id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60,290 | How to justify the usage of 200 dimensions in word vectors instead of the 300 dimensions? | <p>When employing machine learning methods in NLP, most of studies use 200 or 300 dimensional vectors. 300 dimensional embeddings carry more information and this, therefore, is considered to produce better performance results in general.</p>

<p>If you have unlimited computational resources and the training tim... | classification nlp word embeddings sentiment analysis | 1 | How to justify the usage of 200 dimensions in word vectors instead of the 300 dimensions? -- (classification nlp word embeddings sentiment analysis)
<p>When employing machine learning methods in NLP, most of studies use 200 or 300 dimensional vectors. 300 dimensional embeddings carry more information and this, therefor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,303 | How to formulate reward of an rl agent with two objectives | <p>I have started learning reinforcement learning and trying to apply it for my use case. I am developing an rl agent which can maintain temperature at a particular value, and minimize the energy consumption if equipment by taking different actions that are available for it to take.</p>

<p>I am trying to formu... | reinforcement learning q learning dqn monte carlo discounted reward | 1 | How to formulate reward of an rl agent with two objectives -- (reinforcement learning q learning dqn monte carlo discounted reward)
<p>I have started learning reinforcement learning and trying to apply it for my use case. I am developing an rl agent which can maintain temperature at a particular value, and minimize the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,306 | References for longitudinal data analysis | <p>So my goal is to study longitudinal data (data in time series) by applying some data mining techniques. Ultimately I want to be able to "predict" outcomes. For example, a study of patients along the years/months (repeated measures) can be used to predict some diseases using things like logistic regression, neural ne... | machine learning r time series data mining logistic regression | 1 | References for longitudinal data analysis -- (machine learning r time series data mining logistic regression)
<p>So my goal is to study longitudinal data (data in time series) by applying some data mining techniques. Ultimately I want to be able to "predict" outcomes. For example, a study of patients along the years/mo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,309 | Could the Input shape of the LSTM layer not be a constant? | <p>I am trying a vanilla LSTM on my dataset.</p>
<p>According to this <a href="https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-develop-lstm-models-for-time-series-forecasting/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">course</a>; the LSTM layer should be built as follows:
<code>model.add(LSTM(50, activation='relu', input_shape=(n_s... | python regression lstm | 1 | Could the Input shape of the LSTM layer not be a constant? -- (python regression lstm)
<p>I am trying a vanilla LSTM on my dataset.</p>
<p>According to this <a href="https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-develop-lstm-models-for-time-series-forecasting/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">course</a>; the LSTM layer shoul... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,323 | Difference of sklearns accuracy_score() to the commonly accepted Accuracy metric | <p>I am trying to evaluate the accuracy of a multiclass classification setting and I'm wondering why the sklearn implementation of the accuracy score deviates from the commenly agreed on accuracy score: <span class="math-container">$\frac{TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}$</span></p>

<p>For sklearn the sklearn.metrics.accur... | scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy | 1 | Difference of sklearns accuracy_score() to the commonly accepted Accuracy metric -- (scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy)
<p>I am trying to evaluate the accuracy of a multiclass classification setting and I'm wondering why the sklearn implementation of the accuracy score deviates from the commenly agreed on... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,336 | How does the given data gets plotted on a graph | <p>I come from a programming background and learning the math behind the data science and algorithms now.</p>

<p>I would like to understand the logic behind how a data gets plotted in a graph when using Logistic regression.</p>

<p>Lets consider a Testing data like this,</p>

<pre><code>ID Age... | logistic regression | 1 | How does the given data gets plotted on a graph -- (logistic regression)
<p>I come from a programming background and learning the math behind the data science and algorithms now.</p>

<p>I would like to understand the logic behind how a data gets plotted in a graph when using Logistic regression.</p>

<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,344 | True positives and true negatives, F1 score: multi class classification | <p>I have 4 classes for an application of classification of animal kingdom: 1 --> invertibrates; 2 --> vertibrates; 3--> mammal; 4 ---> ambhibian. Given a mixture of images the objective is to identify mammals correctly. In the confusion matrix for this example will the TP denote the class 3 (mammal)?</p>

<p>Q... | classification multiclass classification confusion matrix | 1 | True positives and true negatives, F1 score: multi class classification -- (classification multiclass classification confusion matrix)
<p>I have 4 classes for an application of classification of animal kingdom: 1 --> invertibrates; 2 --> vertibrates; 3--> mammal; 4 ---> ambhibian. Given a mixture of images the objectiv... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,347 | What technique to use in order to identify what position an audio sample is at in a longer audio sample? | <p>I am interested in what techniques and algorithms could be used in order to tackle the following problem:</p>

<p>I have a database of audio samples, specifically live performances of various songs. I have about a dozen songs and for each of them I have again about a dozen samples of that song's performance.... | audio recognition | 1 | What technique to use in order to identify what position an audio sample is at in a longer audio sample? -- (audio recognition)
<p>I am interested in what techniques and algorithms could be used in order to tackle the following problem:</p>

<p>I have a database of audio samples, specifically live performances ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,359 | The effect of imbalanced distribution of data | <p>I read on Google's ML website if I have classification dataset with a ratio of 90% for one classification and 10% of the data for another classification.</p>

<p>In that case, should I use the exact same percentage of data for each classification?
i.e. deleting around 80% of the dataset to make it 10% fo... | machine learning classification dataset | 1 | The effect of imbalanced distribution of data -- (machine learning classification dataset)
<p>I read on Google's ML website if I have classification dataset with a ratio of 90% for one classification and 10% of the data for another classification.</p>

<p>In that case, should I use the exact same percentage of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,368 | Will the performance of my NER model improve? | <p>I am training a spacy model from scratch by creating a dataset of my own with format spacy needs it to be in, the model is an NER model and the entity i am trying to recognize is Food items. I have created a dataset with 263 rows and after training the spacy model from scratch on this dataset, my model is performing... | machine learning predictive modeling named entity recognition spacy | 1 | Will the performance of my NER model improve? -- (machine learning predictive modeling named entity recognition spacy)
<p>I am training a spacy model from scratch by creating a dataset of my own with format spacy needs it to be in, the model is an NER model and the entity i am trying to recognize is Food items. I have ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,369 | Is it possible to create a rule-based algorithm to compute the relevance score of question-answer pair? | <p>In information retrieval or question answering system, we use TD-IDF or BM25 to compute the similarity score of question-question pair as the baseline or coarse ranking for deep learning.</p>

<p>In community question answering, we already have the question-answer pairs to collect some statistics info. Witho... | nlp information retrieval question answering | 1 | Is it possible to create a rule-based algorithm to compute the relevance score of question-answer pair? -- (nlp information retrieval question answering)
<p>In information retrieval or question answering system, we use TD-IDF or BM25 to compute the similarity score of question-question pair as the baseline or coarse ra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,394 | Feature selection is not that useful? | <p>I've been doing a few DataScience competitions now, and i'm noticing something quite odd and frustrating to me. Why is it frustrating? Because , in theory, when you read about datascience it's all about features, and the careful selection, extraction and engineering of those to extract the maximum information out of... | feature selection feature engineering feature extraction | 1 | Feature selection is not that useful? -- (feature selection feature engineering feature extraction)
<p>I've been doing a few DataScience competitions now, and i'm noticing something quite odd and frustrating to me. Why is it frustrating? Because , in theory, when you read about datascience it's all about features, and ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,399 | How to get Keras accuracy for each step in an epoch like in Tensorflow? | <p>Like in tensorflow I get accuracy for each step - </p>

