's life and death are a key plot element in Caleb Carr's Sherlock Holmes story The Italian Secretary, Holmes vocally dismissing the idea that Rizzio was ever anything more than entertainment.
Arthur Conan Doyle used the death of Rizzio as a plot point in his 1908 story, “The Silver Mirror”.
Rizzio's murder is also the subject of Scottish author Denise Mina's 2021 novella, "Rizzio".
The takers in hand
Thomas Randolph listed these men amomg the participants in Rizzio's murder:
Earl of Morton
Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven
Patrick Lindsay, 6th Lord Lindsay
William Maitland of Lethington
Master of Ruthven
John Cockburn, laird of Ormiston
William Sinclair of Herdmanston, laird of "Haughton"
John Crichton, laird of Brunstane
The laird of Whittinghame
The laird of Lochleven
The laird of Elphingstone (Johnston)
Patrick Murray
Andrew Kerr of Fawdonsyde, son-in-law of John Knox
William Tweedie of Drumelzier
Adam Tweedie of Dreva
with the preachers; John Knox and John Craig. On 19 March, the Privy Council sent letters to a number of men, requiring they attend in Edinburgh to answer questions.
References
Sources
The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, edited by John Hill Burton, LL.D., vol.1. 1545–1569, Edinburgh, 1877, p. 437, lists all those charged with "the slauchter of David Riccio." Given the very many names shown, it presumably includes those in the wider conspiracy.
External links
Manuscript of extracts of letters sent by Mary to her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, with news of the murder from the Bibliothèque nationale de France
Scottish royal favourites
1530s births
1566 deaths
1566 in Scotland
Nobility from Turin
Italian expatriates in Scotland
Italian murder victims
Deaths by stabbing in Edinburgh
Burials at the Canongate Kirkyard
Burials at Holyrood Abbey
Italian people murdered abroad
Court of Mary, Queen of Scots
16th-century Italian nobility
Assassinated Italian politicians
People murdered in Scotland
16th-century assassinated politicians |
57343611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthosia%20segregata | Orthosia segregata | Orthosia segregata is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae.
The MONA or Hodges number for Orthosia segregata is 10493.
References
Further reading
Orthosia
Articles created by Qbugbot
Moths described in 1893 |
74627572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton%20at%20the%202023%20European%20Para%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles%20WH2 | Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships – Women's singles WH2 | The women's singles WH2 badminton tournament at the 2023 European Para Championships was played from 15 to 20 August 2023 in Rotterdam Ahoy, Rotterdam. A total of 6 players competed at the tournament, two of whom was seeded.
Competition schedule
Play took place between 15 and 20 August.
Seeds
The following players were seeded:
(final; silver medalist)'' (champion; gold medalist)'
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Elimination stage
References
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships |
26233912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetpotato%20bug | Sweetpotato bug | The sweetpotato bug (Physomerus grossipes) is a species of Hemiptera in the family Coreidae. Native to Southeast Asia, the species has immigrated to the Pacific Islands. Frequently laying its eggs on the same Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants on which it feeds, the females of P. grossipes are very protective of their young, notably guarding both eggs and nymphs from predators.
Distribution
Native to Southeast Asia, the species' distribution ranges from Indonesia, throughout Peninsular Malaysia and India. The species has spread to other areas, including Guam and Hawaii.
Description
Brown in color with black legs, individuals grow to be about long. Like other Coreidae, P. grossipes is oval-shaped with segmented antennae, a numerously veined forewing membrane, a metathoracic stink gland, and enlarged hind tibia.
Feeding
The insect feeds on Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants. In addition to the sweet potato from which it derives its common name, it frequents other plants of the genus Ipomoea, as well as catjang, Clitoria ternatea and the common bean. Since the removal of juice from the stem in the insect's feeding causes the plant to wither and disrupts its production of fruit, P. grossipes is regarded as a pest.
Biology
The sweetpotato bug oviposits its eggs on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of the plants on which it feeds, as well as on neighboring sedges. A 1990 study found a mean clutch size of 83 eggs, although some egg deposits numbering twice that have been found, possibly representing the collected eggs of several insects. The female of P. grossipes is very protective, providing the "best known example" of "maternal care in the large family Coreidae." Mothers guard their eggs, threatening and occasionally even rushing at the predators that approach them. In addition, P. grossipes generates a strong-smelling fluid from a metathoracic gland with which the mother sprays larger predators through the anal orifice.
In spite of this protection, about 20% of the eggs are eaten by predators such as ants, and 13% are lost to parasitoid predation by chalcidoid wasps, which lay their eggs within the eggs of P. grossipes. Losses to unguarded clutches are much higher. The surviving eggs hatch in roughly 15 days. The insect goes through five nymphal stages ranging from 85 days for males to 88 days for females before reaching full maturity.
After the eggs are hatched, the mother remains to guard the gregarious nymphs, feeding them predigested food. Mixed-age nymph groups have been observed, and several cases of multiple females guarding one nymph group have been documented. Rare enough that this may be an aberration, the phenomenon may also suggest still undisclosed social dimensions to P. grossipes, particularly in conjunction with collective egg clutches. Two mothers possibly are cooperating to guard their broods or an unmated female may assist to raise a brood that is not hers. Males have frequently been found near nymph groups and may also be present to supply protection to the brood.
References
Acanthocorini
Agricultural pest insects
Insects described in 1794
Sweet potatoes
Insects of Southeast Asia |
109803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushnell%2C%20Florida | Bushnell, Florida | Bushnell is a city in western Florida and is the county seat of Sumter County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,418 at the 2010 census. According to the U.S. Census estimates of 2018, the city had a population of 3,119.
History
A post office called Bushnell has been in operation since 1885. The City of Bushnell was named after John W. Bushnell, who was responsible for bringing the railroad to the community. The City of Bushnell is also home to Dade Battlefield state park, a park where on December 28, 1835, Indians ambushed 107 men in the forested area. Only 3 survivors came out of Dade Battlefield, and the battle signaled the beginning of the Second Seminole War.
Geography
Bushnell is located in west-central Sumter County. The area around Bushnell is relatively flat, with some forested areas belonging to the state and rivers, creeks, and small streams that flow underneath roadways with bridges.
Transportation
The main roads through Bushnell include US 301 which runs north and south through the city. County Road 48 (SR 48 until 2016) and County Road 476 run east and west, and have short concurrency with US 301, as well as each other.
Interstate 75 runs along the western edge of Bushnell with Exit 314 leading to Sumter CR 314. County Road 475 begins at CR 48 and runs the CSX Wildwood Subdivision, which carried Amtrak's Palmetto until 2004. The Wildwood Subdivision runs along US 301 from north of the Hernando-Sumter County Line, to Bushnell until Route 301 turns onto East Noble Avenue. From there it runs along the east side of CR 48 until that route turns west onto West Belt Avenue, then follows the east side of CR 475 until its terminus at Exit 321 on I-75 at CR 470 in Lake Panasoffkee.
Bushnell also runs a small transit bus, that follows a daily route around the city's main attractions and busiest areas.
Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 2,050 people in 830 households, including 538 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 1,004 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.37% White, 12.98% African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 1.27% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.56%.
Of the 830 households 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 31.2% of households were one person and 17.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.79.
The age distribution was 20.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The median household income was $26,676 and the median family income was $34,063. Males had a median income of $27,986 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,737. About 11.0% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.
Government and infrastructure
Sumter County operates Bushnell Annex in Room 201 at 910 North Main Street.
Sumter District Schools headquarters and South Sumter High School are located in Bushnell.
References
External links
Bushnell City Website
Bushnell History (Sumter Today)
Cities in Sumter County, Florida
County seats in Florida
Cities in Florida
1885 establishments in Florida
Populated places established in 1885 |
53029455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterolophia%20illicita | Pterolophia illicita | Pterolophia illicita is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1865. It is known from Sulawesi, Timor, Borneo and Moluccas.
References
illicita
Beetles described in 1865 |
1519027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric%20exercise | Isometric exercise | An isometric exercise is an exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. The term "isometric" combines the Greek words isos (equal) and -metria (measuring), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle and the angle of the joint do not change, though contraction strength may be varied. This is in contrast to isotonic contractions, in which the contraction strength does not change, though the muscle length and joint angle do.
The three main types of isometric exercise are isometric presses, pulls, and holds. They may be included in a strength training regime in order to improve the body’s ability to apply power from a static position or, in the case of isometric holds, improve the body’s ability to maintain a position for a period of time. Considered as an action, isometric presses are also of fundamental importance to the body’s ability to prepare itself to perform immediately subsequent power movements. Such preparation is also known as isometric preload.
Overcoming and yielding isometrics
An isometric action is one where the observable angle of the joints is maintained. While this definition always applies there are various sub-definitions which exist in order to emphasise how effort is being applied during specific isometric exercises.
In a yielding isometric exercise the ambition is to maintain a particular body position; this may also be called maintaining an isometric hold. In an overcoming isometric exercise the ambition is to push or pull against either another part of the self, which pushes or pulls back with equal force, or to move an immovable object. On this basis, an overcoming isometric may additionally be referred to as being an isometric press or an isometric pull.
Unweighted isometrics
In unweighted isometrics the exerciser uses only themselves for resistance. For example, holding a crouched position, or pressing the palms of the hands against each other. Where by the self presses against itself, this is also referred to as self-resistance or Dynamic Tension training.
Weighted isometrics
Weighted isometrics involve the additional holding of a weight, and the pressing or pulling of an immovable weight or structure. For example, in a bench press set-up the barbell can be held in a fixed position and neither pushed upwards or allowed to descend. Alternatively, in a mid-thigh pull set-up, a person can attempt to pull a fixed, immovable bar upwards.
Isometrics in combination with dynamic exercise
Isometric training is rarely used by itself and it is usually incorporated into a wider training regime. For instance, an isometric plank may be incorporated into a plyometrics regime. In addition, when a subject performs a dynamic movement, supportive muscle groups can work isometrically. For example, if a person squats while holding a dumbbell in front of their chest, then their arm action will be relatively isometric, whilst their leg action will be dynamic. Such a relationship between an isometric hold and a dynamic movement is often found in weightlifting: participants commonly hold a barbell overhead with straight arms whilst straightening their legs as they stand up from a squat position. This allows for the legs to be primarily responsible for the lifting of the weight.
In most sporting contexts, however, the use of a pure isometric action is rare. In skiing, for example, the skier consistently maintains a crouched position. Whilst this may be considered to be an isometric hold, there is also an amount of dynamic movement as the skier alters how deep the crouch is during their travel. Thus, isometrics can be said to be involved in and supportive of the overall skiing action, even though it is not solely isometric in nature.
In weight training and calisthenics, it is often the case that one phase of the exercise is more difficult to perform than others. If the exerciser tends to fail at this point then it is referred to as a sticking point. An isometric hold may be incorporated to strengthen the exerciser's action at this point. For instance, a sticking point in a heavy back squat is usually the lowest position reached. An isometric hold can be adopted in this position in order to strengthen the lifter's ability to hold the weight there. Over a period of training this can help them to lift the weight more easily from this position and thereby eliminate the sticking point.
Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements
The isometric preloading of muscles is instinctively performed in order to generate power to be used in subsequent dynamic movements: a fundamental element of this muscular preloading is the performance of an isometric press action. An everyday example is a person getting up off a chair. They first raise their posterior off the chair and then perform a pressing action downwards on their bent legs. As the bent legs resist the downward force upon them in equal measure, an isometric press is generated. From this point, the person then straightens and stands up. A more dynamic example is a vertical jump. Here, the jumper crouches down and adopts a similar isometric press before powering upwards into the jump.
The employment of isometric presses in order to aid explosive power movements is also found in sports such as boxing. Here, the boxer may bend their lead leg, while positioning their torso and its respective bodyweight over it, so there exists equal forces between the upwards force of the bent leg and the downward force of the torso. The boxer then throws a lead hook from this position and the forces from the isometric press are channelled into the punch and help to increase its overall power. Such a channelling of force fundamentally represents the purpose of an isometric preload: which is as a preparatory action to aid a subsequent power movement.
Force measurement devices for isometric actions
Force measurement plate: This involves the subject standing on a force measurement plate. Their bodyweight and their downward muscular force presses down on the plate which registers a reading. The subject's downwards muscular force is usually based upon them pressing or pulling against something which precipitates a downwards pressing action from them. For example, for a mid-thigh pull exercise, the subject pulls upwards on a fixed barbell which is positioned around their mid-thigh area. This action causes them to push downwards with their feet and exert pressure, additionally to their bodyweight, onto the plate.
Dynamometer: A dynamometer is a device which involves two handles being pushed, pulled or squeezed together, or pushed or pulled apart, in order to register a reading. As the handles are typically extremely stiff there is very little movement and the action remains predominantly isometric in nature. For example, a dynamometer can be used to measure grip strength: it is held in one hand and the participant attempts to squeeze its two handles together; this registers a force measurement on the gauge.
Electromyograph: An electromyograph measures muscle activation levels through the use of electrodes which are either placed on the muscle in the form of pads, or inserted into the muscle in the form of needles. It is able to measure muscle activation levels for isometric holds as well as for presses and pulls. Typically there is a strong correlation between the mechanical measurement of applied force and the measurement of muscle activation by electromyography.
History
Müller and Hettinger
In the 1950s, German scientists Dr. Erich Albert Müller and Theodor Hettinger "observed that contractions involving less than about one third of maximum strength do not train the muscle. If the contraction of a muscle exceeds one third of its maximum strength, its mass grows and hence also its strength". The study at the Max Planck Institute consisted of over 200 experiments over a ten-year period. Theodor Hettinger published his book Physiology of Strength. They both developed a training program based on isometrics exercise.
In the 1960s, professor James A. Baley put isometrics to the test with a class of 104 college students at the University of Connecticut to study the results on tests measuring increases in strength, endurance, coordination, and agility. The original article showed significant gains after a 4 week program of isometric exercises.
Isometric exercises were first brought to the modern American public's attention in the early days of physical culture, the precursor to bodybuilding. Many bodybuilders had incorporated isometric exercises into their training regimens.
Medical uses
Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various heart murmurs; the murmur of mitral regurgitation gets louder as compared to the quieter murmur of aortic stenosis. They can also be used to prevent disuse syndrome in a limb that has been immobilized by a cast following a fracture.
Isometric exercises are recommended in case of injury. The exercises help maintain strength and promote recovery.
NASA studies
NASA has researched the use of isometrics in preventing muscle atrophy experienced by astronauts as a result of living in a zero gravity environment. Isometrics, muscle lengthening and muscle shortening exercises were studied and compared. The outcome showed that while all three exercise types promoted muscle growth, isometrics failed to prevent a decrease in the amount of contractile proteins found in the muscle tissue. The result was muscle degradation at a molecular level. As contractile proteins are what cause muscles to contract and give them their physical strength, NASA concluded that isometrics may not be the best way for astronauts to maintain muscle tissue.
See also
Isometric exercise device
Physical exercise
Physical fitness
Power training
Strength training
Supercompensation
Unilateral training
Weight training
References
Further reading
Ilse Buck, Gesund und schlank durch Isometrik, Auflage. Goldmann, München 1976, ().
Lothar M. Kirsch, Isometrisches Training. Übungen für Muskelkraft und Entspannung. Falken Verlag, Niedernhausen im Taunus 1990, ().
Theodor Hettinger, Isometrisches Muskeltraining. 6. Auflage. ecomed, Landsberg am Lech 1993, ().
Victor Obeck, Isometric. Neu übersetzte Auflage. Scherz, Bern 1980, OCLC 164662767 (anglais: How to Exercise Without Moving a Muscle).
James Hewitt, Isometrics for you. Get fit and trim in 90 seconds a day! ().
Bodybuilding
Exercise physiology
Physical exercise |
328809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20Force | Delta Force | The 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta (1st SFOD-D), referred to variously as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), or within Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), Task Force Green, is a special operations force of the United States Army, under operational control of JSOC. The unit's missions primarily involve counterterrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, and special reconnaissance, often against high-value targets.
Delta Force, along with its Navy and Air Force counterparts, DEVGRU (SEAL Team Six) and the 24th Special Tactics Squadron, are the U.S. military's tier one special mission units that are tasked with performing the most complex, covert, and dangerous missions directed by the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense.
Most Delta Force operators are selected from the Army Special Operations Command's elite 75th Ranger Regiment and U.S. Army Special Forces, though selection is open to other special operations units and conventional forces across the Army and sometimes other military branches.
History
Delta Force was created in 1977 after numerous well-publicized terrorist incidents led the U.S. government to develop a full-time counter-terrorism unit.
Key military and government figures had already been briefed on this type of unit in the early 1960s. Charlie Beckwith, a Special Forces (Green Berets) officer and Vietnam War veteran, served as an exchange officer with the British Army's 22nd Special Air Service Regiment during the Malayan Emergency. On his return, Beckwith presented a detailed report highlighting the U.S. Army's vulnerability in not having a SAS-type unit. U.S. Army Special Forces in that period focused on unconventional warfare providing training and medical care to indigenous resistance fighters, but Beckwith recognized the need for "not only a force of teachers, but a force of doers". He envisioned highly adaptable and completely autonomous small teams with a broad array of special skills for direct action and counter-terrorism missions. He briefed military and government figures, who were resistant to creating a new unit outside of Special Forces or changing existing methods.
Finally, in the mid-1970s, as the threat of terrorism grew, Pentagon and Army senior leaders appointed Beckwith to form the unit. Beckwith estimated that it would take 24 months to get his new unit mission ready. Beckwith's estimate came from a conversation he had had earlier with Brigadier John Watts while in England in 1976. Watts had made it clear to Beckwith that it would take eighteen months to build a squadron, but advised him to tell Army leaders that it would take two years, and not to "let anyone talk (him) out of this." To justify why it would take two years to build Delta, Beckwith and his staff drafted what they dubbed the "Robert Redford Paper," which outlined its necessities and historical precedents for a four-phase selection/assessment process.
Delta Force was established on 19 November 1977, by Beckwith and Colonel Thomas Henry. In the meantime, Colonel Bob "Black Gloves" Mountel of the 5th Special Forces Group created a unit "to breach the short-term gap" that existed until Delta was ready, dubbed Blue Light. The initial members of the unit were screened from volunteers and put through a specialized selection process in early 1978, involving a series of land navigation problems in mountainous terrain while carrying increasing weight. The purpose was to test candidates' endurance, stamina, willingness to endure, and mental resolve. The first training course lasted from April to September 1978. Delta Force was certified as fully mission capable in fall 1979, right before the Iran hostage crisis.
On 4 November 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were taken captive and held in the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran. Delta Force was tasked to plan and execute Operation Eagle Claw, the effort to recover the hostages from the embassy by force on the nights of 24 and 25 April in 1980. The operation was aborted due to helicopter failures. The review commission that examined the failure found 23 problems with the operation, among them unexpected weather encountered by the aircraft, command-and-control problems between the multi-service component commanders, a collision between a helicopter and a ground-refueling tanker aircraft, and mechanical problems that reduced the number of available helicopters from eight to five (one fewer than the minimum desired) before the mission contingent could leave the trans-loading/refueling site.
After the failed operation, the U.S. government realized more changes were needed. The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), also known as the "Night Stalkers", was created for special operations requiring air support. The Navy's SEAL Team Six, an earlier incarnation of the current Naval Special Warfare Development Group, was created for maritime counter-terrorism operations. The Joint Special Operations Command was created for command and control of the military's various counter-terrorism units.
Name
In a 2010 article, Marc Ambinder reported that Army Compartmented Elements (ACE) was a new cover name for Delta Force. However, Ambinder subsequently wrote an e-book about JSOC in which he reported that the Army Compartmented Elements is a different unit from Delta.
In January 2022 it was reported that the name of the unit may have recently been changed to the 3rd Operational Support Group.
Organization and structure
The unit is under the organization of the U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), but is controlled by the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Command of 1st SFOD-D is a colonel's billet. Virtually all information about the unit is highly classified and details about specific missions or operations generally are not available publicly. The unit is headquartered at Fort Liberty, North Carolina.
Delta Force's structure is similar to the British 22 SAS Regiment, which inspired Delta's formation. In Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda, Army Times staff writer Sean Naylor describes Delta as having, at the time (in 2001), nearly 1,000 soldiers, of whom about 250 to 300 are trained to conduct direct action and hostage rescue operations. The rest are combat support and service support personnel who are among the very best in their fields.
Naylor further details Delta Force's structure in his book Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command. He describes a few formations in Delta, primarily the following operational squadrons:
A Squadron (Assault)
B Squadron (Assault)
C Squadron (Assault)
D Squadron (Assault)
E Squadron (Aviation)
G Squadron (Advanced Force Operations (AFO), formerly known as Operational Support Troop (OST))
Signal Squadron
Combat Support Squadron
Computer Network Operations Squadron (CNOS)
Tactical Evaluation and Operational Research Squadron (TEOR)
Selection and Training Squadron
A, B, C, and DSquadrons are sabre squadrons (assault). CSquadron was activated in 1990 and DSquadron in 2006. Combat Support Squadron was activated in 2005. ESquadron was activated in 1989 and is stationed separately in Fort Eustis, Virginia, where it is known as the Aviation Technology Office. An earlier forerunner of the unit was known as SeaSpray.
Within each squadron there are three troops: two assault troops for direct action, and a reconnaissance and surveillance troop. Each squadron is commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel (O-5) and troops are led by Majors (O-4). Each troop has four teams, each one led by a team leader, a Master Sergeant (E-8) or Sergeant First Class (E-7), and an assistant team leader who can also have the same rank. Each team can have as many as twelve, or as few as one or two operators.
Recruitment
Since the 1990s, the Army has posted recruitment notices for the 1st SFOD-D. The Army, however, has never released an official fact sheet for the elite force. The recruitment notices in Fort Liberty's newspaper, Paraglide, refer to Delta Force by name, and label it "...the U.S. Army's special operations unit organized for the conduct of missions requiring rapid response with surgical application of a wide variety of unique special operations skills...". The notice states that applicants must be male, in the grade of E-4 through E-8, have at least two and a half years of service remaining in their enlistment, be 22 years or older, and have a Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery GT score of 110 or higher to attend a briefing to be considered for admission. Candidates must be airborne qualified or volunteer for airborne training. Officer candidates need to be O-3 or O-4. All candidates must be eligible for a security clearance level of "Secret" and have not been convicted by court-martial or have disciplinary action noted in their official military personnel file under the provisions of Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
On 29 June 2006 during a session of the Committee on Armed Services, General Wayne Downing testified before the U.S. House of Representatives that "[t]he Delta Force is probably 70 percent Rangers who have come out of either a Ranger [to] Special Forces track or directly from [the] Ranger Regiment to Delta".
