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cloud-native application : uses microservices architecture that takes full advantage of the benefits of the cloud, such as scalability and on-demand services | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
community cloud : cloud deployment model where resources are only accessible by a selected group of organizations | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Container as a Service (CaaS) : type of IaaS specifically geared toward efficiently deploying, running, scaling, and managing a single application using a container-based virtualization | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
container image : binary state that is built by âlayeringâ an application and its dependencies on top of the required âlayerâ of binaries and libraries of the OS where there is a parent-child relationship between image layers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
containerization : packaging of a standardized unit of software that isolates an application enabling it to run independently of physical resources | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
continuous delivery : automates the deployment stage | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
continuous integration : automates the application compile, build, package, and testing process, enabling it to run independent of physical resources, which allows for a more consistent integration process | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) : set of DevOps operating principles that enable development teams to focus on rapid and frequent integrations of new code into the application in development as well as fast and frequent delivery or deployment of new iterations of the application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
DevOps : methodology that combines Agile software development and IT operations to deliver software faster and of higher quality | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
disaster recovery : ability of the application to recover from rare but major incidents: nontransient, wide-scale failures, such as service disruption that affects an entire region | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Django : open-source web application framework | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Docker : open-source platform that creates, deploys, and manages containers using a common operating system; it isolates resources allowing multiple containers to use the same OS without contention | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Docker Compose : tool used for defining, via descriptor files, and managing applications that consist of multiple Docker containers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Docker Engine : open-source containerization platform used to build Docker images and manage Docker containers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
enterprise service bus (ESB) : implements a bus-like communication system between interacting service providers and service consumers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
event-driven architecture : architecture where functions are invoked by an event | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Express.js : back-end Node web application framework used to implement RESTFul APIs | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Function as a Service (FaaS) : compute platform for serverless where developers can run functions that are single units of deployment of the code, which is run by events | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
GitHub : cloud-based developer platform used for software development, collaboration, and security | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
GitLab : cloud-based DevOps platform used to monitor, test, and deploy application code | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
high availability : ability for an application to continue running in a healthy state without significant downtime | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
high-performance computing (HPC) : when a workload is compute- and memory-intensive | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Homebrew : open-source package management system used to install and manage packages on MacOS and Linux operating systems | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
hybrid cloud : combines private and public clouds, and bare metal or virtual environments | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) : on-demand access to a cloud-hosted computing infrastructure that includes servers, storage, and network resources | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
integrated development environment (IDE) : software application that provides developers access to resources (e.g., source code editor, build automation tools, debuggers) to design, develop, debug, and test programs | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Kuard (Kubernetes Up and Running Demo) : basic dashboard highlighting exposed application metrics | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Kubectl : Kubernetes command-line tool that is used to manage Kubernetes clusters | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
kubelet : responsible for scheduling and making sure applications deployed within the worker nodes are running properly | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Kubernetes : open-source orchestration platform used for automating deployment, scaling, and management of container-based workloads | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
monolith : application that conforms to a monolithic architecture | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
monolithic architecture : not designed to leverage an orchestration platform and requires the use of load balancers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Next.js : open-source React framework used to create full-stack web applications | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
object-relational mapping (ORM) : technique to convert a data object in the Express.js code to a table in the PostgreSQL relational database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Octant : open-source web interface for Kubernetes that is used to inspect Kubernetes clusters and applications deployed in them | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
orchestration platform : helps schedule microservices and containers, and optimizes the use of the computing resource | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Platform as a Service (PaaS) : on-demand access to a cloud-hosted platform for developing, running, and managing applications by prepackaging middleware, language runtimes, and tools as containers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
pod : small, logical unit that runs a container in a worker node in the Kubernetes cluster | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Prisma : Node ORM used to map data objects to tables in a relational database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
private cloud : cloud deployment model where resources are dedicated to one customer such as a single organization for internal use where cloud resources are accessed and managed by an organization | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