<pre><code>Step 1, Minibatch Loss= 68458.3359, Training Accuracy= 0.800
Step 10, Minibatch Loss= 451470.3125, Training Accuracy= 0.200
Step 20, Minibatch Loss= 582661.1875, Training Accuracy= 0.200
Step 30, Minibatch Loss= 186046.3125, Train... | deep learning keras tensorflow | 1 | How to get Keras accuracy for each step in an epoch like in Tensorflow? -- (deep learning keras tensorflow)
<p>Like in tensorflow I get accuracy for each step - </p>

<pre><code>Step 1, Minibatch Loss= 68458.3359, Training Accuracy= 0.800
Step 10, Minibatch Loss= 451470.3125, Training Accuracy= 0.200
St... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,401 | How to design n-dimensional feature descriptor similar as the input image? | <p>I am re-writing the <a href="https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0119.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">H-Net</a> code in Keras for cross-domain image similarity. The network architecture is described in the attached paper. I wrote the encoder and decoder parts but unable to get similar dimenstions from decoder. Fol... | keras convolution autoencoder | 1 | How to design n-dimensional feature descriptor similar as the input image? -- (keras convolution autoencoder)
<p>I am re-writing the <a href="https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0119.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">H-Net</a> code in Keras for cross-domain image similarity. The network architecture is described in the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,402 | Data visualisation for big data sets | <p>Working on some voluminous data sets, I have been interested in methods for dimension reduction and plotting. I have stumbled upon this novel technique : UMAP (<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03426.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03426.pdf</a>), which allow to reduce the dimension of a ... | bigdata visualization | 1 | Data visualisation for big data sets -- (bigdata visualization)
<p>Working on some voluminous data sets, I have been interested in methods for dimension reduction and plotting. I have stumbled upon this novel technique : UMAP (<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.03426.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://arxiv.org/pd... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,413 | (Python Basic) more elegant way of creating a dictionary | <p>Is there a more elegant way to write a code like this?</p>

<pre><code>my_dic = {
 'Model':['Apple', 'Banana', 'Pineapple', 'Melon', 'Orange', 'Grape'], 
 'AAA':[
 method1(y, y_Apple), 
 method1(y, y_Banana), 
 method1(y, y_Pineapple), 
 method1(y, y_... | python | 1 | (Python Basic) more elegant way of creating a dictionary -- (python)
<p>Is there a more elegant way to write a code like this?</p>

<pre><code>my_dic = {
 'Model':['Apple', 'Banana', 'Pineapple', 'Melon', 'Orange', 'Grape'], 
 'AAA':[
 method1(y, y_Apple), 
 method1(y, y_Bana... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,418 | What do you call a feature that always has the same value? | <p>Is there a standard term for a feature that always has the same value, i.e. that can be discarded without loss of information?</p>

<p>For example I am trying to classify cats vs dogs, and every example in my training set has <code>has_two_eyes=true</code>.</p>

<p>I am thinking something like "usele... | feature selection | 1 | What do you call a feature that always has the same value? -- (feature selection)
<p>Is there a standard term for a feature that always has the same value, i.e. that can be discarded without loss of information?</p>

<p>For example I am trying to classify cats vs dogs, and every example in my training set has <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,423 | Validation Curve Interpretations for Decision Tree | <p>I'm working on a machine learning class, and we're using supervised learning right now, starting with decision trees. I'm using the UCI Credit Card dataset (whether or not certain people will default in their payments due to past history).</p>

<p>Using a decision tree classifier for this attempt. Running a ... | scikit learn decision trees | 1 | Validation Curve Interpretations for Decision Tree -- (scikit learn decision trees)
<p>I'm working on a machine learning class, and we're using supervised learning right now, starting with decision trees. I'm using the UCI Credit Card dataset (whether or not certain people will default in their payments due to past his... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,437 | Transform test data when using a persistent model | <p>I'm quite new to data science and only slowly following the necessary steps to get valid results using scikit-learn. As far as I understand you fit and transform the training data and only transform the test data (using the parameters retrieved by the earlier fitting). For my project a persistent model is necessary,... | scikit learn preprocessing pickle | 1 | Transform test data when using a persistent model -- (scikit learn preprocessing pickle)
<p>I'm quite new to data science and only slowly following the necessary steps to get valid results using scikit-learn. As far as I understand you fit and transform the training data and only transform the test data (using the para... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,450 | (Feature Selection) different results from L2-based and Tree-based | <p>I am doing feature selection using Sklearn:</p>

<ul>
<li>Tree-based feature selection : RandomForestClassifier.feature_importances_</li>
<li>L2-based feature selection: LogisticRegression.coef_</li>
</ul>

<p>Target variable is binary classes. The training set is standardized.</p>
&#... | scikit learn feature selection | 1 | (Feature Selection) different results from L2-based and Tree-based -- (scikit learn feature selection)
<p>I am doing feature selection using Sklearn:</p>

<ul>
<li>Tree-based feature selection : RandomForestClassifier.feature_importances_</li>
<li>L2-based feature selection: LogisticRegression.coef_</li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,456 | Checking if ML model is possible | <p>How can I check if a machine learning model is feasible on a given dataset? What techniques like EDA, correlation etc. can be used to judge if a model is possible i.e. data and predictor variables will give reasonably accurate forecasts or in other words there is good enough signal in predictors?</p>
 | classification regression data science model correlation experiments | 1 | Checking if ML model is possible -- (classification regression data science model correlation experiments)
<p>How can I check if a machine learning model is feasible on a given dataset? What techniques like EDA, correlation etc. can be used to judge if a model is possible i.e. data and predictor variables will give rea... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,468 | Text similarity with sentence embeddings | <p>I'm trying to calculate similarity between texts with various lengths. My current approach is following:</p>

<ol>
<li>Using Universal Sentence Encoder, I convert text to a set of vectors.</li>
<li>I average these vectors to create the final feature vector.</li>
<li>I compare feature vectors usin... | word embeddings similarity similar documents | 1 | Text similarity with sentence embeddings -- (word embeddings similarity similar documents)
<p>I'm trying to calculate similarity between texts with various lengths. My current approach is following:</p>

<ol>
<li>Using Universal Sentence Encoder, I convert text to a set of vectors.</li>
<li>I average th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,477 | Using a trained Model from Pickle | <p>I trained and saved a model that should predict a sons hight based on his fathers height.
I then saved the model to Pickle.
I can now load the model and want to use it but unfortunately a second variable is demanded from me (besides the height of the father) I think I did something wrong when training the mo... | machine learning linear regression pickle | 1 | Using a trained Model from Pickle -- (machine learning linear regression pickle)
<p>I trained and saved a model that should predict a sons hight based on his fathers height.
I then saved the model to Pickle.
I can now load the model and want to use it but unfortunately a second variable is demanded from me (bes... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,481 | How to save/load a Model (Pickle) with a specific path/directory | <p>I seems like a very basic think but I couldnt find an answer to it.</p>

<p>I want to save my model to a specific directory using pickle.
The two algorithms below work fine for saving it in the same directory as the code itself but I want to save all my models in a dedicated folder.
I tried to just c... | machine learning pickle | 1 | How to save/load a Model (Pickle) with a specific path/directory -- (machine learning pickle)
<p>I seems like a very basic think but I couldnt find an answer to it.</p>

