source stringlengths 52 77 | text stringlengths 9 32.2k |
|---|---|
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-chapter-review | Blood pumped by the heart flows through a series of vessels known as arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins before returning to the heart. Arteries transport blood away from the heart and branch into smaller vessels, forming arterioles. Arterioles distribute blood to capillary beds, the sites of exchange... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/20-key-terms | abdominal aorta : portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac arteries
adrenal artery : branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands
adrenal vein : drains the adrenal or suprarenal glands that are immediately superior to the kidneys; the ri... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-chapter-review | The lymphatic system is a series of vessels, ducts, and trunks that remove interstitial fluid from the tissues and return it the blood. The lymphatics are also used to transport dietary lipids and cells of the immune system. Cells of the immune system all come from the hematopoietic system of the bone marrow. Primary l... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-key-terms | active immunity : immunity developed from an individualâs own immune system
acute inflammation : inflammation occurring for a limited time period; rapidly developing
adaptive immune response : relatively slow but very specific and effective immune response controlled by lymphocytes
afferent lymphatic vessels : ... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-chapter-review | The respiratory system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide, and aiding in speech production and in sensing odors. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-key-terms | acclimatization : process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to high altitudes
acute mountain sickness (AMS) : condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen
ala : (plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril th... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-chapter-review | The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. The alimentary canal forms a continuous tube that is open to the outside environment at both ends. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/23-key-terms | absorption : passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
accessory digestive organ : includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas
accessory duct : (also, duct of Santorini) duct that runs from the pancreas into the du... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-chapter-review | Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic (break down) and anabolic (synthesis) reactions in the body. The metabolic rate measures the amount of energy used to maintain life. An organism must ingest a sufficient amount of food to maintain its metabolic rate if the organism is to stay alive for very long.
Catabolic reacti... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-key-terms | absorptive state : also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) : starting molecule of the Krebs cycle
anabolic hormones : hormones that stimulate the synthesis ... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/25-chapter-review | The kidney glomerulus filters blood mainly based on particle size to produce a filtrate lacking cells or large proteins. Most of the ions and molecules in the filtrate are needed by the body and must be reabsorbed farther down the nephron tubules, resulting in the formation of urine. Urine characteristics change depend... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/25-key-terms | anatomical sphincter : smooth or skeletal muscle surrounding the lumen of a vessel or hollow organ that can restrict flow when contracted
angiotensin I : protein produced by the enzymatic action of renin on angiotensinogen; inactive precursor of angiotensin II
angiotensin II : protein produced by the enzymatic acti... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/26-chapter-review | Your body is mostly water. Body fluids are aqueous solutions with differing concentrations of materials, called solutes. An appropriate balance of water and solute concentrations must be maintained to ensure cellular functions. If the cytosol becomes too concentrated due to water loss, cell functions deteriorate. If th... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/26-key-terms | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) : also known as vasopressin, a hormone that increases the volume of water reabsorbed from the collecting tubules of the kidney
dehydration : state of containing insufficient water in blood and other tissues
dihydroxyvitamin D : active form of vitamin D required by the intestinal epithelia... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-chapter-review | Gametes are the reproductive cells that combine to form offspring. Organs called gonads produce the gametes, along with the hormones that regulate human reproduction. The male gametes are called sperm. Spermatogenesis, the production of sperm, occurs within the seminiferous tubules that make up most of the testis. The ... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms | alveoli : (of the breast) milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland
ampulla : (of the uterine tube) middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs
antrum : fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary (antral) follicle
areola : highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the r... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review | Hundreds of millions of sperm deposited in the vagina travel toward the oocyte, but only a few hundred actually reach it. The number of sperm that reach the oocyte is greatly reduced because of conditions within the female reproductive tract. Many sperm are overcome by the acidity of the vagina, others are blocked by m... |
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms | acrosomal reaction : release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization
acrosome : cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms | accelerate : to change velocity; to speed up, slow down, or change direction.