public cloud : cloud deployment model where resources are remotely accessible by anyone offered through subscriptions or on-demand pricing plans | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
remote procedure call (RPC) : request-response protocol used by one program to request services from other programs over a network in a distributed computing environment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
representational state transfer (REST) : architectural style for providing standards between resources so they can communicate with each other over the Web | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
resiliency : ability of a system to recover from failures and continue to function | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
resource group : container that holds related resources used in a cloud solution | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Sequelize : used as an ORM to convert data objects in the Express.js code to data records in the inventory table the database | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
serverless computing : cloud-native development model where developers can build and run applications but are not responsible for provisioning, maintaining, and scaling the server infrastructure as this is outsourced to the cloud service provider (CSP) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
service-oriented architecture (SOA) : requires that conforming applications be structured as discrete, reusable, and interoperable services that communicate through an enterprise service bus (ESB) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Software as a Service (SaaS) : cloud-hosted, ready-to-use software or application that end users access with a client (e.g., web browser, desktop client, mobile app) via a subscription model | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Tanzu : modular, application platform that provides a rich set of developer tools and a pre-paved path to production to build and deploy applications quickly and securely on any compliant public cloud or on-premises Kubernetes cluster | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Terraform : open-source infrastructure as code tool used to build, update, and version cloud and on-premises resources | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
unikernel : single-purpose machine image that is compile-time specialized into a dedicated stand-alone kernel with only the libraries needed to run the application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
virtual machine (VM) : virtualization of a computer system | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
web service : unit of software that is available as a resource over the Internet | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
workload : application being run on Kubernetes | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-key-terms |
Cloud-based applications leverage cloud platforms; however, they do not take full advantage of the inherent characteristics of the cloud like cloud-native applications. Monoliths can be deployed in the cloud as cloud-based applications but can be converted to leverage a microservices architecture as cloud-native applic... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Microservices are self-contained software units. Components were used before in older architectures such as web service components and SOA. However, the way components between these architectures communicate are quite different. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
There are several challenges associated with implementing a microservices architecture. Building microservices to interoperate with each other, as well as testing, debugging, versioning, deploying, logging, and monitoring microservices add additional challenges. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Features of cloud-native applications include they are microservices-based, container-based, API-based, and are dynamically orchestrated to scale and optimize the use of computing resources. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
DevOps is a methodology that combines Agile software engineering and IT operations to release higher-quality software faster. CI/CD is a DevOps approach that provides steps to build, package, test, deploy, and release software components with the goal to automate as many steps as possible in the process. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Some benefits of cloud-native applications are they are cost-effective, easily scalable, portable because they are containerized, reliable, and easier to manage through a DevOps pipeline using CI/CD. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Best practices for creating cloud-native applications include automate as much of the development life cycle as possible, monitor the development environment as well as the use of microservices, document the services making it easier to integrate with them, and schedule incremental and reversible releases. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Microservices are containerized. Docker is an open-source platform that creates, deploys, and manages microservices containers. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Kubernetes is an open-source orchestration platform that is used for automating the deployment, scaling, and managing the health of microservices container-based workloads. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
There are various categories of tools that can be used to develop cloud-native applications, including IaC tools (e.g., Terraform), cloud-based DevOps platforms (e.g., GitLab, GitHub), containerization software products and platforms (e.g., Red Hat OpenShift), and developer tools to develop and deploy applications quic... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
There are three service models (IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS) and four deployment models (public cloud, private cloud, community cloud, and hybrid cloud) that make up the cloud computing model. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS) combine and change the way IT resources are consumed by cloud customers with the goal of providing a more economical solution as they can be scaled on-demand at a predictable cost. These cloud service models present a spectrum from complex and high effort of investment to sim... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Cloud deployment models (public cloud, private cloud, community cloud, and hybrid cloud) are where cloud services are implemented and made available to end users. Cloud computing deployments work on the principle of virtualizing compute resources. Cloud deployment models can be combined (e.g., hybrid clouds) to offer v... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