<p>I want to save my model to a specific directory using pickle.
The two algorithms below work fine for saving it in the same directory as... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,484 | shapes (127,1) and (13,) not aligned: 1 (dim 1) != 13 (dim 0) | <p>i am try to find score of linear regression 
it gives me this type error my code is below</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn import datasets
bostan=datasets.load_boston()

x=bostan.data
y=bostan.target

from sklearn import preprocessing

x_scale=preprocessing.scale(x)

y... | machine learning linear regression score | 1 | shapes (127,1) and (13,) not aligned: 1 (dim 1) != 13 (dim 0) -- (machine learning linear regression score)
<p>i am try to find score of linear regression 
it gives me this type error my code is below</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn import datasets
bostan=datasets.load_boston()

x=bostan.data
y... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,506 | How to validate a clustering model without a ground truth? | <p>Im dealing with a dataset (text messages about source code comments) that are not labeled. I don't have a assumption about the implicits classes in this dataset. I want to discovery (by clustering) the common hidden patterns shared by the groups of messages. This is a unsupervised learning problem. I was asked how i... | machine learning nlp clustering | 1 | How to validate a clustering model without a ground truth? -- (machine learning nlp clustering)
<p>Im dealing with a dataset (text messages about source code comments) that are not labeled. I don't have a assumption about the implicits classes in this dataset. I want to discovery (by clustering) the common hidden patte... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,533 | Meaningful and Non-Meaningful Data? | <p>I can understand what meaningful data is like its important information that can be used to evaluate something but I don't get what non-meaningful data is? Is it less important data?</p>
 | data | 1 | Meaningful and Non-Meaningful Data? -- (data)
<p>I can understand what meaningful data is like its important information that can be used to evaluate something but I don't get what non-meaningful data is? Is it less important data?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,538 | Classification vs Regression Model what should I choose? | <p>I am working on a problem like 'customers next month revenue prediction'. Here revenue will be the target variable. Again we actually segment the customers based on there revenue(like if they give less than 200 they will be in category 'A' else 'B'). I have to predict both(provable revenue + category). What will be ... | classification regression | 1 | Classification vs Regression Model what should I choose? -- (classification regression)
<p>I am working on a problem like 'customers next month revenue prediction'. Here revenue will be the target variable. Again we actually segment the customers based on there revenue(like if they give less than 200 they will be in ca... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,549 | Confusion for considering accuracy or standard deviation in selecting the best parameters | <p>I have a model with a various parameters to test.</p>

<p>The size of the dataset I have is not really large (~500 documents).</p>

<p>My issue is that when I test the parameters using 10 CV, some of them produce high accuracy value but the Standard deviation value of the folds (accuracy values of th... | python classification scikit learn grid search | 1 | Confusion for considering accuracy or standard deviation in selecting the best parameters -- (python classification scikit learn grid search)
<p>I have a model with a various parameters to test.</p>

<p>The size of the dataset I have is not really large (~500 documents).</p>

<p>My issue is that when I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,555 | Best way to visualize huge amount of data | <p>I have a data set of around 3M row. I has only 2 category (category- 2:1 ratio). Now i want to visualize(scatter plot) it's distribution to understand can the data linearly separable or not(In order to choose model type).I already try this and the plot is not understandable. What will be the best way to visualize th... | pandas matplotlib seaborn | 1 | Best way to visualize huge amount of data -- (pandas matplotlib seaborn)
<p>I have a data set of around 3M row. I has only 2 category (category- 2:1 ratio). Now i want to visualize(scatter plot) it's distribution to understand can the data linearly separable or not(In order to choose model type).I already try this and ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,569 | Why can we not split train test data with 0.01 as parameter or 99% training data | <p>Most of the blogs mention about a good thumb rule to be 80-20 split for the train and test respectively. </p>

<p>My special case is a time series dataset and it is for the stock prices, which IMO is very time sensitive. </p>

<p>Question? Why can we not have a 99-1 train test split, for the model to... | tensorflow lstm training | 1 | Why can we not split train test data with 0.01 as parameter or 99% training data -- (tensorflow lstm training)
<p>Most of the blogs mention about a good thumb rule to be 80-20 split for the train and test respectively. </p>

<p>My special case is a time series dataset and it is for the stock prices, which IMO i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,593 | How to Avoid rarely used discrete feature values in a dataset | <p>On <a href="https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/representation/qualities-of-good-features" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's ML crash course</a> it states:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>Good feature values should appear more than 5 or so times in a data
 set. Doing so enables a mod... | machine learning dataset feature engineering | 1 | How to Avoid rarely used discrete feature values in a dataset -- (machine learning dataset feature engineering)
<p>On <a href="https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/representation/qualities-of-good-features" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's ML crash course</a> it states:</p>

<blockquote... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,608 | Unsupervised Clustering for n-length word arrays | <p>I have a series of arrays</p>

<pre><code>[Apple,Banana,Cherry,Date]
[Apple,Fig,Grape]
[Banana,Cherry,Date,Elderberry]
[Fig,Grape]
</code></pre>

<p>and I would like to build some clusters that associate the arrays into groups based on overlap</p>

<pre><code>Group1: Array1 an... | unsupervised learning | 1 | Unsupervised Clustering for n-length word arrays -- (unsupervised learning)
<p>I have a series of arrays</p>

<pre><code>[Apple,Banana,Cherry,Date]
[Apple,Fig,Grape]
[Banana,Cherry,Date,Elderberry]
[Fig,Grape]
</code></pre>

<p>and I would like to build some clusters that associate the a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,613 | Explanation behind the calculation of training loss in deep learning model | <p>I am trying to model an image classification problem using convolution neural network. I came across a code on Github in which I am not able to understand the meaning of following line for loss calculation in the training loop.<br>
I am omitting most of the detail and only placing the relevent code-</p>

... | python deep learning classification loss function | 1 | Explanation behind the calculation of training loss in deep learning model -- (python deep learning classification loss function)
<p>I am trying to model an image classification problem using convolution neural network. I came across a code on Github in which I am not able to understand the meaning of following line fo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,631 | Tree based method are robust against low probability feature space zones when using ML general interpretability methods? | <p>I have this intuition but I'm not able to verify it.</p>

<p>There are a lot of techniques to understand the effect of single features in ML models. Some take inspiration from counterfactual frameworks, like ceteris paribus, and evaluate the unconditional contribution of feature <span class="math-container">... | predictive modeling decision trees | 1 | Tree based method are robust against low probability feature space zones when using ML general interpretability methods? -- (predictive modeling decision trees)
<p>I have this intuition but I'm not able to verify it.</p>

<p>There are a lot of techniques to understand the effect of single features in ML models.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,637 | How to normalize a data set of multiple time series? | <p>I have the a data set representing the electricity consumption of 25 000 customer. 
The electricity readings are taken from each smart meter each 15 min for a period of 3 days. The data is takes from counters of residential, commercial and Industrial buildings thing that makes us have different consumption modes... | deep learning time series lstm normalization forecasting | 1 | How to normalize a data set of multiple time series? -- (deep learning time series lstm normalization forecasting)
<p>I have the a data set representing the electricity consumption of 25 000 customer. 
The electricity readings are taken from each smart meter each 15 min for a period of 3 days. The data is takes fro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,642 | Interpreting fraction of zero weights in TensorFlow | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/HqVHO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/HqVHO.png" alt="fraction_of_zero_weights"></a></p>

<p>I am using the TensorFlow to do a simple linear classification using logistic regression. The graph included from the TensorBoard displays what th... | machine learning classification tensorflow linear regression logistic regression | 1 | Interpreting fraction of zero weights in TensorFlow -- (machine learning classification tensorflow linear regression logistic regression)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/HqVHO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/HqVHO.png" alt="fraction_of_zero_weights"></a></p>

<p>I am usi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,647 | keras UserWarning: The input 1303 could not be retrieved. It could be because a worker has died | <p>I am trying to train an autoencoder CNN on Google Colab using keras. I have mounted my Google Drive which contains all training data. The training uses six workers and the data is loaded by the following custom generator class:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>class ImageDataGenerator(ker... | machine learning keras colab | 1 | keras UserWarning: The input 1303 could not be retrieved. It could be because a worker has died -- (machine learning keras colab)
<p>I am trying to train an autoencoder CNN on Google Colab using keras. I have mounted my Google Drive which contains all training data. The training uses six workers and the data is loaded ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,662 | ValueError: Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead: | <p>I was following <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-nlp-text-classification-using-scikit-learn-python-and-nltk-c52b92a7c73a" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this example online</a> for simple text classification</p>