Selection process
Selection is held twice a year (March to April, and September to October) at Camp Dawson, West Virginia, and lasts 4 weeks. Eric Haney's book Inside Delta Force described the selection course and its inception in detail. Haney wrote that the course began with standard tests including push-ups, sit-ups, and a run, an inverted crawl and a swim fully dressed. The candidates were then put through a series of land navigation courses, one of which required them to travel at night while carrying a rucksack. With every successive challenge, the distance to cover and the weight of the rucksack are increased, while less time is allotted. The final challenge was a march with a rucksack over rough terrain that had to be completed in an unknown amount of time; this was also colloquially known as "The Long Walk". Haney wrote that only the senior officer and NCO in charge of selection were allowed to see the set time limits, but all assessment and selection tasks and conditions were set by Delta training cadre.
The mental portion of the testing began with numerous psychological exams. Each candidate was then called to face a board of Delta instructors, unit psychologists, and the Delta commander, who asked the candidate a barrage of questions and then dissected every response and mannerism to exhaust the candidate mentally. The commander then approaches the candidate and informs him if he has been selected. Those who passed the screening process underwent an intense six-month Operator Training Course (OTC), to learn counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence techniques, and training with firearms and other weapons. Participants were allowed very little contact with friends and family for the duration.
In an interview, former Delta operator Paul Howe mentioned the high attrition rate of the Delta selection course. He said that out of his two classes of 120 applicants each, 12 to 14 completed the selection.
The Central Intelligence Agency's secretive Special Activities Center (SAC) and more specifically its Special Operations Group (SOG), often works with – and recruits – former operators from Delta Force.
Training
According to Eric Haney, the unit's Operator Training Course is approximately six months long. While the course is constantly changing, the skills taught broadly to include the following:
Marksmanship
The trainees shoot without aiming at stationary targets at close range until they gain almost complete accuracy, then progress to moving targets.
Once these shooting skills are perfected, trainees move to a shoot house and clear rooms of "enemy" targets – first one only, then two at a time, three, and finally four. When all can demonstrate sufficient skill, "hostages" are added to the mix.
Demolitions and Breaching
Trainees learn how to pick many different locks, including those on cars and safes.
Advanced demolition, and bomb-making using common materials.
Combined skills. The FBI, FAA, and other agencies were used to advise the training of this portion of OTC.
The new Delta operators use demolition and marksmanship at the shoot house and other training facilities to train for hostage and counter-terrorist operations with assault and sniper troops working together. They practice terrorist or hostage situations in buildings, aircraft, and other settings.
All trainees learn how to set sniper positions around a building containing hostages. They learn the proper ways to set up a Tactical Operations Center (TOC) and communicate in an organized manner. Although Delta has specialized sniper troops, all members go through this training.
The students then go back to the shoot house and the "hostages" are replaced with other students and Delta Force members. Live ammunition is known to have been used in these exercises, to test the students, and build trust between one another.
Tradecraft. During the first OTCs and Delta creation, CIA personnel were used to teach this portion.
Students learn different espionage-related skills, such as dead drops, brief encounters, pickups, load and unload signals, danger and safe signals, surveillance and counter-surveillance.
Executive Protection. During the first OTCs and creation of Delta, the U.S. State Department's Diplomatic Security Service and the United States Secret Service advised Delta.
Students take an advanced driving course to learn to use a vehicle or many vehicles as defensive and offensive weapons.
They then learn techniques for VIP and diplomatic protection developed by the Secret Service and DSS.
Culmination Exercise
A final test requires the students to apply and dynamically adapt all of the skills that they have learned.
Delta Force trains with other foreign special operations units to improve tactics and increase relationships with them including the Australian Special Air Service Regiment, the British Special Air Service and Canada's Joint Task Force 2.
Secrecy
The Department of Defense tightly controls information about Delta Force and usually refuses to comment publicly on the highly secretive unit and its activities, unless the unit is part of a major operation or a unit member has been killed. Delta operators are granted an enormous amount of flexibility and autonomy during military operations overseas. Civilian hair styles and facial hair are allowed to enable the members to blend in and avoid recognition as military personnel.
2023 Israel incident
During President Joe Biden's visit to Israel, the White House accidentally published a photo in what was allegedly Delta Force operators with unblurred faces and tattoos, drawing scrutiny. The White House later issued an apology for the incident.
The term "operator"
In Veritas, the Journal of Army Special Operations History, Charles H. Briscoe stated that "SF did not misappropriate the appellation. Unbeknownst to most members of the ARSOF (Army Special Operations Forces) community, that moniker was adopted by Special Forces in the mid to late 1950s." He goes on to state that all qualified enlisted and officers in Special Forces had to "voluntarily subscribe to the provisions of the 'Code of the Special Forces Operator' and pledge themselves to its tenets by witnessed signature."
Inside the United States Special Operations community, an operator is a Delta Force member who has completed selection and has graduated OTC (Operator Training Course). "Operator" was used by Delta Force to distinguish between combat personnel and combat support/service support assigned to the unit.
Operations
Most operations assigned to Delta are classified, but some details have become public knowledge. For service during Operation Urgent Fury, the United States' invasion of Grenada, Delta was awarded the Joint Meritorious Unit Award. The unit was awarded the Valorous Unit Award for extraordinary heroism during the Modelo Prison hostage rescue mission and the capture of Manuel Noriega in December 1989 during Operation Just Cause in Panama. 1st SFOD-D operators from C Squadron were also involved in Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia.
During Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st SFOD-D was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for combat operations in Afghanistan from 4 October 2001 to 15 March 2002 and Iraq from 19 March 2003 to 13 December 2003.
On 26 October 2019, Delta operators accompanied by members of the 75th Ranger Regiment conducted a raid on the compound of Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leading to his death.
See also
List of Delta Force members
List of special forces units
References
Further reading
National Geographic documentary: Road to Baghdad.
External links
Military.com article on Delta Force Archived
Special-ops.com article Archived
Transcript of Sean Naylor's speech to American Enterprise Institute Archived
Delta Force
Military units and formations established in 1977
Military units and formations in North Carolina
Special operations units and formations of the United States Army
United States Joint Special Operations Command |
2847099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Collier%20%28politician%29 | Peter Collier (politician) | Peter Charles Collier (born 25 February 1959) is an Australian politician who has been a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Council of Western Australia since 2005, representing North Metropolitan Region. He served as a minister in the government of Colin Barnett from 2008 until its defeat at the 2017 election.
Early life
Collier was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, to Beryl Lillian (née Davies) and Les Collier. He attended Eastern Goldfields Senior High School before going on to the University of Western Australia, where he studied teaching. After graduating, Collier taught at various high schools in the Perth metropolitan area, both public and private. He taught for periods at John Curtin Senior High School (1981–1983), Lesmurdie Senior High School (1985–1986), Presbyterian Ladies' College (1987–1988), and Scotch College (1990–2005). Outside of his teaching career, Collier was also a professional tennis coach. He spent a season on the WTA Tour in 1989, coaching Jenny Byrne, Jo-Anne Faull, and Dianne Van Rensburg.
Controversy
It was revealed in the media in 2021 that Collier was part of a factional group of powerbrokers within his party known as "The Clan", alongside former federal finance minister Mathias Cormann and Nick Goiran. Leaked WhatsApp messages revealed that Collier sent sexist messages to other group members that referred to female Liberal members as "sandwich makers", "bitches" and "toxic cows".
Politics
Collier first stood for parliament at the 2001 state election, running unsuccessfully in fourth position on the Liberal Party's ticket in North Metropolitan Region. Prior to the election, he had been accused of forging signatures on membership forms and using people's names without their consent in order to secure party preselection. He denied the allegations, and a police investigation found there was "insufficient evidence against him". At the 2005 state election, Collier was elevated to second position on the Liberal Party's ticket, and was elected to a term starting in May 2005. One of his unsuccessful opponents for preselection was Alan Cadby, a sitting member, who subsequently resigned from the Liberal Party to sit as an independent.
Collier was elevated to the Liberal shadow ministry shortly after his election, and served under four leaders of the opposition (Matt Birney, Paul Omodei, Troy Buswell, and Colin Barnett). After the Liberal Party's victory at the 2008 state election, he was made Minister for Energy and Minister for Training and Workforce Development in the new ministry formed by Colin Barnett. In December 2010, Collier was also made Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. In a ministerial reshuffle in June 2012, he replaced Liz Constable as Minister for Education, but lost the training portfolio to Murray Cowper. In a further reshuffle after the 2013 state election, Collier was made Minister for Electoral Affairs, but was replaced as energy minister by Mike Nahan. He also became leader of the Liberal Party in the Legislative Council.
Notes
References
|-
1959 births
Living people
Australian schoolteachers
Australian tennis coaches
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
People from Kalgoorlie
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian monarchists
Energy Ministers of Western Australia
University of Western Australia alumni |
17807744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Thompson%20%28gunman%29 | Billy Thompson (gunman) | Billy Thompson, sometimes known as Texas Billy Thompson (1845 – September 6, 1897) was an Old West gunman and gambler, and the younger brother of the famous gunman and lawman Ben Thompson. The younger Thompson brother never achieved the fame that his brother achieved, and in his own lifetime was mainly referred to as the unpredictable and troubled younger brother of Ben Thompson. Factually, however, while a dangerous man, he also was a formidable opponent in a gunfight.
Early life, first gunfight
Born William Thompson in Knottingley, Yorkshire, England, immigrating with his family and older brother to the United States as a child. His family settled in Texas, and during the American Civil War, both his brother and he volunteered for the Confederate Army. His older brother went on to fame as a gunman and later as a lawmen and chief of police for Austin, Texas. Ben Thompson was more stable than his younger brother, having an even temperament, albeit accompanied by a deadly side if need be. Known as having a violent and quick temper, the younger Thompson often found himself in trouble, usually from violence.
His first known gunfight was on March 31, 1868. That day, while attending a fist fight between a White man and an African American man, a US soldier named William Burke became upset that the townspeople favored the black man, this being partly because the army was seen by locals as an occupying force following the war. When he lashed out verbally at Billy, the two argued, then later Burke apologized, asking to buy Billy a drink. The two men spent two hours drinking, then went to a bordello together. They argued a few times over minor things during their time together, but for the most part, they seemed to have gotten along. After they entered the bordello, Billy Thompson went upstairs with a prostitute, and for reasons unknown, William Burke again flared his temper against Thompson, and began walking the halls shouting threats against him. Finding the room in which Billy had entered, Burke kicked in the door armed with a pistol, and after the two exchanged shots, Burke fell badly wounded, and died the next day. Feeling he would certainly hang for killing a soldier, Thompson fled.
Notoriety as a killer
Thompson quickly ran out of money, and sent word to his older brother, a habit he would never break. Two months after the Burke killing, while in Rockport, Texas, Billy Thompson killed another man, Remus Smith, and again fled to avoid arrest. In that instance, Smith, an 18-year-old stable hand, slapped Billy's horse when it tried to nose in on some feed, which enraged Thompson. When he yelled at the boy, Smith, who was unarmed, told him to take off his pistols and come on, at which point Billy Thompson drew his gun and shot the boy twice. Remus Smith was well liked in the area, and some of the county residents hunted for Billy Thompson for the remainder of his lifetime.
For five years, he stayed on the run, often contacting his brother to help him with money. On April 18, 1873, Billy Thompson checked into the Grand Central Hotel in Ellsworth, Kansas. His older brother Ben joined him two months later, and the two set themselves up in the saloon, Joe Brennan’s, as house gamblers. At the time, Ellsworth was an extremely busy cattle town. Sheriff Chauncey Whitney was both well liked in the county, and extremely effective as a lawman. Within a short time of their arrival in town, both Thompson brothers became good friends with Whitney, but at the same time, often had bad experiences with local police officer John "Happy Jack" Morco. Officer Morco was well known for his boasting about how many men he had killed, often heard to say he had shot 12 men dead.
On June 30, 1873, Morco arrested Billy Thompson for carrying a weapon in town limits. Though angered, Thompson paid his fine. On August 15, 1873, Billy Thompson was drinking heavily, and had become extremely intoxicated and vocal. Sheriff Whitney had planned to leave town that day with his family, but feeling Billy might get himself into trouble, he chose to remain in town. That day, Ben Thompson introduced John Sterling into a high-stakes game, on the pretense that due to his introduction, Thompson would take a percentage of any winnings. When Sterling left the saloon with over $1,000, without offering Ben Thompson his share, the latter sought him out. He found Sterling in another saloon, in the company of John Morco.
When Thompson demanded his cut of the winnings, Sterling, aware that Thompson was unarmed, slapped him. John Morco then pulled his pistol and backed Thompson away. Morco and Sterling then stood outside the saloon, yelling for Ben Thompson to come out and fight. Billy Thompson, hearing of his brother's troubles, ran to help him. Both brothers armed themselves, and walked out into the street. Hearing of the trouble, Sheriff Whitney responded, unarmed, and confronted the Thompsons, imploring them to accompany him for a drink and talk the situation over, to which they agreed.
As they walked to Brennan's, Morco and Sterling moved to intercept them. When another Texan yelled a warning to Ben Thompson, the latter turned and fired a rifle shot at the pair, and heard his brother fire his shotgun from behind him. Turning, Ben Thompson saw his friend Sheriff Whitney wither to the ground, shot. Believed to have been accidental, Billy Thompson did not rush to flee. Ben Thompson, upon seeing what had happened, stated, "My God Billy, you have shot your best friend", to which Billy responded, "I'm sorry", followed by Whitney stating, "He did not intend to do it, it was an accident, send for my family". According to later witnesses, Billy Thompson was not looking at Whitney, as Whitney was standing to his side, and had his shotgun cocked, with one barrel suddenly going off.
In later versions of that shooting, it was said his response to his brother Ben, when the latter said, "you've shot your best friend", was, "I'd have shot him if he'd been Jesus Christ". That never happened, nor was it ever said, a fact verified by witnesses years later at his trial. It would be the main fact of Billy Thompson's life that over the decades since has become completely distorted from what actually happened. However, rumors such as that fueled his notoriety, in the shadow of his older brother's fame.
Despite the shooting being accidental, Ben Thompson forced Billy on a horse and ordered him to flee town, but instead of riding fast, he simply rode slowly through, yelling for anyone who wanted to fight to come get him. Ben feared, probably wisely, that regardless of the circumstances surrounding the shooting, Billy would be lynched. Sheriff Whitney died on August 18, 1873, resulting in a $500 reward being placed on Billy Thompson. Morco and Officer Ed Hogue ran Neil Cain, a Texas cowboy and friend to the Thompson brothers, out of town at gun point.
John "Happy Jack" Morco was fired over his having instigated the trouble, but not before he issued a warrant against Ben Thompson for assault, resulting in officer Ed Hogue arresting Ben. A short time later, the town council dismissed the entire police force, replacing it with new personnel. Citizens vocally expressed their anger toward visiting Texas cowboys in town from cattle drives. Town Marshal Ed Crawford instigated a dispute, then beat one Texas cowboy, Cad Pierce, to death with his pistol during an arrest, after first shooting him in the side, and groups of vigilantes roamed the streets looking to run out of town any Texans they found causing trouble.
Not long after the Whitney killing, Morco, during a rant of boasting during a dispute with one Texan, was shot and killed by newly appointed Ellsworth police officer J. C. Brown in front of the Lizzie Palmer Dancehall. Ed Crawford was shot and killed a short time afterward by friends of Pierce, and Ed Hogue left town. With the shooting deaths of Sheriff Whitney and Remus Smith, Thompson became known as the troubled and dangerous younger brother of Ben Thompson, although this was not exactly the truth. With the exception of Remus Smith, which was a clear case of cold-blooded murder, his other two shootings had been one in self defense and another accidental.
Life on the run
For the next several years, Billy Thompson lived on the run from lawmen and bounty hunters. The Aransas County, Texas, Sheriffs Office regularly sent out warrants to Texas lawmen around the state, seeking Thompson for the murder of Remus Smith. In June 1874, Billy Thompson narrowly escaped capture in Austin, Texas. Later that same year, he was captured in Mountain City, Texas, but escaped and fled to San Antonio, Texas, where he entered the Long Horse brothel with a friend. While there, he hit a prostitute across the face, fleeing when two city police officers responded, resulting in a foot pursuit in which he again escaped.
He avoided lawmen for another two years, until Texas Ranger Captain John Sparks caught up to him in October, 1876, in Travis County, Texas. Sparks was leading a small Ranger unit that was actually seeking rancher Neal Cain for cattle rustling. While raiding the Cain ranch, they came into contact with Billy Thompson. Ben Thompson was notified of his brother's arrest, and immediately sought an attorney to represent him. Ben Thompson also notified Aransas County, in the hopes that they would extradite him to stand trial for that murder, rather than being sent to Kansas.
A number of Ben Thompson's allies boarded a train in Corsicana, Texas, and word of this was passed to Ranger Sparks. By this time, Ranger Sparks was feeling that an attempt would be made to free his prisoner by friends of Ben Thompson, so while in Dallas County, Texas, he requested additional guards from the county sheriff, and received several. With this overwhelming show of force, all rescue attempts to keep Billy Thompson out of Kansas were thwarted. Initially, the town of Ellsworth sought to have Billy jailed in Salina, Kansas, feeling the jail there was more secure. However, with several more Thompson partisans showing up in town, the decision was made instead to house him at Leavenworth.
Trial and release
Ben Thompson hired local Kansas attorney Robert Gill to represent Billy. He later added Captain J. D. Mohler, Phillip T. Pendelton, and A. H. Case to the legal team. Court convened on September 3, 1874, with Judge John Prescott presiding. The prosecution had over a dozen witnesses to the shooting, while the defense had only six, one of whom was from Texas, with the other five being from Kansas. As it turned out, the defense witness William Purdy, from Atchison County, Kansas, emerged as the most dependable witness presented.
Purdy, standing nearby, was an eye witness to the shooting, and heard clearly everything said by all those involved. His testimony was;
"Billy was standing still or trying to do so, as he was intoxicated. He had his eyes fixed on the party advancing on Ben and him. The shot of Ben did not stop them and they continued the same as before, and when being within about 20 feet of Billy Thompson, his gun being down below his breast, it went off, one barrel of it only, and the shot took effect on the shoulder and side of Whitney. Billy's gun was cocked, he did not bring the gun up, took no aim, nor was he looking at Whitney, who stood at his left. As the gun discharged, Ben said, 'My God Billy you have shot your best friend', Billy replied, 'I'm sorry', Whitney said, 'He did not intend to do it, it was an accident, send for my family'. There was no indication at any time that Whitney and the Thompson's weren't on the best of terms."
Others also testified of Whitney's statement after being shot, with the only difference being that some said he stated, "send for my wife and child" rather than "for my family". The prosecution objected many times, claiming certain things were "irrelevant" or hearsay, but they did not object to Whitney's dying declaration. A rumor that Billy Thompson stated after the shooting, "I'd have shot him if he were Jesus Christ", rather than "I'm sorry", was never mentioned, nor did it ever happen.
In a trial that lasted nine days, Billy Thompson was acquitted. Although that case was proven to have been accidental, amazingly, he was not held to be extradited to Aransas County, Texas, for the clear-cut murder of Remus Smith, but instead was released. For the next three years, his whereabouts were mostly rumors, but he is known to have arrived in Dodge City, Kansas, in May 1878. He is known to have been arrested by lawman Mart Duggan in Leadville, Colorado, in December 1879, for disturbing the peace, serving only one night in jail. Aransas County, in the meantime, continued its pursuit of him.
Another shooting
On June 21, 1880, Billy Thompson was in Ogallala, Nebraska. A saloon owner named Bill Tucker and he had developed strong resentment for one another, supposedly over the affections of a prostitute named "Big Alice". Billy Thompson, drunk, stood in front of the saloon and fired two shots inside. The second of the shots hit Tucker in the hand, taking off one finger and mutilating others. Enraged, Tucker grabbed a shotgun and ran after the now-fleeing Billy. Tucker fired two shots, missing, reloaded and fired two more, this time riddling Billy Thompson in the back, from his heels to his neck. Billy Thompson was arrested, but allowed to remain under guard at the Ogallala House Hotel to heal. Knowing his brother Ben's reputation, the local sheriff ordered a heavy guard.
Ben Thompson, hearing of his brother's arrest, felt his intervening would result in bloodshed. Instead, he asked his friend Bat Masterson to travel to Ogllala to see if he could assist. Masterson did so, first meeting with Billy, then meeting with the ailing Tucker, who was bitter, but willing to drop charges, for a price. Unfortunately, Ben Thompson did not have access to the amount Tucker wanted, so Bat Masterson eluded the guards and helped Billy escape, with them taking a train south. After the escape, a Keith County, Nebraska, grand jury indicted Billy for assault with intent to kill. Those charges were eventually dropped, and the matter forgotten.
Arrest and trial for Smith murder
On October 23, 1882, Texas Ranger Captain George W. Baylor captured Billy for the Remus Smith murder in El Paso, Texas, and turned him over to the El Paso County Sheriff, where he was remanded to the custody of Deputy Frank Manning to be returned to Rockport. Foolishly, Deputy Manning allowed Billy Thompson a night of freedom before his return, on the pretense he would return the next morning. He did not. On May 10, 1883, Aransas County Deputy P.P. Court captured Thompson in Arkansas, and finally he was returned to stand trial for the Smith murder.
However, it had been 15 years since the murder. Witnesses were sparse, and facts distorted due to poor records, with all of the lawmen who were serving at the time having long since moved on. The trial took only one day, with Thompson being acquitted. This was the one killing committed by Billy Thompson that should have been an iron-clad case of murder, but due to the many years that had passed, the prosecution could not prove their case. The case against him for the murder of soldier William Burke had never been pressed, with the general feeling that it was self defense. For the first time since his first killing, Billy Thompson was not wanted by the law for anything.
Later life
On March 11, 1884, his older brother Ben Thompson was killed in San Antonio, Texas, in what became referred to as the Vaudeville Theater Ambush. For a time, newspapers speculated that Billy Thompson would seek revenge for his brother's death, but he never did. He roamed for a number of years, making his living as a gambler, and is believed to have never held any other employment, passing through Cripple Creek, Colorado, and often spending long periods in Houston and Galveston, Texas.
He died of a stomach ailment in Houston, on September 6, 1897. At the time of his death, Billy Thompson had killed four men, and wounded a fifth, with one killing being the shooting of the unarmed Remus Smith, another the accidental shooting of Sheriff Chauncey Whitney, and the other two killings and one wounding being during gunfights.
