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bronchus : (plural: bronchi) smaller branch of cartilaginous tissue that stems off of the trachea; air is funneled through the bronchi to the region where gas exchange occurs in alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
carbaminohemoglobin : molecule that forms when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
carbonic anhydrase (CA) : enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
chloride shift : chloride shift exchange of chloride for bicarbonate into or out of the red blood cell | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
compliance : measurement of the elasticity of the lung | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
dead space : area in the lung that lacks proper ventilation or perfusion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
diaphragm : domed-shaped skeletal muscle located under lungs that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
elastic recoil : property of the lung that drives the lung tissue inward | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
elastic work : work conducted by the intercostal muscles, chest wall, and diaphragm | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) : amount of additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
FEV1/FVC ratio : ratio of how much air can be forced out of the lung in one second to the total amount that is forced out of the lung; a measurement of lung function that can be used to detect disease states | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
flow-resistive : work of breathing performed by the alveoli and tissues in the lung | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
forced expiratory volume (FEV) : (also, forced vital capacity) measure of how much air can be forced out of the lung from maximal inspiration over a specific amount of time | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
functional residual capacity (FRC) : expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
functional vital capacity (FVC) : amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
heme group : centralized iron-containing group that is surrounded by the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
hemoglobin : molecule in red blood cells that can bind oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
inspiratory capacity (IC) : tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) : amount of additional air that can be inspired after a normal inhalation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
intercostal muscle : muscle connected to the rib cage that contracts upon inspiration | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
intrapleural space : space between the layers of pleura | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
larynx : voice box, a short passageway connecting the pharynx and the trachea | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
lung capacity : measurement of two or more lung volumes (how much air can be inhaled from the end of an expiration to maximal capacity) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
lung volume : measurement of air for one lung function (normal inhalation or exhalation) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
mucin : complex glycoprotein found in mucus | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
mucus : sticky protein-containing fluid secretion in the lung that traps particulate matter to be expelled from the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
nasal cavity : opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
obstructive disease : disease (such as emphysema and asthma) that arises from obstruction of the airways; compliance increases in these diseases | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
oxygen dissociation curve : curve depicting the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
oxygen-carrying capacity : amount of oxygen that can be transported in the blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
partial pressure : amount of pressure exerted by one gas within a mixture of gases | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
particulate matter : small particle such as dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that are in the air | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
pharynx : throat; a tube that starts in the internal nares and runs partway down the neck, where it opens into the esophagus and the larynx | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
physiological dead space : (also, physiological shunt) region of the lung that lacks proper ventilation/perfusion due to a physiological change in the lung (like inflammation or edema) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
pleura : tissue layer that surrounds the lungs and lines the interior of the thoracic cavity | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
pleurisy : painful inflammation of the pleural tissue layers | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
primary bronchus : (also, main bronchus) region of the airway within the lung that attaches to the trachea and bifurcates to each lung where it branches into secondary bronchi | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
recruitment : process of opening airways that normally remain closed when the cardiac output increases | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
residual volume (RV) : amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
resistance : measurement of lung obstruction | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
respiratory bronchiole : terminal portion of the bronchiole tree that is attached to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
respiratory distress syndrome : disease that arises from a deficient amount of surfactant | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
respiratory quotient (RQ) : ratio of carbon dioxide production to each oxygen molecule consumed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
respiratory rate : number of breaths per minute | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
restrictive disease : disease that results from a restriction and decreased compliance of the alveoli; respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis are examples | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
sickle cell anemia : genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, and their ability to transport oxygen and move through capillaries | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
spirometry : method to measure lung volumes and to diagnose lung diseases | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
surfactant : detergent-like liquid in the airways that lowers the surface tension of the alveoli to allow for expansion | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
terminal bronchiole : region of bronchiole that attaches to the respiratory bronchioles | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
thalassemia : rare genetic disorder that results in mutation of the alpha or beta subunits of hemoglobin, creating smaller red blood cells with less hemoglobin | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
tidal volume (TV) : amount of air that is inspired and expired during normal breathing | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
total lung capacity (TLC) : sum of the residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
trachea : cartilaginous tube that transports air from the larynx to the primary bronchi | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
venousPCO2PCO2 : partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins (40 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