<p>And when I create the classifier object like this</p>

<pre><code>... | scikit learn | 1 | ValueError: Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead: -- (scikit learn)
<p>I was following <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-learning-nlp-text-classification-using-scikit-learn-python-and-nltk-c52b92a7c73a" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this example online</a> for simple text classification</p>

<p>And... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,667 | what arguments should I pass to dbscan or optic in order to divide the data in a specific way | <p>I have thousands of very similar datasets that needs to be divided in diagonal way to two groups.
for example:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5KEsp.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5KEsp.png" alt="enter image description here"></a>
and
<a href="https://i.stack.im... | machine learning unsupervised learning dbscan clustering | 1 | what arguments should I pass to dbscan or optic in order to divide the data in a specific way -- (machine learning unsupervised learning dbscan clustering)
<p>I have thousands of very similar datasets that needs to be divided in diagonal way to two groups.
for example:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5KEsp.p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,668 | How to test hypothesis? | <p>I have a table named app_satisfaction which has user_id, satisfaction, # of people they've invited.</p>

<p>I've grouped by satisfaction and found that on averge.
people in satisfaction ="BAD" group invted 2.25 people,
"GOOD" group invited 2.09 people, and
"EXECELLENT" group invited 1.89 people.<... | machine learning statistics | 1 | How to test hypothesis? -- (machine learning statistics)
<p>I have a table named app_satisfaction which has user_id, satisfaction, # of people they've invited.</p>

<p>I've grouped by satisfaction and found that on averge.
people in satisfaction ="BAD" group invted 2.25 people,
"GOOD" group invited 2.09... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,674 | how to use word embedding to do document classification etc? | <p>I just start learning NLP technology, such as GPT, Bert, XLnet, word2vec, Glove etc. I try my best to read papers and check source code. But I still cannot understand very well.</p>

<p>When we use word2vec or Glove to transfer a word into a vector, it is like:</p>

<pre><code>[0.1,0.1,0.2...]
</... | classification nlp random forest word2vec word embeddings | 1 | how to use word embedding to do document classification etc? -- (classification nlp random forest word2vec word embeddings)
<p>I just start learning NLP technology, such as GPT, Bert, XLnet, word2vec, Glove etc. I try my best to read papers and check source code. But I still cannot understand very well.</p>

<p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,678 | XGBoost vs ARIMA for Time Series analysis | <p>Doing time series analysis, I have doubts on choosing the right model. I want to predict the next 30 mins window, from the input dataset which contains the no. of error count for that particular 1 min interval.</p>

<p>Should I use XGBoost or ARIMA regressions? </p>

<p>Most of article or tutorial I ... | time series xgboost arima | 1 | XGBoost vs ARIMA for Time Series analysis -- (time series xgboost arima)
<p>Doing time series analysis, I have doubts on choosing the right model. I want to predict the next 30 mins window, from the input dataset which contains the no. of error count for that particular 1 min interval.</p>

<p>Should I use XGBo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,679 | Machine learning method to predict event date | <p>Let's say I have a big dataset consisting of variables including but not limited to the start/end date of loans, their notional amount, a loan prepayment indicator etc.</p>

<p>My goal is to create a model that will be trained on past data in order to <strong>predict the prepayment date</strong> of current l... | machine learning deep learning classification dataset predictive modeling | 1 | Machine learning method to predict event date -- (machine learning deep learning classification dataset predictive modeling)
<p>Let's say I have a big dataset consisting of variables including but not limited to the start/end date of loans, their notional amount, a loan prepayment indicator etc.</p>

<p>My goal... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,681 | How to find similar points to a positive set when you don't have any negative set? | <p>The task I'm used to do is the following. A client comes to see me with a set of clients (called <em>positive companies</em>) and he wants me to find other similar prospects. Usually, he also gives me a set of <em>negatives companies</em> and I have a big set of potential companies (that I call the <em>basket</em>).... | machine learning unsupervised learning similarity | 1 | How to find similar points to a positive set when you don't have any negative set? -- (machine learning unsupervised learning similarity)
<p>The task I'm used to do is the following. A client comes to see me with a set of clients (called <em>positive companies</em>) and he wants me to find other similar prospects. Usua... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,684 | SMOTE vs SMOTE-NC for binary classifier with categorical and numeric data | <p>I am using Xgboost for classification. My <code>y</code> is 0 or 1 (true or false). I have categorical and numeric features, so theoretically, I need to use SMOTE-NC instead of SMOTE. However, I get better results with SMOTE.</p>
<p>Could anyone explain why this is happening?</p>
<p>Also, if I use some encod... | machine learning classification class imbalance smote smotenc | 1 | SMOTE vs SMOTE-NC for binary classifier with categorical and numeric data -- (machine learning classification class imbalance smote smotenc)
<p>I am using Xgboost for classification. My <code>y</code> is 0 or 1 (true or false). I have categorical and numeric features, so theoretically, I need to use SMOTE-NC instead of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,689 | Analyzing Sentiments of Financial News related to a Company | <p>I'm trying to build a model which gives me the sentiments of the Financial News related to a company and I want to predict the stock price accordingly. But the major problem that I'm facing is understanding the news for the counterpart.</p>

<p>Let's say I have a news headline as "Total is under pressure and... | python nlp sentiment analysis | 1 | Analyzing Sentiments of Financial News related to a Company -- (python nlp sentiment analysis)
<p>I'm trying to build a model which gives me the sentiments of the Financial News related to a company and I want to predict the stock price accordingly. But the major problem that I'm facing is understanding the news for th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,706 | How do I handle with my Keras CNN overfitting | <p>In my CNN, I have 700 images of class 0, 700 images of class 1, and 72 validation images.</p>

<p>My code:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>visible = Input(shape=(256,256,3))
conv1 = Conv2D(16, kernel_size=(3,3), activation='relu', strides=(1, 1))(visible)
conv2 = Conv2D(3... | machine learning python cnn image classification | 1 | How do I handle with my Keras CNN overfitting -- (machine learning python cnn image classification)
<p>In my CNN, I have 700 images of class 0, 700 images of class 1, and 72 validation images.</p>

<p>My code:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>visible = Input(shape=(256,256,3))
co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,714 | How can I replace outliers with maximum non-outlier value? | <p>I am doing univariate outlier detection in python. When I detect outliers for a variable, I know that the value should be whatever the highest non-outlier value is (i.e., the max if there were no outliers).</p>