External links
Billy Thompson, Gunman
Billy Thompson
Billy and Ben Thompson in Ellsworth
Ellsworth, Kansas History
Ellsworth, the Wickedest Cattletown in Kansas
Happy Jack Morco
People from Texas
1845 births
1897 deaths
Gunslingers of the American Old West
English emigrants to the United States
People from Knottingley
People from Ellsworth, Kansas
Confederate States Army soldiers
People acquitted of murder |
30471120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asier%20Garitano | Asier Garitano | Asier Garitano Aguirrezábal (born 6 December 1969) is a Spanish football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is the current manager of CD Tenerife.
During a 14-year senior career, he appeared in 134 matches in Segunda División over five seasons, totalling 23 goals for Bilbao Athletic and Eibar. He added 216 games and 61 goals in Segunda División B, in representation of several clubs.
Garitano started working as a manager in 2003, as an assistant at Alicante. He went on to be in charge of four teams before being appointed at Leganés in 2013, which he led to promotions to the second tier and La Liga. He was head coach at Real Sociedad and Alavés, also in the top flight.
Playing career
Born in Bergara, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Garitano was an Athletic Bilbao youth graduate. He made his senior debut with the reserves on 2 September 1989, starting and scoring the winner in a 2–1 away win against Racing de Santander in the Segunda División championship.
After four full seasons (one of them on loan at SD Eibar), Garitano left the Lions and signed for Cartagena FC in Segunda División B. In 1994, he moved to Cádiz CF also in the third division, and returned to Eibar in January 1996.
Garitano subsequently resumed his career in the third tier and Tercera División, representing CF Gavà, Racing de Ferrol, Burgos CF, Alicante CF and Benidorm CF. He retired in 2003 at the age of 33, mainly due to injuries.
Coaching career
Shortly after retiring, Garitano started working as an assistant at former club Alicante. In October 2008 he was named manager, replacing the fired José Carlos Granero. However, after only three matches, he was replaced by Nino Lema and moved to the backroom staff.
Garitano was appointed CD Castellón coach on 6 April 2010, after being previously working at the club as an assistant. He remained in charge until the end of the season, suffering relegation as last.
On 7 July 2011, Garitano signed with third division side Orihuela CF. The following campaign, also as manager, he worked with CD Alcoyano, eventually losing promotion with both teams in the play-offs.
On 28 June 2013, Garitano joined CD Leganés still in the third tier. In his first season, he achieved promotion to division two after defeating CE L'Hospitalet in the play-offs; another promotion followed in 2016, after finishing second in the regular season.
On 24 May 2018, Garitano was appointed at the helm of Real Sociedad. On 26 December of the same year, he was dismissed following a poor sequence of results.
Garitano became manager of Deportivo Alavés on 21 May 2019, taking over from Abelardo who had resigned a day earlier. He was fired on 5 July the next year, after a run of five consecutive defeats.
On 27 January 2021, Garitano returned to Leganés, with the club back in the second division. He was sacked on 30 October, leaving the side in the relegation zone.
On 29 May 2023, after more than a year without coaching, Garitano replaced Luis Miguel Ramis at fellow second-tier CD Tenerife.
Personal life
Garitano is not related to fellow manager Gaizka Garitano, who also had playing spells with Bilbao Athletic and Eibar.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Stats at Cadistas1910
Racing de Ferrol profile
1969 births
Living people
People from Bergara
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Gipuzkoa
Men's association football forwards
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Athletic Bilbao B footballers
SD Eibar footballers
Cartagena FC players
Cádiz CF players
CF Gavà players
Racing de Ferrol footballers
Burgos CF footballers
Alicante CF footballers
Benidorm CF footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spanish football managers
La Liga managers
Segunda División managers
Segunda División B managers
Alicante CF managers
CD Castellón managers
CD Alcoyano managers
CD Leganés managers
Real Sociedad managers
Deportivo Alavés managers
CD Tenerife managers |
44045542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Purge%3A%20Election%20Year | The Purge: Election Year | The Purge: Election Year is a 2016 American dystopian political action horror film written and directed by James DeMonaco and starring Frank Grillo, Elizabeth Mitchell, and Mykelti Williamson. It is the sequel to 2014's The Purge: Anarchy and is the third installment in the Purge franchise. Jason Blum and Michael Bay are among the film's producers.
The film was released on July 1, 2016, and received mixed reviews from critics. It earned more than $118 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of the series before being passed by the fourth film/prequel, The First Purge, in July 2018. A direct sequel, The Forever Purge, was finally released in July 2021 due to delay from the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2017, the film's tagline 'Keep America Great', received attention from the internet and media when it was the same slogan used by Donald Trump for his 2020 re-election campaign.
Plot
In 2022, a young Charlene Roan is forced to watch as her family is killed on Purge night. Eighteen years later, in 2040, Roan is a U.S. Senator running for President and promising to end the Purge nights. Former police sergeant Leo Barnes is now head of security for Roan. The New Founding Fathers of America (NFFA) and their candidate, Minister Edwidge Owens, view Roan as a threat and decide to revoke immunity on government officials during the Purge.
Watching the Senator's TV debate are deli owner Joe Dixon, his assistant Marcos, and Emergency Medical Technician Laney Rucker. A pair of teenage girls enter the store and begin stealing, only to be stopped by Joe. The girls mock him until Laney steps in, at which point they surrender their stolen goods and leave. Joe later discovers that his insurance premiums for Purge coverage have been raised beyond his affordability. Meanwhile, more tourists visit the US to join the Purge.
On the night of the Purge, Joe guards his store and is joined by Marcos, and together they manage to repel an attack by the teenage girls. Laney travels the city providing medical care to the wounded. Roan decides to wait out the Purge from her home rather than a secure location in order to secure the vote, and is accompanied by Barnes, Chief Couper, Eric and additional security forces. However, they are betrayed by Couper and Eric, who allow a paramilitary force led by Earl Danzinger to kill the security detail. Barnes escorts the Senator to safety, but is wounded in the process. He detonates a bomb in the house, killing Eric and Chief Couper.
Barnes and Roan attempt to seek shelter but are ambushed by a group of Purgers and taken captive. Before they are executed, Joe and Marcos shoot the gang dead, having seen the pair's plight from the store's rooftop. As they take shelter in Joe's store, the teenage girls return with reinforcements but are rescued by Laney, who kills the girls. The group are then ambushed by Danzinger in a helicopter, and seek refuge in an overpass where Barnes realizes they were tracked by the bullet lodged inside him, and manages to extract it as they are met by the Crips. In exchange for the group rendering medical aid to an injured Crips member, the gang plants the bullet elsewhere to divert the paramilitary team.
The group arrives at an underground anti-Purge hideout run by Dante Bishop. Barnes discovers that Bishop's group intends on assassinating Owens, in an effort to put an end to the Purge. A large group of paramilitary personnel arrive at the hideout looking for Bishop. Barnes and Roan escape back to the streets and meet up with Joe, Marcos and Laney, who had left the hideout earlier to return to Joe's store.
While fleeing the city, the ambulance is hit by Danzinger's team and Roan is pulled out before Barnes can assist. He leads the group and Bishop's team to a fortified cathedral where the NFFA plans to sacrifice her. Before Roan can be killed by the NFFA, the group arrives and cause a massive shootout that kills the congregation except Owens and NFFA loyalist Harmon James, who both escape. Owens is caught by Bishop's group who still intends on killing him but Roan is able to persuade them not to. The remaining paramilitary forces arrive, killing Bishop and his men. Danzinger fights Barnes, wherein the latter gains the upper hand. As Roan's group frees Owen's victims, James emerges from hiding and kills one of the victims but is shot by Joe in a crossfire, who later succumbs to his injuries.
Two months later, Marcos and Laney renovate Joe's store as they watch a television announcement declaring Roan's landslide victory. Another news report states of violent uprisings across the country from NFFA supporters in response to the election results.
Cast
Frank Grillo as Leo Barnes, former LAPD Police Sergeant turned Security Chief for Charlie Roan
Elizabeth Mitchell as Senator Charlene "Charlie" Roan, U.S. Senator/presidential candidate running on an anti-Purge platform
Christy Coco as Young Charlie Roan
Mykelti Williamson as Joe Dixon, a working class deli owner
Joseph Julian Soria as Marcos Dali, Joe's Hispanic employee and close friend
Betty Gabriel as Laney Rucker, a triage EMT and former purger "la pequeña muerte"
Terry Serpico as Earl Danzinger, leader of a neo-Nazi paramilitary group
Edwin Hodge as Dante Bishop, an anti-Purge resistance fighter from the previous Purge films
Kyle Secor as Minister Edwidge Owens, a pastor of an NFFA-affiliated cathedral and presidential candidate
Barry Nolan as Reporter #1
Liza Colón-Zayas as Dawn, Laney's friend
Ethan Phillips as Chief Couper, member of Roan's security team and mole
Adam Cantor as Tall Eric Busmalis, member of Roan's security team and mole
Christopher James Baker as Harmon James, an NFFA loyalist
Jared Kemp as Rondo, a young injured purger
Brittany Mirabilé as Kimmy, a schoolgirl purger
Raymond J. Barry as Caleb Warrens, NFFA leader and President of the United States
Naheem Garcia as Angel Munoz, Bishop's partner
Roman Blat as Uncle Sam Purger, a foreigner from Russia who joined the Purge (credited as "Uncle Sam")
David Aaron Baker as NFFA Press Secretary Thomas "Tommy" Roseland
George Lee Miles as Irish Ike Jenkins, a frequent customer in Joe's deli
Johnnie Mae as Mrs. Sabian, a frequent customer in Joe's deli
Juani Feliz as Kimmy's schoolgirl purge partner
Jamal Peters as Crips leader, the head of the Crips who asks Roan's team to help his comrade (credited as "Gang Leader with Dying Friend")
Matt Walton as News 13 Reporter
Kimberly Howe as Kimmy's other purger friend
Cindy Robinson as the Purge Emergency Broadcast System announcement voice (uncredited)
Production
Development
On October 6, 2014, it was announced that James DeMonaco would be back to write and direct the third film, while producers Sebastian Lemercier, Blumhouse Productions' Jason Blum, and Platinum Dunes partners Michael Bay, Andrew Form, and Brad Fuller, would also be back. On August 3, 2015, it was announced that Frank Grillo would return for the sequel to play Leo Barnes. On September 10, 2015, more cast was announced, including Betty Gabriel, Edwin Hodge, Kyle Secor, Joseph Julian Soria, Mykelti Williamson, and Elizabeth Mitchell.
Filming
Shooting began on September 16, 2015. Although a few scenes were filmed in Washington, DC, most of the movie was shot in Rhode Island, both in its capital Providence, and Woonsocket. The main streets of Woonsocket were transformed into the near-future Washington, DC. The NFFA-captured Catholic cathedral where Owens' purge mass takes place, as well as the cathedral crypt scenes, were filmed at the St. Ann's Church Complex. The Rhode Island State House stood in as the White House and its rotunda and some of its interiors such as the Press Room and basement were also used for filming. Numerous landmarks of both Woonsocket and Providence make cameos in the film. The Roan household was shot in another part of Woonsocket and some of the interiors were shot on a soundstage to allow more room for cameras and crew.
Music
Nathan Whitehead returned to compose the score, having done the music for the first two Purge films. The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016, to coincide with the release of the film.
Release
Originally, the film was set to be released on Monday, July 4, 2016, to coincide with the Fourth of July, but was moved to Friday, July 1. It was released in the United Kingdom on August 26.
The Purge: Election Year was released on digital platforms on September 20, 2016 and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 4, 2016. A 4K UHD Blu-ray release occurred on June 12, 2018. The film grossed $7.6 million in home video sales.
Reception
Box office
The Purge: Election Year grossed $79.2 million in North America and $39.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $118.6 million, against a budget of $10 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $44.8 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.
In the United States and Canada, the film opened alongside The BFG and The Legend of Tarzan, and was projected to gross around $25 million in its opening weekend. The film grossed $3.6 million from Thursday night previews, outperforming both of its predecessors (the original's $3.4 million in 2013 and The Purge: Anarchy'''s in $2.6 million in 2014). In its opening weekend, the film grossed $31.4 million, landing in between the $34 million debut for the first film and the $29 million opening for the second, and finished third at the box office behind Finding Dory ($41.4 million) and The Legend of Tarzan ($38.6 million). The film grossed a total of $34.8 million over its four-day July 4 holiday frame.
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 55% based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 5.50/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It isn't particularly subtle, but The Purge: Election Years blend of potent jolts and timely themes still add up to a nastily effective diversion." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the movie a positive review, saying ""The Purge: Election Year" takes itself just seriously enough to provide the expected measure of fun - a blend of aggression, release and relief." On the other hand, Alan Zilberman of The Washington Post gave the movie 1.5 stars out of 4, saying "Even DeMonaco seems bored by the sieges, escapes and gun battles. Silly one-liners are the only saving grace, and that's because such acting veterans as Williamson know how to sell them."
AccoladesThe Purge: Election Year was nominated for Best Teaser Poster (Lindeman & Associates) at the 2016 Golden Trailer Awards. It received a nomination for Favorite Thriller Movie at the 43rd People's Choice Awards.
Continuation
Prequel
In September 2016, James DeMonaco, who wrote and directed every film in the series thus far, stated that the fourth Purge film would be a prequel to the trilogy. The film will reportedly show how the United States got to the point of accepting the Purge Night.
On February 17, 2017, DeMonaco announced that a fourth installment is in development at Universal Studios. DeMonaco will write the script, while Jason Blum from Blumhouse Productions and Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form from Platinum Dunes will return to produce the film with Sébastien K. Lemercier. The film was set for a July 4, 2018 release date.
On July 20, 2017, it was announced that Gerard McMurray will be directing the fourth film titled, The First Purge.
Sequels
In October 2018, James DeMonaco expressed interest to finish the Purge franchise.
By May 2019, Universal Pictures announced the fifth Purge film was in development, with DeMonaco returning to write, and acting as co-producer with Sébastien K. Lemercier through their company Man in a Tree Productions. Jason Blum also produced through Blumhouse Productions, along with Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form through Platinum Dunes. The film would act as a direct sequel to Election Year.
On August 2019, Everardo Gout was tapped to direct the film, titled The Forever Purge.
By July 2021, DeMonaco was revealed to be writing for a sixth film, as Blum intends to continue the franchise. The film will be a sequel to The Forever Purge, with Frank Grillo returning to star.
References
External links
2016 films
2016 action thriller films
2016 crime thriller films
2016 horror thriller films
2010s action horror films
American action horror films
American action thriller films
American crime thriller films
American horror thriller films
American sequel films
Crime horror films
Crips
American dystopian films
Films about assassinations
Films about elections
Films about fictional presidents of the United States
Films about neo-Nazism
Films directed by James DeMonaco
Films produced by Andrew Form
Films produced by Bradley Fuller
Films produced by Jason Blum
Films produced by Michael Bay
Films set in 2022
Films set in 2040
Films set in the future
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Rhode Island
Films with screenplays by James DeMonaco
Urban survival films
Platinum Dunes films
Blumhouse Productions films
Election Year
Films about corruption in the United States
2010s English-language films
2010s American films |
2557776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20William%20West | Edward William West | Edward William West (1824-1905), usually styled E. W. West, was a scholarly English engineer, orientalist, and translator of Zoroastrian texts. He was educated at King's College London. He prepared five volumes of Pahlavi texts (the Marvels of Zoroastrianism) for Prof. Max Müller's monumental Sacred Books of the East series, published from the years 1880 to 1897.
References
1824 births
1905 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
British Indologists
Zoroastrian studies scholars |
15235524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian%20popular%20music%20recordings | Indonesian popular music recordings | Recorded music is a reflection of modern Indonesian history and culture—specifically class consciousness, economics and post-colonial identity. Since the early 1970s, the production, marketing and distribution of recorded media, particularly popular music cassettes and VCDs, in Indonesia have evolved in tandem with the archipelago's ongoing integration of tradition and modernity.
History
The roots of Indonesia's history of recorded music practices can be traced to the emergence of nationalism in the early 20th century and the eventual independence of Indonesia from the Dutch in the 1940s. The struggle for a national identity rooted in a synthesis of Eastern and Western perspectives extended into the realm of music, with nationalists suggesting that Indonesia's national music be a form of indigenized Western music, such as kroncong. This sentiment led to the establishment of state-sponsored conservatories and academies of music in both Java and Bali during the 1950s and 1960s, with similar schools established in Sumatra and Sulawesi during the 1970s. In this roughly twenty-year period, the Indonesian government also institutionalized the recording of both traditional and popular music throughout the archipelago with its support of P.N. Lokananta, the national recording company of Indonesia, a branch of the government's Department of Information since the late 1950s. "Although scholars have detected a gradual narrowing in the geographic and genre purview of Lokananta's recording and marketing strategies, considering this to be at odds with its status and purpose as a national recording company, the introduction of audiocassette recording technology in the 1960s gave rise to a robust industry of recorded music. In the 1970s, oil wealth and the relatively unrestricted import of cheap tape and recorders led to an extraordinary boom of the Indonesian cassette industry.
Central to the ongoing evolution of Indonesian popular music styles was an inherent tension between dueling aesthetics: gedongan ("refined", "international") and kampungan ("vulgar," "low class," "backward"). During the 1970s, the most prominent supporter of the gedongan style was Guruh Sukarno (born 1953), son of the first president of Indonesia and a musician since his early teens. Long a student of classical Javanese and Sundanese music while at the same time familiar with Western jazz and classics, Guruh set out in 1974 to elevate existing Indonesian-Western pop music and create a kind of neoclassic, syncretic style that would be at once Indonesian and international. Contrasting in many ways with Rhoma Irama and the many other dangdut singers popular during the 1970s, Guruh Sukarno was a member of the elite class and saw Indonesia's culture as pluralistic and inescapably mixed with influences from the West. Nevertheless, the 1970s also witnessed a gap between the rich and poor classes. Awareness of this gap, and sensitivity to the condition of the lower classes were central to the popularity of dangdut and the many genres it influenced.
Between the 1970s and 1990s, recorded Indonesian popular music grew to include, like most popular music elsewhere in the world, the use of at least some Western instruments and Western harmony. It was increasingly disseminated through the mass media, performed by recognized stars, and became essentially a "commercial" genre. In the process of reformation (Reformasi) that was put into motion with the resignation of president Suharto and the fall of his New Order regime in 1998, popular music became a common vehicle of protest, and many songs, cassettes and genres were labeled with the adjective reformasi..
Popular Music Recordings in Indonesia Today
Overview
Nearly all of the music sold in Indonesia today is in the form of pre-recorded cassettes, but music is also available on compact disc, video compact disc (VCD). and laser disc (LD). The latter two formats contain images as well as sounds, and are mainly used to accompany karaoke performance. While the traditional, court-derived styles of gamelan and wayang kulit have been frequently recorded, sales of popular music in Indonesia have increased dramatically with the emergence of the cassette tape. Centered in Jakarta, Indonesia's music industry defines popular music as either "national" or "regional." National genres, including Pop sunda, kroncong, dangdut, qasidah modern, rock, rap, country, jazz, disco, house and Hawaiian, generally feature lyrics in Indonesian (though sometimes in English) and are marketed mainly in the urban regions throughout the archipelago, both as audio cassettes and compact discs. Sales trends, both regionally and nationally, are shifting towards popular music, which, in contrast to the field recordings of regional styles, is almost entirely a product of recording studios. In financial terms, the present day music industry in Indonesia is small by world standards, but it is the largest in Southeast Asia. Although cassette tapes are still sold in large quantities, since 1997 these have been replaced more and more by VCDs. Audio CDs have never been big sellers, as their price is relatively high.
Cassettes
Indonesia is said to have the largest cassette industry in the world. Given the country's cultural and ethnic diversity, the recording industry, and the cassette industry in particular, has displayed great complexity in its structure and in how it serves the many ethnically distinct regions of the country. While the CD and the advent of digital technology has affected the production, dissemination and consumption of Indonesian popular music, cassette tapes remain the preferred source of recorded popular music for most Indonesians. The continued viability of the cassette medium in Indonesia springs from the fact that an audio cassette and the technology required to play it—-a simple cassette player/recorder—-are within the financial means of most Indonesians, including the peasant class. As cassettes and cassette players have penetrated the remotest villages in Indonesia, they have also become part of the vernacular. For example, in addition to the older word ngrekam ("to record"), contemporary Javanese now includes words for the process of recording onto a commercial cassette: "Gendhing kuwi wis dikasetkz" ("That piece has already been recorded on commercial cassette."). Much of what is available can be classified as "popular" music," including pop Berat (Western pop) and pop Indonesia (Indonesian pop). Also in abundance is pop Daerah, or regional pop, which is found all across Indonesia. Virtually all genres of pop Daerah are dependent on the cassette medium for their audience. Some Pop Daerah genres are little more than cassette-company experiments, generating only a few performers and a handful of tapes, but others are firmly established, with many performers and steady production. Four genres—-Pop Batak, Pop Minang, Pop Sunda, and Pop Jawa—-are especially solid. In the case of these four, some of the production comes out of Jakarta, relying upon Jakarta-based musicians and Jakarta facilities for recording, printing and distribution. However, most of the other regional genres are produced in their home regions (or in the nearby big cities). As a result, the cassette industry is national, regional, and local in character. The broad marketing of cassettes has not led to a musical homogenization or a weakening of regional styles. Rather, local cassette industries have promoted regional styles because, rather than being large national corporations, they are regional "backyard" enterprises that record, dub, and market local music primarily for local consumption. Commercial cassettes have also shaped the reputations of popular music performers, significantly raising the prestige and earning power of some recording artists while lowering them for others. Scholars have noted a trend towards the equalization of status for genres and marginal traditions through the distribution of cassettes; the cassette industry is said to act as a leveler, blurring the older status distinctions that were still in place a generation ago.
Video Compact Discs (VCDs)
Despite their ubiquity, the popularity of audio cassettes has been compromised somewhat by competition from the rapidly growing video compact disc (VCD) medium. Since the resignation of Suharto in 1998, VCDs, which are cheaper than audio CDs, have gradually been taking over the role of audio cassettes, and as of 2002 the VCD medium was considered more important than the World Wide Web to Indonesian consumers. Particularly notable about the VCD is its ability to combine sound and image through the digital medium. Like other emerging technologies, VCD players have proven to be outlets, especially for Indonesian youth, for expressing a desire for modernity and cosmopolitanism at the same time. Featuring modern, Western-style music videos that appear on MTV or VH1, professionally produced VCDs also claim their contents to be karaoke music, in which one can turn off the audio-channel with the sound of the vocalist, and just hear the accompaniment and see the images and text. As a source of participatory music making for the consumer, then, the VCD provides an opportunity for Indonesian consumers to interact directly with the body of popular music produced nationally.
