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denormalization : addition of redundant data for the purpose of making things run faster and meeting specific requirements | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
foreign key : column or set of columns in one table that establishes a relationship with the primary key in another table | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
front end : part of a software application that users interact with, including the design and user interface | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
functional dependency : how one piece of data relates to another within a table | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
hash index : type of index that uses a hash function to map data to a fixed-size table | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
indexing : technique used to improve the speed of data retrieval operations in a database | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
integration test : test to check the interaction between modules | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
logical design : detailed database model that defines tables, columns, primary keys, and foreign keys | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
normalization : technique in the design process where data are organized and stored only once, to eliminate the duplication of data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
NoSQL database (Not Only SQL) : database that does not use the traditional table structure of SQL databases | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
NoSQL database management system : type of database that provides a mechanism for storing and retrieving data that is not based on the traditional relational database model | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) : database management system that stores data in the form of objects, similar to the way data are represented in object-oriented programming | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
orphaned record : record that references another record that no longer exists | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
physical design : creation of a physical structure from a logical design via actual implementation in the database | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
primary key : unique identifier for each data entry in a database table | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
referential constraint : maintains relationship between tables, making sure that a foreign key in one table matches a primary key in another table | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
relational database : stores data in tables with rows and columns, making it ideal for structured data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
relational database management system (RDBMS) : database management system that stores and organizes data in a structured way using tables | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
requirements analysis : studying how a business operates to determine what data should be stored and how the data should be used | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
semistructured data : data that have some organization but do not fit neatly into tables | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
structured data : data that are highly organized and easily searchable | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
Structured Query Language (SQL) : standard language used to query and manage data in relational databases | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
system test : test to evaluate the overall functionality | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
unit test : test to verify individual functions | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
unstructured data : data that lack predefined structure and require advanced techniques for analysis | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
user acceptance testing : test to ensure the system meets the needs of end users | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that manages, stores, and processes data, ensuring data are organized, accessible, and secure. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Data can be categorized into structured, semistructured, and unstructured types, requiring different tools and techniques to collect and analyze. Data come in two main types: line of business data and customer behavior data. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Managing data effectively is essential for organizations to ensure data integrity, accessibility, and security. A database system provides a structured environment to store, retrieve, and manipulate data efficiently. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Building a database involves two stepsâdesign and implementationâto ensure that a structure can efficiently store and manage data. Types of databases include relational, NoSQL, data warehouses, and data lakes. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Understanding the types of data storage, indexing, and data retrieval techniques is fundamental to understanding database concepts. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Database design is the process of organizing data according to a database model, developing a design through conceptual, logical, and physical stages. Strong design involves understanding the data needs of an organization and structuring the data to minimize redundancy and maximize performance, and meeting requirements... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Building a database involves gathering, organizing, curating, and processing data, as well as allowing for security and access controls. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Types of database management systems include relational, object-oriented, and NoSQL. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Database design and management are important for businesses because they help store, organize, and retrieve data efficiently. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
A good database design ensures data are accurate, secure, and easy to access. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
In e-commerce, databases help manage product inventory, track customer orders, and analyze sales. In healthcare, they manage electronic health records (EHRs). | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Logical design involves creating a blueprint of the database that outlines the structure without considering how it will be physically implemented. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Physical design focuses on how the database will be built on a specific DBMS. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
A systems design process outlines the steps involved in creating a system, ensuring a systematic approach to design and leading to successful project outcomes. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Testing, documentation, and maintenance ensure that the DBMS meets all requirements and performs as expected under various conditions. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Applications of DBMSs can be found in various industries, such as health care, finance, education, and manufacturing. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Mobile development and cloud databases are closely linked as more businesses look for scalable and efficient ways to support their apps. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Mobile app development is closely tied to database design because apps rely on databases to store, manage, and retrieve data. Whether itâs user profiles, messages, or product details, the database handles this information. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
In mobile app development, using cloud databases lets developers focus on user experience and app features without worrying about data storage and management. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Mobile applications need to handle various forms of data input efficiently and accurately, ensuring that the collected information is stored securely and is easy to retrieve. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Cloud applications benefit significantly from the scalability and flexibility of cloud databases. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Cloud databases need to handle high data transfer rates efficiently. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
Cloud providers use techniques such as data replication across multiple geographic locations to protect against data loss and ensure that services remain available even in the event of hardware failure. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-summary |
accessibility : practice of making products, services, and environments usable by as many people as possible, especially by ensuring that digital resources are available to individuals with disabilities | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
Agile : approach of iterative and incremental delivery of quality products and value to stakeholders using team collaboration, flexibility, and continuous planning | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
Agile software development : adaptive approach to software development that considers uncertainty in rapidly changing environments and allows Agile teams to respond to those changes to deliver smaller, consumable work packages quickly | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
As-Is/To-Be process map : visualization that details the âcurrent stateâ and âfuture state,â respectively, of a specific process or function within an information system; the As-Is process map details how things currently work, while the To-Be process map describes what should be done to reach the desired futur... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