<p>How can I impute this value in python or sklearn? I guess I can remove the values, get the max... | python scikit learn anomaly detection outlier data imputation | 1 | How can I replace outliers with maximum non-outlier value? -- (python scikit learn anomaly detection outlier data imputation)
<p>I am doing univariate outlier detection in python. When I detect outliers for a variable, I know that the value should be whatever the highest non-outlier value is (i.e., the max if there wer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,744 | Predicted and true values distributions comparison | <p>Is this alarming when a distribution of predicted values differs from a distribution of true values? I use xgbregressor and get the following plots
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/QQw9S.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/QQw9S.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>&#x... | time series xgboost distribution | 1 | Predicted and true values distributions comparison -- (time series xgboost distribution)
<p>Is this alarming when a distribution of predicted values differs from a distribution of true values? I use xgbregressor and get the following plots
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/QQw9S.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,764 | Why did sampling boost the performance of my model? | <p>I have an imbalanced dataset with 88 positive samples and 128575 negative samples. I was reluctant to over/undersample the data since it's a biological dataset and I didn't want to introduce synthetic data. I built a Random Forest Classifier with this original dataset. I got an F1 score of 0 for the positive class. ... | random forest class imbalance sampling | 1 | Why did sampling boost the performance of my model? -- (random forest class imbalance sampling)
<p>I have an imbalanced dataset with 88 positive samples and 128575 negative samples. I was reluctant to over/undersample the data since it's a biological dataset and I didn't want to introduce synthetic data. I built a Rand... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,770 | Multivariate Regression Error “AttributeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object has no attribute 'columns'” | <p>I'm trying to run a multivariate linear regression but I'm getting an error when trying to get the coefficients of the regression model.</p>
<p>The error I'm getting is this: AttributeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object has no attribute 'columns'</p>
<p>Here's the code I'm using:</p>
<pre><code>import pandas a... | python linear regression | 1 | Multivariate Regression Error “AttributeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object has no attribute 'columns'” -- (python linear regression)
<p>I'm trying to run a multivariate linear regression but I'm getting an error when trying to get the coefficients of the regression model.</p>
<p>The error I'm getting is this: AttributeE... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,782 | Classifying Letters using CNN - Help | <p>so some context, I'm trying to develop an OCR (for fun) and for that reason I decided to first find text within a page, parse it in to letters within the text and from there try and classify the letters that were extracted one by one.</p>

<p>For the classification I'm trying to build a CNN based upon the fo... | machine learning classification cnn ocr | 1 | Classifying Letters using CNN - Help -- (machine learning classification cnn ocr)
<p>so some context, I'm trying to develop an OCR (for fun) and for that reason I decided to first find text within a page, parse it in to letters within the text and from there try and classify the letters that were extracted one by one.<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,785 | How are weight updates handled in Batch Gradient Descent vs SGD? | <p>My current understanding is that in SGD, after each data sample, the loss is used to update each weight. 
Ex: With 1000 samples and a network with 10 weights, there will be 10,000 individual weight updates per epoch.</p>

<p>In Gradient Descent and Batch Gradient Descent, how are these updates deferred o... | machine learning gradient descent | 1 | How are weight updates handled in Batch Gradient Descent vs SGD? -- (machine learning gradient descent)
<p>My current understanding is that in SGD, after each data sample, the loss is used to update each weight. 
Ex: With 1000 samples and a network with 10 weights, there will be 10,000 individual weight updates per... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,798 | Plotting Stacked Histogram for Time-series data | <p>Given the dataset:</p>

<pre><code>timestamp item itemcount
2019-03-18 07:40:08.759 A 10
2019-03-18 08:40:08.759 B 5
..................................................
2019-05-20 07:40:08.759 D 4
2019-05-21 07:40:08... | python visualization data analysis | 1 | Plotting Stacked Histogram for Time-series data -- (python visualization data analysis)
<p>Given the dataset:</p>

<pre><code>timestamp item itemcount
2019-03-18 07:40:08.759 A 10
2019-03-18 08:40:08.759 B 5
..................................... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,807 | How to deploy machine learning models as a chrome extension? | <p>I have trained a stance detection model using SVMs. Wanted to know how can I deploy this as a chrome extensions. I do understand that the question is a bit broad but any links, suggestions etc. will be appreciated:)</p>
 | machine learning predictive modeling svm | 1 | How to deploy machine learning models as a chrome extension? -- (machine learning predictive modeling svm)
<p>I have trained a stance detection model using SVMs. Wanted to know how can I deploy this as a chrome extensions. I do understand that the question is a bit broad but any links, suggestions etc. will be apprecia... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,812 | Forecasting time series outside the training/test set | <p>I am trying to predict some time series based on precedent values using LSTM. </p>

<p>I have pretty good results when I compare the predicted time series with the test set (0,18% error)</p>

<p>I just miss how to forecast outside the interval of data ^^' </p>

<p>I have to admit that I used ... | keras time series forecasting | 1 | Forecasting time series outside the training/test set -- (keras time series forecasting)
<p>I am trying to predict some time series based on precedent values using LSTM. </p>

<p>I have pretty good results when I compare the predicted time series with the test set (0,18% error)</p>

<p>I just miss how t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,817 | Document embedding vs locality sensitive hashing for document clustering | <p>I would like to compare two methods: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality-sensitive_hashing" rel="nofollow noreferrer">locality sensitivity hashing</a> and document embedding to get the similarity between two documents. Both of those methods encode information of a document in a vector which I would like... | dimensionality reduction nlp embeddings similar documents | 1 | Document embedding vs locality sensitive hashing for document clustering -- (dimensionality reduction nlp embeddings similar documents)
<p>I would like to compare two methods: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality-sensitive_hashing" rel="nofollow noreferrer">locality sensitivity hashing</a> and document embe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,819 | Why don't we use space filling curves for high-dimensional nearest neighbor search? | <p>Some space filling curves like the Hilbert Curve are able to map an n-dimensional space to a one dimensional line whilst preserving locality. Does that mean that we could map a dataset of high dimensional points to a line and expect the order of the nearest neighbors to be preserved?</p>

<p>If so, wouldn't ... | machine learning dimensionality reduction | 1 | Why don't we use space filling curves for high-dimensional nearest neighbor search? -- (machine learning dimensionality reduction)
<p>Some space filling curves like the Hilbert Curve are able to map an n-dimensional space to a one dimensional line whilst preserving locality. Does that mean that we could map a dataset o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,821 | Publish without validation score? | <p>My mentor wants me to write and submit an academic paper reporting a predictive model, but without any validation score.</p>

<p>Everything I have read in textbooks or the Internet says that this is wrong, but is there any case where only reporting a train score makes sense?</p>

<h3>Background</h3>&... | cross validation | 1 | Publish without validation score? -- (cross validation)
<p>My mentor wants me to write and submit an academic paper reporting a predictive model, but without any validation score.</p>

<p>Everything I have read in textbooks or the Internet says that this is wrong, but is there any case where only reporting a tr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,827 | What is the mean of inconsistent in machine learning and why 1NN is well known to be inconsistent | <p>I really need help to understand the meaning of consistency in machine learning, why it's important, and why 1NN is considered to be inconsistent.</p>

<p>Thanks</p>
 | machine learning | 1 | What is the mean of inconsistent in machine learning and why 1NN is well known to be inconsistent -- (machine learning)
<p>I really need help to understand the meaning of consistency in machine learning, why it's important, and why 1NN is considered to be inconsistent.</p>

<p>Thanks</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,832 | Classify if someone is home based on time | <p>I have a dataset with locations and a timestamp of a subject. For each location and timestamp I determined by comparing the location to the home address if the subject was at home or not (0/1) and added this value to the dataset.</p>

<p>Now, I want to train a model to learn based on the timestamp when it is... | classification time series | 1 | Classify if someone is home based on time -- (classification time series)
<p>I have a dataset with locations and a timestamp of a subject. For each location and timestamp I determined by comparing the location to the home address if the subject was at home or not (0/1) and added this value to the dataset.</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,848 | Can a decision in a node of a decision tree be based on comparison between 2 columns of the dataset? | <p>Assume the features in the dataframe are columns - A,B,C and my target is Y</p>

<p>Can my decision tree have a decision node which looks for say, <code>if A>B then true else false</code>?</p>
 | classification decision trees | 1 | Can a decision in a node of a decision tree be based on comparison between 2 columns of the dataset? -- (classification decision trees)
<p>Assume the features in the dataframe are columns - A,B,C and my target is Y</p>

