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capillary : the smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of individual blood cells and the site of diffusion of oxygen and nutrient exchange | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cardiac cycle : the filling and emptying the heart of blood caused by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and relax | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cardiac muscle tissue : the muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cartilaginous joint : a joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
central nervous system (CNS) : the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord; covered with three layers of protective meninges | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cerebellum : the brain structure involved in posture, motor coordination, and learning new motor actions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cerebral cortex : the outermost sheet of brain tissue; involved in many higher-order functions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) : a clear liquid that surrounds the brain and fills its ventricles and acts as a shock absorber | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
chyme : a mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
closed circulatory system : a system that has the blood separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained in blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
colon : the largest portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
corpus callosum : a thick nerve bundle that connects the cerebral hemispheres | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
dendrite : a structure that extends away from the cell body to receive messages from other neurons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
depolarization : a change in the membrane potential to a less negative value | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
diaphragm : a skeletal muscle located under lungs that encloses the lungs in the thorax | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
diastole : the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
down-regulation : a decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
ectotherm : an organism that relies primarily on environmental heat sources to maintain its body temperature | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
electrocardiogram (ECG) : a recording of the electrical impulses of the cardiac muscle | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
endocrine gland : the gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid, which then diffuse into blood and are carried to various organs and tissues within the body | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
endotherm : an organism that relies primarily on internal heat sources to maintain its body temperature | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
esophagus : a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
essential nutrient : a nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
exocrine gland : the gland that secretes chemicals through ducts that lead to skin surfaces, body cavities, and organ cavities. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
fibrous joint : a joint held together by fibrous connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
frontal lobe : the part of the cerebral cortex that contains the motor cortex and areas involved in planning, attention, and language | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
gallbladder : the organ that stores and concentrates bile | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
glia : (also, glial cells) the cells that provide support functions for neurons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
hippocampus : the brain structure in the temporal lobe involved in processing memories | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
hormone : a chemical released by cells in one area of the body that affects cells in other parts of the body | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
hyoid bone : the bone that lies below the mandible in the front of the neck | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
hypothalamus : the brain structure that controls hormone release and body homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
inferior vena cava : the major vein of the body returning blood from the lower parts of the body to the right atrium | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
interstitial fluid : the fluid found between cells in the body, similar in constitution to the fluid component of blood, but without the high concentrations of proteins | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
intracellular hormone receptor : a hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
joint : the point at which two or more bones meet | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
kidney : the organ that performs excretory and osmoregulatory functions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
large intestine : a digestive system organ that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
larynx : the voice box, located within the throat | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
limbic system : a connected brain area that processes emotion and motivation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
liver : an organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
membrane potential : a difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of a cell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
meninges : (singular: meninx) the membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
mineral : an inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
myelin sheath : a cellular extension containing a fatty substance produced by glia that surrounds and insulates axons | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
myofibril : the long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
myofilament : the small structures that make up myofibrils | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
nasal cavity : an opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
nephron : the functional unit of the kidney | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
neuron : a specialized cell that can receive and transmit electrical and chemical signals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
occipital lobe : the part of the cerebral cortex that contains visual cortex and processes visual stimuli | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
open circulatory system : a circulatory system that has the blood mixed with interstitial fluid in the body cavity and directly bathes the organs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
oral cavity : the point of entry of food into the digestive system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
osmoregulation : the mechanism by which water and solute concentrations are maintained at desired levels | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
osmotic balance : the appropriate values of water and solute concentrations for a healthy organism | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pancreas : a gland that secretes digestive juices | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pancreas : the organ located between the stomach and the small intestine that contains exocrine and endocrine cells | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
parasympathetic nervous system : the division of autonomic nervous system that regulates visceral functions during relaxation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
parathyroid gland : the gland located on the surface of the thyroid that produces parathyroid hormone | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
parietal lobe : the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing touch and the sense of the body in space | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pectoral girdle : the bones that transmit the force generated by the upper limbs to the axial skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pelvic girdle : the bones that transmit the force generated by the lower limbs to the axial skeleton | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pepsin : an enzyme found in the stomach whose main role is protein digestion | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
peripheral nervous system (PNS) : the nervous system that serves as the connection between the central nervous system and the rest of the body; consists of the autonomic nervous system and the sensory-somatic nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
peristalsis : wave-like movements of muscle tissue | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pharynx : the throat | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pituitary gland : the endocrine gland located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and posterior region; also called hypophysis | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
primary bronchus : (also, main bronchus) a region of the airway within the lung that attaches to the trachea and bifurcates to form the bronchioles | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
pulmonary circulation : the flow of blood away from the heart through the lungs where oxygenation occurs and then back to the heart | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
rectum : the area of the body where feces is stored until elimination | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
renal artery : the artery that delivers blood to the kidney | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
renal vein : the vein that drains blood from the kidney | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
salivary gland : one of three pairs of exocrine glands in the mammalian mouth that secretes saliva, a mix of watery mucus and enzymes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
sarcolemma : the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
sarcomere : the functional unit of skeletal muscle | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
sensory-somatic nervous system : the system of sensory and motor nerves | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
set point : the target value of a physiological state in homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
skeletal muscle tissue : forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
skull : the bone that supports the structures of the face and protects the brain | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
small intestine : the organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
smooth muscle tissue : the muscle that occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
spinal cord : a thick fiber bundle that connects the brain with peripheral nerves; transmits sensory and motor information; contains neurons that control motor reflexes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
stomach : a saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
superior vena cava : the major vein of the body returning blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
sympathetic nervous system : the division of autonomic nervous system activated during stressful "fight-or-flightâ situations | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
synapse : a junction between two neurons where neuronal signals are communicated | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
synaptic cleft : a space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
synovial joints : the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
systemic circulation : the flow of blood away from the heart to the brain, liver, kidneys, stomach, and other organs, the limbs, and the muscles of the body, and then back to the heart | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
systole : the contraction phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
temporal lobe : the part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory input; parts of the temporal lobe are involved in speech, memory, and emotion processing | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
thalamus : the brain area that relays sensory information to the cortex | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
thoracic cage : (also, ribcage) the skeleton of the chest, which consists of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
threshold of excitation : the level of depolarization needed for an action potential to fire | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
thymus : the gland located behind the sternum that produces thymosin hormones that contribute to the development of the immune system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
thyroid gland : an endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
trachea : the cartilaginous tube that transports air from the throat to the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
tricuspid valve : a one-way opening between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
up-regulation : an increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
ureter : the urine-bearing tubes coming out of the kidney | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
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