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ductus arteriosus : shunt in the pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
ductus venosus : shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
ectoderm : primary germ layer that develops into the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory organs, epidermis, hair, and nails | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
ectopic pregnancy : implantation of an embryo outside of the uterus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
embryo : developing human during weeks 3â8 | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
embryonic folding : process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a three-dimensional shape resembling a cylinder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
endoderm : primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
epiblast : upper layer of cells of the embryonic disc that forms from the inner cell mass; gives rise to all three germ layers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
episiotomy : incision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
expulsion : second stage of childbirth, during which the mother bears down with contractions; this stage ends in birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
fertilization : unification of genetic material from male and female haploid gametes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
fertilization membrane : impenetrable barrier that coats a nascent zygote; part of the slow block to polyspermy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
fetus : developing human during the time from the end of the embryonic period (week 9) to birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
foramen ovale : shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
foremilk : watery, translucent breast milk that is secreted first during a feeding and is rich in lactose and protein; quenches the infantâs thirst | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
gastrulation : process of cell migration and differentiation into three primary germ layers following cleavage and implantation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
genotype : complete genetic makeup of an individual | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
gestation : in human development, the period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
heterozygous : having two different alleles for a given gene | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
hindmilk : opaque, creamy breast milk delivered toward the end of a feeding; rich in fat; satisfies the infantâs appetite | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
homozygous : having two identical alleles for a given gene | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) : hormone that directs the corpus luteum to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses and secure an environment suitable for the developing embryo | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
hypoblast : lower layer of cells of the embryonic disc that extend into the blastocoel to form the yolk sac | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
implantation : process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
incomplete dominance : pattern of inheritance in which a heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessive phenotypes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
inner cell mass : cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
involution : postpartum shrinkage of the uterus back to its pre-pregnancy volume | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
karyotype : systematic arrangement of images of chromosomes into homologous pairs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
lactation : process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to sucking at the nipple | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
lanugo : silk-like hairs that coat the fetus; shed later in fetal development | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
let-down reflex : release of milk from the alveoli triggered by infant suckling | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
lightening : descent of the fetus lower into the pelvis in late pregnancy; also called âdroppingâ | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
lochia : postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as blood and ends as a whitish discharge; the end of lochia signals that the site of placental attachment has healed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
meconium : fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
mesoderm : primary germ layer that becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
morula : tightly packed sphere of blastomeres that has reached the uterus but has not yet implanted itself | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
mutation : change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
neural fold : elevated edge of the neural groove | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
neural plate : thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
neural tube : precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
neurulation : embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
nonshivering thermogenesis : process of breaking down brown adipose tissue to produce heat in the absence of a shivering response | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
notochord : rod-shaped, mesoderm-derived structure that provides support for growing fetus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
organogenesis : development of the rudimentary structures of all of an embryoâs organs from the germ layers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
parturition : childbirth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
phenotype : physical or biochemical manifestation of the genotype; expression of the alleles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
placenta : organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
placenta previa : low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
placentation : formation of the placenta; complete by weeks 14â16 of pregnancy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
polyspermy : penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
primitive streak : indentation along the dorsal surface of the epiblast through which cells migrate to form the endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
prolactin : pituitary hormone that establishes and maintains the supply of breast milk; also important for the mobilization of maternal micronutrients for breast milk | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
Punnett square : grid used to display all possible combinations of alleles transmitted by parents to offspring and predict the mathematical probability of offspring inheriting a given genotype | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
quickening : fetal movements that are strong enough to be felt by the mother | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
recessive : describes a trait that is only expressed in homozygous form and is masked in heterozygous form | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
recessive lethal : inheritance pattern in which individuals with two copies of a lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
sex chromosomes : pair of chromosomes involved in sex determination; in males, the XY chromosomes; in females, the XX chromosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
shunt : circulatory shortcut that diverts the flow of blood from one region to another | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
