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longitudinal fissure : large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
lumbar plexus : nerve plexus associated with the lumbar spinal nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
lumbar puncture : procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
median aperture : singular opening from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the midline between the medulla and cerebellum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
median nerve : systemic nerve of the arm, located between the ulnar and radial nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
meninges : protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
mesencephalon : primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that does not significantly change through the rest of embryonic development and becomes the midbrain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
metencephalon : secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
midbrain : middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
myelencephalon : secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the medulla | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
nerve plexus : network of nerves without neuronal cell bodies included | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neural crest : tissue that detaches from the edges of the neural groove and migrates through the embryo to develop into peripheral structures of both nervous and non-nervous tissues | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neural fold : elevated edge of the neural groove | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neural groove : region of the neural plate that folds into the dorsal surface of the embryo and closes off to become the neural tube | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neural plate : thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neural tube : precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
neuraxis : central axis to the nervous system, from the posterior to anterior ends of the neural tube; the inferior tip of the spinal cord to the anterior surface of the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
occipital lobe : region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
occipital sinuses : dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
oculomotor nerve : third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
olfaction : special sense responsible for smell, which has a unique, direct connection to the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
olfactory nerve : first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
optic nerve : second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
orthostatic reflex : sympathetic function that maintains blood pressure when standing to offset the increased effect of gravity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
paravertebral ganglia : autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
parietal lobe : region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
parieto-occipital sulcus : groove in the cerebral cortex representing the border between the parietal and occipital cortices | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
perineurium : layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
phrenic nerve : systemic nerve from the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
pia mater : thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
plexus : network of nerves or nervous tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
postcentral gyrus : ridge just posterior to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, where somatosensory processing initially takes place in the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
posterior columns : white matter of the spinal cord that lies between the posterior horns of the gray matter, sometimes referred to as the dorsal column; composed of axons of ascending tracts that carry sensory information up to the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
posterior horn : gray matter region of the spinal cord in which sensory input arrives, sometimes referred to as the dorsal horn | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
posterior median sulcus : midline feature of the posterior spinal cord, marking the separation between right and left sides of the cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
posterolateral sulcus : feature of the posterior spinal cord marking the entry of posterior nerve roots and the separation between the posterior and lateral columns of the white matter | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
precentral gyrus : ridge just anterior to the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe, the primary motor cortex is located | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
prefrontal lobe : specific region of the frontal lobe anterior to the more specific motor function areas, which can be related to the early planning of movements and intentions to the point of being personality-type functions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
premotor area : region of the frontal lobe responsible for planning movements that will be executed through the primary motor cortex | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
prevertebral ganglia : autonomic ganglia that are anterior to the vertebral column and functionally related to the sympathetic chain ganglia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
primary vesicle : initial enlargements of the anterior neural tube during embryonic development that develop into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
proprioception : general sensory perceptions providing information about location and movement of body parts; the âsense of the selfâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
prosencephalon : primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the forebrain, which includes the cerebrum and diencephalon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
putamen : nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the caudate, it is part of the striatum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
radial nerve : systemic nerve of the arm, the distal component of which is located near the radial bone | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
reticular formation : diffuse region of gray matter throughout the brain stem that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and states of consciousness | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
rhombencephalon : primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the hindbrain, which includes the pons, cerebellum, and medulla | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sacral plexus : nerve plexus associated with the lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerves | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
saphenous nerve : systemic nerve of the lower anterior leg that is a branch from the femoral nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sciatic nerve : systemic nerve from the sacral plexus that is a combination of the tibial and fibular nerves and extends across the hip joint and gluteal region into the upper posterior leg | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sciatica : painful condition resulting from inflammation or compression of the sciatic nerve or any of the spinal nerves that contribute to it | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
secondary vesicle : five vesicles that develop from primary vesicles, continuing the process of differentiation of the embryonic brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sigmoid sinuses : dural sinuses that drain directly into the jugular veins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
somatosensation : general senses related to the body, usually thought of as the senses of touch, which would include pain, temperature, and proprioception | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
spinal accessory nerve : eleventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of neck muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
spinal nerve : one of 31 nerves connected to the spinal cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
straight sinus : dural sinus that drains blood from the deep center of the brain to collect with the other sinuses | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
striatum : the caudate and putamen collectively, as part of the basal nuclei, which receive input from the cerebral cortex | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
subarachnoid space : space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the fibrous connections of the arachnoid trabeculae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
