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mixed reality (MR; also: extended reality [XR]) : reality service technology that involves both real and virtual environments | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
mobile robot : robot that can navigate from one position to another | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
multicloud solution : mesh of several different computing environments to form a flexible working environment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
nanotechnology : focuses on matter at the molecular level to create structures and devices that are about 1 to 100 nm in size with fundamentally new organization, properties, and performance | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
neuroinformatics : study of how to build a computer that can mimic basic human brain functions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
neuromorphic computing : relies on a hardware architecture that models how the human brain uses neurons | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
NoSQL database : database management service in which the relationship between data is not strictly managed, often under key/value pair | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
object storage : (also:blob storage) manages data as blobs, with each blob representing any data format | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
quantum computer : machine that performs calculations based on the laws and principles of quantum mechanics | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
relational database service (RDS) : database management service in which the relationship between data is strictly managed, often under a predefined data schema; most common type of database and includes Oracle DB, MySQL, and PostgreSQL | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
robot manipulator : physical tool that operates at a fixed location to catch and move items | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
robotics : science that focuses on the design, development, operation, and use of robots along with the computers that facilitate their control, monitor their sensing abilities, and process related information | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
secret and configuration management : stores and manages sensitive information securely, while allowing the application to be scaled and deployed on different environments on the cloud. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
shallow machine learning : type of machine learning that has few layers of neurons | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
software development kit (SDK) : used to access storage needed to read, write, and store data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
spot/not urgent compute service : enables the user to get a task done, but keeps costs low by allowing the cloud provider to run the task without urgency when the time is convenient and cost-effective | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
storage access point : critical component in cloud architecture that ensures latency to enable users to consume data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
storage service : base infrastructure components that a cloud provider would provide that allow the user and the application to read, write, and access storage | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
telecommand : category of IoT network traffic that sends commands across a network to control devices or sensors | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
telemetry : category of IoT network traffic that aggregates data generated by sensors and devices and sends it to a server | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
virtual compute service : enables the user to request an environment to do tasks and then shut it down to release the resource back to the cloud provider | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
virtual functional and serverless compute service : application that runs in the compute environment, is executed as the function, and is then shut down when the task is completed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
virtual reality (VR) : simulated experience that immerses a user in a computer-generated, interactive, 3-D environment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
Hybrid cloud solutions provide a way for businesses to transform their infrastructure without putting all their resources and data into the cloud by allowing the coexistence and management between on-premises systems and cloud services. This solution provides a way for the business to keep some infrastructure and data ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Multicloud solutions allow businesses to connect and explore with multiple cloud vendors at once. This solution provides flexibility for the business to select the best service on every cloud provider and only use the most cost-effective component in their infrastructure. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Cloud mashup web-based application architecture allows a business to use different components coming from the multiple cloud providers in their application. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Future cloud applications aim to deploy and manage applications at the mobile and network edge to maximize performance and reduce latency. This advancement will be a big stepping stone to enhancing user experience for IoT and other real-time data-collecting services. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) provides a pay-as-you-go pricing model and allows users to take advantage of cloud servers by virtually managing data and servers for their applications. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Storage service provides elastic storage services that allow users and applications to read, write, and access as needed. Common components that may require storage access are analytical data, logging information, application data, images, and videos. Three common types of storage services that all cloud providers prov... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Compute services provide users with access to a private computing environment to develop or run tasks that they cannot run in their local environment. Common compute services include virtual compute service, spot/not urgent compute service, and virtual functional and serverless compute service. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Content delivery network (CDN) is the network of servers and networking infrastructure across the globe that allows fast access from any place in the world into the network. Two common web and mobile cloud components are secret and configuration management and logging and monitoring management. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Container technology encapsulates an application with any operating system library required for it to operate. With containers, developers are not concerned about environmental mismatches between the environment where the application was developed and the environment where the application runs. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Kubernetes (K8S) service is the most popular container orchestration system. The K8S environment is one of the key systems for running a hybrid cloud environment, where users can run applications from both their local and cloud environments. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Data management systems are the heart of applications. However, managing a database is usually difficult with oversized and complex data. To address this, most cloud providers provide several managed database services. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Platform as a service (PaaS) is an option for organizations that need the features in IaaS plus a platform to develop, test, and launch applications. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