somite : one of the paired, repeating blocks of tissue located on either side of the notochord in the early embryo | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
syncytiotrophoblast : superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multinucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
trait : variation of an expressed characteristic | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
trimester : division of the duration of a pregnancy into three 3-month terms | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
trophoblast : fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
true labor : regular contractions that immediately precede childbirth; they do not abate with hydration or rest, and they become more frequent and powerful with time | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
umbilical cord : connection between the developing conceptus and the placenta; carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus and returns nutrients and oxygen from the mother | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
vernix caseosa : waxy, cheese-like substance that protects the delicate fetal skin until birth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
X-linked : pattern of inheritance in which an allele is carried on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
X-linked dominant : pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
X-linked recessive : pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
yolk sac : membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbilical cord structure | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
zona pellucida : thick, gel-like glycoprotein membrane that coats the oocyte and must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
zygote : fertilized egg; a diploid cell resulting from the fertilization of haploid gametes from the male and female lines | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
accelerate : to change velocity; to speed up, slow down, or change direction. | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
apparent magnitude : a measure of how bright a star looks in the sky; the larger the number, the dimmer the star appears to us | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
astrology : the pseudoscience that deals with the supposed influences on human destiny of the configurations and locations in the sky of the Sun, Moon, and planets | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
celestial equator : a great circle on the celestial sphere 90° from the celestial poles; where the celestial sphere intersects the plane of Earthâs equator | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
celestial poles : points about which the celestial sphere appears to rotate; intersections of the celestial sphere with Earthâs polar axis | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
celestial sphere : the apparent sphere of the sky; a sphere of large radius centered on the observer; directions of objects in the sky can be denoted by their position on the celestial sphere | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
circumpolar zone : those portions of the celestial sphere near the celestial poles that are either always above or always below the horizon | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
cosmology : the study of the organization and evolution of the universe | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
ecliptic : the apparent annual path of the Sun on the celestial sphere | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
epicycle : the circular orbit of a body in the Ptolemaic system, the center of which revolves about another circle (the deferent) | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
geocentric : centered on Earth | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
heliocentric : centered on the Sun | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
horizon (astronomical) : a great circle on the celestial sphere 90° from the zenith; more popularly, the circle around us where the dome of the sky meets Earth | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
horoscope : a chart used by astrologers that shows the positions along the zodiac and in the sky of the Sun, Moon, and planets at some given instant and as seen from a particular place on Earthâusually corresponding to the time and place of a personâs birth | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
parallax : the apparent displacement of a nearby star that results from the motion of Earth around the Sun | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
planet : today, any of the larger objects revolving about the Sun or any similar objects that orbit other stars; in ancient times, any object that moved regularly among the fixed stars | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
precession (of Earth) : the slow, conical motion of Earthâs axis of rotation caused principally by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on Earthâs equatorial bulge | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
retrograde motion : the apparent westward motion of a planet on the celestial sphere or with respect to the stars | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
year : the period of revolution of Earth around the Sun | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
zenith : the point on the celestial sphere opposite the direction of gravity; point directly above the observer | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
zodiac : a belt around the sky about 18° wide centered on the ecliptic | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-key-terms |
The direct evidence of our senses supports a geocentric perspective, with the celestial sphere pivoting on the celestial poles and rotating about a stationary Earth. We see only half of this sphere at one time, limited by the horizon; the point directly overhead is our zenith. The Sunâs annual path on the celestial s... | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-summary |
Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized that Earth and the Moon are spheres, and understood the phases of the Moon, but because of their inability to detect stellar parallax, they rejected the idea that Earth moves. Eratosthenes measured the size of Earth with surprising precision. Hipparchus carried out many astro... | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-summary |
The ancient religion of astrology, with its main contribution to civilization a heightened interest in the heavens, began in Babylonia. It reached its peak in the Greco-Roman world, especially as recorded in theTetrabiblosof Ptolemy. Natal astrology is based on the assumption that the positions of the planets at the ti... | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-summary |
Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the heliocentric cosmology to Renaissance Europe in his bookDe Revolutionibus. Although he retained the Aristotelian idea of uniform circular motion, Copernicus suggested that Earth is a planet and that the planets all circle about the Sun, dethroning Earth from its position at the center... | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/2-summary |
angular momentum : the measure of the motion of a rotating object in terms of its speed and how widely the objectâs mass is distributed around its axis | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
aphelion : the point in its orbit where a planet (or other orbiting object) is farthest from the Sun | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
apogee : the point in its orbit where an Earth satellite is farthest from Earth | https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/3-key-terms |
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