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hymen : membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
infundibulum : (of the uterine tube) wide, distal portion of the uterine tube terminating in fimbriae | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
inguinal canal : opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
isthmus : narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
labia majora : hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
labia minora : thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial and deep to the labia majora | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
lactiferous ducts : ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple and allow for the transport of milk | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
lactiferous sinus : area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
Leydig cells : cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone; a type of interstitial cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
mammary glands : glands inside the breast that secrete milk | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
menarche : first menstruation in a pubertal female | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
menses : shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium out though the vagina; also referred to as menstruation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
menses phase : phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrial lining is shed | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
menstrual cycle : approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase, and a secretory phase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
mons pubis : mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
Müllerian duct : duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal female reproductive structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
myometrium : smooth muscle layer of uterus that allows for uterine contractions during labor and expulsion of menstrual blood | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
oocyte : cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
oogenesis : process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
oogonia : ovarian stem cells that undergo mitosis during female fetal development to form primary oocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
ovarian cycle : approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
ovaries : female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
ovulation : release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
ovum : haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
penis : male organ of copulation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
perimetrium : outer epithelial layer of uterine wall | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
polar body : smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
prepuce : (also, foreskin) flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred as the foreskin | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
primary follicles : ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
primordial follicles : least developed ovarian follicles that consist of a single oocyte and a single layer of flat (squamous) granulosa cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
proliferative phase : phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium proliferates | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
prostate gland : doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
puberty : life stage during which a male or female adolescent becomes anatomically and physiologically capable of reproduction | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
rugae : (of the vagina) folds of skin in the vagina that allow it to stretch during intercourse and childbirth | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
scrotum : external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
secondary follicles : ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
secondary sex characteristics : physical characteristics that are influenced by sex steroid hormones and have supporting roles in reproductive function | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
secretory phase : phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium secretes a nutrient-rich fluid in preparation for implantation of an embryo | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
semen : ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
seminal vesicle : gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
seminiferous tubules : tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
Sertoli cells : cells that support germ cells through the process of spermatogenesis; a type of sustentacular cell | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
sperm : (also, spermatozoon) male gamete | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermatic cord : bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermatid : immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermatocyte : cell that results from the division of spermatogonium and undergoes meiosis I and meiosis II to form spermatids | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermatogenesis : formation of new sperm, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermatogonia : (singular = spermatogonium) diploid precursor cells that become sperm | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
spermiogenesis : transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
suspensory ligaments : bands of connective tissue that suspend the breast onto the chest wall by attachment to the overlying dermis | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
tertiary follicles : (also, antral follicles) ovarian follicles with a primary or secondary oocyte, multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a fully formed antrum | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
testes : (singular = testis) male gonads | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
theca cells : estrogen-producing cells in a maturing ovarian follicle | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
uterine tubes : (also, fallopian tubes or oviducts) ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
uterus : muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
vagina : tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for the insertion of semen and from the uterus for the birth of a baby | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
vulva : external female genitalia | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
Wolffian duct : duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal male reproductive structures | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/27-key-terms |
Hundreds of millions of sperm deposited in the vagina travel toward the oocyte, but only a few hundred actually reach it. The number of sperm that reach the oocyte is greatly reduced because of conditions within the female reproductive tract. Many sperm are overcome by the acidity of the vagina, others are blocked by m... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
The oocyte that is released by ovulation is protected by a thick outer layer of granulosa cells known as the corona radiata and by the zona pellucida, a thick glycoprotein membrane that lies just outside the oocyteâs plasma membrane. When capacitated sperm make contact with the oocyte, they release the digestive enzy... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
As the zygote travels toward the uterus, it undergoes numerous cleavages in which the number of cells doubles (blastomeres). Upon reaching the uterus, the conceptus has become a tightly packed sphere of cells called the morula, which then forms into a blastocyst consisting of an inner cell mass within a fluid-filled ca... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Following implantation, embryonic cells undergo gastrulation, in which they differentiate and separate into an embryonic disc and establish three primary germ layers (the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Through the process of embryonic folding, the fetus begins to take shape. Neurulation starts the process of the de... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