apparent magnitude : a measure of how bright a star looks in the sky; the larger the number, the dimmer the star appears to us
astrology : the pseudoscience that deals with the supposed influences on human destiny of the configurations an... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-summary | The direct evidence of our senses supports a geocentric perspective, with the celestial sphere pivoting on the celestial poles and rotating about a stationary Earth. We see only half of this sphere at one time, limited by the horizon; the point directly overhead is our zenith. The Sunâs annual path on the celestial s... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/3-key-terms | angular momentum : the measure of the motion of a rotating object in terms of its speed and how widely the objectâs mass is distributed around its axis
aphelion : the point in its orbit where a planet (or other orbiting object) is farthest from the Sun
apogee : the point in its orbit where an Earth satellite is f... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/3-summary | Tycho Braheâs accurate observations of planetary positions provided the data used by Johannes Kepler to derive his three fundamental laws of planetary motion. Keplerâs laws describe the behavior of planets in their orbits as follows: (1) planetary orbits are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; (2) in equal interval... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/4-key-terms | apparent solar time : time as measured by the position of the Sun in the sky (the time that would be indicated by a sundial)
declination : the angular distance north or south of the celestial equator
great circle : a circle on the surface of a sphere that is the curve of intersection of the sphere with a plane pass... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/4-summary | The terrestrial system of latitude and longitude makes use of the great circles called meridians. Longitude is arbitrarily set to 0° at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. An analogous celestial coordinate system is called right ascension (RA) and declination, with 0° of declination starting at the vernal eq... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/5-key-terms | absorption spectrum : a series or pattern of dark lines superimposed on a continuous spectrum
blackbody : an idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic energy that falls onto it
continuous spectrum : a spectrum of light composed of radiation of a continuous range of wavelengths or colors, rather than only ce... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/5-summary | James Clerk Maxwell showed that whenever charged particles change their motion, as they do in every atom and molecule, they give off waves of energy. Light is one form of this electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of light determines the color of visible radiation. Wavelength (λ) is related to frequency (f) and th... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/6-key-terms | adaptive optics : systems used with telescopes that can compensate for distortions in an image introduced by the atmosphere, thus resulting in sharper images
aperture : diameter of the primary lens or mirror of a telescope
charge-coupled device (CCD) : array of high-sensitivity electronic detectors of electromagnet... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/6-summary | A telescope collects the faint light from astronomical sources and brings it to a focus, where an instrument can sort the light according to wavelength. Light is then directed to a detector, where a permanent record is made. The light-gathering power of a telescope is determined by the diameter of its aperture, or open... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/7-key-terms | asteroid : a stony or metallic object orbiting the Sun that is smaller than a planet but that shows no evidence of an atmosphere or of other types of activity associated with comets
comet : a small body of icy and dusty matter that revolves about the Sun; when a comet comes near the Sun, some of its material vaporize... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/7-summary | Our solar system currently consists of the Sun, eight planets, five dwarf planets, more than 280 known moons, and a host of smaller objects. The planets can be divided into two groups: the inner terrestrial planets and the outer giant planets. Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake do not fit into either category; as icy dw... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/8-key-terms | bar : a force of 100,000 Newtons acting on a surface area of 1 square meter; the average pressure of Earthâs atmosphere at sea level is 1.013 bars
basalt : igneous rock produced by the cooling of lava; makes up most of Earthâs oceanic crust and is found on other planets that have experienced extensive volcanic ac... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/8-summary | Earth is the prototype terrestrial planet. Its interior composition and structure are probed using seismic waves. Such studies reveal that Earth has a metal core and a silicate mantle. The outer layer, or crust, consists primarily of oceanic basalt and continental granite. A global magnetic field, generated in the core... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/9-key-terms | highlands : the lighter, heavily cratered regions of the Moon, which are generally several kilometers higher than the maria