<p>Can my decision tree have a decision node which looks for say, <code>if A>B then true ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,850 | sklearn.metrics.average_precision_score getting different answers for same data but different formats | <p>I was trying to learn how average precision (AP) is calculated and implemented in scikit-learn. I have read the <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.average_precision_score.html#sklearn.metrics.average_precision_score" rel="nofollow noreferrer">documentation</a>, but I don't thi... | python scikit learn scoring | 1 | sklearn.metrics.average_precision_score getting different answers for same data but different formats -- (python scikit learn scoring)
<p>I was trying to learn how average precision (AP) is calculated and implemented in scikit-learn. I have read the <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.met... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,854 | How to use Tensorflow Model Zoo frozen graphs in an Estimator pipeline? | <p>As Tensorflow* says on their <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/estimators" rel="nofollow noreferrer">website</a>, the <strong>Estimators API</strong> should genereally make most ML tasks more friendly. In the past I've been using Tensorflow's <a href="https://github.com/tensorflow/models/blob/master/research... | tensorflow object detection pipelines | 1 | How to use Tensorflow Model Zoo frozen graphs in an Estimator pipeline? -- (tensorflow object detection pipelines)
<p>As Tensorflow* says on their <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/estimators" rel="nofollow noreferrer">website</a>, the <strong>Estimators API</strong> should genereally make most ML tasks more fr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,862 | If I have negative and positive numbers for a feature, should MinMaxScaler be -1 to 1? | <p>I have a variable X with values ranging from -150 to 400. All the other variables in my training set are positive so I normalized them to be from 0 to 1, or they’re already binary, or they had a Gaussian distribution so I used StandardScaler.</p>

<p>For this variable X with some negative values, is it impor... | machine learning python scikit learn normalization | 1 | If I have negative and positive numbers for a feature, should MinMaxScaler be -1 to 1? -- (machine learning python scikit learn normalization)
<p>I have a variable X with values ranging from -150 to 400. All the other variables in my training set are positive so I normalized them to be from 0 to 1, or they’re already b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,865 | Recognition of numbers from audio | <p>I am interested in the question, is there any research on the recognition of numbers from audio?
For example, there are call records and you need to get the numbers that speak on the phone.</p>
 | neural network audio recognition | 1 | Recognition of numbers from audio -- (neural network audio recognition)
<p>I am interested in the question, is there any research on the recognition of numbers from audio?
For example, there are call records and you need to get the numbers that speak on the phone.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,866 | Split tuples with labeled samples in training, validation and test sets | <p>I was reading through all the internet and i can't find nothing similar what i am looking for, i only saw this topic for pd.DataFrame, np.ndarray and list datasets but i didn't find nothing explaining about the technique for tuples of (sample, target), in my real project i collected some text values from a sensor da... | python neural network dataset multilabel classification mnist | 1 | Split tuples with labeled samples in training, validation and test sets -- (python neural network dataset multilabel classification mnist)
<p>I was reading through all the internet and i can't find nothing similar what i am looking for, i only saw this topic for pd.DataFrame, np.ndarray and list datasets but i didn't f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,885 | Growth function of a 6-dimensional linear classifier | <p>In our course, we are dealing with a d-dimensional classification problem
(<span class="math-container">$\chi = \mathbb{R}^{d}$</span> as our input space, and <span class="math-container">$y = \{-1,+1\}$</span>). Our hypothesis class <span class="math-container">$H$</span> consists of all hypotheses of the follo... | classification data learning vc theory | 1 | Growth function of a 6-dimensional linear classifier -- (classification data learning vc theory)
<p>In our course, we are dealing with a d-dimensional classification problem
(<span class="math-container">$\chi = \mathbb{R}^{d}$</span> as our input space, and <span class="math-container">$y = \{-1,+1\}$</span>). Our... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,890 | Python : How to output graphs using lists method and how to change graph lines to "-" or "*" | <h2>Question</h2>

<p>Please show me Python programming codes that shows graphs using the list method.</p>

<p>Moreover, I want to know how to change graph lines to "-" or "*".</p>

<h2>Thank you for your answer in advance.</h2>

<pre><code>%matplotlib inline 

import decimal &#x... | python visualization matplotlib | 1 | Python : How to output graphs using lists method and how to change graph lines to "-" or "*" -- (python visualization matplotlib)
<h2>Question</h2>

<p>Please show me Python programming codes that shows graphs using the list method.</p>

<p>Moreover, I want to know how to change graph lines to "-" or "*... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,899 | Minimum Possible Test MSE | <p>I have a little confusion. </p>

<p>What follows is from <em>Introduction to Statistical Learning</em> (2013) by Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibshirani.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pgBlS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pgBlS... | regression predictive modeling overfitting | 1 | Minimum Possible Test MSE -- (regression predictive modeling overfitting)
<p>I have a little confusion. </p>

<p>What follows is from <em>Introduction to Statistical Learning</em> (2013) by Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibshirani.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pgBl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,917 | Neural Networks: Predicting probabilities of the possible values of y, instead of just predicting y | <p>I have a true value y that I'd like to predict with a regression, but I'm interested in the probabilities that y will be different values. Y is theoretically continuous but in the dataset it is rounded to integers. Let's say y could be 0-9. I want 10 probabilities, one for each possible value. I tried doing this cat... | machine learning neural network deep learning keras | 1 | Neural Networks: Predicting probabilities of the possible values of y, instead of just predicting y -- (machine learning neural network deep learning keras)
<p>I have a true value y that I'd like to predict with a regression, but I'm interested in the probabilities that y will be different values. Y is theoretically co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,946 | Predict correct answer among ten answers for a given question | <p>I have a case study to solve where I am given a dataset of questions and its answers, there are ten answers for a particular question. </p>

<p>It's a classification problem where correct answer is having <code>class_label = 1</code> and all other nine answers having <code>class_label = 0</code>. </p>
... | deep learning classification predictive modeling | 1 | Predict correct answer among ten answers for a given question -- (deep learning classification predictive modeling)
<p>I have a case study to solve where I am given a dataset of questions and its answers, there are ten answers for a particular question. </p>

<p>It's a classification problem where correct answ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,950 | Is it necessary to normalise data for XGBoost? | <p>MinMaxScaler in scikit_learn is used for data normalization (a.k.a feature scaling). Data normalisation is not necessary for decision trees. Since XGBoost is based on decision trees, is it necessary to do data normalisation using MinMaxScaler for data to be fed to XGBoost machine learning models?</p>
 | decision trees xgboost normalization | 1 | Is it necessary to normalise data for XGBoost? -- (decision trees xgboost normalization)
<p>MinMaxScaler in scikit_learn is used for data normalization (a.k.a feature scaling). Data normalisation is not necessary for decision trees. Since XGBoost is based on decision trees, is it necessary to do data normalisation usin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,951 | Is it necessary to convert labels in string to integer for scikit_learn and xgboost? | <p>I have a tabular data with labels that are in string. I will feed the data to decision trees in scikit_learn and XGBoost classifier.</p>

<p>Is it necessary to convert the labels in string to integers for these algorithms? Will the algorithms work less effectively when the labels are not in numerical format?... | machine learning scikit learn decision trees xgboost | 1 | Is it necessary to convert labels in string to integer for scikit_learn and xgboost? -- (machine learning scikit learn decision trees xgboost)
<p>I have a tabular data with labels that are in string. I will feed the data to decision trees in scikit_learn and XGBoost classifier.</p>

<p>Is it necessary to conver... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,955 | how to check all values in particular column has same data type or not? | <p>I have column 'ABC' which has 5000 rows. Currently, dtype of column is object. Mostly it has string values but some values dtype is not string, I want to find all those rows and modify those rows. Column is as following:</p>

