text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
hagfish : an eel-like jawless fish that lives on the ocean floor and is a scavenger | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
hemocoel : the internal body cavity seen in arthropods | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
heterodont teeth : different types of teeth modified by different purposes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
intracellular digestion : the digestion of matter brought into a cell by phagocytosis | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
lamprey : a jawless fish characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
lancelet : a member of Cephalochordata; named for its blade-like shape | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
lateral line : the sense organ that runs the length of a fishâs body, used to detect vibration in the water | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Lophotrochozoa : a clade of invertebrate organisms that is a sister group to the Ecdysozoa | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
madreporite : a pore for regulating entry and exit of water into the water vascular system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
mammal : one of the groups of endothermic vertebrates that possess hair and mammary glands | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
mammary gland : in female mammals, a gland that produces milk for newborns | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
mantle : a specialized epidermis that encloses all visceral organs and secretes shells in mollusks | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
marsupial : one of the groups of mammals that includes the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, Tasmanian devil, and several other species; young develop within a pouch | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
medusa : a free-floating cnidarian body plan with a mouth on the underside and tentacles hanging down from a bell | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
mesoglea : the non-living, gel-like matrix present in between ectoderm and endoderm in cnidarians | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
mesohyl : the collagen-like gel containing suspended cells that perform various functions in sponges | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
metamerism : having a series of body structures that are similar internally and externally, such as segments | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Mollusca : a phylum of protostomes with soft bodies and no segmentation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
monoecious : having both sexes in one body, hermaphroditic | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
monotreme : an egg-laying mammal | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Myxini : hagfishes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
nacre : a calcareous secretion produced by bivalve mollusks to line the inner side of shells as well as to coat foreign particulate matter | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
nematocyst : the harpoon-like organelle within a cnidocyte with a pointed projectile and poison to stun and entangle prey | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Nematoda : a phylum of worms in Ecdysozoa commonly called roundworms containing both free-living and parasitic forms | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
notochord : a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
osculum : the large opening in a sponge body through which water leaves | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Osteichthyes : bony fishes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
ostracoderm : one of the earliest jawless fishes covered in bone | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Petromyzontidae : the clade of lampreys | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
pharyngeal slit : an opening in the pharynx | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
pneumatic bone : an air-filled bone | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
polyp : the stalk-like, sessile life form of a cnidarians with mouth and tentacles facing upward, usually sessile but may be able to glide along a surface | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Porifera : a phylum of animals with no true tissues, but a porous body with a rudimentary endoskeleton | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
post-anal tail : a muscular, posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus in chordates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Primates : includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
prosimians : a group of primates that includes bush babies of Africa, lemurs of Madagascar, and lorises, pottos, and tarsiers of southeast Asia | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
protostome : describing an animal in which the mouth develops first during embryogenesis and a second opening developing into the anus | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
pseudocoelomate : an animal with a coelom that is not completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm as in eucoelomate animals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
radial symmetry : a type of symmetry with multiple planes of symmetry all cross at an axis through the center of the organism | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
radula : a tongue-like scraping organ with chitinous ornamentation found in most mollusks | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
salamander : a tailed amphibian that belongs to the clade Urodela | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Sarcopterygii : lobe-finned fishes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
sebaceous gland : in mammals, a skin gland that produce a lipid mixture called sebum | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Sphenodontia : the reptilian clade that includes the tuataras | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
spicule : a short sliver or spike-like structure, in sponges, they are formed of silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, or protein, and are found in the mesohyl | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
spiracle : a respiratory openings in insects that allow air into the tracheae | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
spongocoel : the central cavity within the body of some sponges | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Squamata : the reptilian clade of lizards and snakes | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
stereoscopic vision : two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes that produces depth perception | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
sudoriferous gland : a gland in mammals that produces sweat and scent molecules | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
swim bladder : in fishes, a gas filled organ that helps to control the buoyancy of the fish | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
tadpole : the larval stage of a frog | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Testudines : turtles | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
tetrapod : a four-footed animal; includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
trachea : in some arthropods, such as insects, a respiratory tube that conducts air from the spiracles to the tissues | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
triploblast : an animal that develops from three germ layers | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
tunicate : a sessile chordate that is a member of Urochordata | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Urochordata : the clade composed of the tunicates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Urodela : salamanders | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
vertebral column : a series of separate bones that surround the spinal cord in vertebrates | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
water vascular system : a system in echinoderms in which water is the circulatory fluid | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/15-key-terms |
Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs. It is dynamic because it is constantly adjusting to the changes that the systems encounter. It is an equilibrium because body functions are kept within a normal range, with some fluctuations around a set point. The kidneys are the main ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
There are many organs that work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The mouth is the point of ingestion and the location where both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food begins. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks down carbohydrates. The food bolus travels through the esophagus by perista... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary components of food. Some essential nutrients are required for cellular function but cannot be produced by the animal body. These include vitamins, minerals, some fatty acids, and some amino acids. Food intake in more than necessary amounts is stored as glycogen in the l... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
Animal respiratory systems are designed to facilitate gas exchange. In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity. Air then travels down the pharynx and larynx, through the trachea, and into the lungs. In the lungs, air passes through the branching bronchi, reaching the respiratory bronchioles. The respi... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The mammalian circulatory system is a closed system with double circulation passing through the lungs and the body. It consists of a network of vessels containing blood that circulates because of pressure differences generated by the heart. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The heart contains two pumps that move blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the left side. The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal musc... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
Hormones cause cellular changes by binding to receptors on or in target cells. The number of receptors on a target cell can increase or decrease in response to hormone activity. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. The anterior pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus and produces six hormones. The posterior pituitary is an extension of the brain and releases hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) produced by the hypothalamus. The thyroid gland is located in t... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces the corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The pancreas lies in the abdomen between the stomach and the small intestine. Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas form the islets of Langerhans, which contain alpha cells that release glucagon and beta cells that release insulin. Some organs possess endocrine activity as a secondary function but have another pr... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that is composed of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is composed of the bones of the skull, ossicles of the ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and ribcage. The skull consists of eight cranial bones and 14 facial bones. Six bones make up the ossicles of the mi... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The structural classification of joints divides them into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The bones of fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue. Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage. Synovial joints are joints that have a space between the adjoi... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscles are composed of individual cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers consist of myofilaments composed of the proteins actin and myosin arranged in units called sarcomeres. Contraction of the muscle occurs by the ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The nervous system is made up of neurons and glia. Neurons are specialized cells that are capable of sending electrical as well as chemical signals. Most neurons contain dendrites, which receive these signals, and axons that send signals to other neurons or tissues. Glia are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system tha... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
Neurons have a resting potential across their membranes and when they are stimulated by a strong enough signal from another neuron an action potential may carry an electrochemical signal along the neuron to a synapse with another neuron. Neurotransmitters carry signals across synapses to initiate a response in another ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The vertebrate central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord, which are covered and protected by three meninges. The brain contains structurally and functionally defined regions. In mammals, these include the cortex (which can be broken down into four primary functional lobes: frontal, temporal, occipit... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
The peripheral nervous system contains both the autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system provides unconscious control over visceral functions and has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in stressful situations... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-chapter-summary |
action potential : a momentary change in the electrical potential of a neuron (or muscle) membrane | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
adrenal gland : the endocrine gland associated with the kidneys | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
alveolus : (plural: alveoli) (also, air sacs) the terminal structure of the lung passage where gas exchange occurs | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
amygdala : a structure within the limbic system that processes fear | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
amylase : an enzyme found in saliva and secreted by the pancreas that converts carbohydrates to maltose | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
anus : the exit point of the digestive system for waste material | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
aorta : the major artery that takes blood away from the heart to the systemic circulatory system | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
appendicular skeleton : the skeleton composed of the bones of the upper limbs, which function to grasp and manipulate objects, and the lower limbs, which permit locomotion | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
artery : a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
atrium : (plural: atria) a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
auditory ossicles : (also, middle ear bones) the bones that transduce sounds from the air into vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
autonomic nervous system : the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls bodily functions | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
axial skeleton : skeleton that forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage) | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
axon : a tube-like structure that propagates a signal from a neuronâs cell body to axon terminals | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
basal ganglia : an interconnected collections of cells in the brain that are involved in movement and motivation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
bicuspid valve : a one-way opening between the atrium and the ventricle in the left side of the heart | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
bile : a digestive juice produced by the liver; important for digestion of lipids | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
bolus : a mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
brainstem : a portion of brain that connects with the spinal cord; controls basic nervous system functions like breathing and swallowing | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
bronchi : (singular: bronchus) smaller branches of cartilaginous tissue that stem off of the trachea; air is funneled through the bronchi to the region where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
bronchiole : an airway that extends from the main bronchus to the alveolar sac | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/16-key-terms |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.