mare : (plural: maria) Latin for âsea;â the name applied to the dark, relatively smooth features that cover 17% of the Moonâs surface |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/9-summary | Most of what we know about the Moon derives from the Apollo program, including 400 kilograms of lunar samples still being intensively studied. The Moon has one-eightieth the mass of Earth and is severely depleted in both metals and volatile materials. It is made almost entirely of silicates like those in Earthâs mant... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/10-key-terms | runaway greenhouse effect : the process by which the greenhouse effect, rather than remaining stable or being lessened through intervention, continues to grow at an increasing rate
tectonic : geological features that result from stresses and pressures in the crust of a planet; tectonic forces can lead to earthquakes ... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/10-summary | Venus, the nearest planet, is a great disappointment through the telescope because of its impenetrable cloud cover. Mars is more tantalizing, with dark markings and polar caps. Early in the twentieth century, it was widely believed that the âcanalsâ of Mars indicated intelligent life there. Mars has only 11% the ma... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/11-key-terms | photochemistry : chemical changes caused by electromagnetic radiation
synchrotron radiation : the radiation emitted by charged particles being accelerated in magnetic fields and moving at speeds near that of light |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/11-summary | The outer solar system contains the four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The gas giants Jupiter and Saturn have overall compositions similar to that of the Sun. These planets have been explored by the Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, and Cassini spacecraft. Voyager 2, perhaps the most successful of all s... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/12-key-terms | resonance : an orbital condition in which one object is subject to periodic gravitational perturbations by another, most commonly arising when two objects orbiting a third have periods of revolution that are simple multiples or fractions of each other
tidal heating : the heating of a planet or moonâs interior by va... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/12-summary | The four jovian planets are accompanied by impressive systems of moons and rings. Over 200 moons have been discovered in the outer solar system. Of the four ring systems, Saturnâs is the largest and is composed primarily of water ice; in contrast, Uranus and Neptune have narrow rings of dark material, and Jupiter has... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/13-key-terms | asteroid : a stony or metallic object orbiting the Sun that is smaller than a planet but that shows no evidence of an atmosphere or of other types of activity associated with comets
asteroid belt : the region of the solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in which most asteroids are located; the main belt... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/13-summary | The solar system includes many objects that are much smaller than the planets and their larger moons. The rocky ones are generally called asteroids. Ceres is the largest asteroid; about 15 are larger than 250 kilometers and about 100,000 are larger than 1 kilometer. Most are in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupite... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/14-key-terms | accretion : the gradual accumulation of mass, as by a planet forming from colliding particles in the solar nebula
exoplanet : a planet orbiting a star other than our Sun
iron meteorite : a meteorite composed primarily of iron and nickel
meteor : a small piece of solid matter that enters Earthâs atmosphere and b... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/14-summary | When a fragment of interplanetary dust strikes Earthâs atmosphere, it burns up to create a meteor. Streams of dust particles traveling through space together produce meteor showers, in which we see meteors diverging from a spot in the sky called the radiant of the shower. Many meteor showers recur each year and are a... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/15-key-terms | active region : an area on the Sun where magnetic fields are concentrated; sunspots, prominences, flares, and CMEs all tend to occur in active regions
aurora : light radiated by atoms and ions in the ionosphere excited by charged particles from the Sun, mostly seen in the magnetic polar regions
chromosphere : the p... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/15-summary | The Sun, our star, has several layers beneath the visible surface: the core, radiative zone, and convective zone. These, in turn, are surrounded by a number of layers that make up the solar atmosphere. In order of increasing distance from the center of the Sun, they are the photosphere, with a temperature that ranges f... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/16-key-terms | conduction : process by which heat is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature between adjoining regions caused by atomic or molecular collisions
convection : movement caused within a gas or liquid by the tendency of hotter, and therefore less dense material, to rise and cold... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/16-summary | The Sun produces an enormous amount of energy every second. Since Earth and the solar system are roughly 4.5 billion years old, this means that the Sun has been producing vast amounts for energy for a very, very long time. Neither chemical burning nor gravitational contraction can account for the total amount of energy... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/17-key-terms | apparent brightness : a measure of the amount of light received by Earth from a star or other objectâthat is, how bright an object appears in the sky, as contrasted with its luminosity
