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zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) : cryptographic system that functions as a useful tool to protect privacy | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-key-terms |
Cyber refers to anything relating to computers or information technology. At the same time, cyber resources are cyber tools, platforms, and solutions that store, process, and manage data and other assets electronically and make them available via networks, including the policies and procedures for handling cyber. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The qualities that comprise cyber resources include security, safety, performance, usability, reliability, and autonomy. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The security and control of a company start with an information security policy, which should outline security practices for employees and systems and apply to all architectural buckets in an organization, including its business, applications, data, pyramid of knowledge layers, and infrastructure. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
To create an information security policy, organizations need the Technical Reference Model (TRM), which applies to their needs. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
In 2022, IBM and Dell formed theResponsible ComputingFramework, a systematic approach to design and development that addresses the soft skills needed in the industry. The framework stresses the developer to be wary of potential harm from their development. It puts a lot of responsibility onto the developer to know how ... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Traditional architectural styles like OMA and SOA are generic models that can be applied to the TOGAF TRM. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The OMA applies to creating and assembling components that can be used for information systems, including interfaces. At the same time, the SOA relates to the assembly of services that can be applied to the TOGAF TRM. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The TOGAF and the TRM provide a good framework for analyzing most system challenges. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Different architectural styles have been used for different project managerial styles. Different software development models like the waterfall model and the Agile development style exist. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cyber resource qualities are developed and measured within software models. The ISO standard 35733, which is part of the ISO/IEC 25010 standard, details different software quality models and provides a strong definition for the âilities.â | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The OMA RM, OMA Guide (OMG), and TOGAF TRM help guide functional and non-functional requirements by creating a taxonomy of service qualities. TOGAF recommends a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies to measure any system properly. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Web platforms have had to change continuously in direction and architectural design. Knowing that the Internet had to change was a design principle. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The biggest challenge to the modern web is the growth and variety of technology found on the Internet. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
A major challenge for the workforce is the lack of qualified professionals in the right position. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The threat landscape is a significant challenge. The Web platforms and technology are growing at alarming rates. The use of cloud technology provides its own set of challenges, as well as the lack of engineers who can adequately secure those environments. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity refers to the policies, procedures, technology, and other tools, including people, on which organizations rely to protect their computer systems and technological environments from digital threats. Cybersecurity focuses on five categories of security: network, application, critical infrastructure, IoT, an... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
In 2023, the average cost of a data breach was $4.45 million globally, which, in just three years, was a 15% increase over 2020. Global cybercrime financial damage likely will reach $10.5 trillion by 2025. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity domains include infrastructure, network, application, and information security. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
An important pillar of cybersecurity assurance is nonrepudiation, which is achieved through cryptography. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Beyond basic securing of information systems, cybersecurity requires the creation and governance of processes that protect organizations and individuals against costly breaches. End-user education, disaster recovery/business continuity planning, and data storage are critical parts of this process. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity must include tools and procedures for responding to unplanned eventsâsuch as natural disasters, power outages, or cybersecurity incidentsâwith minimal disruption to key operations. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity must include data storage protection measures that promote data resilience with safeguards, including encryption and immutable and isolated data copies that can quickly be restored to recover data and minimize the impact of a cyberattack. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
In 2001, the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) was launched to secure web applications. The controls were focused on securing the risks involved with the development and deployment of the applications. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Evolvability is an important cyber quality, but the evolution of platforms on which information systems may be deployed creates a need for new security measures. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Not all cybercriminals are outsiders. Many cybersecurity breaches result from malicious insiders working for themselves or in concert with outside hackers. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
The cybersecurity risk surface is expanding, with thousands of new vulnerabilities reported in old and new applications and devices. The opportunities for human error (specifically by negligent employees or contractors who unintentionally cause a data breach) continue to increase. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Attack vectors are not contained, and cybercriminals constantly find new attack vectors via Linux operating systems, operational technology (OT), IoT devices, and cloud environments. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Never assume that the industry where you work is safe. Every industry has its share of cybersecurity risks, and cyber adversaries exploit the necessities of communication networks within almost every government and private sector organization. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Common cyber threats include malware, ransomware, phishing, insider threats, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, advanced persistent threats (APTs), and man-in-the-middle attacks. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Key cybersecurity technology and associated best practices typically fall under three categories: identity and access management (IAM), a comprehensive data security platform, and security information and event management (SIEM). | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
A comprehensive data security platform protects sensitive information across multiple environments, including hybrid multicloud environments. The best data security platforms provide automated, real-time visibility into data vulnerabilities and ongoing monitoring that alerts them to data vulnerabilities and risks befor... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
An essential tool to secure information systems is cryptography, which encrypts information and makes it accessible only to those who are authorized to decrypt and use the information. Cryptography can help ensure properties such as confidentiality (i.e., secrecy, privacy), integrity (i.e., tamper resilience), authenti... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Authentication, passwords, and access control are critical tools in cybersecurity. The three most common access control designs include mandatory access control (MAC), discretionary access control (DAC), and role-based access control (RBAC). | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Protecting anonymity and privacy is an important aspect of cybersecurity. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
To protect systems, software solutions architects and developers must consider security as a property of the systems they build. Security should be part of the software design process to proactively approach cyber threats and risks. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity is vital to protecting organizations as they do business via the Internet, in the cloud, and through the metaverse. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cybersecurity policies and procedures must cover mobile devices, laptops, and other system components. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Smart ecosystems and supersociety solutions are subject to additional cybersecurity threats. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Cyber economics refers to the sectors of the economy driven by digital information and the need forcybersecurity. This includes the risks of online economic transactions and the need for regulatory oversight to govern cybersecurity and cyber economics. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
In cyber economics, at least three crucial aspects of cybersecurity require policy and legislation to help mitigate risks, including onlineidentity theft,industrial espionage, andcritical infrastructure. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Organizations can use responsible computing to help protect against cyberthreats. The pillars of responsible computing are responsible data centers, responsible infrastructure, responsible code, responsible data usage, responsible systems, and responsible impact. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Responsible computing can be used for solutions on the Internet, in the cloud, and in super-societies. | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
As more organizations implement responsible computing policies and procedures, jobs are being created for individuals in computer science and information security and related fields like law and public policy that support responsible computing. These jobs often focus on ethics, an important part of responsible computin... | https://openstax.org/books/introduction-computer-science/pages/14-summary |
Agile methodology : framework used to guide project management, primarily by dividing projects into phases, or sprints | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) : global organization that provides training and certification to help professionals in IS and other technological industries provide security for people, property, and information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
application control : control that is built into a system and includes features such as firewalls, encryption, and access control | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
application software : program that enables computers to perform specific tasks | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
business analysis : understanding what a business needs to avoid or solve a problem or to take advantage of an opportunity | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
competency : ability to apply specific skills, experience, and personal skills to do a job in an effective and efficient manner | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
competency model : framework that identifies the competencies required for employees to effectively perform their job | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
control : policy or procedure that ensures an information system functions effectively, efficiently, and securely | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies (COBIT) : framework that develops and maintains an information system using five processes: Evaluate, Direct, and Monitor (EDM); Align, Plan, and Organize (APO); Build, Acquire, and Implement (BAI); Deliver, Service, and Support (DSS); and Monitor, Evaluate, a... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
data : raw facts and figures that are processed and turned into meaningful information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
data capture : process of gathering data from various sources, such as customers and financial records, and inputting this data into an information system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
data dissemination : process of distributing and sharing information, such as reports, videos, photographs, and other information system outputs | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
data processing : using calculations, manipulations, and analysis to transform data into useful information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
data storage : process of maintaining the data and information of a system in a location that is secure, reliable, and accessible to authorized users | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
decision support system (DSS) : system that assists in decision-making by providing interactive tools and access to data analysis | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
digital media : content developed, stored, and distributed via mobile devicesâsuch as news stories, blogs, videos, and online gamesâas well as the hardwareâflash drives, DVDs, and digital computersâused to store and share this media | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system : type of information system used by everyone in an organization to integrate various business processes and functions across an organization such as human resource management and inventory control | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
enterprise system : software package an organization uses to automate and coordinate operations, solve the organizationâs problems, and monitor organizational performance | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
environment : factors such as physical location and network capabilities that affect an information system and help determine how it operates | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
executive information system (EIS) : (also, strategic information system, or SIS) system that supports the strategic information needs of top executives | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) : sets guidelines and standards for security that organizations are required to meet to minimize the possibility that data will be stolen, lost, or misused | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
feedback : information that users provide to managers about an information systemâs functionality | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
field of information systems (IS) : dynamic industry, evolving and depending on technological advancements, that intersects with business, computer science, and management, playing a critical role in enhancing organizational efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
framework : structured set of guidelines and best practices that is used to guide the process of developing, implementing, managing, or maintaining a business process, policy, system, or procedure | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
general control : process that outlines how an information system is to be used and includes requirements such as routine password updates | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
global innovation : processes used to collaborate across international borders in designing and developing new goods and services for the global marketplace | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
globalization : process of businesses and other organizations interacting on a global scale | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
hardware : physical devices such as computers, servers, networks, and storage devices that are used to collect, process, and store data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
industry standard : policy, procedure, or requirement widely used and supported in an industry to promote efficiency and quality in goods and services | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
information : raw data that have been processed and manipulated to give context and meaning | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
information system : set of interconnected components that integrate the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of data, information, and digital products | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
information technology : field that reviews how computers and other technology can be used to process, store, retrieve, and share information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) : comprehensive framework of documentation that discusses best practices for managing information technology | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
input : data that are collected and entered into the system by users or automatically when transactions occur | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
IS2020 : competency model that provides guidance and standards that undergraduate IS programs should meet to ensure students are prepared for careers in IS | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
ISO/IEC 27001 : worldwide standard established by the International Organization for Standardization that defines the requirements information systems must satisfy to provide adequate security for any system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
management information system (MIS) : system that provides middle managers with reports and summaries to support decision-making | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
McKinsey 7-S Framework : focuses on how an organization can be efficient and effective with interaction and coordination of its staff, structure, strategy, skills, systems, style, and shared values | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
operating system (OS) : functions as a computerâs manager by operating a computerâs memory and other hardware resources such as disk storage; provides the interface that users need to work with a computer and manages a computerâs application software programs | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
output : data or information that a system generates and provides to users | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
procedure : set of instructions and rules that governs the use of the hardware, software, and data components in information systems | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
processing : performance of tasks in order to make data useful in a system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
qualitative data : nonnumerical information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
quantitative data : numerical information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA) : provides a comprehensive skills and competency framework in a common language for the IT industry | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
social media : any type of electronic communication tool that enables users to establish online communities where they share content, including personal messages, ideas, photographs, and videos | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
software : programs and applications that run on computer hardware, enabling users to perform specific tasks | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) : standard that promotes best practices for information systems and other technology | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
transaction processing system (TPS) : system that handles day-to-day transactions such as order processing and payroll | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Waterfall : structured, linear framework used to guide project management | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
Zachman Framework : provides a structure for developing and organizing the artifacts of enterprise architecture, including data and documents | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-key-terms |
An information system refers to a set of interconnected components that integrate the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of data, information, and digital products in order to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Information systems can be categorized into different types based on their scope and functionality, including executive information systems used by an organizationâs executive staff, decision support systems used by senior managers, management information systems used by middle managers, and transaction processing sy... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
An information system typically consists of five key componentsâpeople, data, procedures, hardware, and software. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
The basic purpose of information systemsâprocessing and sharing informationâhas been part of our communication practices since the beginning of civilization, evolving from simple cave drawings to the complex technology we have today. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
The printing press, telegraph, and telephone laid the technological foundation for the communication tools used in todayâs complex information systems. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
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