business problem : any obstacle to business operations that causes variance in the expected outcome | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
client/server architecture : tiered architecture in which a central computer (server) operates the network and allocates resources to the equipment connected to the network | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
computer-aided design (CAD) : design approach in which computers are used to assist in the design process, including in the creation, development, modification, or optimization of design systems | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
context diagram : high-level diagram that visualizes a system or parts of a system and the environmental actors with which it interacts using diagrammatic arrows to display the flow of data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
data cycle : different stages that data pass through while they exist in an organizationâs system, from initial generation onward | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
data design : aspect of systems design wherein data and the actionable components resulting from the systems analysis process are translated from their raw formats and combined into understandable formats | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
data dictionary : database that houses the details of system data, their properties, entity relationships, and any reference documentation | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
data flow diagram (DFD) : graphical representation of the information flow of a process or system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
design diagram : simplistic drawing, or elaborate depiction, that helps design teams as it is simple to understand, universally accepted, and easy to compare | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
enterprise : another term for a business, organization, or company | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
enterprise network architecture : includes pertinent business functions and provides and illustrates the technical architecture, including the dependencies and connectivity of various applications | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
entity relationship diagram (ERD) : visual representation of the data flow and its relationship among people, objects, events, places, or concepts | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
flowchart : visualization that displays sequential relationships between data, systems, programs, or processes and is often used by technical and nontechnical persons to document, plan, and communicate ideas in a simple-to-understand visual format | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
focus group : group of individuals assembled to discuss their opinions on a product or service | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
functional requirement : feature or function of an application that is needed for the affected business areas to accomplish its tasks | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
interface design : design of the visual layout and functional elements of a product or system that involves using an understanding of people and processes to drive the final design outcomes | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
iterative : process that is applied repeatedly | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
mind map : free-form depiction of ideas with branches displaying the flow of information and thoughts; generally used for brainstorming activities | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
network : system of interconnected computers and other devices that allow for the exchange of data and information (such as files) and the sharing of resources (such as printers) | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
network architecture : top-level view of the system that defines the equipment in the network and the interaction between the equipment | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
network design : focuses on the specific implementation and configuration of a network to meet the requirements of a particular organization or application | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
network protocol : set of rules and guidelines that determines how data are exchanged between network devices | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
nonfunctional requirement : attribute of the system that enhances its functionality or operation and is often viewed as an item that describes the general properties of the system or how the system should behave and work | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture : architecture in which computers on the network are all given the same opportunity to use resources on the network | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
process design : activity generally used by businesses to further understand its processes and how to improve them | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
prototype : design approach wherein systems designers and users create a small-scale representation or working model of the solution | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
requirements traceability matrix (RTM) : spreadsheet or similar document used to record each user requirement along with supplemental information (such as type, description, objective, justification, priority, department, and status) that assists with the review, testing, and confirmation of requirements | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
responsive design : approach that allows design themes and associated content to adjust to match and reconfigure itself for mobile use | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
retrospective meeting : meeting in the Agile software development process at which sprints are discussed in detail and areas of improvement to apply to future sprints are identified | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
software development life cycle (SDLC) : framework that defines the stages of software development, from inception to retirement | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
sprint : time-based period, generally between one and six weeks, that represents a delivery cycle during which the specified work is completed and reviewed | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
stakeholder : individual or group who has a vested interest or concern of a business decision; may be internal or external to an organization and may include the community, government entities, employees, customers, investors, suppliers, or trade unions/associations | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
stand-up : ten- to thirty-minute daily meeting to discuss the development process and any changes that are needed during sprints | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
system design process : methodology that determines and defines the architecture, interfaces, and data for a system to ensure that it satisfies the specified requirements | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
system documentation : reference information used to describe the system and its parts and used to understand the functioning of the system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
systems analysis : identifies the opportunities discovered by examining business problems and identifying possible solutions the business may undertake | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
systems analyst : professional whose primary functions are to utilize systems analysis and design techniques to support information systems and solve challenges that arise when using information systems | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
systems design : organizational approach to improving on an existing system or to developing a newer one | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
systems design task list : road map through each step of the design process, allowing teams to have an organized workflow and make informed decisions at each step | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
UML diagram : broad category of tools that are commonly used in systems analysis and design | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
usability : quality-related attribute that assesses an interfaceâs ease of use | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
use case diagram : visual representation of system features that displays how specific users interact with the specific functions of a system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
user experience (UE or UX) : design approach that encompasses the userâs experience with the company, its services, and its products | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
user interface (UI) : point of user interaction with the product that incorporates the elements, functions, and responsiveness of the design that the user may encounter | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
user requirements : aspects of a solution that are specified by stakeholders and needed to support the specific needs and expectations of a business process or product | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
user-centered design (UCD) : iterative, and stepwise, approach to development that considers the userâs needs, behaviors, and preferences | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) : guidelines for web and digital design that integrate accessibility into the product and user experience | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/4-key-terms |
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