brown dwarf : an object intermediate in size between a planet and a star; the approximate mass range is from about 1/100 of the mas... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/17-summary | The total energy emitted per second by a star is called its luminosity. How bright a star looks from the perspective of Earth is its apparent brightness. The apparent brightness of a star depends on both its luminosity and its distance from Earth. Thus, the determination of apparent brightness and measurement of the di... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/18-key-terms | binary stars : two stars that revolve about each other
brown dwarf : an object intermediate in size between a planet and a star; the approximate mass range is from about 1/100 of the mass of the Sun up to the lower mass limit for self-sustaining nuclear reactions, which is about 1/12 the mass of the Sun
eclipsing b... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/18-summary | To understand the properties of stars, we must make wide-ranging surveys. We find the stars that appear brightest to our eyes are bright primarily because they are intrinsically very luminous, not because they are the closest to us. Most of the nearest stars are intrinsically so faint that they can be seen only with th... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/19-key-terms | cepheid : a star that belongs to a class of yellow supergiant pulsating stars; these stars vary periodically in brightness, and the relationship between their periods and luminosities is useful in deriving distances to them
light curve : a graph that displays the time variation of the light from a variable or eclipsi... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/19-summary | Early measurements of length were based on human dimensions, but today, we use worldwide standards that specify lengths in units such as the meter. Distances within the solar system are now determined by timing how long it takes radar signals to travel from Earth to the surface of a planet or other body and then return... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/20-key-terms | baryon cycle : the cycling of mass in and out of the interstellar medium, including accretion of gas from intergalactic space, loss of gas back into intergalactic space, and conversion of interstellar gas into stars
cosmic rays : atomic nuclei (mostly protons) and electrons that are observed to strike Earthâs atmos... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/20-summary | About 15% of the visible matter in the Galaxy is in the form of gas and dust, serving as the raw material for new stars. About 99% of this interstellar matter is in the form of gasâindividual atoms or molecules. The most abundant elements in the interstellar gas are hydrogen and helium. About 1% of the interstellar m... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/21-key-terms | exoplanet : a planet orbiting a star other than our Sun
giant molecular clouds : large, cold interstellar clouds with diameters of dozens of light-years and typical masses of 105solar masses; found in the spiral arms of galaxies, these clouds are where stars form
Herbig-Haro (HH) object : luminous knots of gas in a... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/21-summary | Most stars form in giant molecular clouds with masses as large as 3 Ã 106solar masses. The most well-studied molecular cloud is Orion, where star formation is currently taking place. Molecular clouds typically contain regions of higher density called clumps, which in turn contain several even-denser cores of gas and d... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/22-key-terms | association : a loose group of young stars whose spectral types, motions, and positions in the sky indicate a common origin
globular cluster : one of about 150 large, spherical star clusters (each with hundreds of thousands of stars) that form a spherical halo around the center of our Galaxy
helium flash : a nearly... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/22-summary | When stars first begin to fuse hydrogen to helium, they lie on the zero-age main sequence. The amount of time a star spends in the main-sequence stage depends on its mass. More massive stars complete each stage of evolution more quickly than lower-mass stars. The fusion of hydrogen to form helium changes the interior c... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/23-key-terms | Chandrasekhar limit : the upper limit to the mass of a white dwarf (equals 1.4 times the mass of the Sun)
degenerate gas : a gas that resists further compression because no two electrons can be in the same place at the same time doing the same thing (Pauli exclusion principle)
millisecond pulsar : a pulsar that rot... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/23-summary | During the course of their evolution, stars shed their outer layers and lose a significant fraction of their initial mass. Stars with masses of 8MSunor less can lose enough mass to become white dwarfs, which have masses less than the Chandrasekhar limit (about 1.4MSun). The pressure exerted by degenerate electrons keep... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/24-key-terms | accretion disk : the disk of gas and dust found orbiting newborn stars, as well as compact stellar remnants such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes when they are in binary systems and are sufficiently close to their binary companions to draw off material
black hole : a region in spacetime where gravity i... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/24-summary | Einstein proposed the equivalence principle as the foundation of the general theory of relativity. According to this principle, there is no way that anyone or any experiment in a sealed environment can distinguish between free fall and the absence of gravity.