<pre><code>1 abc
2 def
3 ghi
4 23
5 mno
6 null
7 qwe
8 ... | python pandas data cleaning numpy | 1 | how to check all values in particular column has same data type or not? -- (python pandas data cleaning numpy)
<p>I have column 'ABC' which has 5000 rows. Currently, dtype of column is object. Mostly it has string values but some values dtype is not string, I want to find all those rows and modify those rows. Column is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,960 | How to avoid overfitting in Reinforcement Learning | <p>I have implemented a RL model based on <strong><em>Deep Q-Learning</em></strong> for learning how to play a 2D game, like the ones in the OpenAI Gym. For testing the model, unlike most people, I have chosen to evaluate its performance on <strong>different levels</strong> from the ones used for training. This way, I ... | reinforcement learning overfitting plotting | 1 | How to avoid overfitting in Reinforcement Learning -- (reinforcement learning overfitting plotting)
<p>I have implemented a RL model based on <strong><em>Deep Q-Learning</em></strong> for learning how to play a 2D game, like the ones in the OpenAI Gym. For testing the model, unlike most people, I have chosen to evaluat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,968 | Training CNN for Regression | <p>Background: I am using CNN to predict forces acting on a circular particle in a granular medium. Based on the magnitude of the forces, particle exhibits different patterns on its surface. The images are greyscale, 64-by-64 pixels. You can see different pictures with the magnitude of the corresponding force on the x-... | deep learning keras tensorflow cnn image | 1 | Training CNN for Regression -- (deep learning keras tensorflow cnn image)
<p>Background: I am using CNN to predict forces acting on a circular particle in a granular medium. Based on the magnitude of the forces, particle exhibits different patterns on its surface. The images are greyscale, 64-by-64 pixels. You can see ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,970 | Multi-Output Regression with Keras | <p>I am trying to do a multi output regression using tensorflow. I have got a dataset in Excel which includes a column of input points and 2 columns of output.<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3R7I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3R7I.png" alt="You can see it here."></a></p>
&#... | machine learning neural network keras regression | 1 | Multi-Output Regression with Keras -- (machine learning neural network keras regression)
<p>I am trying to do a multi output regression using tensorflow. I have got a dataset in Excel which includes a column of input points and 2 columns of output.<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/R3R7I.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,971 | How to find "regions" with high purity | <p>I am applying a ML model (LGBM binary classifier) to data and would now like to identify the part of data where I have a low ratio of false-negatives (false-postives are not such a problem) and as much as possible true-negatives.</p>

<h1>Background</h1>

<p>The data I am classifying is from a system... | classification decision trees | 1 | How to find "regions" with high purity -- (classification decision trees)
<p>I am applying a ML model (LGBM binary classifier) to data and would now like to identify the part of data where I have a low ratio of false-negatives (false-postives are not such a problem) and as much as possible true-negatives.</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,981 | Visualizing Variance / Standard Deviation for categories | <p>Data Structure:</p>

<pre><code>Method Category Variance for X
1 A 20
1 B 14
1 C 16
2 A 14
2 B 19
</code></pre>

<p>Where X was not used for classification, but is evaluation ... | visualization | 1 | Visualizing Variance / Standard Deviation for categories -- (visualization)
<p>Data Structure:</p>

<pre><code>Method Category Variance for X
1 A 20
1 B 14
1 C 16
2 A 14
2 B 19
</code></... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,990 | How to handle out of scope value? | <p>I have a data set in which the score column has to be between 0 to 100 and the subject column has to be one of <code>['Math','Science','English']</code>. However, my data set has different values for some rows.</p>

<p>How should I handle those rows?</p>

<pre><code> subject score ...
1 Math ... | python pandas data cleaning | 1 | How to handle out of scope value? -- (python pandas data cleaning)
<p>I have a data set in which the score column has to be between 0 to 100 and the subject column has to be one of <code>['Math','Science','English']</code>. However, my data set has different values for some rows.</p>

<p>How should I handle tho... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,991 | Basic sympy problem in anaconda | <p>I have enabled sympy on Anaconda to use it to solve basic linear equations, but whenever I try to type something up it gives me an error when defining the variables:</p>

<pre><code>from sympy import *
x,y=symbols(’x,y’);
solution=solve((4*x-3*y-17,7*x+5*y-11),x,y);
P=(solution[x],solution[y]);&#... | anaconda | 1 | Basic sympy problem in anaconda -- (anaconda)
<p>I have enabled sympy on Anaconda to use it to solve basic linear equations, but whenever I try to type something up it gives me an error when defining the variables:</p>

<pre><code>from sympy import *
x,y=symbols(’x,y’);
solution=solve((4*x-3*y-17,7*x+5*... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,994 | If i no longer have access to feature in a data set should i retrain my model? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gLS1u.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gLS1u.png" alt="data set"></a></p>

<p>based on naive Bayes theorem if I no longer have access to the address book to tell whether the email author is known. Should I re-train the model, and if so, how... | machine learning | 1 | If i no longer have access to feature in a data set should i retrain my model? -- (machine learning)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gLS1u.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gLS1u.png" alt="data set"></a></p>

<p>based on naive Bayes theorem if I no longer have access to th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
60,996 | How to find bias for perceptron algorithm? | <p>My question is very basic. I am starting with ML and am working on the perceptron algorithm. I successfully computed the weights for this input data:</p>

<pre><code>X = [[0.8, 0.1], [0.7, 0.2], [0.9, 0.3], [0.3, 0.8], [0.1, 0.7], [0.1, 0.9]]
Y = [-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1]

Output_weights = [-0.7, 0.5... | machine learning regression algorithms perceptron | 1 | How to find bias for perceptron algorithm? -- (machine learning regression algorithms perceptron)
<p>My question is very basic. I am starting with ML and am working on the perceptron algorithm. I successfully computed the weights for this input data:</p>

<pre><code>X = [[0.8, 0.1], [0.7, 0.2], [0.9, 0.3], [0.3... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,009 | NER with Unsupervised Learning? | <p>If we treated NER as a classification/prediction problem, how would we handle name entities that weren't in training corpus?</p>

<p>For example, "James was born in England." James was labeled as a PERSON and England as a LOCATION. But we type another completely strange sentence like "Fyonair is from Fuabala... | nlp unsupervised learning named entity recognition | 1 | NER with Unsupervised Learning? -- (nlp unsupervised learning named entity recognition)
<p>If we treated NER as a classification/prediction problem, how would we handle name entities that weren't in training corpus?</p>

<p>For example, "James was born in England." James was labeled as a PERSON and England as a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,024 | What is auxiliary loss in Character-level Transformer model? | <p>I am reading <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04444" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Character-Level Language Modeling with Deeper Self-Attention</a> from Rami Al-Rfou. In the second page, they had mentioned about Auxiliary Losses which can speed-up the model convergence and as an additional regularizer. They said they... | deep learning nlp loss function transformer | 1 | What is auxiliary loss in Character-level Transformer model? -- (deep learning nlp loss function transformer)
<p>I am reading <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04444" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Character-Level Language Modeling with Deeper Self-Attention</a> from Rami Al-Rfou. In the second page, they had mentioned ab... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,036 | X_train, y_train from ImageDataGenerator (Keras) | <p>Can I have X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test from data_generator?
Here is my code:</p>

<pre><code>data_generator = ImageDataGenerator(
 rescale = 1. / 255, 
 shear_range = 0.2, 
 zoom_range = 0.2, 
 horizontal_flip = True,
 vertical_flip = True,
 rotation_range =... | python keras cnn | 1 | X_train, y_train from ImageDataGenerator (Keras) -- (python keras cnn)
<p>Can I have X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test from data_generator?
Here is my code:</p>

