text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
gymnosperm : a seed plant with naked seeds (seeds exposed on modified leaves or in cones) | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
gynoecium : the group of structures that constitute the female reproductive organ; also called the pistil | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
haplodiplontic : describes a life cycle in which the haploid and diploid stages alternate; also known as an alternation of generations life cycle | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
haplontic : describes a life cycle in which the haploid stage is the dominant stage | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
herbaceous : describes a plant without woody tissue | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
heterosporous : having two kinds of spores that give rise to male and female gametophytes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
homosporous : having one kind of spore that gives rise to gametophytes that give rise to both male and female gametes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
hornwort : a group of non-vascular plants in which stomata appear | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
horsetail : a seedless vascular plant characterized by a jointed stem | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
liverwort : the most primitive group of non-vascular plants | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
megasporocyte : a megaspore mother cell; larger spore that germinates into a female gametophyte in a heterosporous plant | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
microsporocyte : smaller spore that produces a male gametophyte in a heterosporous plant | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
monocot : a related group of angiosperms that produce embryos with one cotyledon and pollen with a single ridge | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
moss : a group of plants in which a primitive conductive system appears | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
nonvascular plant : a plant that lacks vascular tissue formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
ovary : the chamber that contains and protects the ovule or female megasporangium | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
petal : a modified leaf interior to the sepal; colorful petals attract animal pollinator | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
phloem : the vascular tissue responsible for transport of sugars, proteins, and other solutes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
pistil : the group of structures that constitute the female reproductive organ; also called the carpel | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
sepal : a modified leaf that encloses the bud; outermost structure of a flower | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
sporangium : (plural: sporangia) the organ within which spores are produced | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
sporophyll : a leaf modified structurally to bear sporangia | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
sporophyte : the diploid plant that produces spores | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
stamen : the group of structures that contain the male reproductive organs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
stigma : uppermost structure of the carpel where pollen is deposited | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
strobili : cone-like structures that contain the sporangia | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
style : the long thin structure that links the stigma to the ovary | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
syngamy : the union of two gametes in fertilization | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
vascular plant : a plant in which there is a network of cells that conduct water and solutes through the organism | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
whisk fern : a seedless vascular plant that lost roots and leaves by evolutionary reduction | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
xylem : the vascular tissue responsible for long-distance transport of water and nutrients | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/14-key-terms |
Animals constitute a diverse kingdom of organisms. Although animals range in complexity from simple sea sponges to human beings, most members share certain features. Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest their food and usually develop into motile creatures with a fixed body plan. Mo... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Organisms in the animal kingdom are classified based on their body morphology and development. True animals are divided into those with radial versus bilateral symmetry. Animals with three germ layers, called triploblasts, are further characterized by the presence or absence of an internal body cavity called a coelom. ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Animals included in phylum Porifera are parazoans and do not possess true tissues. These organisms show a simple organization. Sponges have multiple cell types that are geared toward executing various metabolic functions. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Cnidarians have outer and inner tissue layers sandwiching a noncellular mesoglea. Cnidarians possess a well-formed digestive system and carry out extracellular digestion. The cnidocyte is a specialized cell for delivering toxins to prey and predators. Cnidarians have separate sexes. They have a life cycle that involves... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Flatworms are acoelomate, triploblastic animals. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems, and have a rudimentary excretory system. The digestive system is incomplete in most species. There are four traditional classes of flatworms, the largely free-living turbellarians, the ectoparasitic monogeneans, and the endo... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Nematodes are pseudocoelomate members of the clade Ecdysozoa. They have a complete digestive system and a pseudocoelomic body cavity. This phylum includes free-living as well as parasitic organisms. They include dioecious and hermaphroditic species. Nematodes have a poorly developed excretory system. Embryonic developm... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Arthropods represent the most successful phylum of animals on Earth, in terms of number of species as well as the number of individuals. They are characterized by a segmented body and jointed appendages. In the basic body plan, a pair of appendages is present per body segment. Within the phylum, classification is based... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
The phylum Mollusca is a large, mainly marine group of invertebrates. Mollusks show a variety of morphologies. Many mollusks secrete a calcareous shell for protection, but in other species, the shell is reduced or absent. Mollusks are protostomes. The dorsal epidermis in mollusks is modified to form the mantle, which e... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
The phylum Annelida includes worm-like, segmented animals. Segmentation is both external and internal, which is called metamerism. Annelids are protostomes. The presence of chitinous hairs called chaetae is characteristic of most members. These animals have well-developed nervous and digestive systems. Polychaete annel... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Echinoderms are deuterostome marine organisms. This phylum of animals bear a calcareous endoskeleton composed of ossicles covered by a spiny skin. Echinoderms possess a water-based circulatory system. The madreporite is the point of entry and exit for water for the water vascular system. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
The characteristic features of Chordata are a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Chordata contains two clades of invertebrates: Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets), together with the vertebrates. Most tunicates live on the ocean floor and are suspension fe... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
The earliest vertebrates that diverged from the invertebrate chordates were the jawless fishes. Hagfishes are eel-like scavengers that feed on dead invertebrates and other fishes. Lampreys are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth, and some species are parasitic on other fishes. Gnathostomes include the... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