venousPO2PO2 : partial pressure of oxygen in the veins (100 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch : region of the lung that lacks proper alveolar ventilation (V) and/or arterial perfusion (Q) | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
vital capacity (VC) : sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/39-key-terms |
In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the body. Some primitive animals use diffusion for the exchange of water, nutrients, and gases. However, complex organisms use the circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients, and waste through the body. Circulatory systems may be open (mixed w... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-chapter-summary |
Specific components of the blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the plasma, which contains coagulation factors and serum. Blood is important for regulation of the bodyâs pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, the circulation of nutrients and removal of waste, the distribution of hormones from ... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-chapter-summary |
The heart muscle pumps blood through three divisions of the circulatory system: coronary, pulmonary, and systemic. There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the left side. The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striat... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-chapter-summary |
Blood primarily moves through the body by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves. Blood is prevented from flowing backward in the veins by one-way valves. Blood flow through the capillary beds is controlled by precapillary sphincters to incre... | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-chapter-summary |
angina : pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries by the buildup of plaque and lack of oxygen to the heart muscle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
aorta : major artery of the body that takes blood away from the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
arteriole : small vessel that connects an artery to a capillary bed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
artery : blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
atherosclerosis : buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries in the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
atrioventricular valve : one-way membranous flap of connective tissue between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart; also known as tricuspid valve | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
atrium : (plural: atria) chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and sends blood to the ventricles | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
bicuspid valve : (also, mitral valve; left atrioventricular valve) one-way membranous flap between the atrium and the ventricle in the left side of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
blood pressure (BP) : pressure of blood in the arteries that helps to push blood through the body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
capillary : smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of individual blood cells and the site of diffusion of oxygen and nutrient exchange | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
capillary bed : large number of capillaries that converge to take blood to a particular organ or tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
cardiac cycle : filling and emptying the heart of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and relax | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
cardiac output : the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute as a product of heart rate multiplied by stroke volume | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
cardiomyocyte : specialized heart muscle cell that is striated but contracts involuntarily like smooth muscle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
closed circulatory system : system in which the blood is separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained in blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
coronary artery : vessel that supplies the heart tissue with blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
coronary vein : vessel that takes blood away from the heart tissue back to the chambers in the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
diastole : relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
double circulation : flow of blood in two circuits: the pulmonary circuit through the lungs and the systemic circuit through the organs and body | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
electrocardiogram (ECG) : recording of the electrical impulses of the cardiac muscle | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
endocardium : innermost layer of tissue in the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
epicardium : outermost tissue layer of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
gill circulation : circulatory system that is specific to animals with gills for gas exchange; the blood flows through the gills for oxygenation | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
hemocoel : cavity into which blood is pumped in an open circulatory system | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
hemolymph : mixture of blood and interstitial fluid that is found in insects and other arthropods as well as most mollusks | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
inferior vena cava : drains blood from the veins that come from the lower organs and the legs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
interstitial fluid : fluid between cells | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
lymph node : specialized organ that contains a large number of macrophages that clean the lymph before the fluid is returned to the heart | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
myocardial infarction : (also, heart attack) complete blockage of the coronary arteries and death of the cardiac muscle tissue | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
myocardium : heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
open circulatory system : system in which the blood is mixed with interstitial fluid and directly covers the organs | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
ostium : (plural: ostia) holes between blood vessels that allow the movement of hemolymph through the body of insects, arthropods, and mollusks with open circulatory systems | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
pericardium : membrane layer protecting the heart; also part of the epicardium | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
peripheral resistance : resistance of the artery and blood vessel walls to the pressure placed on them by the force of the heart pumping | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
plasma : liquid component of blood that is left after the cells are removed | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
platelet : (also, thrombocyte) small cellular fragment that collects at wounds, cross-reacts with clotting factors, and forms a plug to prevent blood loss | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
precapillary sphincter : small muscle that controls blood circulation in the capillary beds | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
pulmocutaneous circulation : circulatory system in amphibians; the flow of blood to the lungs and the moist skin for gas exchange | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
pulmonary circulation : flow of blood away from the heart through the lungs where oxygenation occurs and then returns to the heart again | https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/40-key-terms |
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