By considering the consequences of the equivalence principl... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/25-key-terms | central bulge : (or nuclear bulge) the central (round) part of the Milky Way or a similar galaxy
dark matter : nonluminous mass, whose presence can be inferred only because of its gravitational influence on luminous matter; the composition of the dark matter is not known
dark matter halo : the mass in the Milky Way... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/25-summary | The Milky Way Galaxy consists of a thin disk containing dust, gas, and young and old stars; a spherical halo containing populations of very old stars, including RR Lyrae variable stars and globular star clusters; a thick, more diffuse disk with stars that have properties intermediate between those in the thin disk and ... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/26-key-terms | elliptical galaxy : a galaxy whose shape is an ellipse and that contains no conspicuous interstellar material
Hubble constant : a constant of proportionality in the law relating the velocities of remote galaxies to their distances
Hubbleâs law : a rule that the radial velocities of remote galaxies are proportiona... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/26-summary | Faint star clusters, clouds of glowing gas, and galaxies all appeared as faint patches of light (or nebulae) in the telescopes available at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was only when Hubble measured the distance to the Andromeda galaxy using cepheid variables with the giant 2.5-meter reflector on Mount Wi... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/27-key-terms | active galactic nuclei (AGN) : galaxies that are almost as luminous as quasars and share many of their properties, although to a less spectacular degree; abnormal amounts of energy are produced in their centers
active galaxies : galaxies that house active galactic nuclei
quasar : an object of very high redshift tha... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/27-summary | The first quasars discovered looked like stars but had strong radio emission. Their visible-light spectra at first seemed confusing, but then astronomers realized that they had much larger redshifts than stars. The quasar spectra obtained so far show redshifts ranging from 15% to more than 96% the speed of light. Obser... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/28-key-terms | cold dark matter : slow-moving massive particles, not yet identified, that donât absorb, emit, or reflect light or other electromagnetic radiation
cosmological principle : the assumption that, on the large scale, the universe at any given time is the same everywhereâisotropic and homogeneous
dark energy : an en... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/28-summary | When we look at distant galaxies, we are looking back in time. We have now seen galaxies as they were when the universe was about 300 million years oldâonly about two percent as old as it is now. The universe now is 13.8 billion years old. The color of a galaxy is an indicator of the age of the stars that populate it... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/29-key-terms | anthropic principle : idea that physical laws must be the way they are because otherwise we could not be here to measure them
Big Bang : the theory of cosmology in which the expansion of the universe began with a primeval explosion (of space, time, matter, and energy)
closed universe : a model in which the universe... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/29-summary | Cosmology is the study of the organization and evolution of the universe. The universe is expanding, and this is one of the key observational starting points for modern cosmological theories. Modern observations show that the rate of expansion has not been constant throughout the life of the universe. Initially, when g... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/30-key-terms | amino acids : organic compounds that are the molecular building blocks of proteins
astrobiology : the multidisciplinary study of life in the universe: its origin, evolution, distribution, and fate; similar terms areexobiologyandbioastronomy
biomarker : evidence of the presence of life, especially a global indicatio... |
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/30-summary | Life on Earth is based on the presence of a key unit known as an organic molecule, a molecule that contains carbon, especially complex hydrocarbons. Our solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust enriched by several generations of heavier element production in stars. Life is made up of c... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-key-terms | accuracy : how closely a measurement aligns with a correct value
atom : smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical combination
Celsius (°C) : unit of temperature; water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C on this scale
chemical change : change producing a different kind of matter from the o... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-summary | Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the ways by which various forms of matter may be interconverted. Thus, it occupies a central place in the study and practice of science and technology. Chemists use the scientific method to perform experiments, pose hypotheses, and formulate... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/2-key-terms | alpha particle (α particle) : positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons
anion : negatively charged atom or molecule (contains more electrons than protons)
atomic mass : average mass of atoms of an element, expressed in amu
atomic mass unit (amu) : (also, unified atomic mass unit, u, ... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/2-summary | The ancient Greeks proposed that matter consists of extremely small particles called atoms. Dalton postulated that each element has a characteristic type of atom that differs in properties from atoms of all other elements, and that atoms of different elements can combine in fixed, small, whole-number ratios to form com... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/3-key-terms | actinide : inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table
alkali metal : element in group 1
alkaline earth metal : element in group 2
amplitude : extent of the displacement caused by a wave
