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steroid : (also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
substrate : reactant in an enzymatic reaction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
suspension : liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
synthesis reaction : type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
triglyceride : lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
valence shell : outermost electron shell of an atom | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
The cell membrane provides a barrier around the cell, separating its internal components from the extracellular environment. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophobic internal lipid âtailsâ and hydrophilic external phosphate âheads.â Various membrane proteins are scattered throughout the bilaye... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
The internal environment of a living cell is made up of a fluid, jelly-like substance called cytosol, which consists mainly of water, but also contains various dissolved nutrients and other molecules. The cell contains an array of cellular organelles, each one performing a unique function and helping to maintain the he... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
Cells also contain mitochondria and peroxisomes, which are the organelles responsible for producing the cellâs energy supply and detoxifying certain chemicals, respectively. Biochemical reactions within mitochondria transform energy-carrying molecules into the usable form of cellular energy known as ATP. Peroxisomes ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing the genetic instructions for all of the materials a cell will make (and thus all of its functions it can perform). The nucleus is encased within a membrane of two interconnected lipid bilayers, side-by-side. This nuclear envelope is studded with protein-lined po... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
There is a pool of cells constantly dividing within your body. The result is billions of new cells being created each day. Before any cell is ready to divide, it must replicate its DNA so that each new daughter cell will receive an exact copy of the organismâs genome. A variety of enzymes are enlisted during DNA repl... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
DNA stores the information necessary for instructing the cell to perform all of its functions. Cells use the genetic code stored within DNA to build proteins, which ultimately determine the structure and function of the cell. This genetic code lies in the particular sequence of nucleotides that make up each gene along ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
The life of cell consists of stages that make up the cell cycle. After a cell is born, it passes through an interphase before it is ready to replicate itself and produce daughter cells. This interphase includes two gap phases (G1and G2), as well as an S phase, during which its DNA is replicated in preparation for cell ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
Once a cell has completed interphase and is ready for cell division, it proceeds through four separate stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). Telophase is followed by the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis), which generates two daughter cells. This process takes place in all normally divi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
One of the major areas of research in biology is that of how cells specialize to assume their unique structures and functions, since all cells essentially originate from a single fertilized egg. Cell differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialized as the body develops. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-chapter-review |
active transport : form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
amphipathic : describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
anaphase : third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
anticodon : consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
autolysis : breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
autophagy : lysosomal breakdown of a cellâs own components | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cell cycle : life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cell membrane : membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
centriole : small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
centromere : region of attachment for two sister chromatids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
centrosome : cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
channel protein : membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
checkpoint : progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
chromatin : substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
chromosome : condensed version of chromatin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cilia : small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cleavage furrow : contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
codon : consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
concentration gradient : difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cyclin : one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) : one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cytokinesis : final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cytoplasm : internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cytoskeleton : âskeletonâ of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cellâs shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
cytosol : clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
diffusion : movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
diploid : condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
DNA polymerase : enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
DNA replication : process of duplicating a molecule of DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
electrical gradient : difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
endocytosis : import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) : cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
exocytosis : export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
exon : one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
extracellular fluid (ECF) : fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
facilitated diffusion : diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
flagellum : appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
G0phase : phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
G1phase : first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
G2phase : third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
gene : functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
gene expression : active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
genome : entire complement of an organismâs DNA; found within virtually every cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
glycocalyx : coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
glycoprotein : protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
Golgi apparatus : cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
helicase : enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
histone : family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
homologous : describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
hydrophilic : describes a substance or structure attracted to water | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
hydrophobic : describes a substance or structure repelled by water | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
hypertonic : describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
hypotonic : describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
integral protein : membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
intermediate filament : type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
interphase : entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
interstitial fluid (IF) : fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
intracellular fluid (ICF) : fluid in the cytosol of cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
intron : non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
isotonic : describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
kinetochore : region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
ligand : molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
lysosome : membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
messenger RNA (mRNA) : nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
metaphase : second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
metaphase plate : linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
microfilament : the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
microtubule : the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
mitochondrion : one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
mitosis : division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
mitotic phase : phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
mitotic spindle : network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
multipotent : describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
mutation : change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cellâs DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
nuclear envelope : membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
nuclear pore : one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
nucleolus : small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
nucleosome : unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
nucleus : cellâs central organelle; contains the cellâs DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
oligopotent : describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
organelle : any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
osmosis : diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
passive transport : form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
peripheral protein : membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
peroxisome : membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
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