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diabetes insipidus : disorder caused by underproduction of ADH | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
diabetes mellitus : disorder caused by low levels of insulin activity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
diabetogenic effect : effect of GH that causes blood glucose levels to rise similar to diabetes mellitus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
down-regulation : a decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
endocrine gland : gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
epinephrine : hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short term stress | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
erythropoietin (EPO) : hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
estrogens : - a group of steroid hormones, including estradiol and several others, that are produced by the ovaries and elicit
secondary sex characteristics in females as well as control the maturation of the ova | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
first messenger : the hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) : hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
G-protein : a membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate formation of cyclic AMP | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
gigantism : condition caused by overproduction of GH in children | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
glucagon : hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
glucocorticoid : corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
gluconeogenesis : synthesis of glucose from amino acids | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
glucose-sparing effect : effect of GH that causes tissues to use fatty acids instead of glucose as an energy source | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
glycogenolysis : breakdown of glycogen into glucose | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
goiter : enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
gonadotropin : hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
growth hormone (GH) : hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that promotes protein synthesis and body growth | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) : hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone production, also called somatostatin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) : hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of GH | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hormonal stimuli : release of a hormone in response to another hormone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hormone receptor : the cellular protein that binds to a hormone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
humoral stimuli : control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hyperglycemia : high blood sugar level | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hyperthyroidism : overactivity of the thyroid gland | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hypoglycemia : low blood sugar level | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hypophyseal portal system : system of blood vessels that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
hypothyroidism : underactivity of the thyroid gland | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
insulin : hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
insulin-like growth factor (IGF) : growth-promoting protein produced by the liver | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
intracellular hormone receptor : a hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) : endocrine cells of the pancreas | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
isthmus : tissue mass that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
leptin : hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes feelings of satiety and reduces hunger | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
lipid-derived hormone : hormone derived mostly from cholesterol | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
mineralocorticoid : corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
neural stimuli : stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
norepinephrine : hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to a short-term stress hormone production by the gonads | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
osmoreceptor : receptor in the hypothalamus that monitors the concentration of electrolytes in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
oxytocin : hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let-down in the mammary glands | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
pancreas : organ located between the stomach and the small intestine that contains exocrine and endocrine cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
parafollicular cell : thyroid cell that produces the hormone calcitonin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
parathyroid gland : gland located on the surface of the thyroid that produces parathyroid hormone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
parathyroid hormone (PTH) : hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood Ca2+levels; functions to raise blood Ca2+levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
peptide hormone : hormone composed of a polypeptide chain | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
phosphodiesterase (PDE) : enzyme that deactivates cAMP, stopping hormone activity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
pituitary dwarfism : condition caused by underproduction of GH in children | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
pituitary gland : endocrine gland located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and posterior region; also called hypophysis | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
pituitary stalk : (also, infundibulum) stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
plasma membrane hormone receptor : a hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
posterior pituitary : extension of the brain that releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus; along with the infundibulum, it is also referred to as the neurohypophysis | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
prolactin (PRL) : hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
prolactin-inhibiting hormone : hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
prolactin-releasing hormone : hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of prolactin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
renin : enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys that reacts with angiotensinogen to cause the release of aldosterone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
thymus : gland located behind the sternum that produces thymosin hormones that contribute to the development of the immune system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
thyroglobulin : glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
thyroid gland : endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) : hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that controls the release of T3and T4from the thyroid gland | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) : thyroid hormone containing 4 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
triiodothyronine (T3) : thyroid hormone containing 3 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
up-regulation : an increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/37-key-terms |
The three types of skeleton designs are hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons. A hydrostatic skeleton is formed by a fluid-filled compartment held under hydrostatic pressure; movement is created by the muscles producing pressure on the fluid. An exoskeleton is a hard external skeleton that protects the... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-chapter-summary |
Bone, or osseous tissue, is connective tissue that includes specialized cells, mineral salts, and collagen fibers. The human skeleton can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Compact bone tissue is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones. Spongy bone tissue is ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-chapter-summary |
The structural classification of joints divides them into bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The bones of fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue; the three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesomes, and gomphoses. Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connec... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-chapter-summary |
The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeleton muscle tissue is composed of sarcomeres, the functional units of muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs when sarcomeres shorten, as thick and thin filaments slide past each other, which is called the sliding f... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-chapter-summary |
abduction : when a bone moves away from the midline of the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
acetylcholinesterase : (AChE) enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
actin : globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
adduction : movement of the limbs inward after abduction | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
amphiarthrosis : joint that allows slight movement; includes syndesmoses and symphyses | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
angular movement : produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
appendicular skeleton : composed of the bones of the upper limbs, which function to grasp and manipulate objects, and the lower limbs, which permit locomotion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
appositional growth : increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at the surface of bones | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
articulation : any place where two bones are joined | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
auditory ossicle : (also, middle ear) transduces sounds from the air into vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
axial skeleton : forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
ball-and-socket joint : joint with a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
bone : (also, osseous tissue) connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
bone remodeling : replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
calcification : process of deposition of mineral salts in the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
cardiac muscle : tissue muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
carpus : eight bones that comprise the wrist | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
cartilaginous joint : joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
circumduction : movement of a limb in a circular motion. | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
clavicle : S-shaped bone that positions the arms laterally | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
compact bone : forms the hard external layer of all bones | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
condyloid joint : oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
coxal bone : hip bone | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
cranial bone : one of eight bones that form the cranial cavity that encloses the brain and serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the head and neck | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
depression : movement downward of a bone, such as after the shoulders are shrugged and the scapulae return to their normal position from an elevated position; opposite of elevation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
diaphysis : central shaft of bone, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
diarthrosis : joint that allows for free movement of the joint; found in synovial joints | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
dorsiflexion : bending at the ankle such that the toes are lifted toward the knee | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
elevation : movement of a bone upward, such as when the shoulders are shrugged, lifting the scapulae | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
endochondral ossification : process of bone development from hyaline cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
endoskeleton : skeleton of living cells that produce a hard, mineralized tissue located within the soft tissue of organisms | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
epiphyseal plate : region between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/38-key-terms |
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