atomic orbital : mathematical function that describes the behavior of an electron in an... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/3-summary | Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation move through a vacuum with a constant speed,c, of 2.998ÃÃ108m sâ1. This radiation shows wavelike behavior, which can be characterized by a frequency,ν, and a wavelength,λ, such thatc=λν. Light is an example of a travelling wave. Other important wave phenomena i... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/4-key-terms | axial position : location in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which there is another atom at a 180° angle and the equatorial positions are at a 90° angle
binary acid : compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ions w... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/4-summary | Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions with particularly stable electron configurations. The charges of cations formed by the representative metals may be determined readily because, with few exceptions, the electronic structures of these ions have either a noble gas configuration or a completely filled electron she... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/5-key-terms | antibonding orbital : molecular orbital located outside of the region between two nuclei; electrons in an antibonding orbital destabilize the molecule
bond order : number of pairs of electrons between two atoms; it can be found by the number of bonds in a Lewis structure or by the difference between the number of bon... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/5-summary | Valence bond theory describes bonding as a consequence of the overlap of two separate atomic orbitals on different atoms that creates a region with one pair of electrons shared between the two atoms. When the orbitals overlap along an axis containing the nuclei, they form a Ï bond. When they overlap in a fashion that ... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/6-key-terms | aqueous solution : solution for which water is the solvent
Avogadroâs number (NA) : experimentally determined value of the number of entities comprising 1 mole of substance, equal to 6.022ÃÃ1023molâ1
concentrated : qualitative term for a solution containing solute at a relatively high concentration
concentr... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/6-summary | The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass. Due to the use of the same reference substance in defining the atomic mass unit and t... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms | acid : substance that produces H3O+when dissolved in water
acid-base reaction : reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species
actual yield : amount of product formed in a reaction
analyte : chemical species of interest
balanced equation : chemical equation with equal numbers of atom... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary | Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms | absolute zero : temperature at which the volume of a gas would be zero according to Charlesâs law.
Amontonsâs law : (also, Gay-Lussacâs law) pressure of a given number of moles of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature when the volume is held constant
atmosphere (atm) : unit of pressure; 1 atm... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary | Gases exert pressure, which is force per unit area. The pressure of a gas may be expressed in the SI unit of pascal or kilopascal, as well as in many other units including torr, atmosphere, and bar. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer; other gas pressures can be measured using one of several types of man... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms | bomb calorimeter : device designed to measure the energy change for processes occurring under conditions of constant volume; commonly used for reactions involving solid and gaseous reactants or products
bond energy : (also, bond dissociation energy) energy required to break a covalent bond in a gaseous substance
Bo... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-summary | Energy is the capacity to supply heat or do work (applying a force to move matter). Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion; potential energy is energy due to relative position, composition, or condition. When energy is converted from one form into another, energy is neither created nor destroyed (law of conservati... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/10-key-terms | adhesive force : force of attraction between molecules of different chemical identities
amorphous solid : (also, noncrystalline solid) solid in which the particles lack an ordered internal structure
body-centered cubic (BCC) solid : crystalline structure that has a cubic unit cell with lattice points at the corners... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/10-summary | The physical properties of condensed matter (liquids and solids) can be explained in terms of the kinetic molecular theory. In a liquid, intermolecular attractive forces hold the molecules in contact, although they still have sufficient KE to move past each other.
Intermolecular attractive forces, collectively referre... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/11-key-terms | alloy : solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements
amphiphilic : molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts
boiling point elevation : elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute
boiling point elevation constant : the proport... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/11-summary | A solution forms when two or more substances combine physically to yield a mixture that is homogeneous at the molecular level. The solvent is the most concentrated component and determines the physical state of the solution. The solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the ... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/12-key-terms | entropy (S) : state function that is a measure of the matter and/or energy dispersal within a system, determined by the number of system microstates; often described as a measure of the disorder of the system
Gibbs free energy change (G) : thermodynamic property defined in terms of system enthalpy and entropy; all sp... |
https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/12-summary | Chemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source, while a nonspontaneous process requires such. Systems undergoing a spontaneous process may or may not exper... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.