On VCDs of pop Indonesia-—national, Western-style music with lyrics sung in Indonesian—the images are mainly urban: street life, cars, houses and other possessions are often featured prominently. Because VCDs are profitable, erotic images are important on almost all of them, as are lyrics about love and romance. Images on pop Daerah (regional pop) music VCDs seem to be more restrained than on the national ones. Also, on the regional pop music VCDs the erotic images tend to be produced mainly by actors other than the singers (who "just sing"), whereas on the pop Indonesia VCDs, the singers tend to be more actively involved in producing them. Despite their present association with underground works, all VCDs have to pass the censor before being released, which is how the government controls both image and text. Beyond its social implications, the popular music industry in Indonesia makes use of a new type of oral tradition made possible by the VCD. By displaying song texts on screen and mentioning the songs' composers, legal VCDs serve as audiovisual "texts" for both national and regional pop music in Indonesia.
Retail outlets
Historically in Indonesia popular music has been sold to consumers through small retail outlets whose merchandise mainly consists of cassettes and VCDs. Although music-related e-commerce is a small sector in the country and mainly focuses on selling to customers outside Indonesia, it is more likely to contribute to the internationalization of what used to be national or regional Indonesian popular music. Unlike retailers, e-commerce does not shape or reflect the consumption of Indonesian music by Indonesians. Like many institutions in Indonesia, popular music retail outlets are stratified by social class and generally calculate their sales activities based on the needs and interests of their intended audience.
Cassette stalls
Cassette stalls (warung kaset) typically are found in open-air markets in the poorer kampong (neighborhoods) of large Indonesian cities. They generally offer very few Western cassettes for sale (and no compact discs of any sort), but feature a wide variety of dangdut cassettes. Warung kaset distinguish themselves sonically from the other stalls in a traditional market by the loud recorded music they broadcast to passersby. The type of music played depends on the sales clerk, though sentimental pop ballads, often in English, are a frequent choice.
Cassette stalls offer a unique music buying experience in that most hold to a "try before you buy" policy. This allows a customer the option of trying out a recording on the stall's sound system before purchase, to test it for defects and to determine if he or she likes the music. This policy has had a democratizing effect on the sale of cassettes and indirectly exposes consumers to various local, regional and national styles.
Mall stores
Like malls in the United States or Europe, nearly all Indonesian malls feature at least one store selling recorded music. While all record shops in Indonesia sell some Indonesian recordings, music boutiques in upscale malls tend to carry mostly Western music. Mall music stores market themselves as portals to the global music culture. In fact, a recent study of product placement in mall-based record stores found that as little as 10 percent of available shelf space in a typical store is devoted to Indonesian music of any genre. Catering to customers from higher socioeconomic levels than those found among wareng kaset clientele, mall stores reflect the gedongan aspirations of middle- and upper-class consumers who see in music buying—-and, in particular, the purchase of CDs—an opportunity to participate in the economy of popular culture across national boundaries.
Mobile cassette vendors
Mobile cassette vendors make their way through city streets pushing wooden carts outfitted with car stereo systems. The cassettes offered for sale, normally legitimate (not infringed) copies, are intended to appeal to the servants and warung proprietors of a neighborhood, not its more affluent residents. The selection of recordings is typically dominated by dangdut and regional pop music. Since Western music is normally not offered in large quantities by mobile cassette vendors, these merchants are said to circumvent Jakarta's prestige hierarchies by specifically targeting rural migrants as opposed to city people.
Legal units only. Adapted from K.S. Theodore, "Industri Music Indonesia di Ujung Abad Ke 20," Buletin ASIRI 5 (1999): 10–11.
Additional factors
Technology
Driving the development of Indonesia's popular music recording industry is the ongoing adoption and use of sound technologies, particularly from the industrialized nations of the West. Electronic sound technology in Indonesia is relatively new, and it is largely imported. Though much in evidence throughout Indonesia, it is in some ways treated as something foreign, strange, and "outside the system." While Internet technologies have come somewhat late to Indonesia, enterprising technophiles have devised ways to create and distribute Indonesian popular music in digital form. Some years ago, many popular Indonesian tunes were distributed through the Internet in MIDI format, which allowed only instrumental versions of the songs to be transmitted. Another way that the problem of a lack of bandwidth and other technical facilities in Indonesia has been addressed is entirely illegal and more local in approach. This is the distribution of so-called "CDs in mp3 format." Since 1997, these "data CDs" are sold in the larger shopping malls in Jakarta and other big cities. Fifteen or more popular music albums may be copied on these unlicensed CDs, which can be played on a PC with the proper software. The price of these unauthorized CDs is very low: Rp.10,000 – 15,000. (The price of legal versions of those fifteen albums (cassette tapes and audio CDs) would be about Rp.300,000.) Through the medium of the World Wide Web and as a free alternative to a music store purchase, Indonesian popular music has circulated both within and outside of the nation's borders.
A second area of the popular music industry that has adapted significantly to the advent of digital technologies is the network of recording studios in the archipelago. Based mostly (but not exclusively) in urban centers, Indonesia's recording studios have increasingly diversified out of the template established by the country's two largest recording companies, P.N. Lokananta (the national recording company of Indonesia) and Hidup Baru. In contrast to the 1950s and 1960s, many studios today are no longer owned solely by producers. Increasingly, artists themselves decide to build home-based studios furnished with up-to-date digital equipment, usually imported from Singapore. In particular, the rise of underground music (also called alternative music, or musik alternatif) has given individuals armed with music production skills and the appropriate tools a forum through which their recordings may be disseminated. The preferred method of producing and distributing Indonesian underground music is defiantly localist, operating outside the channels of the commercial music industry. For example, "underground" cassettes are, as a rule, not found in mall stores, cassette stalls, or any other conventional retail outlet. It is, in fact, illegal to sell them, as the Indonesian government does not collect any tax on the transaction. As a result, music producers and the musicians they work with have since 2000 begun to open underground boutiques (toko underground) in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Denpasar and other locales. These establishments are often owned and operated by veteran underground scene members and sometimes include rehearsal and recording studios as well. Through an integration of the production and retail functions of popular music making, technology innovations in Indonesia increasingly occur in localized, underground settings, as they often have in other parts of the world. At the same time, new technologies have not overpowered popular music recording in Indonesia nor "Westernized" the musical life of the country. Rather, they have provided new possibilities for a range of recording and production approaches.
Copyright infringement
Bootlegging audiocassettes and VCDs is a thriving business in all large cities of Indonesia. For example, in the Glodok business area in northern Jakarta known as the city's "Chinatown," an estimated one million illegal copies of recordings are produced each day. Newspaper reports suggest that, in order to keep their financial losses under control, some recording companies produce illegal copies themselves, right after launching their legal, registered and censored albums. With most legitimate Indonesian cassettes costing over Rp.12,000 each, vendors of illegally copied versions priced at Rp.6,000 or less can attract many buyers. The quality of these illicit versions varies, but they are often not noticeably inferior to the originals. In addition to selling illegal copies of complete albums, unlicensed cassette vendors sell unauthorized compilations of current hit songs. These compilations usually contain either dangdut or pop songs, and they often combine songs released by different record labels since they are not bound by copyright restrictions. Thus, infringing hits compilations are not only cheaper, but also more likely to contain all of the hit songs that are currently popular.
As efforts to curb illegal distribution and file sharing have intensified worldwide, the Indonesian popular music industry has been compelled to face the legal and financial ramifications of these activities. For example, a legal initiative concerning royalty payments for the kroncong song Bengawan Solo, composed by the Javanese songwriter Gesang Martohartono in 1949 and well-known and recorded in a number of Asian countries, became a matter of national controversy in 1989–1990 and created an awareness of cultural property and heritage that had not been there before. Nevertheless, infringement continues to shape the dynamic of the Indonesian popular music industry, particularly with respect to the illegal sale of "bootleg" audiocassettes recordings by American and European artists re-taped in Asia and sold at roughly a quarter of their original price. Although sales of these items had virtually ended by 1997, at the beginning of 2002 copyright violation had increased again to previously unknown levels. According to Arnel Affandi, the general manager of the Association of Recording Industries in Indonesia (ASIRI) for 2002–2005, it was estimated by the United States Trade Representative that in 1997 only 12% of the CDs and audio cassettes sold in the archipelago were illegal copies. In February 2002, 5 out of 6 of the audio cassettes, CDs and VCDs produced were illegal copies. The Office of the United States Trade Representative has placed Indonesia on the priority watch list for violating copyright laws, especially with respect to VCDs.
Class and status consciousness
Some foreigners believe that as a post-colonial society, modern Indonesia exhibits xenocentrism—the belief that a foreign, usually Western culture is superior to one's own—in its consumption of recorded music. According to the widespread xenocentric view of musical value in Indonesia, local musics, or "musics of the village," are considered kampungan, repellently backward and low-class, while even higher status Indonesian pop cannot match to the greatness of international pop, and is forever subject to the accusation of simply imitating Western originals. In the same way that the record-buying community in Indonesia tends to prefer the popular culture of other countries over its own, contemporary Indonesians consider the concept of gengsi (social status) to be purveyed through their musical tastes. Modern Indonesian music buyers adhere to the following hierarchy of gengsi as it relates to popular music:
Western popular music
pop Indonesia (Western-style pop music sung in Indonesian)
Dangdut
Pop Daerah (regional pop)
Indie rock
As this hierarchy demonstrates, Indonesian popular music, no matter how Westernized, is considered of lesser status than "international" Anglo-American music. It also shows that independent rock, produced and recorded outside the commercial mainstream, is granted very low status, regardless of its quality and the artistic or cultural value it may hold. Moreover, because Indonesia is a country in which class differences are obvious, frequently acknowledged, and pervasive in social life, music industry workers tend to view the Indonesian popular music market not as an entity composed of an undifferentiated mass of consumers, but as a ladder of different socioeconomic classes. The class-inflected hierarchy of musical genres is reflected in the range of retail prices for different types of cassette:
See also
Indonesian popular music genres
Dangdut
Kroncong
Jaipongan
Qasidah modern
Indonesian hip hop
Indonesian popular music stars
Rhoma Irama
Ebiet G. Ade
Iwan Fals
Chrisye
References
Indonesian music |
40953485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juddha%20Shumsher%20Jung%20Bahadur%20Rana | Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana | Field Marshal Shree Shree Shree Maharaja Sir Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana () (19 April 1875 in Narayanhity Palace, Kathmandu – 20 November 1952 in Dehradun, India) was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1 September 1932 to 29 November 1945 as the head of the Rana dynasty.
He was the Field marshal and Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski. He is credited for rebuilding the Dharahara which was destroyed by the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.
Juddha Shumsher had twenty sons and twenty daughters.
Early life
Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana was born on 19 April 1875 at the Narayanhiti Palace in Durbar Marg, Kathmandu to Dhir Shumsher Rana and Juhar Kumari Devi. Rana was born into a noble Hindu Chhetri family, his father Dhir Shamsher, was the youngest brother of Jung Bahadur Rana who started the Rana dynasty, and his mother belonged to a noble Rajput family from Kangra. He was made colonel by Jung Bahadur during his Annaprashana ceremony which marks an infant's first intake of food other than milk. At the age of nine, his father Dhir Shumsher died, subsequently, he was looked after by his brothers. Following the 1885 Nepal coup d'état, his elder brother Bir Shumsher became the prime minister and Juddha was made a general and given an allowance of 21, 000 Nepalese rupees (NPR). At the age of 12, he was enrolled in a school, however, due to his deteriorating health, Rana had to leave his studies. During that time, he lived with Bhim Shumsher, who also performed his Upanayana ceremony. In 1888, he was married to Padma Kumari Devi of Gulmi.
Ancestors
See also
Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
Juddha Barun Yantra
References
Citations
1875 births
1952 deaths
Prime ministers of Nepal
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Rana regime
Rana dynasty
20th-century prime ministers of Nepal
20th-century Nepalese nobility
19th-century Nepalese nobility
Nepalese Hindus
Monarchs who abdicated
People from Kathmandu |
5830816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington%2C%20Northamptonshire | Abington, Northamptonshire | Abington is a district of the town of Northampton and former civil parish, now in the parish of Northampton, in the West Northamptonshire district, in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England, situated about east of the town centre. The population of the ward of Northampton Borough Council at the 2011 census was 9,668.
The name 'Abington' means 'Farm/settlement connected with Abba'.
Originally a small village outside the borough boundary of Northampton, Abington is mentioned in The Domesday Book. In the 17th century the village was enclosed and depopulated. The outlines of the village's streets can still be seen as can the village's fishpond (although this is now a garden) in Abington Park. The park was given to the town by the Wantage family in the 19th century.
The area known as Abington became part of the borough of Northampton in the late 19th century as the town expanded. Its close location to Abington Park causes this to be a highly sought-after residential area. Abington has often been described as "the Greenwich Village of Northampton."
The Wellingborough Road (locally known as the "Welly Rd") passes through the centre of Abington containing many restaurants, pubs and supermarkets and is the heartbeat of the area. St Edmunds Hospital was once open on the Wellingborough Road before being closed in 1997 and demolished to make way for new development. Housing is mixed with former warehouses becoming converted flats, terraced housing and council housing.
Wantage Road in Abington is home to Northamptonshire County Cricket Club and was formerly the home of Northampton Town Football Club on Abington Avenue before the club moved to Sixfields in modern premises west of the town.
Civil parish
On 1 April 1913 the parish was abolished and merged with Northampton. In 1911 the parish had a population of 2485.
References
Areas of Northampton
Former civil parishes in Northamptonshire |
14745581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gralla | Gralla | Gralla may refer to:
Gralla (instrument), a traditional Catalan double reed instrument in the oboe family.
Gralla (municipality), a municipality in the district of Leibnitz in Styria, Austria.
Grallae, a group of long-legged birds from the 10th edition of Systema Naturae |
8471417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q95 | Q95 | Q95 may refer to:
Radio stations
KQSF, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
WFBQ, in Indianapolis, Indiana
WKQI, in Detroit, Michigan
WQHY, in Prestonsburg, Kentucky
WQTE, in Adrian, Michigan
Other uses
At-Tin, the 95th surah of the Quran
Ruth Airport, a public airport in Trinity County, California |
17699116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20XI | Mark XI | Mark XI or Mark 11 often refers to the 11th version of a product, frequently military hardware. "Mark", meaning "model" or "variant", can be abbreviated "Mk."
Mark XI or Mark 11 may refer to:
Military
Mark 11 torpedo (1926), American surface combatant torpedo
Mark XI torpedo (1934), British aircraft-delivered torpedo
Hedgehog Mark 11, variant of the Hedgehog, a British anti-submarine spigot mortar weapon
Supermarine Spitfire Mk XI (1942-1944), variant of the Supermarine Spitfire, a British photo reconnaissance aircraft
Bristol Beaufighter Mk XIC, variant of the Bristol Beaufighter, a British Coastal Command long range heavy fighter
Mark 11 missile launcher, a naval based missile launcher
Mark 11 nuclear bomb (1956-1960), an American nuclear bomb
United States Navy Mk 11 Mod 0 Sniper Weapon System, based on the SR-25
Other uses
Mark 11 or Mark XI, the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
Mortal Kombat 11, a 2019 fighting video game |
62800705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konagas%C5%8D%20Pottery%20Kiln%20ruins | Konagasō Pottery Kiln ruins | The is an archaeological site containing a Muromachi period kiln located in the Higashishirasaka neighborhood of the city of Seto, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1971. with the area under protection expanded in 2002.
Overview
Located in the hills of eastern Seto, this kiln was built in the Muromachi period and is recorded as having been in use until the early modern era. Some 800 kiln ruins have been discovered around the city of Seto, which for centuries has been one of the major pottery production sites in Japan, and of these 800 kilns, some 100 date from the "old Seto" period. The Konagasō kiln is one of the best-preserved of these kiln ruins, as most have been destroyed or vandalized over the years. The ruins were known since the Edo period and in 1946 this was the first kiln site to be excavated by the Japan Ceramic Association.
Excavations have found that the kiln is an anagama-style kiln with semi-underground structure utilizing the natural slope of the hill. It has a total length of 6.7 meters and maximum width of three meters, and is divided into three parts. The firing chamber and combustion chamber are connected by a barrier with six holes located along its bottom. The use of such through-holes is very rare for old Seto kilns. This kiln is considered a predecessor for the later noborigama-style design.
A large number of shards of Seto ware were discovered in the ash and debris in front of the kiln and were found to be from a wide variety of jars, vases and other objects. The pottery shards were found to be mostly without pattern. Subsequent archaeological excavations have confirmed the remains of a workshop and a large ash field that spreads around the kiln, creating a slope. The site is thus of great significance in understanding the production technology, equipment, and worker organization for early Seto pottery. A structure with a barrier and five stanchions in the center of the kiln is unique. Tea utensils such as tea bowls from the Edo period and kiln tools for producing them have been excavated from a narrow area in front of the kiln's opening and have been dated to the end of the 17th century and 18th century . This shows that the medieval kiln was modified and reused during the Edo Period.
The kiln ruins are located about 30 minutes on foot from the "Unkouji" bus stop on the Meitetsu Bus from Owari Seto Station on the Meitetsu Seto Line.
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Aichi)
References
External links
Seto city official site
Muromachi period
History of Aichi Prefecture
Seto, Aichi
Historic Sites of Japan
Japanese pottery kiln sites |
50788933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles%20qualifying | 1998 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles qualifying | Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships.
The qualifying rounds for the 1998 Wimbledon Championships were played from 15 to 21 May 1998 at the Civil Service Sports Ground in Chiswick, London, Great Britain.
Seeds
Cara Black (qualified)
Haruka Inoue (qualified)
Karin Miller (qualifying competition, lucky loser)
Jolene Watanabe (second round)
Sandra Klösel (first round)
Émilie Loit (first round)
Els Callens (qualified)
Conchita Martínez Granados (first round)
Radka Bobková (qualified)
Lilia Osterloh (qualifying competition, lucky loser)
Meghann Shaughnessy (first round)
Annabel Ellwood (qualifying competition)
Shinobu Asagoe (first round)
Anne Kremer (qualifying competition)
Laurence Courtois (second round)
Raluca Sandu (first round)
Qualifiers
Cara Black
Silvija Talaja
Radka Bobková
Surina de Beer
Els Callens
Miriam Schnitzer
Rennae Stubbs
Haruka Inoue
Lucky losers
Karin Miller
Lilia Osterloh
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
Seventh qualifier
Eighth qualifier
External links
1998 Wimbledon Championships on WTAtennis.com
1998 Wimbledon Championships – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles Qualifying
Wimbledon Championship by year – Women's singles qualifying
Wimbledon Championships |
73325047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozsoshentsi | Rozsoshentsi | Rozsoshentsi () is a village in Poltava Raion, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Shcherbani rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
Demographics
According to the 1989 census, the population of Rozsoshentsi was 6,115, of which 2,961 were men and 3,154 were women. According to the 2001 census, 6,639 people lived in the village.
Languages
Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
References
Villages in Poltava Raion |
33589265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Hubbard | Jerry Hubbard | Jerry Hubbard may refer to:
Jerry Reed (1937–2008), or Jerry Reed Hubbard, American country music singer
Jerry Hubbard, bassist in The Time
Jerry Hubbard, character on American TV series Fernwood 2 Night |
10773215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Gailly | Paul Gailly | Paul Gailly (; born 2 August 1894, date of death unknown) was a Belgian water polo player who won silver medals at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
References
External links
1894 births
Year of death missing
Belgian male water polo players
Water polo players at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic water polo players for Belgium
Olympic silver medalists for Belgium
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing |
67522898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20Maxwell%20%28rugby%20union%29 | Jenny Maxwell (rugby union) | Jenny Maxwell (born 8 December 1992) is a Scottish professional rugby union player, who plays for Scotland Women. She was one of the team for the 2021 Women's Six Nations Championship. She jointly holds the record for the most Scotland Women's 7s caps and has over 30 caps for XVs.
Club career
At 15, Maxwell began playing for Nottingham Paviors RFC. Between 2012 and 2017 she played for Lichfield RFC, and played for her university, Leeds Beckett, from 2011 to 2016. Maxwell's first club contract was for Loughborough Lightning, in 2017. She plays Scrum Half for the Premier 15 side team.
International career
In 2012, Maxwell successfully tried out for the Scotland under-20s. Maxwell made her 7's International debut at the FIRA Grand Prix tournament in Brive in June 2013, scoring her first try against Germany in the Marbella event two weeks later. Her first XVs cap came in the 2015 Women's Six Nations Championships in a match against France. She also played in the 2019 Women's Six Nations Championships.
Maxwell suffered an ACL knee injury during Scotland's Test match with Spain at Almeria's Juan Rojas Stadium in January 2020, during a game where the visiting team won 36–12. She subsequently missed three test matches ahead of the 2021 Women's Six Nations Championship. Her rehabilitation was successful and she joined the 2021 Women's Six Nations Championship, in which Scotland lost to England and Italy, before beating Wales 27–20 to claim fifth place in the championship. In the winning match against Wales, Maxwell played her first start of the 2021 Championship at scrum-half.
Personal life
Jennifer Rose Maxwell grew up in Leicester and began playing rugby aged six, in a mixed minis side at Leicester Forest East RFC, playing there until age 15, when she moved to play for Nottingham Paviors RFC and she was selected for the Scotland under-20 side in 2012/13..
Maxwell graduated with a First class BSc degree in Sport and Exercise Science from Leeds Beckett University and followed this with a MSc Sport and Exercise Physiology.
She now works for Loughborourgh College as an elite sport tutor and is also a performance lifestyle mentor for Loughborough University.
Maxwell qualifies to play for Scotland through her father who is from Annan in Dumfriesshire.
Honours
HSBC World Series qualifiers finalist (Hong Kong) 2019
References
External links
Scottish Rugby Player Profile
1992 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Leicester
Scottish female rugby union players
Loughborough Lightning rugby union players
English female rugby union players
English people of Scottish descent
Scotland international women's rugby sevens players
Scotland women's international rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Alumni of Leeds Beckett University |
13393420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String%20Quintet%20No.%202%20%28Mendelssohn%29 | String Quintet No. 2 (Mendelssohn) | The String Quintet No. 2 in B flat major, Op. 87, was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1845, when Mendelssohn was around 36 years old. The piece is scored for two violins, two violas and cello.
Movements
Like all of Mendelssohn's string quartets, this work has four movements:
Allegro vivace
Andante scherzando
Adagio e lento
Allegro molto vivace
A typical performance lasts just under 30 minutes.