As tetrapods, most amphibians are characterized by four well-developed limbs, although some species of salamanders and all caecilians are limbless. Amphibians have a moist, permeable skin used for cutaneous respiration. Amphibia can be divided into three clades: salamanders (Urodela), frogs (Anura), and caecilians (Apo... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
The amniotes are distinguished from amphibians by the presence of a terrestrially adapted egg protected by amniotic membranes. The amniotes include reptiles, birds, and mammals. A key adaptation that permitted reptiles to live on land was the development of scaly skin. Reptilia includes four living clades: Crocodilia (... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Birds are endothermic amniotes. Feathers act as insulation and allow for flight. Birds have pneumatic bones that are hollow rather than tissue-filled. Airflow through bird lungs travels in one direction. Birds evolved from dinosaurs. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
Mammals have hair and mammary glands. Mammalian skin includes various secretory glands. Mammals are endothermic, like birds. There are three groups of mammals living today: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians. Monotremes are unique among mammals as they lay eggs, rather than giving birth to live young. Eutherian mam... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
There are 16 extant (living) orders of eutherian mammals. Humans are most closely related to Primates, all of which have adaptations for climbing trees, although not all species are arboreal. Other characteristics of primates are brains that are larger than those of other mammals, claws that have been modified into fla... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-chapter-summary |
acoelomate : without a body cavity | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Actinopterygii : ray-finned fishes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
amniote : a clade of animals that possesses an amniotic egg; includes reptiles (including birds) and mammals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
amoebocyte : an amoeba-like cell of sponges whose functions include distribution of nutrients to other cells in the sponge | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Amphibia : frogs, salamanders, and caecilians | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
ampulla of Lorenzini : a sensory organ that allows sharks to detect electromagnetic fields produced by living things | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Annelida : a phylum of worm-like animals with metamerism | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
anthropoids : a clade consisting of monkeys, apes, and humans | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Anura : frogs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Apoda : caecilians | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Arthropoda : a phylum of Ecdysozoa with jointed appendages and segmented bodies | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
asymmetrical : having no plane of symmetry | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
bilateral symmetry : a type of symmetry in which there is only one plane of symmetry that creates two mirror-image sides | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
body plan : the shape and symmetry of an organism | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
brachiation : swinging through trees | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
budding : a form of asexual reproduction that occurs through the growth of a new organism as a branch on an adult organism that breaks off and becomes independent; found in plants, sponges, cnidarians, and some other invertebrates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
caecilian : a legless amphibian that belongs to clade Apoda | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Cephalochordata : a chordate clade whose members possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
cephalothorax : a fused head and thorax | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
chaeta : a chitinous projection from the cuticle found in annelids | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
chelicerae : a modified first pair of appendages in subphylum Chelicerata | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
chitin : a tough nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cuticles of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
choanocyte : a cell type unique to sponges with a flagellum surrounded by a collar used to maintain water flow through the sponge, and capture and digest food particles | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Chondrichthyes : jawed fishes with paired fins and a skeleton made of cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Chordata : a phylum of animals distinguished by their possession of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some point during their development | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
clitellum : a specialized band of fused segments in some annelids, which aids in reproduction | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Cnidaria : a phylum of animals that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry and stinging cells | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
cnidocyte : a specialized stinging cell found in Cnidaria | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
coelom : a lined body cavity derived from mesodermal embryonic tissue | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
complete digestive system : a digestive system that opens at one end, the mouth, and exits at the other end, the anus, and through which food normally moves in one direction | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
craniate : a proposed clade of chordates that includes all groups except the tunicates and lancelets | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Crocodilia : crocodiles and alligators | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
ctenidia : specialized gills in mollusks | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
cutaneous respiration : gas exchange through the skin | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
deuterostome : describing an animal in which the blastopore develops into the anus, with the second opening developing into the mouth | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
dioecious : having separate male and female sexes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
diphyodont : refers to the possession of two sets of teeth in a lifetime | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
diploblast : an animal that develops from two embryonic germ layers | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
dorsal hollow nerve cord : a hollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm, which is located dorsal to the notochord in chordates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
down feather : feather specialized for insulation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Echinodermata : a phylum of deuterostomes with spiny skin; exclusively marine organisms | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
epidermis : the layer of cells that lines the outer surface of an animal | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
eucoelomate : describing animals with a body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
eutherian mammal : a mammal with a complex placenta, which connects a fetus to the mother; sometimes called placental mammals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
extracellular digestion : a form of digestion, the breakdown of food, which occurs outside of cells with the aid of enzymes released by cells | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
fragmentation : a form of asexual reproduction in which a portion of the body of an organism breaks off and develops into a living independent organism; found in plants, sponges, and some other invertebrates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
frog : a tail-less amphibian that belongs to clade Anura | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
gastrodermis : the layer of cells that lines the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
gastrovascular cavity : the central cavity bounded by the gastrodermis in cnidarians | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
gemmule : a structure produced by asexual reproduction in freshwater sponges that is able to survive harsh conditions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
germ layer : a collection of cells formed during embryogenesis that will give rise to future body tissues | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
gnathostome : a jawed fish | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.