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An architectural style corresponds to a coordinated role and allows relationships among the elements within any architecture that conforms to that style.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/10-summary
The framework is an implementation-specific skeletal subsystem for design work.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/10-summary
A software stack is a collection of independent components or subsystems such as operating system, protocols, databases, architectural layers, and function calls that work together to support the execution of an application.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/10-summary
As architectural models get transitioned into implementation architectures, it becomes necessary to specify how architectural and design patterns are realized practically within the solution.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/10-summary
Android Studio : official IDE for Android development
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) : exchanges small amounts of data between a client and server
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
cascading style sheets (CSS) : standard style sheet language used to alter the presentation style of the web data content found in HTML
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
decentralized Apps (DApps) : applications that execute smart contracts and run over distributed ledger technology
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Django project : high-level directory used to contain the directories and files necessary to run a Django web application
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Ethereum blockchain : creates a secure peer-to-peer network through the use of smart contracts
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Firebase : app development platform and a collection of services for authenticating users, integrating ads, running A/B tests, and more
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
full node : computer that maintains a copy of the blockchain and runs blockchain software
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
gas price : cost of validating transactions and updating ledgers
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
GraphQL : open-source query and manipulation language
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
hypertext markup language (HTML) : standard markup language used to describe the structure and content of web data
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
JavaScript (JS) : scripting language that adds interactivity to web content and server-side functionality
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) : file format that represents data as text-based attribute-value information
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Jetpack Compose : toolkit for building native user interfaces
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
loose coupling : component in a software system that has a weak association with the other components
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Metro bundler : bundles the JavaScript code that is deployed on the mobile device or emulator when the React Native front-end application is successfully created
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Moore’s law : states that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles roughly every two years
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Node : JavaScript runtime environment that provides users with the tools to develop web applications, as well as servers, scripts, and command-line tools
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
non-fungible token (NFT) : unique digital identifier on a blockchain
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
optimistic rollup : protocol that increases transaction output by bundling multiple transactions into batches, which are processed off-chain
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
peer-to-peer (P2P) network : one in which devices connect and can share data and processing without needing a centralized server
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Postman : API platform testing tool that can be used as a client
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
React : JavaScript library popular to build user interfaces
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
React Native : open-source JavaScript framework used to build native applications for mobile devices
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Semantic Web : system of autonomous agents, which are software programs that respond to events
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
serializer : tool to control response outputs and convert complex data into content, such as JSON
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
sidechain : secondary blockchain that aggregates blocks back to the main blockchain
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Solidity : high-level, object-oriented language focused on the implementation of smart contracts
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
stateful application : software and system that maintains the state of an application over time
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
stateless application : state is not maintained by the system and previous actions do not impact future ones
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Truffle Framework : popular suite of tools used to develop smart contracts
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
View : presentation layer that handles the user interface
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Web 1.0 : phase of the Web where the user’s interaction was limited primarily to reading and selecting web pages
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
web page : document commonly written in HTML and viewed in a browser
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
web publishing : also calledonline publishing; is for publishing content on the Web
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
web server : software application that runs at a known URL and responds to HTTP requests
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
World Wide Web (the Web) : started as a way to link content (primarily text and images) stored on different servers or machines
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
Xcode : Apple’s IDE that enables application development for Apple’s platforms
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
zero-knowledge rollup (zk-rollup) : protocol that bundles transactions into batches that are executed off the mainnet
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-key-terms
The Web is defined by phases, each denoted by its principal usage—Web 1.0 for reading content, Web 2.0 regarding social interaction, and Web 3.0 as an open, decentralized, and trusted web.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Traditional web architectures rendered web pages on the server, with each client request resulting in a new HTML page being sent from the server to the browser. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern was often used for server-side development.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Responsive web applications render effectively in a browser regardless of the user’s device screen or orientation.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Single-page applications (SPAs) load one web page in the browser, manipulating the UI and fetching data through APIs. This is often done with JavaScript making AJAX calls to REST APIs.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Native mobile applications are designed to run on a specific device. They have the advantage of performance and access to data and functionality on the device but suffer from a lack of cross-platform support.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Web 3.0 is the next phase of the Web. Technologies that will be needed to support it will likely include distributed ledger technologies and AI.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Future web architectures will likely see a combination of Web 2.0 and 3.0 architectural models to support decentralization, openness, trust, cost, and performance effectively. This hybrid approach solves some problems while not fully addressing the goals of Web 3.0.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Bootstrap is an open-source, responsive web application framework, and Django is a Python-based web application development framework. Both frameworks are highly popular due to their ease of use.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
To build the Todo application, you must install Python, PIP, Django, Django REST Framework, Bootstrap, and jQuery.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The steps to build the Todo application are install and set up a local programming environment for Python 3, download and install Python 3.9.4, and add Python and its Scripts subfolder to your path environment data.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The first step to build a Django web application is to create a Django project.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Once the Django project is successfully completed and set up, the next step is to create the Todo application and register it in the Django project.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
After registering and installing the Todo web application, the next step is to create the models for Category and TodoList.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
After the Category and TodoList models are created, the next step is to create the serializers, the View, routers, user interface, and templates.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
React is a JavaScript library popular to build user interfaces.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Node is a JavaScript runtime environment that provides developers with the tools to develop web applications, as well as servers, scripts, and command-line tools.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
When creating a Todo web application using React and Node, React serves as the front end, handling the user interface, as well as getting and setting data via HTTP requests using Axios. Node serves as the back end, using a REST API built with ExpressJS and the MongooseJS ODM to interact with a MongoDB database.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
To build the Todo application using Bootstrap, React, and Node, you need React v17.0.2, Bootstrap v4.5.0, Node v14.17.5, ExpressJS v4.17.2, MongooseJS v6.1.9, and Axios v0.21.0.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The steps to create a Todo web application using Bootstrap, React, and Node include:create the Node back endcreate the Node appset up the Express web serverconfigure the MongoDB database and Mongoosebuild the controllerset up the REST APIcreate the React front endcreate the React appinstall Bootstrap and other dependen...