The fetal period lasts from the ninth week of development until birth. During this period, male and female gonads differentiate. The fetal circulatory system becomes much more specialized and efficient than its embryonic counterpart. It includes three shuntsâthe ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arter... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Hormones (especially estrogens, progesterone, and hCG) secreted by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta are responsible for most of the changes experienced during pregnancy. Estrogen maintains the pregnancy, promotes fetal viability, and stimulates tissue growth in the mother and developing fetus. Progesterone p... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Pregnancy weight gain primarily occurs in the breasts and abdominal region. Nausea, heartburn, and frequent urination are common during pregnancy. Maternal blood volume increases by 30 percent during pregnancy and respiratory minute volume increases by 50 percent. The skin may develop stretch marks and melanin producti... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Toward the late stages of pregnancy, a drop in progesterone and stretching forces from the fetus lead to increasing uterine irritability and prompt labor. Contractions serve to dilate the cervix and expel the newborn. Delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes follows. | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
The first breath a newborn takes at birth inflates the lungs and dramatically alters the circulatory system, closing the three shunts that directed oxygenated blood away from the lungs and liver during fetal life. Clamping and cutting the umbilical cord collapses the three umbilical blood vessels. The proximal umbilica... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
The lactating mother supplies all the hydration and nutrients that a growing infant needs for the first 4â6 months of life. During pregnancy, the body prepares for lactation by stimulating the growth and development of branching lactiferous ducts and alveoli lined with milk-secreting lactocytes, and by creating colos... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
There are two aspects to a personâs genetic makeup. Their genotype refers to the genetic makeup of the chromosomes found in all their cells and the alleles that are passed down from their parents. Their phenotype is the expression of that genotype, based on the interaction of the paired alleles, as well as how enviro... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Working with pea plants, Mendel discovered that the factors that account for different traits in parents are discretely transmitted to offspring in pairs, one from each parent. He articulated the principles of random segregation and independent assortment to account for the inheritance patterns he observed. Mendelâs ... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
Human genetics focuses on identifying different alleles and understanding how they express themselves. Medical researchers are especially interested in the identification of inheritance patterns for genetic disorders, which provides the means to estimate the risk that a given coupleâs offspring will inherit a genetic... | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-chapter-review |
acrosomal reaction : release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
acrosome : cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
afterbirth : third stage of childbirth in which the placenta and associated fetal membranes are expelled | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
allantois : finger-like outpocketing of yolk sac forms the primitive excretory duct of the embryo; precursor to the urinary bladder | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
allele : alternative forms of a gene that occupy a specific locus on a specific gene | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
amnion : transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
amniotic cavity : cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
autosomal chromosome : in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes (XX or XY) | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
autosomal dominant : pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
autosomal recessive : pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
blastocoel : fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
blastocyst : term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
blastomere : daughter cell of a cleavage | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
Braxton Hicks contractions : weak and irregular peristaltic contractions that can occur in the second and third trimesters; they do not indicate that childbirth is imminent | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
brown adipose tissue : highly vascularized fat tissue that is packed with mitochondria; these properties confer the ability to oxidize fatty acids to generate heat | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
capacitation : process that occurs in the female reproductive tract in which sperm are prepared for fertilization; leads to increased motility and changes in their outer membrane that improve their ability to release enzymes capable of digesting an oocyteâs outer layers | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
carrier : heterozygous individual who does not display symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but can transmit the disorder to their offspring | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
chorion : membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
chorionic membrane : precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
chorionic villi : projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
cleavage : form of mitotic cell division in which the cell divides but the total volume remains unchanged; this process serves to produce smaller and smaller cells | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
codominance : pattern of inheritance that corresponds to the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of two different alleles | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
colostrum : thick, yellowish substance secreted from a motherâs breasts in the first postpartum days; rich in immunoglobulins | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
conceptus : pre-implantation stage of a fertilized egg and its associated membranes | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
corona radiata : in an oocyte, a layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte and that must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
cortical reaction : following fertilization, the release of cortical granules from the oocyteâs plasma membrane into the zona pellucida creating a fertilization membrane that prevents any further attachment or penetration of sperm; part of the slow block to polyspermy | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
dilation : first stage of childbirth, involving an increase in cervical diameter | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
dominant : describes a trait that is expressed both in homozygous and heterozygous form | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
dominant lethal : inheritance pattern in which individuals with one or two copies of a lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span | https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/28-key-terms |
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