It was published posthumously in 1851 (described by its first publisher, Breitkopf und Härtel, as No. 16 der nachgelassenen Werke.)
External links
Performance of String Quintet No. 2 by the Musicians from Ravinia's Steans Institute from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
Chamber music by Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn 2
1845 compositions
Compositions in B-flat major
Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn published posthumously |
43127825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calloway%20Creek%20Formation | Calloway Creek Formation | The Calloway Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky
References
Ordovician Kentucky
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits |
4140198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Gonzalez%20%28astronomer%29 | Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer) | Guillermo Gonzalez (born 1963) is an astronomer, a proponent of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design, and a research scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. He is a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, considered the hub of the intelligent design movement, and a fellow with the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.
Education, work and academics
Gonzalez obtained a BS in 1987 in physics and astronomy from University of Arizona and his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Washington in 1993. He has done post-doctoral work at the University of Texas, Austin and the University of Washington. He has received fellowships, grants and awards from NASA, the University of Washington, Sigma Xi, and the National Science Foundation. He supports the Galactic habitable zone concept, which was coined in 1986 by L.S. Marochnik and L.M. Mukhin, who defined the zone as the region in which intelligent life could flourish. Until May 2008 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Iowa State University, then taught at Grove City College, an evangelical Christian school, and since 2013 is an assistant professor at Ball State University in Muncie.
Gonzalez was a regular contributor to Facts for Faith magazine produced by Reasons To Believe, an old earth creationist group. In addition to his work for the Discovery Institute and International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, he is a researcher for the Biologic Institute, which is funded by the institute for research into intelligent design.
In 2004 he published The Privileged Planet and its accompanying video, which takes the arguments of the Rare Earth hypothesis and combines them with arguments that the Earth is in prime location for observing the universe. He then proposes that the Earth was intelligently designed. William H. Jefferys, a professor of astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin, reviewed the book writing "the little that is new in this book isn't interesting, and what is old is just old-hat creationism in a new, modern-looking astronomical costume." Co-author Jay Richards responds to such criticism with the following statement: "It has absolutely nothing to do with biological evolution. We are talking about the things that you need to produce a habitable planet, which is a prerequisite for life. It doesn't tell you anything about how life got here." A documentary based on the book was produced by the Discovery Institute.
His primary research interest is studying radial velocity and transit techniques for the detection of extrasolar planets.
Iowa State University tenure denial
Faculty statement
Two years prior to his consideration for tenure, approximately 130 members of the faculty of Iowa State University signed a statement co-authored by associate professors James Colbert and Hector Avalos and assistant professor Michael Clough opposing "all attempts to represent Intelligent Design as a scientific endeavor." Similar statements were issued by faculty at the University of Northern Iowa and at the University of Iowa. A total of approximately 400 professors signed the three petitions. No mention of Gonzalez was made in these petitions, and the professors maintained the statement "was in no way targeted specifically at Gonzalez", that Tom Ingebritsen, an associate professor in the Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, had been advocating, and teaching a course in, Intelligent Design at ISU for a number of years before Gonzales arrived, and that "[a]t that time [the] statement began to circulate, Dr. Gonzalez was not well-known as an ID advocate to most faculty even at ISU". Avalos also criticized the Discovery Institute for "combining sentences from different sections of [the statement] in order create a fragmented syntax that appears to target Gonzalez":
Two years later, an article in the local newspaper The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier reported Gonzalez's appeal against his denial of tenure and claimed he was "the unnamed target" of the ISU petition. The article noted that "Gonzalez won't discuss the reasons for the tenure denial" but that he "noted...that he has frequently been criticized by people who don't consider intelligent design as a legitimate science." Comments from John West, the associate director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture – at which Gonzalez was a senior fellow – blamed the failure to secure tenure directly upon Gonzalez's belief in intelligent design and compared it to a "doctrinal litmus test" typical of his native Cuba.
Denial of tenure and appeals
In April 2007 Iowa State University denied Gonzalez tenure.
On June 1, 2007, Gregory Geoffroy, president of Iowa State University, rejected Gonzalez's appeal and upheld the denial of tenure. In making this decision, Geoffroy states that he "specifically considered refereed publications, [Gonzalez's] level of success in attracting research funding and grants, the amount of telescope observing time he had been granted, the number of graduate students he had supervised, and most importantly, the overall evidence of future career promise in the field of astronomy" and that Gonzalez "simply did not show the trajectory of excellence that we expect in a candidate seeking tenure in physics and astronomy – one of our strongest academic programs." Geoffroy noted, "Over the past 10 years, four of the 12 candidates who came up for review in the physics and astronomy department were not granted tenure." Gonzalez appealed to the Iowa Board of Regents and the board affirmed the decision on February 7, 2008.
Reasons for denial
The university has issued an FAQ concerning the situation saying that "The consensus of the tenured department faculty, the department chair, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the executive vice president and provost was that tenure should not be granted. Based on recommendations against granting tenure and promotion at every prior level of review, and his own review of the record, President Gregory Geoffroy notified Gonzalez in April that he would not be granted tenure and promotion to associate professor." The denial of tenure for Gonzalez resulted in one of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns with the institute encouraging its followers to call and email Geoffroy and urge him to reverse the decision.
The Chronicle of Higher Education said of Gonzalez and the Discovery Institute's claims of discrimination "At first glance, it seems like a clear-cut case of discrimination ... But a closer look at Mr. Gonzalez's case raises some questions about his recent scholarship and whether he has lived up to his early promise." The Chronicle observed that Gonzalez had no major grants during his seven years at ISU, had published no significant research during that time and had only one graduate student finish a dissertation. The Discovery Institute misrepresents an op-ed by John Hauptman, one of Gonzalez's colleagues in the physics department. Hauptman states clearly that Gonzalez's work falls far short of what scientists know to be science, containing not one single number, not one single measurement or test of any kind. "I believe that I fully met the requirements for tenure at ISU," said Gonzalez. On May 8, 2007, Gonzalez appealed the decision.
Gonzalez's failure to obtain research funding has been cited as a factor in the decision. "Essentially, he had no research funding," said Eli Rosenberg, chairman of Gonzalez's department. "That's one of the issues." According to the Des Moines Register, "Iowa State has sponsored $22,661 in outside grant money for Gonzalez since July 2001, records show. In that same time period, Gonzalez's peers in physics and astronomy secured an average of $1.3 million by the time they were granted tenure." On February 7, 2008, his appeal to the board of regents was denied.
Discovery Institute and intelligent design campaign
The Discovery Institute launched a campaign portraying Gonzalez as a victim of discrimination by "Darwinist ideologues" for his support of intelligent design, comparing Gonzalez's denial of tenure to the claims of discrimination by Richard Sternberg, another institute affiliate, over the Sternberg peer review controversy. The institute's public relations campaign also makes the same claims of discrimination as the campaign it conducted on behalf of institute Fellow Francis J. Beckwith when he was initially denied tenure at Baylor University.
The Discovery Institute filed a request for public records and as a result, in December 2007, Des Moines Register obtained faculty email records from 2005 that included discussions of intelligent design, and made mention of the impact that Gonzalez's support for it might have on his prospects for tenure. Emails included one by John Hauptman who worried that the anti-Gonzalez sentiments were "starting to smack of a witch's hanging." Hauptman went on to vote against Gonzalez's tenure purely on the grounds that his work did not come close to being science, for example, the only numbers in his book were the page numbers. The Discovery Institute writes that the email records "demonstrate that a campaign was organized and conducted against Gonzalez by his colleagues, with the intent to deny him tenure". In a letter to the Iowa State Daily, Physics and Astronomy Professor Joerg Schmalian stated that the e-mail "discussion was prompted by our unease with the national debate on intelligent design", not the issue of tenure.
Observers such as PZ Myers have stated that the Discovery Institute's statement "relies heavily on fragmentary quotes taken from emails that they obtained through an open records inquiry", that the "entire anti-evolution movement" has a track-record of taking quotations out of context, that "the DI has not made the full text of the sources available for examination", leading to a "reluctan[ce] to accept the quotes provided at face value", and that in any case "[t]his is precisely what his colleagues are supposed to do: discuss concerns about his tenure case." A review and analysis of the list of Gonzalez's publications supplied by the Discovery Institute found that "he peaked in 1999, and the decline [in his publications] began even while he was still at the University of Washington" and that "[e]ven more pronounced than the drop in publications is the complete bottom-out in first authorships that is almost sustained throughout his entire probationary period leading up to tenure." Another academic commented:
Additionally, Gonzalez appeared in the 2008 documentary-style propaganda film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. The American Association for the Advancement of Science describes the film as dishonest and divisive, aimed at introducing religious ideas into public school science classrooms, and the film is being used in private screenings to legislators as part of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign for Academic Freedom bills. Expelled portrays Gonzalez as a victim of religious discrimination and the Discovery Institute campaign asserts that his intelligent design writings should not have been considered in the review. However, Gonzales listed The Privileged Planet as part of his tenure review file. Dr. Gregory Tinkler of Iowa Citizens for Science stated that "Being a religious scientist is perfectly normal and acceptable, but scientists are supposed to be able to separate science from non-science, and good research from bad. Academic freedom protects a scientist's ability to do science, not to pass off a political or religious crusade as science."
Colleagues speak out
One of Gonzalez's colleagues, physics professor Joerg Schmalian wrote "To deny tenure to a colleague is a very painful experience. It literally causes sleepless nights to those who are forced to make a responsible decision. Faculty candidates who are being hired in our department always come with promising backgrounds and terrific accomplishments. The decision to recommend or deny tenure is then predominantly based on research performance while at Iowa State. As far as I can judge, this was no different in Gonzalez's case. What I know with certainty is that Gonzalez's views on intelligent design, with which I utterly disagree, had no bearing whatsoever on my vote on his tenure case."
Grove City College
In late 2007, Gonzalez accepted a non-tenure track position in the astronomy program of the Grove City College in Pennsylvania starting in fall semester 2008. Grove City College acquired an observatory from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in February 2008 that will be utilized for astronomy classes as well as faculty and student research.
Ball State University
On 12 June 2013, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, announced it had engaged Gonzalez as an assistant professor in the department of physics and astronomy. At the time, the university was already investigating a complaint that another assistant professor in that department, Eric Hedin, had been promoting intelligent design in an honors symposium titled "The Boundaries of Science". Concerns about the teaching of religion in science courses had been raised by academics, including professor of biology Jerry Coyne, who commented on the new hire that if Gonzales "wants to talk about it in his writing and speeches, he has a right to do that. But he can't pass that stuff off in a university classroom. He doesn't have the right to get tenure working in discredited science." The university's investigation into Hedin had begun following a letter from the Freedom from Religion Foundation, whose attorney said that the university "already has a serious issue with creationism being taught as science" by Hedin, "Now they've hired another astronomy professor and creationist to teach science at their university, Gonzalez", and this pattern could damage the university's reputation as well as involving the administration in work "to ensure that proper legal, ethical, and educational boundaries are followed by Gonzalez." The Discovery institute's Evolution News and Views website published a statement Guillermo Gonzalez had issued about his new position as a faculty member:
At the end of July, Professor Jo Ann Gora as president of the university stated that science courses would not include teaching intelligent design and that Hedin would remain on the staff, but his symposium would not continue. She issued a letter to faculty and staff advising that "Intelligent design is overwhelmingly deemed by the scientific community as a religious belief and not a scientific theory" and that "Said simply, to allow intelligent design to be presented to science students as a valid scientific theory would violate the academic integrity of the course as it would fail to accurately represent the consensus of science scholars."
The Discovery Institute had meetings with Indiana Senator Dennis Kruse, chairman of the Education Committee, and three of his fellow Republican legislators. The legislators, acting on behalf of the Discovery Institute, wrote to the university to raise concerns about the decision, including the "establishment of a speech code restricting faculty speech on intelligent design" and demanding that Gora answer the question, "Does the policy forbid science professors from explaining either their support or rejection of intelligent design in answer to questions about intelligent design in class?" The Discovery Institute's vice president John G. West alleged that "one science class is covering intelligent design in order to bash it. If they allow that, it's tantamount to state endorsement of an anti-religious view."
The Discovery Institute also sought access to any emails between the university and Coyne to investigate their suspicions that a faculty member had contacted Coyne to sabotage the hiring of Gonzalez: Coyne described this as "crazy" and said "I made it clear I didn't think Guillermo Gonzalez or Eric Hedin should be fired. The question was whether religion can be taught as if it were science. Like president Gora said, it's not only wrong but illegal to represent religion as if it were science." He also commented that "The Discovery Institute is hurt because they lost, so they're trying to make trouble. This is a watershed thing, the first time the issue of intelligent design came up in a university as opposed to a high school or elementary school. Ball State was the first time they tried, and it failed."
Books
The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery (co-author Jay Richards), Regnery Publishing, Inc., Washington D.C., March 2004,
Observational Astronomy (co-authors D. Scott Birney, David Oesper) Cambridge University Press, 2006,
(contributor) The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God (2004), Zondervan,
References
External links
Guillermo Gonzalez faculty page at Ball State University
Guillermo Gonzalez, Senior Fellow from the Discovery Institute
1963 births
Living people
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Discovery Institute fellows and advisors
Intelligent design advocates
Grove City College faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
Discovery Institute campaigns
Iowa State University faculty
Intelligent design controversies
21st-century Cuban writers |
16168296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%201944 | September 1944 | The following events occurred in September 1944:
September 1, 1944 (Friday)
The Battle of Lone Tree Hill ended in American victory.
Soviet forces took Călărași and reached the Bulgarian frontier at Giurgiu. Moscow requested permission for their troops to enter Bulgarian territory.
The First Canadian Army captured Dieppe, the site of the failed 1942 commando raid, and pressed on along the northern French coast.
German submarine U-247 was depth charged and sunk in the English Channel by Canadian warships.
The Frank Capra-directed dark comedy film Arsenic and Old Lace starring Cary Grant premiered at the Strand Theatre in New York City.
Born: Leonard Slatkin, conductor and composer, in Los Angeles, California
September 2, 1944 (Saturday)
Konstantin Muraviev became Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
The First Canadian Army took Saint-Valery-en-Caux and reached the River Somme.
Finland severed diplomatic relations with Germany and ordered all Germans to leave the country.
German submarine U-394 was sunk southeast of Jan Mayen by a Fairey Swordfish of 825 Squadron, Fleet Air Arm and gunfire from British warships.
The Spanish-language family magazine ¡Hola! was founded in Barcelona.
Born: Gilles Marchal, singer and songwriter, in Paris, France (d. 2013)
Died George W. Norris, American politician (b. 1861)
September 3, 1944 (Sunday)
Finland and the Soviet Union agreed on a ceasefire to take effect at 8:00 a.m. the next morning.
The British Second Army captured Brussels while the U.S. First Army took Tournai.
Gerd von Rundstedt was restored as Oberbefehlshaber West, replacing Walter Model.
The Germans began Operation Birke to protect access to nickel in Finnish Lapland.
Prime Minister Muraviev halted the execution of political prisoners in Bulgaria.
Born: Ty Warner, toy manufacturer, businessman and actor, in Oak Brook, Illinois
Died: Emil Lang, 35, German flying ace (plane crash during an aerial battle near Overhespen, Belgium)
September 4, 1944 (Monday)
Soviet troops in Romania captured Brașov and Sinaia.
The Battle of Gemmano began in Italy as part of the Allied assault on the Gothic Line.
The British Guards Armoured Division took Kortenberg and Leuven.
The U.S. Seventh Army took Bourg-en-Bresse.
September 5, 1944 (Tuesday)
The Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria, which never attacked the USSR but was aligned with the Axis.
The Battle of Turda began in Romania.
Štefan Tiso replaced Vojtech Tuka as Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic.
The Cornwall–Massena earthquake along the Saint Lawrence rift system in North America did $2 million damage.
Sweden said it would bar entry to Nazis attempting to flee.
German submarine U-362 was depth charged and sunk in the Kara Sea by Soviet minesweeper T-116.
Died: Gustave Biéler, 40, French spy (executed by a Nazi firing squad)
September 6, 1944 (Wednesday)
The Tartu Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
The French 2nd Corps captured Chalon-sur-Saône.
Polish forces liberate Ypres in Belgium from occupying German forces.
All four carrier groups of Task Force 38 began air strikes on Japanese positions in the Palau Islands.
The British government relaxed blackout restrictions and suspended compulsory training for the Home Guard.
Born: Christian Boltanski, artist, in Paris France (d. 2021); Swoosie Kurtz, American Actress
Died: Jan Franciszek Czartoryski, 47, Polish noble, military chaplain and one of the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs of World War II (shot by the Germans during the Warsaw Uprising); Ted T. Tanouye, 24, Japanese American soldier and posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor (died in Italy of wounds sustained from an exploding land mine five days earlier)
September 7, 1944 (Thursday)
Hungary declared war on Romania and crossed into southern Transylvania.
Members of Vichy France's collaborationist government were relocated to Germany where an enclave was established for them in Sigmaringen Castle.
Shin'yō Maru incident: The Japanese cargo ship was torpedoed and sunk in the Sulu Sea by American submarine USS Paddle while carrying 750 American prisoners of war aboard. 688 perished.
Born: Earl Manigault, street basketball player, in Charleston, South Carolina (d. 1998); Bora Milutinović, footballer and manager, in Bajina Bašta, Yugoslavia; Sam Sloan, American chess player and autodidact
September 8, 1944 (Friday)
On the Eastern Front, the Battle of the Dukla Pass began for the Dukla Pass at the border of Poland and Slovakia.
The Belgian government in exile led by Hubert Pierlot returned to Brussels from London.
Bulgaria accepted an armistice with the Soviet Union.
The first V-2 flying bomb to reach British soil landed in Chiswick, west London, demolishing eleven houses and killing three people immediately. The British government did not acknowledge the new German weapon until November.
The Italian ocean liner Rex was sunk at Trieste by an air raid of Bristol Beaufighters from No. 272 Squadron RAF.
September 9, 1944 (Saturday)
A coup d'état in Bulgaria overthrew the government of Konstantin Muraviev after one week in power and replaced it with a government of the Fatherland Front led by Kimon Georgiev.
German submarine U-484 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Ireland by British warships.
U-865 was lost sometime after this date to unknown causes after leaving Trondheim, Norway.
Miss District of Columbia Venus Ramey was crowned Miss America 1944.
Died: Robert Benoist, 59, French racing driver and member of the French Resistance (executed at Buchenwald)
September 10, 1944 (Sunday)
RAF Bomber Command began Operation Paravane, another attack on the German battleship Tirpitz anchored in northern Norway.
The U.S. 3rd Armored Division occupied St. Vith and reached the German border.
Liberation of Luxembourg.
German submarines U-20 and U-23 were scuttled in the Black Sea to prevent capture by the advancing Soviets.
September 11, 1944 (Monday)
Elements of the First Canadian Army reached the Belgian coastal village of Zeebrugge.
Communist leader Bolesław Bierut assumed the presidency of a new provisional government of Poland.
German submarine U-19 was scuttled in the Black Sea.
US troops crossed the border into Nazi Germany for the first time. At 16:30 hours, a 7-person patrol led by Sgt. Warner W. Holzinger of the 2nd Platoon, Troop B, 85th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, 5th Armored Division, crossed the river Our at Stolzembourg, Luxembourg and reached Keppeshausen. They studied the pillbox area, and returned safely to Stolzembourg at 18:50 having encountered no German military personnel. This was also the first advance through enemy lines in Germany.
September 12, 1944 (Tuesday)
The Second Quebec Conference began in Quebec City, Canada.
Romania signed an armistice with the Allies in Moscow. Romania agreed to provide twelve divisions to fight Germany, provide goods and raw materials to the USSR, ban all fascist organizations, repeal anti-Jewish laws and revert to their 1940 borders. The Soviet Union took control of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina.
About 12,000 German troops surrendered as the First Canadian Army captured Le Havre.
In the Apennine Mountains, the U.S. Fifth Army joined in the assault on the Gothic Line.
The Japanese passenger ship Rakuyō Maru was sunk in the South China Sea by American submarine USS Sealion while transporting 1,317 Australian and British prisoners of war. A total of 1,159 POWs died.
Japanese destroyer Shikinami was sunk south of Hong Kong by the American submarine Growler.
Born: Leonard Peltier, Native American activist and convicted murderer, in Grand Forks, North Dakota; Barry White, composer, singer and songwriter, in Galveston, Texas (d. 2003)
September 13, 1944 (Wednesday)
The Battle of Rimini began in Italy.
The 47th Army of the 2nd Belorussian Front took the Warsaw suburb of Praga.
Soviet aircraft began dropping supplies to the Home Army in Warsaw overnight.
The American destroyer USS Warrington sank off the Bahamas in the Great Atlantic hurricane.
The Battle of Meligalas between the Greek People's Liberation Army and the Security Battalions begins in Greece.
Born: Carol Barnes, television newsreader and broadcaster, in Norwich, England (d. 2008); Jacqueline Bisset, actress, in Weybridge, Surrey, England; Peter Cetera, singer, songwriter, bassist and original member of rock band Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois
Died: Yolande Beekman, 32, Madeleine Damerment, 26, and Noor Inayat Khan, 30, SOE agents (executed at Dachau concentration camp); W. Heath Robinson, 72, English cartoonist and illustrator
September 14, 1944 (Thursday)
The Soviets began the Baltic Offensive and the Riga Offensive.
Operation Dragoon ended in Allied victory.
The Battle of Păuliș began in Romania between Hungarian and Soviet/Romanian forces.
Canadian and British troops pushing through the Gothic Line captured Coriano.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recorded the third highest water level of Woods Hole, MA to date at 1.488 meters.
Died: John Kenneth Macalister, 30, Frank Pickersgill, 29, and Roméo Sabourin, 21, Canadian spies (executed at Buchenwald)
September 15, 1944 (Friday)
The Lapland War begins between Germany and Finland.
The Germans carried out Operation Tanne Ost to capture the Finnish island of Suursaari before it could fall into Soviet hands. The operation was a complete failure for the Germans with the Finns taking 1,231 prisoners.
German frogmen carried out a successful raid on the floodgates at Antwerp and rendered the port unusable to the Allies for six weeks.
The Battle of Gemmano in Italy ended in Allied victory.
The Battle of Peleliu began between U.S. and Japanese forces on the island of Peleliu.
The Battle of Morotai between Allied and Japanese forces began in the Maluku Islands.
The French provisional government in Paris said it would try Vichy war criminals and issued warrants for the arrests of Philippe Pétain and his cabinet.
The Great Atlantic Hurricane made landfall on Long Island and Rhode Island.
The Battle of Meligalas between the Greek People's Liberation Army and the Security Battalions ends, and is followed by a massacre of the captive Security Battalionists.
