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prone : face down | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
proximal : describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
regional anatomy : study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
renewal : process by which worn-out cells are replaced | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
reproduction : process by which new organisms are generated | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
responsiveness : ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
sagittal plane : two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
section : in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
sensor : (also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
serosa : membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
serous membrane : membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
set point : ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
spinal cavity : division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
superficial : describes a position nearer to the surface of the body | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
superior : describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
supine : face up | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
systemic anatomy : study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
thoracic cavity : division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
tissue : group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
transverse plane : two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
ultrasonography : application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
ventral : describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
ventral cavity : larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
X-ray : form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-key-terms |
The human body is composed of elements, the most abundant of which are oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N). You obtain these elements from the foods you eat and the air you breathe. The smallest unit of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an atom. But, atoms themselves con... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
The tendency of an atom to be stable or to react readily with other atoms is largely due to the behavior of the electrons within the atomâs outermost electron shell, called its valence shell. Helium, as well as larger atoms with eight electrons in their valence shell, is unlikely to participate in chemical reactions ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Each moment of life, atoms of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and the other elements of the human body are making and breaking chemical bonds. Ions are charged atoms that form when an atom donates or accepts one or more negatively charged electrons. Cations (ions with a positive charge) are attracted to anions (ions with a n... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Chemical reactions, in which chemical bonds are broken and formed, require an initial investment of energy. Kinetic energy, the energy of matter in motion, fuels the collisions of atoms, ions, and molecules that are necessary if their old bonds are to break and new ones to form. All molecules store potential energy, wh... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Four forms of energy essential to human functioning are: chemical energy, which is stored and released as chemical bonds are formed and broken; mechanical energy, which directly powers physical activity; radiant energy, emitted as waves such as in sunlight; and electrical energy, the power of moving electrons. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Chemical reactions begin with reactants and end with products. Synthesis reactions bond reactants together, a process that requires energy, whereas decomposition reactions break the bonds within a reactant and thereby release energy. In exchange reactions, bonds are both broken and formed, and energy is exchanged. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
The rate at which chemical reactions occur is influenced by several properties of the reactants: temperature, concentration and pressure, and the presence or absence of a catalyst. An enzyme is a catalytic protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the human body. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning include water, salts, acids, and bases. These compounds are inorganic; that is, they do not contain both hydrogen and carbon. Water is a lubricant and cushion, a heat sink, a component of liquid mixtures, a byproduct of dehydration synthesis reactions, and a reactant i... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
The pH of any solution is its relative concentration of H+. A solution with pH 7 is neutral. Solutions with pH below 7 are acids, and solutions with pH above 7 are bases. A change in a single digit on the pH scale (e.g., from 7 to 8) represents a ten-fold increase or decrease in the concentration of H+. In a healthy ad... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Organic compounds essential to human functioning include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. These compounds are said to be organic because they contain both carbon and hydrogen. Carbon atoms in organic compounds readily share electrons with hydrogen and other atoms, usually oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Carbohydrate compounds provide essential body fuel. Their structural forms include monosaccharides such as glucose, disaccharides such as lactose, and polysaccharides, including starches (polymers of glucose), glycogen (the storage form of glucose), and fiber. All body cells can use glucose for fuel. It is converted vi... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Lipids are hydrophobic compounds that provide body fuel and are important components of many biological compounds. Triglycerides are the most abundant lipid in the body, and are composed of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are compounds composed of a diglyceride with a phosphate gr... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Proteins are critical components of all body tissues. They are made up of monomers called amino acids, which contain nitrogen, joined by peptide bonds. Protein shape is critical to its function. Most body proteins are globular. An example is enzymes, which catalyze chemical reactions. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
Nucleotides are compounds with three building blocks: one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that function in protein synthesis. ATP is the bodyâs fundamental molecule of energy transfer. Removal or addition of phosphates releases or invests energy... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-chapter-review |
acid : compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
activation energy : amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) : nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
amino acid : building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
anion : atom with a negative charge | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
atom : smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
atomic number : number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
base : compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
bond : electrical force linking atoms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
buffer : solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
carbohydrate : class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
catalyst : substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
cation : atom with a positive charge | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
chemical energy : form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
colloid : liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
compound : substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
concentration : number of particles within a given space | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
covalent bond : chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
decomposition reaction : type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
denaturation : change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) : deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
disaccharide : pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
disulfide bond : covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
electron : subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atomâs nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
electron shell : area of space a given distance from an atomâs nucleus in which electrons are grouped | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
element : substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
enzyme : protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
exchange reaction : type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
functional group : group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
hydrogen bond : dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
inorganic compound : substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
ion : atom with an overall positive or negative charge | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
ionic bond : attraction between an anion and a cation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
isotope : one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
kinetic energy : energy that matter possesses because of its motion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
lipid : class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
macromolecule : large molecule formed by covalent bonding | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
mass number : sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
matter : physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
molecule : two or more atoms covalently bonded together | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
monosaccharide : monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
neutron : heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atomâs nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
nucleotide : class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
organic compound : substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
peptide bond : covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
periodic table of the elements : arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
pH : negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
phospholipid : a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
phosphorylation : addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
polar molecule : molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
polysaccharide : compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
potential energy : stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
product : one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
prostaglandin : lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
protein : class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
proton : heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atomâs nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
purine : nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
pyrimidine : nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
radioactive isotope : unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
reactant : one or more substances that enter into the reaction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
ribonucleic acid (RNA) : ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
solution : homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
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