subcortical nucleus : all the nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex, including the basal nuclei and the basal forebrain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
substantia nigra pars compacta : nuclei within the basal nuclei that release dopamine to modulate the function of the striatum; part of the motor pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
substantia nigra pars reticulata : nuclei within the basal nuclei that serve as an output center of the nuclei; part of the motor pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
subthalamus : nucleus within the basal nuclei that is part of the indirect pathway | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sulcus : groove formed by convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
superior colliculus : half of the midbrain tectum that is responsible for aligning visual, auditory, and somatosensory spatial perceptions | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
superior sagittal sinus : dural sinus that runs along the top of the longitudinal fissure and drains blood from the majority of the outer cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
sympathetic chain ganglia : autonomic ganglia in a chain along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
systemic nerve : nerve in the periphery distal to a nerve plexus or spinal nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
tectum : region of the midbrain, thought of as the roof of the cerebral aqueduct, which is subdivided into the inferior and superior colliculi | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
tegmentum : region of the midbrain, thought of as the floor of the cerebral aqueduct, which continues into the pons and medulla as the floor of the fourth ventricle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
telencephalon : secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the cerebrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
temporal lobe : region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the temporal bone of the cranium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
terminal ganglion : autonomic ganglia that are near or within the walls of organs that are responsible for contributing to homeostatic mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
thalamus : major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the hindbrain, spinal cord, and periphery | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
third ventricle : portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the diencephalon | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
tibial nerve : systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
transverse sinuses : dural sinuses that drain along either side of the occipitalâcerebellar space | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
trigeminal ganglion : sensory ganglion that contributes sensory fibers to the trigeminal nerve | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
trigeminal nerve : fifth cranial nerve; responsible for cutaneous sensation of the face and contraction of the muscles of mastication | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
trochlear nerve : fourth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
ulnar nerve : systemic nerve of the arm located close to the ulna, a bone of the forearm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
vagus nerve : tenth cranial nerve; responsible for the autonomic control of organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
ventral (anterior) nerve root : axons emerging from the anterior or lateral horns of the spinal cord | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
ventricles : remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube that are spaces for cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the brain | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
vertebral arteries : arteries that ascend along either side of the vertebral column through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
vestibulocochlear nerve : eighth cranial nerve; responsible for the sensations of hearing and balance | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-key-terms |
The senses are olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), somatosensation (sensations associated with the skin and body), audition (hearing), equilibrium (balance), and vision. With the exception of somatosensation, this list represents the special senses, or those systems of the body that are associated with specific organ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. The structural classifications are either based on the anatomy of the cell that is interacting with the stimulus (free nerve endings, encapsulated... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The nerves that convey sensory information from the periphery to the CNS are either spinal nerves, connected to the spinal cord, or cranial nerves, connected to the brain. Spinal nerves have mixed populations of fibers; some are motor fibers and some are sensory. The sensory fibers connect to the spinal cord through th... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
Sensory input to the brain enters through pathways that travel through either the spinal cord (for somatosensory input from the body) or the brain stem (for everything else, except the visual and olfactory systems) to reach the diencephalon. In the diencephalon, sensory pathways reach the thalamus. This is necessary fo... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The two major tracts in the spinal cord, originating from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, are the dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract. The major differences between the two are in the type of information that is relayed to the brain and where the tracts decussate. The dorsal column system prima... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The auditory pathway passes through multiple nuclei in the brain stem in which additional information is extracted from the basic frequency stimuli processed by the cochlea. Sound localization is made possible through the activity of these brain stem structures. The vestibular system enters the brain stem and influence... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The visual pathway segregates information from the two eyes so that one half of the visual field projects to the other side of the brain. Within visual cortical areas, the perception of the stimuli and their location is passed along two streams, one ventral and one dorsal. The ventral visual stream connects to structur... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The motor components of the somatic nervous system begin with the frontal lobe of the brain, where the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher functions such as working memory. The integrative and associate functions of the prefrontal lobe feed into the secondary motor areas, which help plan movements. The premotor... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
The extrapyramidal system includes projections from the brain stem and higher centers that influence movement, mostly to maintain balance and posture, as well as to maintain muscle tone. The superior colliculus and red nucleus in the midbrain, the vestibular nuclei in the medulla, and the reticular formation throughout... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
All of these motor pathways project to the spinal cord to synapse with motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These lower motor neurons are the cells that connect to skeletal muscle and cause contractions. These neurons project through the spinal nerves to connect to the muscles at neuromuscular junction... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
Reflexes are the simplest circuits within the somatic nervous system. A withdrawal reflex from a painful stimulus only requires the sensory fiber that enters the spinal cord and the motor neuron that projects to a muscle. Antagonist and postural muscles can be coordinated with the withdrawal, making the connections mor... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-chapter-review |
alkaloid : substance, usually from a plant source, that is chemically basic with respect to pH and will stimulate bitter receptors | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-key-terms |
amacrine cell : type of cell in the retina that connects to the bipolar cells near the outer synaptic layer and provides the basis for early image processing within the retina | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-key-terms |
ampulla : in the ear, the structure at the base of a semicircular canal that contains the hair cells and cupula for transduction of rotational movement of the head | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-key-terms |
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