September 16, 1944 (Saturday)
The Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front occupied the Bulgarian capital of Sofia.
The Second Quebec Conference ended.
In accordance with a call from the Danish National Council in London (not actually a government in exile but an association of free Danes), workers in Denmark went on strike starting at noon to protest the transfer of about 190 Danish political prisoners to Germany. The strike mostly affected the transportation system.
Hitler made the decision to go through with the Ardennes Offensive in his Prussian headquarters (the Wolf's Lair). This would become the Battle of the Bulge.
Died: Gustav Bauer, 74, Chancellor of Germany from 1919 to 1920
September 17, 1944 (Sunday)
Operation Market Garden began when Allied paratroopers landed in the Netherlands and XXX Corps advanced from Belgium. The Battle of Arnhem began in the Netherlands.
The 3rd Canadian Division began Operation Wellhit to take the fortified town of Boulogne in northern France.
30,000 Dutch rail workers obeyed a call from General Eisenhower to go on strike to paralyze the German transport system in Holland. Many of the workers went into hiding.
Operation Paravane ended when a bomb hit the German battleship Tirpitz, disabling her and causing the Germans to tow her south to Tromsø where she would be sunk in Operation Catechism two months later.
The Battle of San Marino began during the Italian Campaign.
The Soviets began the Tallinn Offensive.
The Battle of Angaur began between U.S. and Japanese forces in the island of Angaur in the Palau Islands.
The Japanese escort carrier Un'yō was torpedoed and sunk in the South China Sea by the American submarine Barb.
Blackout restrictions were relaxed in London.
Born: Reinhold Messner, mountaineer and adventurer, in Brixen, Italy
September 18, 1944 (Monday)
Eindhoven liberated by 101st Airborne Division.
The Battle of Arracourt began near the French town of Arracourt.
The Japanese hell ship Jun'yō Maru was sunk off Sumatra by the British submarine Tradewind with the loss of 5,620 lives, the worst maritime disaster in history up to that time.
American B-17 bombers dropped 1,284 containers of supplies to the Home Army in Warsaw, but only 228 fell on Polish-controlled territory. This was the only major supply drop of the war that the Soviets allowed the western Allies to carry out.
Born: Veronica Carlson, model and actress, in Yorkshire, England (d. 2022); Satan's Angel, exotic dancer, née Angel Cecilia Helene Walker in San Francisco, California (d. 2019)
Died: Robert G. Cole, 29, American soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor (killed in action by a sniper during Operation Market Garden); Viktor Eberhard Gräbner, 30, German Waffen-SS officer and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (killed during the Battle of Arnhem)
September 19, 1944 (Tuesday)
The Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union came to an end with the signing of the Moscow Armistice.
The Battle for Brest ended in Allied victory.
The Battle of Păuliș ended in Romanian-Soviet victory.
The Battle of Hürtgen Forest began between German and U.S. forces in the Hürtgen Forest along the border of Belgium and Germany.
Thomas E. Dewey made a nationally broadcast campaign speech in Portland, Oregon in which he said that the making of peace was too important "to be dependent upon the life span and continued friendship of two or three individuals." Dewey said that there were "no indispensable men."
SS and Police Leader of Denmark Günther Pancke proclaimed a state of emergency and ordered the Danish police disarmed in an effort to stop the Danish transportation strike from becoming a general strike. This measure brought about shooting in front of the castle in Copenhagen when the royal guards thought they would be disarmed as well, and eight people were killed. Striking would continue for two more days.
German submarine U-407 was depth charged and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Milos, Greece by Allied warships.
U-565 was severely damaged by American aircraft near Skaramagas, Greece and scuttled five days later.
U-867 was depth charged and sunk west of Bergen by a B-24 of No. 224 Squadron RAF.
Born: İsmet Özel, poet and scholar, in Kayseri, Turkey
September 20, 1944 (Wednesday)
Nijmegen liberated by 82nd Airborne Division and Guards Armoured Division after the Battle of Nijmegen.
The Battle of San Marino ended in Allied victory.
Soviet forces captured the island of Suur-Tytärsaari in the Gulf of Finland.
The pirate film Frenchman's Creek starring Joan Fontaine and Arturo de Córdova was released.
September 21, 1944 (Thursday)
The Battle of Porkuni was fought between Estonians serving in the Red Army and Estonian pro-independence and Waffen-SS units. The battle resulted in Soviet victory.
The Battle of Rimini ended in Allied victory.
San Marino declared war on Germany.
Japanese destroyer Satsuki was bombed and sunk in Manila Bay by American aircraft.
The St. Louis Cardinals clinched their third straight National League pennant with a 5–4 win over the Boston Braves in the first game of a doubleheader.
Born: Hamilton Jordan, White House Chief of Staff to President Jimmy Carter, in Charlotte, North Carolina (d. 2008)
September 22, 1944 (Friday)
Operation Wellhit ended in Allied victory when Boulogne fell to the 3rd Canadian Division. Operation Undergo now began with the objective of taking the French port of Calais.
Units of the Red Army captured Tallinn.
American troops captured the Il Giogo pass on the Gothic Line in Italy.
Born: Frazer Hines, actor, in Horsforth, England
Born: David Snyder, film and television production designer, in Buffalo, New York. With regards to notable works significantly, he is the assistant director of Blade Runner alongside director Ridley Scott.
September 23, 1944 (Saturday)
The Soviet Army crossed into Hungarian territory.
An RAF bombing raid destroyed an aqueduct on the Dortmund-Ems Canal and brought a halt to the shipment of prefabricated U-boat parts via this route.
German submarine U-859 was torpedoed and sunk in the Strait of Malacca by British submarine Trenchant.
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a campaign speech in Washington before the International Teamsters Brotherhood. He responded to a rumor that he'd sent a Navy destroyer to the Aleutian Islands to retrieve his Scottish Terrier Fala at great taxpayer expense by saying, "You know, Fala is Scotch, and being a Scottie, as soon as he learned that the Republican fiction writers in Congress and out had concocted a story that I had left him behind on the Aleutian Islands and had sent a destroyer back to find him— at a cost to the taxpayers of two or three, or eight or twenty million dollars- his Scotch soul was furious. He has not been the same dog since. I am accustomed to hearing malicious falsehoods about myself—such as that old, worm-eaten chestnut that I have represented myself as indispensable. But I think I have a right to resent, to object to libelous statements about my dog." Roosevelt drew huge laughs from the audience and the speech became a defining moment in the campaign.
Died: Harry Chandler, 80, American newspaper publisher and real estate mogul
September 24, 1944 (Sunday)
British troops captured Deurne, Netherlands.
Italy's high commissioner for the punishment of Fascist crimes Mario Berlinguer said that he would seek a court order to reopen the case of the 1924 murder of Socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti.
German submarine U-596 was bombed and damaged in Salamis Bay by American aircraft and consequently scuttled.
Born: Sepp Schönmetzler, figure skater and coach, in Etzdorf, Germany
September 25, 1944 (Monday)
Operation Market Garden ended in defeat for the Allies when they failed to cross the Rhine. The operation was mostly overlooked in popular histories of World War II until the 1974 publication of the book A Bridge Too Far by Cornelius Ryan, which was the basis for a film of the same name released in 1977.
The Soviet 8th Army captured the Baltic Sea port of Haapsalu.
German submarine U-703 was lost somewhere off Norway and presumed foundered.
Harvard Medical School announced that women would be accepted as students starting next fall.
Born: Michael Douglas, actor and producer, in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Died: Eugeniusz Lokajski, 34, Polish sportsman and photographer (killed by an artillery barrage during the Warsaw Uprising)
September 26, 1944 (Tuesday)
The Tallinn Offensive ended in Soviet victory.
The Battle of Arnhem ends after the British evacuation with a German victory.
The British Eighth Army in Italy crossed the Rubicon.
In Caserta, the Greek government-in-exile concluded an agreement with resistance groups who acknowledged its authority.
Born: Anne Robinson, television presenter and journalist, in Crosby, Lanchasire, England
September 27, 1944 (Wednesday)
Soviet troops and Yugoslav Partisans crossed the border into Albania.
The Battle of Metz began in France.
Finnish forces captured Pudasjärvi in northern Finland.
The Japanese troop transport and hospital ship Ural Maru was torpedoed and sunk in the South China Sea by the American submarine Flasher with the loss of some 2,000 lives.
The British destroyer Rockingham (formerly the USS Swasey) struck a mine in the North Sea and sank under tow.
Died: Aristide Maillol, 82, French sculptor, painter and printmaker; Aimee Semple McPherson, 53, American evangelist and media celebrity
September 28, 1944 (Thursday)
Soviet, Yugoslav Partisan and Bulgarian forces began the Belgrade Offensive.
Winston Churchill made a speech in the House of Commons reviewing the progress of the war and announcing that a Jewish brigade would be formed to take part in active operations. "I know there is a vast number of Jews serving with our forces and the American forces throughout all the armies, but it seems to me indeed appropriate that a special Jewish unit of that race which has suffered indescribable torment from the Nazis should be represented as a distinct formation among the forces gathered for their final overthrow," Churchill explained. "I have no doubt that they will not only take part in the struggle but also in the occupation which will follow."
A roundup in Bratislava orchestrated by Alois Brunner captures 1,800 Jews and puts an end to one of the most successful underground Jewish organizations during the Holocaust, the Bratislava Working Group. The Jews are deported to Auschwitz, where most are murdered.
Died: Josef Bürckel, 49, German Nazi politician (apparent complications from exhaustion)
September 29, 1944 (Friday)
The Red Army began the Moonsund Landing Operation, an amphibious assault as part of the Baltic Offensive.
The Battle of Arracourt ended in American victory.
Born: Mike Post, television theme music composer, in Berkeley, California
Died: John William Harper, 28, British soldier awarded the Victoria Cross for his self-sacrifice during a battle in Antwerp; Otto Herfurth, 51, German Generalmajor (hanged for his involvement in the 20 July bomb plot); Virginia Tonelli, 40, Italian partisan executed by burning (posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour)
September 30, 1944 (Saturday)
The secondary stage of the Lublin–Brest Offensive concluded with Soviet objectives met.
The besieged German garrison at Calais surrendered to Canadian forces.
The American destroyer escort depth charged and sank German submarine U-1062 southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.
The Germans commenced a counter offensive to retake the Nijmegen salient, which had been taken by the Allies in Operation Market Garden.
Born: Jimmy Johnstone, footballer, in Viewpark, Uddingston, Scotland (d. 2006)
Died: Bud Jamison, 50, American film actor
References
1944
1944-09
1944-09 |
67943914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototyphlonemertidae | Ototyphlonemertidae | Ototyphlonemertidae is a family of worms belonging to the suborder Monostilifera.
Genera:
Accirinia Tshernyshev, 1993
Otohelicophora Envall, 1996
Otonemertes Dawydoff, 1937
Ototyphlonemertes Diesing, 1863
References
Monostilifera
Nemertea families |
1757366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Pass%20%28Colorado%29 | Tennessee Pass (Colorado) | Tennessee Pass elevation is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado in the United States. The pass was named after Tennessee, the native state of a group of early prospectors.
Route
The pass traverses the Continental Divide north of Leadville in a gap between the northern end of the Sawatch Range to the west and the northern end of the Mosquito Range to the east. It connects the headwaters of the Arkansas River to the south with the upper valley of the Eagle River (in the watershed of the Colorado River) to the north. The pass is traversed by U.S. Highway 24, allowing access between Leadville and Interstate 70 in the Eagle Valley. The pass has a gentle approach on both sides with few steep gradients and no major hairpin curves. The summit of the pass is nearly level. The road over the pass is generally open all year round, easily negotiable by most vehicles, and closes only during severe winter storms.
The summit of the pass is the location of Ski Cooper, a ski area in the San Isabel National Forest operated by permit from the United States Forest Service. Most of the area is above the tree line, providing a panoramic view of the peaks of the Sawatch Range to visitors. The area was formerly a World War II training ground for United States Army troops of the 10th Mountain Division from nearby Camp Hale. A memorial to troops of the division is located at the summit of the pass.
Railroad line
The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad constructed a narrow gauge railroad over Tennessee Pass in 1881, first as a branch line to access mines near Red Cliff, but by the mid 1880s the line became part of its extension to the Aspen area constructed in order to beat the Colorado Midland's standard gauge route to the rich mining area. In 1890, a new standard gauge line was built from Pueblo, to Grand Junction, and jointly with the Colorado Midland Railway, a tunnel was constructed about below the summit. In 1945, the old Tennessee Pass Tunnel was replaced by a newer tunnel. In recent times, the Rio Grande's Tennessee Pass line was the highest active mainline railroad mountain pass in the United States. The line, now owned by the Union Pacific (UP), is currently out of use but the tracks remain in place.
Once the Moffat Tunnel and Dotsero Cutoff were constructed, the line through Tennessee Pass became a secondary route. The Moffat Tunnel route had a maximum grade of 2%. The west side of the Tennessee Pass route has grades up to 3%. However, the east side of the Tennessee Pass has a maximum grade of only 1.4%.
The Denver & Rio Grande's acquisition by Southern Pacific (SP) in 1988 made Tennessee Pass once again the preferred transcontinental route. SP had a central route from California through to Kansas via Donner Pass, Tennessee Pass and trackage rights on the former Missouri Pacific route from Pueblo, Colorado into Kansas. The Moffat Tunnel route was kept in use.
In 1996, UP bought Southern Pacific. UP preferred the Moffat Tunnel for routing traffic. The last revenue train went over the Tennessee Pass on August 23, 1997. Soon after UP ran this last train, they applied to the Surface Transportation Board for permission to abandon the line.
Currently, the line is not of much use as the former Missouri Pacific line to Pueblo has been partially abandoned so trains would have to travel from Denver south to Pueblo before heading west.
The of the Tennessee Pass line through the Royal Gorge is currently operated by the Royal Gorge Route Railroad, who operates excursion trains out of Cañon City.
On July 10, 2012, part of the old tunnel collapsed, creating a sinkhole that damaged U.S. Highway 24 and forced its temporary closure between Redcliff and Leadville. The newer tunnel was not damaged.
A report released by the Colorado Department of Transportation on September 4, 2014 stated the following about the line:
Union Pacific began actively discussing the sale of the line to Colorado Pacific in 2019, for an amount of $10 million. Colorado Pacific wanted to pay only the $8.8 million that the line was valued at. After a long battle in court, the ICC declared that they would not force a sale, but if other evidence was found, Colorado Pacific could re-file the report. , Colorado Pacific attempted another forced sale, this time saying they’ll run passenger/excursion service over the route. Union Pacific responded by stating they were in active negotiations for Rio Grande Pacific to operate the line and were opposed to Colorado Pacific's bid. On December 31, 2020 Rio Grande Pacific subsidiary Colorado, Midland & Pacific Railway Company, announced it had entered in an agreement with Union Pacific to explore reopening, leasing and operating the line for both potential commuter and freight services.
Water diversion
Tennessee Pass is the location of the first transbasin diversion project to move water from the Colorado River Basin over the continental divide to the Arkansas River. The Ewing Placer Ditch (or just Ewing Ditch) was constructed in 1880 and remains in use. It transfers water from Piney Creek east of the pass, a tributary of the Eagle River over the pass to the head of Tennessee Creek. The ditch may have originally been used to provide water for placer mining, but the Otero Canal Company used the water for irrigation before selling the ditch to the Pueblo Board of Water Works in 1955. The ditch has a capacity of and in an average year diverts approximately .
A second ditch was constructed at Tennessee pass in 1929, the Wurts Ditch. This was built by William Wurts to provide irrigation water, but Pueblo purchased this ditch in 1938, and in 1953, they extended the ditch another westward along the south flank of the Eagle River valley. After extension, the ditch has a capacity of and diverts an average of about of water.
See also
Treasure: In Search of the Golden Horse
References
Rail mountain passes of the United States
Mountain passes of Colorado
Landforms of Lake County, Colorado
Landforms of Eagle County, Colorado
U.S. Route 24
Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
Transportation buildings and structures in Lake County, Colorado
Transportation buildings and structures in Eagle County, Colorado
Railroad tunnels in Colorado |
40486609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarash%20Qa%20Tappehsi | Qarash Qa Tappehsi | Qarash Qa Tappehsi (), also rendered as Qarash Qatepsi, may refer to:
Qarash Qa Tappehsi-ye Olya
Qarash Qa Tappehsi-ye Sofla |
41663784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Hungarian%20local%20elections | 2010 Hungarian local elections | Local elections took place on 3 October 2010 to elect mayors and the composition of municipal bodies of Hungary's 3,176 settlements. Voters also elected the total of 424 members of the county assemblies and the General Assembly of Hungary, besides 16,914 local government representatives.
Results
Budapest
Mayor
General Assembly
Districts of Budapest
Source
Towns with county rights
Source
County assemblies
See also
2010 Hungarian parliamentary election
Notes
References
2010 elections in Europe
2010 in Hungary
Local elections in Hungary |
56883582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Campbell | Anna Campbell | Anna Montgomery Campbell (1991 – 15 March 2018), also known as Hêlîn Qereçox, was a British feminist, anarchist and prison abolition activist who fought with the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) in the Rojava conflict of the Syrian civil war. She was killed in Rojava by a Turkish Armed Forces missile strike.
Ancestry and early life
Campbell was born in Lewes, East Sussex, England, the daughter of progressive rock musician Dirk Campbell. Her mother was Katherine Emma "Adrienne Katie", born Bridges, her father's second wife.
Campbell had military forebears, with ancestors serving in the Royal Navy and Royal Artillery. Her grandfather served in The Royal Tank Regiment in World War II.
She was educated at St Mary's Hall, Brighton, then went to study at University of Sheffield before moving to Bristol, where she worked as a plumber. Campbell was involved with many political actions, including the 2010 United Kingdom student protests, the Hunt Saboteurs Association, Anarchist Black Cross and other anarchist and abolitionist organisations and projects, including international ones such as ZAD de Notre-Dame-des-Landes.
Involvement in the Rojava conflict
During the Rojava conflict, Campbell fought with the YPJ in the Deir ez-Zor campaign, an attack on the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant stronghold of Deir ez-Zor. She was also involved in the YPJ's activities in support of women's rights in Kurdistan. According to The New York Times, she was moved by the defence of "an autonomous, mostly Kurdish region in northern Syria, known as Rojava, whose leaders advocate a secular, democratic and egalitarian politics, with equal rights for women".
Death
Campbell was killed by a Turkish Armed Forces missile strike during the Turkish military operation in the Afrin Canton, Operation Olive Branch. The YPJ announced:
She is the first British woman to die fighting for the YPJ.
Following the announcement of Campbell's death, her father started a campaign to recover her body, which could not be located by aid organisations until a ceasefire was in place in the area. Dirk Campbell accused the British government of 'a total lack of proactivity' in helping to recover her body, which is yet to be recovered from the battlefield as of 2021.
In response to Campbell's death there were various protests around the world, protesters from the Bristol Kurdish Solidarity Network (BKSN) and friends of Campbell blocked the offices of BAE Systems in Bristol, the city Anna lived in previously. Activists accuse the company of supplying weapons to Turkey which have been used against civilians in Rojava. Another protest in Bristol was held a year after Anna's death. It was reported to have blocked a large roundabout and caused traffic problems in the local area. Graffiti has also sprung up in the city showing solidarity, particularly in the Easton, Bristol and St Pauls where many of the anarchist projects she was part of are based.
As well as the local protests support has been shown from many other individuals and projects across the world.
References
Further reading
Immortal : mourning, martyrs & murals, 2019,
External links
1991 births
2018 deaths
Anarcha-feminists
Women soldiers
Military personnel killed in the Syrian civil war
People from Lewes
British feminists
British anarchists
British plumbers
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
People's Protection Units
Foreigners killed in the Syrian civil war
Deaths by airstrike during the Syrian civil war
British war casualties |
4710920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payson%20High%20School | Payson High School | Payson High School may refer to
Payson High School (Arizona)
Payson High School (Utah)
Seymour High School (Illinois) is also known as Payson-Seymour High School, located in Payson, Illinois |
41704777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazemabad%2C%20Darab | Kazemabad, Darab | Kazemabad (, also Romanized as Kāz̧emābād) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, Rostaq District, Darab County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41, in 11 families.
References
Populated places in Darab County |
68900022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loney%20Hutchins | Loney Hutchins | Loney Fred Hutchins (born 1946) is an American songwriter, singer, music publisher, music therapist, restaurateur, and painter. He is best known for his songs "Still Dancing" and "Love Can Cure a Heartache" and for his longtime association with Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. He continues to write, record and tour.
Early life and musical beginnings
Loney Hutchins was born in 1946 into an impoverished community known informally as Rock City, near Kingsport, Tennessee in rural Appalachia, near the Tennessee-Virginia border. He has attributed the unusual spelling of his name to his parents' illiteracy and his mother asking her sister, who could read and write, to write his name, but spelled "Lonnie" the way she pronounced it in her thick Southern accent, "Loney." Growing up in a family of dirt farmers and timber workers, he was immersed in the traditional folk music of that region.
He enlisted in the Army in 1966. After studying missile/electronics technology at Fort Bliss, Texas, he worked at a missile site for ARADCOM (Army Air Defence Command) in Grafton, Illinois, then served in Germany and the U.S. as a communications chief and CBR instructor. In 1969 he enrolled at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas to study electronic engineering.
While in college he answered an ad for a country music singer, and with fellow musicians formed a country rock group, first called The Hired Hands, later called Hickory Wind, named after the song by The Byrds. He filled the roles of bandleader, booker, promoter, and publisher as the group played across the region.
Around 1972 he left Hickory Wind behind and made the move to Nashville with his wife Joan to pursue music professionally. Upon running into June Carter Cash by the Hendersonville office of House of Cash (the Cashes' BMI publishing entity), the two discovered that they were from the same area and had gone to the same high school, leading to a meeting with her husband Johnny Cash. After hearing Hutchins's song demo reel Cash signed Hutchins as a writer with House of Cash. His songs then appeared on recordings by Johnny Cash, by his brother Tommy Cash, and by Mel McDaniel. Johnny Cash included Hutchins' song "Jesus" on his 1974 album The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me. McDaniel recorded Hutchins' "Mountain Eyes" on his 1983 Capitol Records album Naturally Country. Tommy Cash released Hutchins' song "She Still Has That Look In Her Eyes" in 1976. Hutchins also appears as a fictional "Loney" (with that spelling in the sheet music) in Johnny Cash's song "Sold Out of Flagpoles," a single from on his 1976 album One Piece at a Time that reached No. 29 on the Country Music Singles chart.
