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net primary productivity : the energy that remains in the producers after accounting for the organismsâ respiration and heat loss | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
non-renewable resource : a resource, such as a fossil fuel, that is either regenerated very slowly or not at all | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
oceanic zone : the part of the ocean that begins offshore where the water measures 200 m deep or deeper | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
pelagic realm : (also, pelagic zone) the open ocean waters that are not close to the bottom or near the shore | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
permafrost : a perennially frozen portion of the Arctic tundra soil | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
photic zone : the upper layer of ocean water in which photosynthesis is able to take place | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
photoautotroph : an organism that uses sunlight as an energy source to synthesize its own food molecules | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
planktivore : an animal that eats plankton | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
primary consumer : the trophic level that obtains its energy from the producers of an ecosystem | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
producer : the trophic level that obtains its energy from sunlight, inorganic chemicals, or dead or decaying organic material | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
resilience (ecological) : the speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
resistance (ecological) : the ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
savanna : a biome located in the tropics with an extended dry season and characterized by a grassland with sparsely distributed trees | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
secondary consumer : a trophic level in an ecosystem, usually a carnivore that eats a primary consumer | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
source water : the point of origin of a river or stream | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
subduction : the movement of one tectonic plate beneath another | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
subtropical desert : a biome found in the subtropics with hot daily temperatures, very low and unpredictable precipitation, and characterized by a limited dry-adapted vegetation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
temperate forest : a biome found in temperate regions with moderate rainfall and dominated structurally by deciduous trees | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
temperate grassland : a biome dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants due to low precipitation, periodic fires, and grazing | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
tertiary consumer : a trophic level in an ecosystem, usually carnivores that eat other carnivores | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
trophic level : the position of a species or group of species in a food chain or a food web | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
tropical rainforest : a biome found near the equator characterized by stable temperatures with abundant and seasonal rainfall in which trees form the structurally important vegetation | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
wetland : environment in which the soil is either permanently or periodically saturated with water | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/20-key-terms |
Biodiversity exists at multiple levels of organization, and is measured in different ways depending on the goals of those taking the measurements. These include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The number of described species is estimated to be 1.5 million with about 1... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
Humans use many compounds that were first discovered or derived from living organisms as medicines: secondary plant compounds, animal toxins, and antibiotics produced by bacteria and fungi. More medicines are expected to be discovered in nature. Loss of biodiversity will impact the number of pharmaceuticals available t... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
Crop diversity is a requirement for food security, and it is being lost. The loss of wild relatives to crops also threatens breedersâ abilities to create new varieties. Ecosystems provide ecosystem services that support human agriculture: pollination, nutrient cycling, pest control, and soil development and maintenan... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
The core threats to biodiversity are human population growth and unsustainable resource use. To date, the most significant causes of extinction are habitat loss, introduction of exotic species, and overharvesting. Climate change is predicted to be a significant cause of extinction in the coming century. Habitat loss oc... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
Five mass extinctions with losses of more than 50 percent of extant species are observable in the fossil record. Recent extinctions are recorded in written history and are the basis for one method of estimating contemporary extinction rates. The other method uses measures of habitat loss and species-area relationships.... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
There is a legislative framework for biodiversity protection. International treaties such as CITES regulate the transportation of endangered species across international borders. Legislation within individual countries protecting species and agreements on global warming have had limited success; there is at present no ... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
Conservation preserves are a major tool in biodiversity protection. Presently, 11 percent of Earthâs land surface is protected in some way. The science of island biogeography has informed the optimal design of preserves; however, preserves have limitations imposed by political and economic forces. In addition, climat... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
Habitat restoration has the potential to restore ecosystems to previous biodiversity levels before species become extinct. Examples of restoration include reintroduction of keystone species and removal of dams on rivers. Zoos have attempted to take a more active role in conservation and can have a limited role in capti... | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-chapter-summary |
biodiversity : the variety of a biological system, typically conceived as the number of species, but also applying to genes, biochemistry, and ecosystems | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
biodiversity hotspot : a concept originated by Norman Myers to describe a geographical region with a large number of endemic species and a large percentage of degraded habitat | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
bush meat : a wild-caught animal used as food (typically mammals, birds, and reptiles); usually referring to hunting in the tropics of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
chemical diversity : the variety of metabolic compounds in an ecosystem | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
chytridiomycosis : a disease of amphibians caused by the fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis;thought to be a major cause of the global amphibian decline | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
ecosystem diversity : the variety of ecosystems | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
endemic species : a species native to one place | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
exotic species : (also, invasive species) a species that has been introduced to an ecosystem in which it did not evolve | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