IoT network traffic falls broadly into two categoriesâtelemetry and telecommand. Telemetry aggregates data generated by sensors and devices and sends them to a server. Telecommand sends commands across a network to control devices or sensors. To serve the purpose of IoT, several application-layer protocols have been ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
IoT services provided by big cloud vendors include both shallow machine learning, which has few layers of neurons, as well as deep machine learning, which has many neuron layers. Big data analytics is important to help organizations with decision-making processes. Big data analytics requires shallow machine learning se... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
For deep learning, cloud vendors provide services in the form of programming frameworks that help implement deep learning applications using differentiable programming. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Blockchains use a distributed ledger system to store data and transactions in an open-source database. With blockchain 2.0, developers have a mechanism that allows programmable transactions, which are modified by a condition or set of conditions. Blockchain uses open-source frameworks that enable you to build applicati... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Virtual reality (VR) enables a computer-generated, interactive, 3-D environment in which a user is immersed. Augmented reality (AR) supplements the real world with virtual (computer-generated) objects that appear to coexist in the same space as the real world. The key distinction between VR and AR is that VR is meant t... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Microsoft Azure offers various PaaS services relating the extended reality applications, including Azure storage services that may be used to store 3-D models, Azure Remote Rendering (ARR), Azure Object Anchors (AOA), Azure Spatial Anchors (ASA), Azure (cognitive) Speech Service, and Azure (cognitive) Vision Service. G... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
3-D printing, formally known as additive manufacturing, is used to design static objects in three dimensions through additive processes in which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. Various cloud vendors are making 3-D printing technology available on the cloud today. 4-D printing adds th... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Various application development support capabilities are provided as PaaS services on the big clouds. These services may improve the management and operation of cloud applications. Services provided include integration management, identity and security management, application life cycle management, monitoring, and mana... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Intelligent autonomous networked supersystems (IANS) of highly connected AIs are becoming the next major development for chained computing, where intelligent chains of autonomous machines work together as a system to make decisions and take actions. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
The metaverse is persistent, with its collective network of 3-D-rendered virtual elements and spaces available throughout the world, and it is shared, giving a vast number of users simultaneous access. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
With unlimited possible applications to promote social good, 3-D Mixed reality technology includes technology such as one that alerts people who are blind when rapidly moving objects are headed in their direction. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Usability, accessibility, and inclusion, along with human-computer interaction (HCI) are important issues as standards and guidelines are updated to support the metaverse. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Supersociety applications replace humans in certain mechanical activities and allow them to focus on activities that machines are not able to perform on their behalf. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Neuroinformatics strives to build a computer that can mimic brain functions, handling ambiguity as well as uncertainty. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Cognitive robotics aims to replace humans in dangerous environments and manufacturing processes or resemble humans in cognition, enabling robots to do jobs that are hazardous to people. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
A quantum computer can perform calculations by following quantum mechanics laws. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
Intelligent autonomous networked systems (IANS) are positioned to leverage supersociety capabilities such as nanotechnology, robotics, and supercomputing, but limitations on artificial generalized intelligence have made practical applications difficult. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-summary |
access control : process of regulating the people and devices that can use a computer systemâs resources | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
adaptability : ability to change or modify the current system to meet the needs of a different industry requirement | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
advanced persistent threat (APT) : intruder or group of intruders infiltrate a system and remain undetected while leaving the networks and systems intact, allowing the intruder to spy on business activity and steal sensitive data while remaining undetected | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
affordability : ability to create a system that is cost-efficient, not only monetarily but also with resource usage | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
anonymity : being able to interact on the Internet, even publicly, while concealing your identity | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
application security : provides processes that help protect applications operating on-premises and in the cloud | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
autonomous system : system that can operate with limited human control | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
composability : ability to incorporate services within applications | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