Music Career: 1970s–1980s
In the winter of 1974-75 Johnny Cash agreed to back Hutchins in renovating an abandoned building on Cash's property outside Nashville to use as a practice and performance space. Hutchins proceeded to use the venue, today known as Storytellers Hideaway Farm, to stage a series of "Saturday Night in Hickman County" concerts, which featured well-known artists including Johnny Cash, June Carter Cash, Jack Routh, Carlene Carter, and Rosanne Cash.
In March 1976 Hutchins's relationship with the Cashes led to a position as publishing manager for House of Cash, for which he was already a writer, and Song of Cash (their ASCAP publishing entity). Hutchins also served as a pitch man for the publishing label, landing and recording Guy Clark's first cut by a major artist (Johnny Cash), "Texas 1947." Producer Don Davis brought to him the Wayne Kemp song "One Piece at a Time" which Hutchins convinced Cash to record. It became the title track of Cash's 1976 album, and Cash's last recording to hit #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.
In 1977, after Hutchins left the House of Cash publishing house, he started his own publishing house, Appalachia Music Publishing (BMI). It published his forthcoming songs including his hits of the 1980s. He also graduated college (the first in his family to do so), receiving a BS in music and with a minor in anthropology at the University of Tennessee. He continued to work at the House of Cash studios along with Charlie Bragg, who had purchased the studio in the House of Cash offices.
In 1979 Hutchins recorded a series of tracks at Lee Hazen's Studio By the Pond, with Jack "Stack-a-Track" Grochmal engineering, for an album of his own called Appalachia.
In 1981 he signed a publishing deal with Cedarwood Publishing. In 1983 Hutchins began his own record label, Appalachia Recording Company (ARC). That year he released his album Appalachia Music. It was composed of tracks from the earlier Appalachia album along with some new '80s-style country/adult contemporary ballads. Finding that the new album was considered too "folksie" for LA and too "rock" for Nashville, Hutchins released it independently on his own LFH Records and Tapes, which became ARC.
1980s Hits
Through 1987 he released a series of singles on the label. "Love Can Cure a Heartache" hit Cash Box's Indie Top 20 in October 1986 and spent four weeks in the Cash Box Top 100 Country Singles chart that fall, reaching the No. 72 slot. In June 1987 his single "Still Dancing" reached No. 17 on Cash Box's Indie Top 20 chart, No. 74 on the Cash Box Country Singles Chart, and No. 92 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart.
Music Therapy
In 1986, Hutchins entered the field of music therapy, working with the Rebound nursing home care company to help treat survivors of traumatic brain injury and explaining to the Los Angeles Times that writing songs and singing helps patients express feelings and rebuild their vocabularies and cognitive functions. He provided one-and-one music therapy and also formed a choral group, The Rebound Revivors, which appeared at head injury conferences and made television appearances.
In the early 1990s he founded 21st Century Living Services, a TBI nursing home, where he continued music therapy with clients. He remained with 21st Century Living Services until 2016, when he resigned to settle legal affairs.
1990s–21st Century
In the early 1990s Hutchins formed a bluegrass trio and performed in that format through most of the decade. He returned to country music recording in 2008, when he released the album My Tennessee Hills. On it he revisited much of his old material, this time performing it mostly in bluegrass style. He also entered the restaurant business, owning The Whippoorwill, a restaurant and live music venue, in downtown Gallatin, Tennessee from 2010 to 2014.
In 2020, Hutchins' son Loney John Hutchins relaunched Appalachia Record Company (ARC) to release new and reissued material by Loney Fred Hutchins and others. The elder Hutchins lives in Tennessee, where he continues to write and record and to perform with a new band.
References
1946 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Tennessee
People from Sullivan County, Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee |
50638263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Eugene%20Durfee | M. Eugene Durfee | M. Eugene Durfee (1885-1941) was an American architect prominent in Orange County, California.
Life and career
Morien Eugene Durfee was born in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1885. In 1897 his family moved to Seattle, Washington, where Durfee was educated. Around 1903, at the age of 18, Durfee went to San Francisco to work for architects Shea & Shea, who were known for their commercial buildings. Three years later he returned to Seattle. In 1909 he formed a partnership in Seattle with Emmanuel J. Bresemann, whom he had known in San Francisco. In late 1913, Durfee took an extended trip to Southern California to visit his wife's family. Interested in the opportunities that it offered, Bresemann & Durfee was dissolved and Durfee moved south to Los Angeles. By early 1914 he was living and practicing in Anaheim.
As an architect, Durfee had a major impact on the physical character of Anaheim, plus the nearby cities of Fullerton and Santa Ana. However, most of downtown Anaheim (and thus Durfee's buildings) was destroyed by urban renewal in the 1980s.
Durfee relocated to Tucson, Arizona in 1921, but returned only a few months later. Other than that, he remained in Anaheim until 1927, when he moved to Los Angeles, with offices in the Commercial Exchange Building. By the time of his death on December 26, 1941, he was working in Long Beach.
Selected works
Bresemann & Durfee, 1909-1913
1909 - Pemberton Bros. Houses, 4711-4715-4719 Whitman Ave N and 917 N 48th St, Seattle, Washington
1910 - Nemias B. Beck Houses, 5800-5804 15th Ave, Seattle, Washington
1910 - Westlake Hotel, 2008 Westlake Ave, Seattle, Washington
1911 - St. James Hotel, 640 Johnson St, Victoria, British Columbia
1912 - First Congregational (Central Presbyterian) Church, 1170 Thurlow St, Vancouver, British Columbia
1913 - Commercial Hotel, 121 Bastion St, Nanaimo, British Columbia
1913 - First Congregational Church, 1600 Quadra St, Victoria, British Columbia
M. Eugene Durfee, 1914-1941
1914 - Yungbluth Building, 145 W Center St, Anaheim, California
Demolished.
1915 - Hotel Valencia, 182 W Center St, Anaheim, California
Burned in 1977.
1916 - First National Bank Building, Center St, Anaheim, California
Demolished.
1918 - Grand Theatre, 1139 N G Ave, Douglas, Arizona
1918 - Liberty Theatre, 110 Jerome Ave, Jerome, Arizona
Facade altered beyond recognition.
1922 - Anaheim City Hall, 204 E Center St, Anaheim, California
With Theodore C. Kistner of San Diego. Demolished.
1922 - California Hotel (Villa del Sol), 305 N Harbor Blvd, Fullerton, California
With Frank K. Benchley of Fullerton.
1923 - Chapman Building, 110 E Wilshire Blvd, Fullerton, California
1923 - Kraemer Building, 76 S Claudina St, Anaheim, California
1926 - Pickwick Hotel, 225 S Anaheim Blvd, Anaheim, California
Demolished in 1988.
1927 - Amphitheatre, Pearson Park, Anaheim, California
1927 - Builder's Exchange Building, 1505 4th St, Santa Monica, California
1928 - El Cortez Apartments, 475 S New Hampshire Ave, Los Angeles, California
1929 - Central Tower Building, 1424 4th St, Santa Monica, California
1929 - Fox Tucson Theatre, 17 W Congress St, Tucson, Arizona
1930 - Georgian Hotel, 1415 Ocean Ave, Santa Monica, California
References
1885 births
1941 deaths
Architects from California
Architects from Seattle
20th-century American architects |
1256386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrepora | Madrepora | Madrepora (Spanish, "mother of pores") is a genus of stony corals, often found forming reefs or islands in tropical locations. The names Madrepore and Madreporaria were formerly applied universally to any stony coral of the family Scleractinia. They reproduce in three separate ways, as discovered by the marine zoologist Anne Thynne (1800–1866). It is commonly known as horn coral. A colony is branched with small polyps in cylindrical cups separated by a perforated coenosteum. Terminal polyps bear six tentacles, while lateral polyps bear twelve tentacles. Madrepora is economically important, since it contributes to the formation of coral reefs.
Species
Species include:
Madrepora arbuscula (Moseley, 1881)
Madrepora astroites Forskål, 1775
Madrepora carolina (Pourtalès, 1871)
Madrepora minutiseptum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997
Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758
Madrepora porcellana (Moseley, 1881)
†Madrepora trochiformis Pallas, 1766
References
Coral reefs
Oculinidae
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Scleractinia genera |
7603644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga%20Niessen%20Masthoff | Helga Niessen Masthoff | Helga Niessen Masthoff (née Niessen; born 11 November 1941) is a retired tennis player from West Germany. Her best Grand Slam singles tournament was when she reached the 1970 French Open final, losing to Margaret Court in straight sets. She won the German Open three consecutive years from 1972 through 1974, beating Martina Navratilova in the 1974 final in three sets. Masthoff was the runner-up at that tournament in 1971, losing to Billie Jean King.
She won the German national singles title on ten occasions (1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978).
At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City when tennis was a demonstration sport, Masthoff won the singles and doubles (with Edda Buding) gold medals and the silver medal in mixed doubles (with Jürgen Faßbender).
Masthoff teamed with Kathleen Harter to reach the women's doubles final at the 1976 French Open, losing to the team of Fiorella Bonicelli and Gail Sherriff Lovera 6–4, 1–6, 6–3. Masthoff played on West Germany's Fed Cup team from 1965 to 1967, in 1969 and 1970, and from 1972 through 1977. Her overall win–loss record was 38–18, 23–10 in singles and 15–8 in doubles.
According to Bud Collins, Masthoff was ranked in the world top 10 in 1970, 1971, and 1973, reaching a career high of world No. 6 in 1970.
In 1970 she received the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (Silver Laurel Leaf), the highest sports award in Germany.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Doubles (1 runner-up)
Grand Slam singles tournament timeline
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977 (in January and December).
See also
Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
West German female tennis players
Olympic tennis players for West Germany
Tennis players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Essen
Tennis people from North Rhine-Westphalia |
9602881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeimantus | Adeimantus | Adeimantus may refer to:
Adeimantus of Collytus, elder brother of Ancient Greek philosopher Plato
Adeimantus of Corinth, Greek commander at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC
Adeimantus (son of Leucolophides), one of the commanders with Alcibiades in his expedition against Andros in 407 BC
Greek masculine given names
Masculine given names |
12924715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%20Bagus%20Oka | Ida Bagus Oka | Ida Bagus Oka (16 April 1936 – 7 March 2010) was the Governor of Bali, Indonesia from 1988 to 1998. He was also a State Minister of Population/Chairman of Planned Families National Coordinating Body in the Development Reform Cabinet under Jusuf Habibie. During the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966, he instigated the Balinese Hindus to hunt down PKI supporters. He told Hindus: "There can be no doubt [that] the enemies of our revolution are also the cruelest enemies of religion, and must be eliminated and destroyed down to the roots". During this period, an estimated 80,000 Balinese were killed, roughly 5 percent of the island's population at the time.
References
External links
Bali World Statesmen
PROF. DR. IDA BAGUS OKA, MD - UN
1938 births
Governors of Bali
Balinese people
Indonesian Hindus
2010 deaths |
20474056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Leneuf%20de%20la%20Valli%C3%A8re%20de%20Beaubassin | Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin | Michel Le Neuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin (the elder) (1640 – 1705) was a military figure who became a governor of Acadia under French control. He was the son of Jacques Leneuf de La Poterie and Marguerite Legardeur, who both originally came from Normandy and together with their extended families settled in Canada.
The Le Neuf family came from Caen, France, and settled in Trois-Rivières, Canada, in 1636. They were the first nobles to settle in New France and held positions of power and prestige through several generations.
References
External links
Leneuf, Michel (the elder)
1640 births
1705 deaths
Military personnel from Caen |
204617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865%20in%20literature | 1865 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1865.
Events
January – The first issue appears of Our Young Folks, an American monthly for children produced by Ticknor and Fields in Boston.
February – Publication of Leo Tolstoy's 1805, an early version of War and Peace, begins in the magazine Russkiy Vestnik.
April 14 – The President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, is shot while attending a performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln dies the following day.
June 9 – Charles Dickens is caught in the Staplehurst rail crash in Kent, England, together with the actress Ellen Ternan and her mother. Dickens is deeply affected by the event for the rest of his life.
June 14 – Karl May begins a four-year prison sentence for thefts and frauds at Osterstein Castle (Zwickau).
July – The American magazine for children The Little Corporal first appears.
July 4 – Lewis Carroll's children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published by Macmillan in London for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Carroll), three years after it was first narrated to Alice Liddell and her sisters. He and his illustrator, John Tenniel, withdraw this edition (printed in Oxford), and the first trade editions are published on November 26 and released in December (dated 1866), that published by Appleton in New York using the rejected sheets from the earlier printing.
November 11 – London West End opening of the comedy drama Society written and directed by Thomas William Robertson at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, considered a milestone in English Victorian drama because of its realism in dialogue and performance.
November 18 – Mark Twain's story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" is published in the New York weekly The Saturday Press in its original version as "Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog".
unknown dates
English writer Edwin Abbott Abbott becomes headmaster of the City of London School at the age of 26.
Frederick Warne & Co established as publishers in London.
New books
Fiction
José de Alencar – Iracema
R. M. Ballantyne – The Lighthouse
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – Durgeshnandini
Annie Hall Cudlip – Theo Leigh
Charles Dickens – Our Mutual Friend (publication concludes)
Mary Mapes Dodge – Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates
Fyodor Dostoyevsky – "The Crocodile" («Крокодил», Krokodil, short story published in Epoch)
Goncourt brothers – Germinie Lacerteux
Charles Kingsley – Hereward the Wake
Sheridan Le Fanu – Guy Deverell
Nikolai Leskov – Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District («Леди Макбет Мценского уезда», novella published in Epoch January)
George MacDonald – Alec Forbes of Howglen
Robert Smith Surtees (died 1864) – Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds
Anthony Trollope – Can You Forgive Her? (publication concludes)
Jules Verne – From the Earth to the Moon (De la Terre à la Lune)
Émile Zola – La Confession de Claude
Children and young people
Wilhelm Busch – Max und Moritz
Lewis Carroll – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Mary Mapes Dodge – Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates
Jean Ingelow – Stories Told to a Child
Mary Wright Sewell – Mother's Last Words: a ballad
Drama
Francis Burnand – Windsor Castle
Henry James Byron – War to the Knife
Henrik Ibsen – Brand
T. W. Robertson – Society
Victorien Sardou – La Famille Benoîton
Poetry
Edward Lear – The History of the Seven Families of the Lake Pipple-Popple
A. C. Swinburne
Atalanta in Calydon
Chastelard: a tragedy
Non-fiction
Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (final volume)
Matthew Arnold – Essays in Criticism
P. T. Barnum – The Humbugs of the World
Jacob Grimm – Deutsche Sagen (German Sayings)
Friedrich Albert Lange – History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance (Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart, published October dated 1866)
Karl Marx – Value, Price and Profit (written as speech)
John Stuart Mill – Examinations of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy
William Gifford Palgrave – Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia
James Hutchison Stirling – The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter
James Hudson Taylor – China's Spiritual Need and Claims
Births
February 12 – Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Polish poet and novelist (died 1940)
February 21 – John Haden Badley, English educationalist and writer (died 1967)
March 15 – Edith Maude Eaton (Sui-Sin Far), English-born writer on Chinese affairs (died 1914)
March 20 – Arthur Bayldon, English-born Australian poet (died 1958)
March 27 – Marion Angus, Scottish poet writing in Braid Scots and English (died 1946)
March 28 – Mary Findlater, Scottish novelist (died 1963)
March 29 – Stephen Bonsal, American writer, journalist and translator (died 1951)
May 2 – Clyde Fitch, American playwright (died 1909)
May 15 – Albert Verwey, Dutch poet (died 1937)
June 13 – W. B. Yeats, Irish poet (died 1939)
June 15 – Emma Wolf, American novelist (died 1932)
June 20 – Enrico Corradini, Italian novelist and essayist (died 1931)
June 26 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian (died 1959)
July 21 – M. P. Shiel, born Matthew Phipps Shiell, Montserrat-born British fantasy fiction author (died 1947)
August 14 – Pietro Gori, Italian anarchist poet (died 1911)
August 26 – Ellen Marriage, English translator of Balzac (died 1946)
September 11 – Rainis, Latvian poet and dramatist (died 1929)
November 2 – Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao, Indian writer (died 1940)
December 11 – Frida Stéenhoff, Swedish writer (died 1945)
December 13 – Ángel Ganivet, Spanish writer (suicide 1898)
December 30 – Rudyard Kipling, English poet and fiction writer (died 1936)
Deaths
January 11 – Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Ferland, French Canadian historian (born 1805)
January 18 – Charles Greville, English diarist (born 1794)
January 19 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French philosopher (born 1809)
January 21 – X. B. Saintine, French novelist and dramatist (born 1798)
February 6 – Isabella Beeton, English writer on household management (born 1836)
February 25 – Otto Ludwig, German novelist and playwright (born 1813)
April 2
John Cassell, English publisher (born 1817)
Richard Cobden, English political writer (born 1804)
April 10 – Shoqan Walikhanov, Russian Kazakh historian and folklorist (born 1835)
April 13 – Theodosia Trollope, English-born writer (born 1816)
April 15 – Abraham Lincoln, American orator and president of the republic (born 1809)
May 14 – Pierre François Xavier de Ram, Belgian historian (born 1804)
June 10 – Lydia Sigourney, American poet (born 1791)
June 11 – Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall, English writer (born 1828)
August 4 – William Edmondstoune Aytoun, Scottish poet and humorist (born 1813)
September 29 – Richard Lower, English dialect poet (born 1782)
September 30 – Dudley Costello, Irish writer and journalist (born 1803)
November 12 – Elizabeth Gaskell, English novelist (born 1810)
December 1 – Abraham Emanuel Fröhlich, Swiss poet (born 1796)
December 3 – Joseph Marie Quérard, French bibliographer (born 1797)
December 20 – Barton Bouchier, English religious writer (born 1794)
Awards
Newdigate Prize – Frederic Dobree Teesdale
Notes
References
External links
Years of the 19th century in literature |
28622883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20Silence%20Studios | Sweet Silence Studios | Sweet Silence Studios was the leading Danish recording studio for rock music during most of its existence. It was originally built in Amager by Danish engineers Freddy Hansson, Flemming Rasmussen and Stig Kreutzfeldt beginning in February 1976. Flemming Rasmussen was immediately hired as assistant engineer, who later became producer and main engineer, taking full ownership of the studio in 1999. The studios relocated a short distance, start 2000, sometimes being credited as "Sweet Silence Upstair Studios" afterward, and closed in 2008. The building was demolished in 2009 to make way for an apartment complex and a car park. Rasmussen then moved to Winding Road Studios in Copenhagen, where he stayed until opening Sweet Silence North in Helsingør in January 2015.
The studio in Helsingør was closed December 2017, and moved to Copenhagen, January 2018 in Bådehavnsgade, Sydhavnen.
References
Recording studios in Denmark
Buildings and structures completed in 1976
Buildings and structures demolished in 2009
1976 establishments in Denmark
Culture in Copenhagen |
53624549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%27s%20Wife%20%281928%20film%29 | Craig's Wife (1928 film) | Craig's Wife is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by William C. deMille and starring Irene Rich, Warner Baxter and Virginia Bradford. It was based on the 1925 play Craig's Wife by George Kelly. Subsequent film adaptations followed in 1936 as Craig's Wife and 1950 as Harriet Craig. It is now considered a lost film.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Edward C. Jewell.
Cast
Irene Rich as Mrs. Craig
Warner Baxter as Walter Craig
Virginia Bradford as Ethel
Carroll Nye as John Fredericks
Lilyan Tashman as Mrs. Passmore
George Irving as Mr. Passmore
Jane Keckley as Miss Austen
Mabel Van Buren as Mrs. Frazer
Ethel Wales as Eliza
Rada Rae as Mary
Mary Emery
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
1928 films
1928 drama films
Silent American drama films
Films directed by William C. deMille
American silent feature films
1920s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Lost American drama films
Pathé Exchange films
1928 lost films
English-language drama films
1920s American films |
2334541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20University%20Irving%20Medical%20Center | Columbia University Irving Medical Center | NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (NYP/CUIMC), also known as the Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), is an academic medical center and the largest campus of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. It includes Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, College of Dental Medicine, School of Nursing and Mailman School of Public Health, as well as the Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, the New York State Psychiatric Institute, the Audubon Biomedical Research Park, and other institutions.
The campus covers several blocks—primarily between West 165th and 169th Streets from Riverside Drive to Audubon Avenue—in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City.
History
CUIMC was built in the 1920s on the site of Hilltop Park, the one-time home stadium of the New York Yankees. The land was donated by Edward Harkness, who also donated most of the financing for the original buildings. Built specifically to house a medical school and Presbyterian Hospital, it was the first academic medical center in the world. Formerly known as the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), the name change followed the 1997 formation of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, a merger of two medical centers each affiliated with an Ivy League university: Columbia-Presbyterian with Columbia University, and New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, with Cornell University's Weill Cornell Medical College.
The Medical and Graduate Education Building was designed by architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro and Gensler and the structural engineer was Leslie E. Robertson Associates.
In September 2016, the campus was renamed for one of the hospital and the university's largest benefactors, Herbert and Florence Irving. Herbert Irving was a co-founder and former vice-chairman of Sysco.
The hospital completed the first successful heart transplant in a child, the first use of the anti-seizure medication, dilantin, to treat epilepsy, and the isolation of the first known odour receptors in the nose.
The institution supported discoveries related to how memory is stored in the brain, and Nobel Prize-winning developments in cardiac catheterization (1956) and cryo-electron microscopy (2017).
On July 25, 2023, former Columbia OBGYN Robert Hadden was sentenced in federal court to concurrent 20-year sentences for enticing and inducing women, including one minor, to travel to his offices from other states to engage in illegal sex acts. Per the Adult Survivors Act, a New York law that opened a temporary window for victims of abuse to file civil suits against their abusers, even when a statute of limitations has expired victims have until November 23 to file such a lawsuit.
Gallery
References
Notes
External links
Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Key Events worth remembering
Columbia University
NewYork–Presbyterian Healthcare System
Hospitals in Manhattan
American medical research
Teaching hospitals in New York City
Washington Heights, Manhattan
Columbia University research institutes
Medical research institutes in New York (state) |
37800234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclytia%20pydna | Aclytia pydna | Aclytia pydna is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in Ecuador.
References
Moths described in 1899
Aclytia
Moths of Central America |
43657781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20P.%20Armstrong | Robert P. Armstrong | Robert Patrick Armstrong (born March 7, 1938) is a Canadian lawyer and retired judge. He served on the Court of Appeal for Ontario from 2002 until his retirement in 2013. Before serving on the bench, Armstrong was a partner at Torys and was lead counsel in the Dubin Inquiry on steroid use in Canadian sports. After leaving the bench, Armstrong joined Arbitration Place, a Canadian group specializing in alternative dispute resolution.