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
create the Node back end
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
create the Node app
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
set up the Express web server
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
configure the MongoDB database and Mongoose
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
build the controller
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
set up the REST API
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
create the React front end
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
create the React app
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
install Bootstrap and other dependencies
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
create the React components
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
connect the React front end to the Node back end
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The Todo web application can be updated using Bootstrap with React and Django.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
For this version of the Todo web application, React serves as the front end handling the user interface to get and set data via HTTP requests. Django serves as the back end.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
To build the Todo application using Bootstrap with React and Django, you need Python v3.9.4, PIP v21.3.1, Django v4.0.1, Django REST Framework v3.13.1, Bootstrap v4.5.0, Django-cors-headers v3.11.0, React v17.0.2, and Axios v0.21.0.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The React application uses Axios to fetch data by making requests to a given endpoint.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
A proxy to the Django application helps tunnel API requests from the React application to http://localhost:8000, where the Django application will receive and handle the requests.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
A Todo application for mobile devices can be developed using React Native and Node.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
React Native is an open-source JavaScript framework used to build user interfaces and native applications for mobile devices.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
To build a Todo application for mobile devices, React Native serves as the front end handling the user interface and getting and setting data via HTTP requests. Node serves as the back end that makes use of the API built using the Django REST Framework in11.2 Sample Responsive WAD with Bootstrap and Django.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Building the Todo mobile application using React Native and Node requires React Native v0.67, Node v14.17.5, ExpressJS v4.17.2, MongooseJS v6.1.9, and Axios v0.21.0.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
A simple Todo application can be created using React with Web 3.0 powered by Ethereum smart contracts on the blockchain.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The Ethereum blockchain creates a secure peer-to-peer network through the use of smart contracts, which are secure digital agreements that enable users to transact directly with each other via the Web.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Building the Todo Ethereum blockchain Web 3.0 application requires React v17.0.2, Bootstrap v4.5.0, Node v14.17.5, Web 3.js v1.2.2, Truffle v5.0.2, Solidity v0.8.11, and Ganache.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The Truffle Framework, which is a suite of tools popular to develop smart contracts, can be used to develop the Ethereum smart contract.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
The Truffle Framework can be implemented using Solidity, which is a high-level, object-oriented language that is focused on the implementation of smart contracts.
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/11-summary
Advanced Package Tool (apt) : used to install new packages and update existing packages
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) : cloud based, on-demand, compute platform that can be auto-scaled to meet demand
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Amazon Web Service (AWS) : Amazon cloud computing platform that offers a wide range of services that allow customers to build, deploy, and manage applications and services in the cloud
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
API gateway : used to route traffic between client apps and microservices
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
AWS CLI : command-line interface used to manage Amazon cloud services
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
AWS Portal : web-based console that allows customers to manage their cloud services and subscriptions
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Azure : cloud computing platform that offers a wide range of services that allow customers to build, deploy, and manage applications and services in the cloud
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Azure Function App : event-driven serverless compute platform without provision or managing infrastructure
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Azure Portal : web-based console that allows customers to manage their cloud services and subscriptions
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
Backend as a Service (BaaS) : third-party service that can be integrated with an application where the BaaS code does not need to be managed, and there are no servers
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
bare metal server : high-performance cloud server that is composed of a single-tenant, nonvirtualized physical server
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
cloud computing : delivery of computing services, such as databases, software, analytics, and storage over the Internet
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms
cloud mashup : combines multiple cloud applications or services with shared datasets and integrated functionalities
https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms