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While societies developed a variety of methods for communication, they also created tools for calculations, establishing the foundation for modern computers. The abacus from at least 1100 BCE, analog and digital calculators invented in the 1600s, and the Jacquard loom invented in the early 1800s, provided the foundatio... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Once the components of information systems are in place, the elements of environment, input, processing, output, control, and feedback are necessary for the information system to function. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Information system operations refer to how the system is used and includes data capture, processing, storage, retrieval, and dissemination. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Organizations have come to rely on the field of information systems as a critical resource. A well-developed and maintained information system offers many benefits, including improved efficiency, more robust decision-making, enhanced communication processes, increased productivity, and competitive advantages. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
To promote best practices and help organizations achieve information systems goals and objectives, the field of IS is guided by frameworks and industry standards. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Frameworks help IS professionals apply critical thinking, promote proactive communication, guide IS professionals as they organize their ideas, provide a foundation for strategic planning, and provide IS professionals with resources such as continuing education, best practices, and guidelines for information systems op... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Industry standards help IS professionals ensure that the system they develop has the appropriate infrastructure and technological components required to function efficiently. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Common frameworks applicable to IS include Agile, COBIT, ITIL, McKinsey 7-S, SFIA, Waterfall, and Zachman. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Industry standards that are applicable to IS include ASIS, FISMA, IS2020, ISO/IEC 27001, and TOGAF. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
IS professionals perform many roles in organizations, including data information systems management; database management; systems analysis, design, and development; security risk management; enterprise security, data privacy, and risk management; cloud computing; data analytics and modeling; and project management. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
To help organizations meet IS needs, the U.S. Department of Labor has developed the Information Technology Competency Model, a framework that defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are essential for IS and IT professionals. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
Key competencies include personal effectiveness, academics, and workplace behaviors such as teamwork and decision-making. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
DOL also identified technical competencies, which refer to skills and abilities needed in a specific industry. For IS professionals, these include the principles of information technology, databases and applications, technological networks, telecom, wireless and mobility, software development and management, user and c... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
While IS and IT are connected and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they are not the same. IS focuses on an organizationâs goals and developing an information system to meet organizational needs. IT is concerned with technological operations and designing and building an organizationâs technological inf... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
To become an IS professional, students should learn about various topics important in business and technology, including business analysis, cybersecurity, enterprise systems, information system design, information technology, networking, and programming. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
In addition to a degree, IS professionals may want to pursue certification. The certifications held by IS professionals include Associate Computing Professional (ACP), Business Data Management Professional (BDMP), Certified Business Intelligence Professional (CBIP), Certified Data Professional (CDP), and Information Sy... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
IS has and continues to be an important component in globalization as IS provides the resources organizations need to achieve success and innovation in the global marketplace. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
As technology advances throughout the world, IS must continue to evolve. The technologies that impact IS include artificial intelligence, machine learning, 5G, the Internet of Things, edge computing, and blockchain. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
As technology advances, IS also faces more risks that create additional challenges to cybersecurity. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/1-summary |
advertising model : digital business model that generates revenue through targeted ads purchased by other businesses | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
affiliate model : digital business model in which one company earns commissions by promoting and selling other companiesâ products or services through websites or social media channels | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
analytic data : type of structured datathat include aggregated and summarized data from various sources and enables in-depth analysis, reporting, and decision support | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
big data : large datasets that are complex in volume, variety, veracity, and volume and that require specialized processing techniques to extract valuable insights and make informed decisions | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
business process : continuous series of interconnected activities aimed at producing a valuable product or service for an organization, its business partners, and its customers | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
business process improvement (BPI) : evaluation of existing business processes to identify areas for improvement | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
business process management (BPM) : ongoing review and analysis of processes across an organization to identify opportunities for improvements or reengineering that will optimize core business processes | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
business process reengineering (BPR) : radical rebuilding of core business processes to achieve optimization | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
competitive advantage : conditions and circumstances that enable a company to compete more effectively than its rivals in a given market | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
crowdfunding model : digital business model that raises funds for a product, project, or idea through an online platform, leveraging the collective support of the public | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
data definition : instruction for how to organize information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
data governance : policies, procedures, and standards that determine how an organization manages the availability, usability, integrity, and security of an organizationâs data throughout the data life cycle | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
data integrity : accuracy and consistency of data throughout their entire life cycle | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
decision-making framework : breaks down decisions into two types: programmed decisions with clear procedures or nonprogrammed decisions requiring more judgment | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
design thinking : approach to problem solving that uses creativity and empathy to understand user needs in order to create user-centric products and services | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
digital innovation : perspective of management information systems that examines how the combination of physical and digital products leads to the creation of entirely new offerings | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
digital product model : digital business model offering downloadable digital assets that may include actual products, such as e-books, or may be used to provide information such as assembly instructions or details about a productâs components | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
e-commerce model : digital business model that involves buying and selling goods or services online through websites or apps, and offers convenient shopping experience for various customer segments | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
freemium model : digital business model offering a free basic service, with the option to upgrade to a premium version for enhanced features or benefits | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
functional area information system (FAIS) : information system designed to support specific business functions within an organization | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
information quality : accuracy, completeness, consistency, and timeliness of data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
marketplace model : digital business model that brings buyers and sellers together on a single platform, with the enterprise acting as an intermediary that facilitates transactions between parties | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
master data : type of structured data that represent core entities such as customers, products, or employees | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
operational data : type of structured data that include transactional data generated by day-to-day business operations | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
reference data : type of structured data that include codes, classifications, or standards used across the organization | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
Robert Anthony framework : divides a problem, and by extension the data needed to resolve this problem, into three domains: operational control, management control, and strategic planning | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
sharing economy model : digital business model in which individuals share resources or services through a peer-to-peer network, enabling efficient utilization of underused assets | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
strategic planning : process of defining an organization's mission, vision, goals, and objectives, and developing strategies to achieve them, often with the support of information systems, typically done by senior level managers | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
subscription model : digital business model offering continuous value through recurring subscriptions that provide customers with ongoing premium content or services | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
variety : key dimension of big datathat encompasses the diverse array of data types and formats | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
velocity : key dimension of big data that describes the rapid pace at which data are generated and collected, thereby necessitating real-time processing | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
veracity : key dimension of big data that refers to the reliability, accuracy, and trustworthiness of the data, considering factors like data quality and consistency | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
volume : key dimension of big data that refers to the vast amount of data generated and stored | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-key-terms |
Data governance involves establishing policies, processes, standards, roles, and responsibilities to manage data as a valuable asset. One important part of data governance is information quality, which covers how accurate, complete, consistent, and readily accessible it is. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Data management is about figuring out the specific ways that data will be stored, analyzed, protected, and measured. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Data quality involves ensuring that data are accurate, complete, and consistent. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
The four key dimensions of big dataâknown as the fourVsâinclude volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Different types of data are required for generating suitable information, and different types of data require different management approaches. There are two main categories of data: structured data and unstructured data. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Good data management strategies require updating outdated data, rectifying known inaccuracies, addressing varied definitions, resolving discrepancies in redundant data sources, and managing variations in opinions, forecasting techniques, or simulation models. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Information systems planning and management involve selecting and implementing the right technology infrastructure for data storage, processing, analysis, and governance. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
There is a distinction between information used for strategic planning and information used for management control. Strategic planning focuses on the long-term goals and direction of the company, while management control ensures efficient day-to-day operations and adherence to those strategic plans. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Foundational frameworks include the Robert Anthony framework, Herbert A. Simonâs decision-making framework, and Gorry and Scott Mortonâs framework, which combines elements of both the Robert Anthony framework and Simonâs decision-making frameworks. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Information technology systems are used in handling tasks that involve high degrees of uncertainty and take place in dynamic and unstructured situations. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
The most common means of understanding the value of IS in a business is to measure the relationship between IT investments and output measures of revenue and human productivity. However, the business value of IT goes beyond direct output or revenue measures because IT often supports organizational redesign efforts. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Data managers decide whether they need IT systems for operational purposes or for strategic planning. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Managers see that IT can bring value through three primary methods, including automation of operation, information generation for managing people and resources, and transformation of existing processes or combined tasks. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Functional area information systems (FAIS) are designed to enhance the internal efficiency and effectiveness of each department in an organization by providing valuable support tailored to each respective departmentâs functions. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Business-IT alignment, or strategic alignment, refers to the strong integration of the IT function with an organizationâs strategy, mission, and objectives. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Gaps between business and IT departments can usually be attributed to different objectives, lack of expertise awareness, and lack of communication. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
To improve business-IT alignment, organizations should prioritize organizational communication, focus on strengthening their governance, align scope and IT architecture, and emphasize the development of human skills. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
The five key strategies usually pursued by organizations when seeking to generate value include IT cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, focus/innovation strategy, operational effectiveness strategy, and customer-oriented strategy. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Organizations need to develop digital business models that deliver value to customers or users by working as the vital connector between technology and the strategic goals of an organization. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
A successful business model provides a logical framework that unlocks the hidden value of technologies, allowing businesses to benefit economically, as well as serving as a blueprint for how a company generates and captures value from new products, services, or innovations. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Common digital business models include e-commerce, subscription, freemium, affiliate, marketplace, advertising, crowdfunding, sharing economy, and digital product. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Digital business models face criticisms and challenges including unequal distribution of opportunities, level of control in algorithmic systems, and lack of transparency. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
The business process relies on three essential components: inputs, resources, and outputs. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Efficient and well-designed business processes are crucial for gaining a competitive advantage and ensuring organizational success. Functional areas in the business process include accounting, finance, marketing, production/operations, human resources, and management. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Measures of excellence when evaluating the execution of a business process include user satisfaction, innovation, flexibility and adaptability, cost reduction, quality, differentiation, customer satisfaction, environmental impact, and compliance and governance. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Key parameters in BPM that contribute to the successful digitalization of business process initiatives within an organization include strategic alignment, methods, and culture. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
By capturing and managing data, monitoring performance, and facilitating communication, information systems contribute to improved efficiency, better decision-making, and overall business growth for any business process. | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
In management information systems, IT innovation focuses on the integration of new IT-enabled business processes, products, and services within an organization, while digital innovation centers on the creation of new offerings through the combination of physical and digital products and examines IT's role in facilitati... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
The steps involved in digital innovation are initiation, development, implementation, and exploitation, which are informed by the external competitive environment and the internal organizational environment. Not all of these components are mandatory in every digital innovation effort, and they need not follow a prescri... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
Digital platform strategies include opening the door to third parties, which creates an ecosystem for external developers to integrate their products/services, enhancing platform functionality; connecting customers, which facilitates interactions and transactions between customers, forming a marketplace; and connecting... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/2-summary |
access control : security-driven restriction of access to ensure that only authenticated users are able to interact with specific resources | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability) : characteristics that ensure transactions are fully completed or not executed (atomicity), the database remains accurate and follows its rules (consistency), transactions do not interfere with each other (isolation), and a transaction stays saved even if the sys... | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
B-tree index : most common type of index; maintains a balanced tree structure, providing efficient insertion, deletion, and lookup operations | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
back end : part of a software application that handles data, logic, and operations, supporting what users interact with on the front end | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
bitmap index : type of index that uses 0s and 1s to show where a value is in a database | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
check constraint : rule that specifies the value that can be entered into a column | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
conceptual design : creation of a simple model of data for database design, focusing on what is needed and how it is connected | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data cleanliness : accuracy and consistency of data and the lack of duplicated or missing information | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data consistency : data remain consistent and accurate across the database | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data independence : data can be restructured without affecting the programs that use it | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data lake : type of database that stores large amounts of raw data in their original format until the data are needed | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data life cycle : stages that data undergo from creation to deletion, ensuring data remain accurate, accessible, and valuable throughout their life cycle | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data redundancy : duplication of data | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data retrieval : process of obtaining specific information from a database or storage system | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
data warehouse : type of database that integrates data from various sources and stores them in a combined manner | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
database access tool : provides graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to facilitate database interaction without writing extensive code | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
database management system (DBMS) : software system that manages, stores, and process data, ensuring it is organized, accessible, and secure | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
database schema : structure of tables, including columns and data types | https://openstax.org/books/foundations-information-systems/pages/3-key-terms |
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