Early life and career
Armstrong was born on March 7, 1938. He was a student at Carleton University, the University of Toronto, and the London School of Economics. He earned his LLB from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law in 1965 and was called to the bar two years later in 1967. Armstrong began practicing law with Kimber, Dubin in Toronto.
Armstrong joined Torys in Toronto in 1972, where he would stay until his 2002 appointment to the Ontario Court of Appeal. Armstrong became a partner at Torys in 1973, and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1978.
Armstrong was commission counsel in the 1981 Grange Commission on Railway Safety, which was formed to study the 1979 Mississauga train derailment. According to the Los Angeles Times, Armstrong's "tenacious grilling" of witnesses in the Grange Commission bolstered his reputation.
Armstrong served as lead counsel for the 1989 Dubin Inquiry, a federal inquiry launched after Ben Johnson's doping scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Armstrong worked with his mentor Justice Charles Dubin, the chair of the inquiry, to guide the testimony of witnesses such as Ben Johnson, Angella Taylor-Issajenko, Charlie Francis about the extent of their anabolic steroid use and how they avoided discovery. The inquiry recommended random, unannounced drug-testing of athletes to deter the use of anabolic steroids.
Armstrong has appeared in important cases including the 1995 case of Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto in the Supreme Court of Canada.
Armstrong was a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1995 to 2002 and the 56th Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1999 to 2001. He is also a former member of the Board of Regents of the American College of Trial Lawyers, and the former president of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies.
Ontario Court of Appeal
Armstrong was appointed to the Ontario Court of Appeal on January 25, 2002. He was one of the last judges on the Court of Appeal to not have previously held a judicial position, which was previously a widespread practice for federal appointments. In October 2002, Armstrong was awarded a Doctor of Law (LLD) honorary degree by the Law Society of Upper Canada for his contributions to Canadian law.
In December 2008, Armstrong wrote the majority decision upholding a lower court's decision that unions cannot force courts to enforce fines it imposes on its members who cross picket lines. Armstrong, with Justice Paul Rouleau concurring, found that the union's constitution created a power imbalance with its members, making it unconscionable for the court to enforce the fines. Armstrong's colleague, Justice Russell G. Juriansz, dissented saying that the imbalance of power had not been abused and the workers were always free to leave the union. The union in the case applied for leave to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, but the application was dismissed with costs.
In February 2009, Armstrong wrote a decision holding that a defendant had correctly been found guilty of criminal harassment even though there was no previous contact and there was only a single incident, unlike the repetitive nature of traditional stalking cases. Armstrong wrote that this was because the defendant's actions – jumping out of a bush at the complainant and chasing her down a street – were "highly threatening and persistent" and had caused the complainant to reasonably fear for her safety. The defendant's application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court was dismissed.
In February 2013, Armstrong, supported by the other two Court of Appeal judges hearing the case, dismissed the appeal in R v Fearon. Armstrong wrote that Fearon's right to privacy was not violated because a cellphone without password protection can be searched by police during an arrest without a warrant. Armstrong's decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, which dismissed the appeal in a 4–3 decision in 2014.
Armstrong became a supernumerary judge for the court in September 2012, and was replaced as a full-time judge by Peter Lauwers from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Armstrong retired in March 2013 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.
Post-judicial career
A year after retiring from the Court of Appeal in 2013, Armstrong joined Arbitration Place, a Canadian arbitration firm, as a resident arbitrator and mediator. Armstrong was also a Distinguished Visiting Jurist for the 2013 – 2014 school year at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law.
References
External links
Court of Appeal for Ontario biography
Arbitration Place profile
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Justices of the Court of Appeal for Ontario
Living people
1938 births
Canadian King's Counsel
Carleton University alumni
University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics |
1567816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20Street%20%28Kolkata%29 | College Street (Kolkata) | College Street () is a 900 metre long street in Central Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. Also known as Boi Para (Bengali: বইপাড়া; Book Town), it stretches from Bidhan Sarani road up to Bowbazar (before Nirmal Chandra Street) via MG Road crossing and Surya Sen Street crossing. Its name derives from the presence of numerous colleges and universities like University of Calcutta, Calcutta Medical College, Presidency University, The Sanskrit College and University, City College of Commerce and Business Administration, Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration etc. The road houses many centres of intellectual activity especially the Indian Coffee House, a café that has attracted the city's intelligentsia for decades. College Street is the largest book market in India as well as Asia and the largest secondhand book market in the whole world.
Book stores
The College Street is famous for its small and big book stores, which gives it the nickname Boi Para (Colony of Books). People from the whole city and different parts of the state flock the innumerable book stores along the side-walk for books. Many bigwigs of the Bengali publication industry (like: Ananda Publishers, Mitra and Ghosh Publishers, DasGupta and Company Pvt. Ltd, Dey's Publishing, Rupa & Co., Asha Book Agency etc.) are situated here. The street is also dotted with countless small book kiosks which sell new and old books. An article in the journal Smithsonian described College Street as ...a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement, carrying first editions, pamphlets, paperbacks in every Indian language, with more than a fair smattering of books in and out of print from France, Germany, Russia and England.
One can buy rare books at throw-away prices and extensive bargaining takes place.
Recognition
In 2007, College Street featured among the famous landmarks of India which have made it to 6pm to 9pm Magazine's "Best of Asia" list.
Educational institutes
Well-known academic institutions situated on this street include:
Higher education institutions
Presidency University, established as Hindoo College in 1817, making it one of the oldest post secondary liberal arts colleges in South Asia.
University of Calcutta, established in 1857, and the first university (to be established as a secular multidisciplinary university) in South Asia.
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, established in 1835, the first college of European medicine in Asia.
The Sanskrit College and University, established in 1824, and Sanskrit Collegiate School.
Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, established in 1953, and affiliated to the University of Calcutta. It is India's first MBA offering institute.
Schools
Hare School, established in 1818.
Hindu School, established in 1817.
Gallery
References
External links
College Street in Maps of India
Streets in Kolkata |
36163079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Birkett | Peter Birkett | Sir Peter Birkett (born 6 November 1959) is a British educator and entrepreneur, currently known for being the Chief Executive of an educational consultancy company p5e and the Founder and Director of Highgate Hill House School in Devon. Peter Birkett was Knighted in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to further education and the academy movement
Early life
He attended Frederick Gough School in Scunthorpe. Birkett was first educated as an engineer and obtained a range of engineering diplomas. He then trained as a teacher at Huddersfield Polytechnic (University of Huddersfield), where he received his Certificate of Education in Educational Leadership and Administration. He then obtained a master's degree in leadership, Management and IT at the University of Reading.
Career
Leaving school at the age of 16, he served a 5-year engineering apprenticeship attending college on a day-release basis, studying for engineering qualifications. Birkett started as an engineer in Clugston Engineer, Scunthorpe. On completion of his apprenticeship, he travelled to Australia to further and broaden his skills as a qualified engineer. In Australia he worked for Babcock's & Wilcox and Kilpatrick Green before being made redundant due to a recession in Sydney, Australia. As a result of redundancy Birkett chose a change of career securing a position as a wine salesman at Pieroth French Wines, selling French wine to Australians. During his time as an engineer and selling wine, he found his passion in working with and teaching people. Upon returning to England, he trained as a teacher by Huddersfield Polytechnic. His first teaching appointment was at Basingstoke College of Technology in 1985 where he stayed after two promotions until 1996. He was then promoted to the position as Director of Technology and then Assistant Principal at Bristol College, Bristol, until he joined The Sheffield College as Vice Principal in 2002.
Birkett made history breaking new ground in 2007 when he became the first FE College Principal in the UK to be given approval by the then Labour Government to sponsor two underperforming schools and create a college led federation, Barnfield College. Birkett also in 2007 led the college through an outstanding OFSTED inspection, reaffirmed Beacon Status. Barnfield College was the largest college in Bedfordshire and Luton with a wide range of vocational courses and career opportunities, rated among the top 5% of colleges nationally by Ofsted and in 2003 became the first FE college to earn Beacon status. Under his management, Barnfield success rate was 94%, and the two previously failing secondary schools were rated number one and number three in Luton. The federation has been awarded as Best School Operator nationally in 2013 and shortlisted for School Operator – Academy Chain in the Education Investor Awards 2013. Today, over 45 colleges have adopted this model nationally.
In September 2013, Barnfield Federation was questioned by both the Skills Funding Agency (SFA) and the Education Funding Agency (EFA) into the alleged funding of "ghost learners" and financial mismanagement at Barnfield Federation. In the published findings from their investigations, they stated that they did not find any expenditure that would be considered profligate, although some academy expenditure is considered irregular and improper such as annual staff recognition event, expensive gift and ornaments for staff. Salary and bonus of CEO and senior management are also stated as inappropriate without governor oversight. Birkett was considered highest paid further education head in the country. Against the wishes of the Board Birkett resigned as CEO of the federation after signing a compromise agreement that protected both parties interests.
After leaving Barnfield in August 2013 he joined GEMS Education as CEO for UK and Europe – he resigned in 2014, saying that the Department for Education investigation of the Barnfield Federation had "achieved prominence in the press" to stop the issue becoming "an undue distraction for my colleagues and the work of GEMS Education." As of 2015, Birkett then formed p5e (Passion5Excellence) in 2014. His organisation claims to be "Driving education and skills success through Partnerships and Innovative Practice". Their five key values are Fix – Implement school and college turnaround, Create – New schools, colleges, groups and structures, Change – Inject new thinking to improve performance, Find – Independent schools for private investors, and Help – Engaging all stakeholders to drive change.
In 2016, he founded Highgate Hill House School, a special needs school in Whitstone, Holsworthy on the Devon/Cornwall border. It is a small independent co-educational school for children with Special Educational Needs aged 5 to 16 years. He is passionate about creating a school which is flexible and can adapt to students' needs. Their core curriculum includes outdoor learning and adventurous activities.
In 2017, he launched a brand new PhD in ethical leadership, at St Thomas University, Texas. He claimed that in 2017 he will focus more on educational activities that enable young, special needs children to reach their potential. Also, he stated his interests in developing the next generation of business leadership potential through a series of talks and career advice
Birkett has been a Government adviser and Director on several National Boards. He has spoken and continues to present at national and international conferences around the world.
Sir Peter Birkett is also a member of the Worshipful Company of Educators, which provides a forum through meetings and social occasions to bring together members from all parts of the education world to discuss and exchange views on matters of topical interest. The company also operates a charitable fund to support individuals and projects that develop the process of learning and its management, encouraging and rewarding those individuals through appropriate grants, awards and medals.
Achievements and awards
In 2012 Birkett was runner up in the education investor – "individuals contribution" award.
In November 2013 Birkett collected the national Education Investor award for the best performing "School operator – academy chain" on behalf of Barnfield Federation. They were also named in the chain reaction report and one of the highest performing academy chains.
Highgate Hill House School in Devon, of which Sir Peter Birkett is the founder, has been shortlisted for multiple national awards including 'New Market Entrant' and 'Education Business of the Year' at the 2018 Education Investor Awards, 'Special Needs Initiative' at the TES Independent School Awards 2019, 'Employer of the Year' and 'Best Newcomer' at the Investors in People Awards 2020 and 'Outstanding Provision for Learning Support' at the ISA Awards 2020.
References
Living people
1959 births
Knights Bachelor
People from Scunthorpe
Schoolteachers from Lincolnshire |
23242575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20Plan%20Campine | Strategic Plan Campine | Strategic Plan Campine (Dutch: Strategisch Plan Kempen) is a non-profit organisation located in Turnhout, Belgium. Its aim is to promote the social and economic development of the Campine region of the province of Antwerp. The organisation runs the PLATO-program for the support of Small and medium enterprises in the region and developed a strategic plan for the development of the Campine region.
History
The organisation was founded in 1988. In 2006 its name changed to Strategische Projectenorganisatie Kempen vzw or SPK vzw (E: Strategic Project Organisation Campine).
See also
Campus Blairon
Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
Innotek
References
Sources
Strategisch Plan Kempen (Dutch)
Jos Kempen nieuwe voorzitter van SPK (Dutch)
External links
SPK
Organisations based in Antwerp Province
Turnhout |
25427475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio%E2%80%93El%20Paso%20Road | San Antonio–El Paso Road | The San Antonio–El Paso Road, also known as the Lower Emigrant Road or Military Road, was an economically important trade route between the Texas cities of San Antonio and El Paso between 1849 and 1882. Mail, freight, and passengers traveled by horse and wagon along this road across the Edwards Plateau and dangerous Trans-Pecos region of West Texas.
The "Upper Emigrant Road" originated at Austin and skirted the north of the Edwards Plateau. It intersected the Lower Road near Comanche Springs west of Horsehead Crossing of the Pecos River.
In 1848, businessmen in San Antonio hired John Coffee Hays to find a route to El Paso. Hays and a squad of Texas Rangers spent three and a half months on their quest, but only made it as far as Presidio due to lack of food and water.
By 1849, gold seekers wishing to get to California to stake claims were arriving in Texas and looking for opportunities to travel west. Brevet Major General William J. Worth ordered Lieutenant William H.C. Whiting and Lieutenant William Farrar Smith to find a suitable route to El Paso. They were to follow Hays' trail to Presidio and continue up the Rio Grande to El Paso. The team made it to El Paso, but believed the route was unsatisfactory. On the return trip, they traveled down the Rio Grande for 100 miles, then headed east for the Pecos River. They followed the Pecos to Devils River and the Devils back to the Rio Grande. From there, they headed east to San Antonio.
Brevet Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the Army in Texas after General Worth's death in the San Antonio cholera epidemic, ordered Lieutenant Smith to accompany Lieutenant Colonel Joseph E. Johnston on another survey expedition to El Paso. The survey party was escorted by a company of the First Infantry. Also, six companies of the Third Infantry and a group of California-bound immigrants accompanied them. One of these Forty-niners, Robert Eccleston, wrote a journal describing incidents of the journey and the land they passed over, with the mileage, each day along the route. The trail they followed to El Paso differed only slightly from Whiting and Smith's return route. This trail became known as the Lower or Military Road, and then the San Antonio-El Paso Road.
"In 1850, the largest supply train to use the road" left Fort Inge for El Paso with 340 wagons, 4000 animals, 450 civilians, and 175 soldiers.
To protect people and supplies along the road from Indians and bandits, the Army constructed a series of fortifications: These included Fort Inge (1849–1869), Fort Clark (1852–1944), Fort Lancaster (1855–1862, 1867–1874), Fort Stockton (1859–1862, 1867–1886), Fort Davis (1854–1862, 1867–1891), Fort Quitman (1858–1861, 1868–1877, 1880–1882), and Fort Bliss (1849–). The road was used for the San Antonio-El Paso Mail from 1851–1862 and 1866–1882, and as part of the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line route in 1857–1858. The Butterfield Overland Mail began using the Lower Road from Fort Stockton to El Paso in 1859–1861.
1859 table of distances along the San Antonio-El Paso Road
These distances were measured from one station or watering place to another from starting point.
San Antonio to Leon River, 6.53 miles
Leon river to Castroville, on the Medina River, 18.0 miles
Castroville to Dharris Seco River, 25.28 miles
Dharris to Rancheros Creek, 8.38 miles
Ranchero Creek to Sabinal River, 3.94 miles
Sabinal Creek to Camanche Creek, 5.0 miles
Camanche Creek to Rio Frio, 8.46 miles
Rio Frio to head of Leona River, "Uvalde", Fort Inge 6.08 miles
Uvalde to Nueces River, 9.04 miles
Nueces to Turkey Creek, 10.27 miles
Turkey Creek to Elm Creek, 15.23 miles
Elm Creek to Las Moras River, Fort Clarke , 7.13 miles / 123.34 miles
---
Fort Clarke to Piedra Pinto, 7.0 miles
Piedra Pinto to Maverick Creek, 8.86 miles
Maverick Creek to San Felipe Springs, 12.61 miles
San Felipe to first crossing of San Pedro or Devil's River, 10.22 miles
First Crossing to Painted Caves, 2.54 miles
Painted Caves to California Spring, 15.73 miles
California Spring to Willow Spring, 2 miles
Willow Spring to Fort Hudson, and second crossing Pedro or Devil's River, 16.39 miles / 75.35 miles
---
Fort Hudson to head of San Pedro or Devil's River, 19.50 miles
Head of river to Howard Springs, 44 miles
Howard Springs to Live Oak Creek, 30.44 miles
Live Oak creek to Fort Lancaster, 3 miles /96.94 miles
---
Fort Lancaster to Pecos Crossing, 4.29 miles
Pecos Crossing to Pecos Spring, 6 miles
Pecos Spring to Leaving of Pecos, 32.26 miles
Leaving of Pecos to Arroyo Escondido, 16.26 miles
Arroyo Escondido to Escondido Spring, 8.58 miles
Escondido Spring to Comanche Springs, 19.40 miles
Comanche Spring to Leon Hole, 8.88 miles
Leon Hole to Hackberry Pond, 11 miles
Hackberry pond to Limpia Creek, 32 miles
Limpia creek to Fort Davis, 18.86 miles /157.99 miles
---
Fort Davis to Point of Rocks, 10 miles
Point of Rocks to Barrel Springs, 8.42 miles
Barrel Springs to Deadman's Hole, 13.58 miles
Deadman's Hole to Van Horn's Wells, 32.83 miles
Van Horn's Wells to Eagle Springs, 19.74 miles
Eagle Springs to first camp on Rio Grande, 31.42 miles
First camp on Rio Grande to Birchville, 35 miles / 150.99 miles
---
Birchville to San Eleazario, 24.8 miles
San Eleazario to Socorro, 5.45 miles
Socorro to Isletta, 3.1 miles
Isletta to El Paso, Fort Bliss 14.14 miles / 47.49 miles
References
Francell, Lawrence John. Fort Lancaster. Texas State Historical Association, 1999.
Military Map of the Rio Grande Frontier, Prepared from Original Surveys, County Maps, Reports of Officers, & etc., by Capt. W. R. Livermore, 1883 Includes entire length of San-Antonio–El Paso Road, with landmarks.
H. Stever, "Stagecoach Lines," Handbook of Texas Online, accessed September 05, 2016
Wayne R. Austerman, "San Antonio-El Paso Mail, Handbook of Texas Online, accessed September 06, 2016
Reports of the Secretary of War: With Reconnaissances of Routes from San Antonio to El Paso, United States. Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers, Printed at the Union office, Washington, 1850
External links
San Antonio-El Paso Road
Trails and roads in the American Old West
Historic trails and roads in the United States
Historic trails and roads in Texas
History of Texas
San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas
Stagecoach stops in the United States
1849 establishments in Texas |
12461483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassin%27s%20malimbe | Cassin's malimbe | Cassin's malimbe (Malimbus cassini) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Ghana.
References
External links
Cassin's malimbe - Species text in Weaver Watch.
Cassin's malimbe
Birds of Central Africa
Cassin's malimbe
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
49408651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage%20Stuff | Vintage Stuff | Vintage Stuff is a novel of British comic writer Tom Sharpe which was written and originally published in 1982. Set in Groxbourne, a parody of Bloxham School where Sharpe received his education, the novel follows the (mis)adventures of Peregrine Clyde-Brown.
Plot summary
Peregrine Roderick Clyde-Brown is a guileless and dim-witted teenager, who takes every phrase or word spoken to him literally. This is where the author displays his skill in playing with the English language,
His attorney father (wishing to get rid of him) and his mother (having high hopes on him as a 'late bloomer') finally manage to get him admitted to a boarding private school called Groxbourne. In a school, asynchronous to its surrounding, Peregrine's tendency for unflinchingly taking orders and having negligible individual thought (and his becoming a crack shot on the school's rifle range) seem perfect for a promising career in the British Army. It is here at Groxbourne that Peregrine meets Gerald Glodstone, a teacher like others in the school, whose teaching methods involve using the cane, but who is also addicted to early- and pre-twentieth century adventure fiction. After Glodstone drags the loyal and obedient boy off to France on a seemingly romantic quest to rescue a French countess (a "quest" set into motion by another Groxbourne teacher who hates Glodstone), Peregrine ends up storming a French castle where he commits havoc and even murder, the effects of which would span countries and affect everyone around him.
References
1. http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/06/tom-sharpe-nearly-killed-me/ Spectator news. Retrieved February 13, 2016
2. http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6303480291 Book review, abebooks.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016
3. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/798397.Vintage_Stuff Book review, goodreads.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016
1982 novels
Novels by Tom Sharpe
Secker & Warburg books |
67803218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n%20Quinn%20%28Gaelic%20footballer%29 | Seán Quinn (Gaelic footballer) | Seán Quinn (1929 – 27 January 1986) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played for the Sarsfields and Seán McDermotts clubs and at senior level for the Armagh county team.
Career
Born in Lurgan, County Armagh, Quinn first came to prominence at club level with Sarsfields. He eventually earned a call-up to the Armagh senior football team and claimed Ulster Championship medals in 1950 and 1953. Quinn was captain for the second of those wins and subsequently lead the team to an All-Ireland final defeat by Kerry. He also played with the Seán McDermotts club in Dublin, while his inclusion on the Ulster team saw him claim a Railway Cup medal. Quinn was named on a "Football Team of the Century" made up of players who never won an All-Ireland medal.
Personal life and death
Quinn worked as a carpenter and was also a member of the Irish Army. He died from cancer at St. Luke's Hospital in Rathgar on 27 January 1986.
Honours
Armagh
Ulster Senior Football Championship: 1950, 1953
Ulster
Railway Cup: 1950
References
1929 births
1986 deaths
Armagh inter-county Gaelic footballers
Ulster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers |
36544570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altekruse%20Puzzle | Altekruse Puzzle | The Altekruse Puzzle is a type of burr puzzle invented by Austrian inventor William Altekruse.
History
The puzzle was first released in 1890 and has proved to be very popular ever since.
Excerpts
The Universal Book of Mathematics provides the following information about Altekruse puzzle:
A symmetrical 12-piece burr puzzle for which a patent was granted to William Altekruse in 1890. The Altekruse family is of Austrian-German origin and, curiously, the name means "old cross" in German, which has led some authors to incorrectly assume that it was a pseudonym. William Altekruse came to the United States as a young man in 1844 with his three brothers to escape being drafted into the German army. The Altekruse puzzle has an unusual mechanical action in the first step of disassembly by which two halves move in opposition to each other, unlike the more familiar burr types that have a key piece or pieces. Depending on how it is assembled, this action can take place along one, two, or all three axes independently but not simultaneously.
References
External links
Daily Puzzle Answers
Mechanical puzzles
Austrian inventions |
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