extinction : the disappearance of a species from Earth; local extinction is the disappearance of a species from a region | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
extinction rate : the number of species becoming extinct over time, sometimes defined as extinctions per million speciesâyears to make numbers manageable (E/MSY) | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
genetic diversity : the variety of genes and alleles in a species or other taxonomic group or ecosystem; the term can refer to allelic diversity or genome-wide diversity | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
habitat heterogeneity : the number of ecological niches | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
secondary plant compound : a compound produced as a byproduct of plant metabolic processes that is typically toxic, but is sequestered by the plant to defend against herbivores | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
species-area relationship : the relationship between area surveyed and number of species encountered; typically measured by incrementally increasing the area of a survey and determining the cumulative numbers of species | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
tragedy of the commons : an economic principle that resources held in common will inevitably be over-exploited | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
white-nose syndrome : a disease of cave-hibernating bats in the eastern United States and Canada associated with the fungusGeomyces destructans | https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/21-key-terms |
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the bodyâs structures. In the past, anatomy has primarily been studied via observing injuries, and later by the dissection of anatomical structures of cadavers, but in the past century,
computer-assisted imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to look inside the liv... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels. Therefore, molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, t... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Most processes that occur in the human body are not consciously controlled. They occur continuously to build, maintain, and sustain life. These processes include: organization, in terms of the maintenance of essential body boundaries; metabolism, including energy transfer via anabolic and catabolic reactions; responsiv... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Humans cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen, for more than several days without water, and for more than several weeks without carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Although the body can respond to high temperatures by sweating and to low temperatures by shivering and increased f... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Homeostasis is the activity of cells throughout the body to maintain the physiological state within a narrow range that is compatible with life. Homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback loops and, much less frequently, by positive feedback loops. Both have the same components of a stimulus, sensor, control center,... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. A standard reference position for mapping the bodyâs structures is the normal anatomical position. Regions of the body are identified using terms such as âoccipitalâ that are more precise than common words and phrases such as âthe back of the hea... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
Detailed anatomical drawings of the human body first became available in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; however, it was not until the end of the nineteenth century, and the discovery of X-rays, that anatomists and physicians discovered non-surgical methods to look inside a living body. Since then, many other te... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-chapter-review |
abdominopelvic cavity : division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
anabolism : assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
anatomical position : standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
anatomy : science that studies the form and composition of the bodyâs structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
anterior : describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
anterior cavity : larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
catabolism : breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
caudal : describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
cell : smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
computed tomography (CT) : medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
control center : compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
cranial : describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
cranial cavity : division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
deep : describes a position farther from the surface of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
development : changes an organism goes through during its life | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
differentiation : process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
distal : describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
dorsal : describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
dorsal cavity : posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
effector : organ that can cause a change in a value | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
frontal plane : two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
gross anatomy : study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
growth : process of increasing in size | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
homeostasis : steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
inferior : describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
lateral : describes the side or direction toward the side of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) : medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
medial : describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
metabolism : sum of all of the bodyâs chemical reactions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
microscopic anatomy : study of very small structures of the body using magnification | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
negative feedback : homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the bodyâs physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
normal range : range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
nutrient : chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
organ : functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
organ system : group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
organism : living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
pericardium : sac that encloses the heart | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
peritoneum : serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
physiology : science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the bodyâs functions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
plane : imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
pleura : serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
positive feedback : mechanism that intensifies a change in the bodyâs physiological condition in response to a stimulus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
positron emission tomography (PET) : medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
posterior : describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
posterior cavity : posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
pressure : force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
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