There are several cloud deployment options to choose from, including bare metal, VMs, unikernels, and containers that are offered in various cloud service models. Serverless computing is another cloud deployment option where developers can build and run applications in the cloud but are not responsible for provisioning... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Given there are several cloud deployment technology options, an understanding of the use cases for these technologies can help customers choose the âbest fitâ options that satisfy business needs. For example, customers who need to have dedicated server with a high level of control would choose bare metal servers, w... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Several tools are available for making implementing services using cloud deployment technologies easier. For example, IaC tools are useful to automate various steps in maintaining operating systems when adopting IaaS. In contrast, tools that automate software development process tasks are more suitable when adopting Pa... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
There are some key considerations when selecting cloud deployment technologies, which include assessing whether cloud deployment technologies satisfy business needs, understand workload/service requirements, and ensuring they satisfy application and service requirements. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Some things to consider when assessing whether cloud deployment technology options fit business needs are cost, architectural fit, performance, compliance, elasticity requirements, control requirements, and whether the cloud service provides lock-in. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Cloud applications and services can be combined to form a cloud mashup. Cloud mashups can give organizations a competitive advantage by bringing competitive solutions to the market quickly. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
Some keys to successfully utilizing cloud deployment technologies include identifying currently available cloud deployment technologies and how they provide a fit to delivering cloud services, determining the use cases for these cloud deployment technologies and identifying tools available to help deliver cloud service... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
A cloud-native application was created and deployed to a PaaS platform. The cloud-native application consists of two microservices, both of which communicate with a single datastore. The cloud service provider used is Microsoft Azure. Although Microsoft Azure was used in this example, alternatively, other cloud service... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
A suite of tools that monitor Kubernetes clusters and deployed applications was configured and deployed in a PaaS platform. The cloud service provider used is Amazon AWS. Although AWS was used in this example, alternatively, other cloud services providers (e.g., Microsoft Azure, IBM Cloud, GCP) can be used. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
A distributed application was created that consists of two FaaS functions, an event bus, and a datastore. The FaaS functions were deployed in a serverless platform. The cloud service provider used is Microsoft Azure. Although Microsoft Azure was used in this example, alternatively, other cloud services providers (e.g.,... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/12-summary |
3-D printing : (also:additive manufacturing) process of designing static objects in three dimensions through additive processes in which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
4-D printing : provides the capability of programming the fundamental materials used in 3-D printing by creating objects that can change their form or function after fabrication | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
accessibility : addresses discriminatory aspects related to equivalent user experience for people with disabilities | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
artificial human : machine with biological parts added | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
augmented reality (AR) : interactive experience that supplements the real world with virtual (computer-generated) objects that appear to coexist in the same space as the real world | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
base container image : foundational layer of a container provided by the cloud provider to build an application | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
biomimetic robotics : focused on the design of robots that leverage principles that are common in nature such as what can be learned from the evolution and development of intelligence in animals and humans | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
block storage : manages data as blocks or physical range of storage in a physical device such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
blockchain network : peer-to-peer network that allows people and organizations who may not know one another to trust and independently verify the records of financial and other transactions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
bring your own cloud (BYOC) solution : structure in which organizations allow employees or users to freely decide on the cloud vendor that best suits their tasks rather than standardizing a single specific provider | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
cognitive robotics : field of creating robots that can think, perceive, learn, remember, reason, and interact | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
compute service : infrastructure component that enables users to obtain access to a private computing environment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
container management services : way to encapsulate an application with any operating systemâs library that is required for an application to operate | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
container registry (CR) : registry where users can control each container image they deploy into the cloud environment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
cyborg : biological human with parts replaced with machinery | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
deep machine learning : type of machine learning that has many neuron layers | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
extended reality (XR; also: mixed reality [MR]) : reality service technology that involves both real and virtual environments | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
file storage : storage service that manages data as files | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
inclusion : ensures that diverse communities can make use of solutions regardless of their location, culture, and other differentiating traits, habits, or interests | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
intelligent autonomous networked supersystems (IANS) : intelligent chains of autonomous machines that work together as a system to make decisions and take actions | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
logging and monitoring management : common web and mobile cloud component that allows developers to centralize all logging data and provide a comprehensive view of all events happening with an application at any moment | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
mashup : web-based application that combines features from two or more sources to present a new service | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/13-key-terms |
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