container : lightweight package that bundles together applications to form a solution to specific problems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
critical infrastructure : network of utilities, roadways, railroads, and buildings necessary to support our transportation, commerce, and other systems vital to sustain daily life | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
cyber economics : sectors of the economy driven by digital information and the need for cybersecurity | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
cybersecurity : policies, procedures, technology, and other tools, including people on which organizations rely to protect their computer systems and information systems environments from digital threats | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
cybersecurity assurance : confidence that every effort is made to protect IT solutions against undesirable use | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
data security platform : automates the proactive protection of information via monitoring and detecting data vulnerabilities and risks across multiple environments, including hybrid and multicloud platforms | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack : overloading a server with traffic in an attempt to crash a server, website, or network; usually occurs from multiple coordinated systems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
evolvability : ability to adapt the system to new standards and practices | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
extensibility : ability to modify the system to include new requirements or remove old requirements that are no longer needed | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
identity and access management (IAM) : roles and access privileges for each user, as well as the conditions under which they are granted or denied their privileges | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
identity theft : illegal possession and use of an individualâs PII | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
ilities : âabilitiesâ of architectural properties | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
industrial espionage : process of spying on an organization to steal trade secrets | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
information security : protecting the data, digital files, and other information maintained in a system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
infrastructure security : practices for protecting the computer systems, networks, and other assets that society relies upon for national security, economic health, and/or public safety | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
insider threat : threat posed by current or former employees, partners, or contractors who misuse their access; can also include vulnerabilities intentionally created by programmers as malware | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
interoperability : ability for two or more computers or processes to work together | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
malware : malicious software variantsâsuch as viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and botnetsâthat provide unauthorized access or cause damage to a computer | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
man-in-the-middle : eavesdropping attack that allows cybercriminals to intercept communications between two parties in order to steal data, often on unsecured Wi-Fi networks | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
nanotechnology : studies and manipulates atoms and molecules to support advancements in energy, medicine, and other fields | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
network security : security measures for protecting a computer network from intruders, including both wired and wireless (Wi-Fi) connections | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
nomadicity : ability to work in a self-contained environment or the ability to move the system from location to location, when system location is a requirement | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
non-repudiation : proof of the origin, authenticity, and integrity of data | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) : launched in 2001 with the purpose of securing web applications | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
password : secret string of characters used to gain entry into a system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
phishing : form of social engineering that tricks users into providing personal information through fake emails or text messages posing as legitimate companies | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
privacy : process of keeping your actions online concealed from the public, such as messages intended only for certain individuals | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
ransomware : malware that encrypts data and demands a ransom to unlock or prevent data exposure | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
reliability : ability of the system to perform as needed and to specification | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
responsible computing : systemic approach addressing current and future challenges in computing, including sustainability, ethics, and professionalism | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
scalability : ability to enhance or retract system requirements for the number of users involved in the system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
security information and event management (SIEM) : practice that focuses proactively on the automated detection and remediation of suspicious user activities based on the analysis of security events | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
software security : manner through which software safeguards system resources, including data, to provide access to only authorized users | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
supersociety : environment that is technologically rich | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
survivability : ability to survive an attack or disruption of service within a system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
tailorability : ability to customize the system for the needs of the users or industry | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
Technical Reference Model (TRM) : framework that details the technologies and standards used to develop a system and deliver services | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
understandability : (also: learning curve) ability of the system to be used | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
virtual local area networks (VLANs) : virtual local area networks that connect devices and nodes from various LANs | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
walled garden approach : limits openness and prevents users from having access to a platform; conflicts with the intentions of the Open Web Platform | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
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