<pre><code>data_generator = ImageDataGenerator(
 rescale = 1. / 255, 
 shear_range = 0.2, 
 zoom_range = 0.2, 
 horizon... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,066 | Who is actually sharing physical RAM in a distributed sytem that has virtual shared memory? (Server and/or clients.) | <p>There is a business with about 100 computers used by employees, and one high-powered server. It's called a "distributed system" by the system architect. It uses Distributed Shared Memory (DSM). There's also middleware, and the server is hosting Virtual Machines (VMs) which are running the applications that the em... | distributed | 1 | Who is actually sharing physical RAM in a distributed sytem that has virtual shared memory? (Server and/or clients.) -- (distributed)
<p>There is a business with about 100 computers used by employees, and one high-powered server. It's called a "distributed system" by the system architect. It uses Distributed Shared M... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,078 | How do you see the element of a csv table with many columns (>30) which the names of its columns is more than 10 character in pandas? | <p>How do you see in pandas the element of a csv table with many columns (>25) which the names of its columns is more than 10 character?
I have 5000 rows and 32 columns and the label of some columns are more than 10 characters.
How I ca see them and work with different columns?</p>
<p>Excel does not work... | python pandas multiclass classification csv data table | 1 | How do you see the element of a csv table with many columns (>30) which the names of its columns is more than 10 character in pandas? -- (python pandas multiclass classification csv data table)
<p>How do you see in pandas the element of a csv table with many columns (>25) which the names of its columns is more than ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,085 | Enormous dataset, how to proceed? | <p>So I have started my master thesis and I have been handed a time series dataset with 2000 rows and nearly 600 columns of data. I have dealt with time series before, but nowhere similar to this level of complexity. Many courses in time series only deals with univariate time series, and now I'm supposed to work on a t... | dataset data | 1 | Enormous dataset, how to proceed? -- (dataset data)
<p>So I have started my master thesis and I have been handed a time series dataset with 2000 rows and nearly 600 columns of data. I have dealt with time series before, but nowhere similar to this level of complexity. Many courses in time series only deals with univari... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,100 | What is the meaning of the parameter "metrics" in the method model.compile in Keras? | <p>I don't have very clear the meaning of the parameter <code>metrics</code> of the <em>compile</em> method of the class <em>model</em> in Keras:</p>

<pre><code>model.compile(..., metrics = ['accuracy'], ...)
</code></pre>

<p>the documentation states:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>List of met... | keras metric | 1 | What is the meaning of the parameter "metrics" in the method model.compile in Keras? -- (keras metric)
<p>I don't have very clear the meaning of the parameter <code>metrics</code> of the <em>compile</em> method of the class <em>model</em> in Keras:</p>

<pre><code>model.compile(..., metrics = ['accuracy'], ...)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,107 | How do I deal with changing values in a categorical variable when I am aggregating customer records | <p>My requirement is to build a model to predict if a new customer will return to their website. I need to analyze what drives customer repeat for both new and returning customers. The only information given is the dates in which the customer has performed the transaction, the marketing channel through which they came,... | machine learning predictive modeling machine learning model aggregation | 1 | How do I deal with changing values in a categorical variable when I am aggregating customer records -- (machine learning predictive modeling machine learning model aggregation)
<p>My requirement is to build a model to predict if a new customer will return to their website. I need to analyze what drives customer repeat ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,114 | Confusion matrix - determine the values of FP FN TP and TN | <p>After running my code ,I get the values of accuracy, precision and recall and I want t determine the values of FP FN TP and TN from these metrics. I tried to calculate it using the formula of each metric but I couldn't. Is there any way to do this?</p>
 | python accuracy confusion matrix | 1 | Confusion matrix - determine the values of FP FN TP and TN -- (python accuracy confusion matrix)
<p>After running my code ,I get the values of accuracy, precision and recall and I want t determine the values of FP FN TP and TN from these metrics. I tried to calculate it using the formula of each metric but I couldn't. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,118 | Computing Jaccard Similarity between two documents | <p>Data Mining: </p>

<p><strong>Compute the Jaccard similarity of D1 and D2 on 2-shingles is. Sim(D1,D2) =</strong></p>

<p><strong>D1</strong> = <strong>the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog</strong></p>

<p><strong>D2</strong> = <strong>jeff typed the quick brown dog jumps over the lazy ... | data mining data | 1 | Computing Jaccard Similarity between two documents -- (data mining data)
<p>Data Mining: </p>

<p><strong>Compute the Jaccard similarity of D1 and D2 on 2-shingles is. Sim(D1,D2) =</strong></p>

<p><strong>D1</strong> = <strong>the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog</strong></p>

<p><strong... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,122 | How to increase the accuracy of my predictions (CNN fine tuning VGG16 KERAS) | <p>In my VGG16 fine-tuning, I have to classify retinal images in 2 classes (or 4th stage or not 4th stage) and I have 700 images each class to train. This is my code now: </p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>
TRAIN_DIR = 'train/'
TEST_DIR = 'test/'
v = 'v/'
BATCH_SIZE = 32
N... | python keras image classification convolutional neural network vgg16 | 1 | How to increase the accuracy of my predictions (CNN fine tuning VGG16 KERAS) -- (python keras image classification convolutional neural network vgg16)
<p>In my VGG16 fine-tuning, I have to classify retinal images in 2 classes (or 4th stage or not 4th stage) and I have 700 images each class to train. This is my code now... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,125 | How to tell a boosting model that 2 features are related and should not be interpreted stand-alone? | <p>I am using XGBoost for a machine learning model that learns from tabular data.</p>

<p>XGBoost uses boosting method on decision trees. When I look at the decision-making logic of decision trees, I notice the logic is based on 1 feature at one time. In real life, certain multiple features are related to each... | machine learning decision trees xgboost boosting | 1 | How to tell a boosting model that 2 features are related and should not be interpreted stand-alone? -- (machine learning decision trees xgboost boosting)
<p>I am using XGBoost for a machine learning model that learns from tabular data.</p>

<p>XGBoost uses boosting method on decision trees. When I look at the d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,130 | Predicting the speed of a car | <p>I'm working on the <a href="https://github.com/commaai/speedchallenge" rel="nofollow noreferrer">commaai speedchallenge</a>. The goal of the challenge is to predict the speed of a car based on a dashcam video. So far all the examples that I found (<a href="https://github.com/keon/speed" rel="nofollow noreferrer">exa... | machine learning neural network keras linear regression | 1 | Predicting the speed of a car -- (machine learning neural network keras linear regression)
<p>I'm working on the <a href="https://github.com/commaai/speedchallenge" rel="nofollow noreferrer">commaai speedchallenge</a>. The goal of the challenge is to predict the speed of a car based on a dashcam video. So far all the e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,131 | CNN always predicts either 0 or 1 for binary classification | <p>I am using a <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/qiriro/swell-heart-rate-variability-hrv" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle dataset</a> on stress characteristics, derived from ECG signals, and I would like to train a CNN to recognize stress/non-stress situations.</p>

<p>I have built a model in Keras:</p>
&#x... | keras tensorflow cnn | 1 | CNN always predicts either 0 or 1 for binary classification -- (keras tensorflow cnn)
<p>I am using a <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/qiriro/swell-heart-rate-variability-hrv" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle dataset</a> on stress characteristics, derived from ECG signals, and I would like to train a CNN to recognize st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,137 | Math PhD (Nonlinear Programming) switching to Data Science? | <p>I am a math Ph.D. student who is interested in going to the industry as a Data Scientist after graduation. I will briefly give some background on my education before posing my question, so that it is better understood: </p>

<p>Maths Coursework:</p>

<p>This has been mostly in pure maths: topology, f... | machine learning deep learning data cleaning data analysis reference request | 1 | Math PhD (Nonlinear Programming) switching to Data Science? -- (machine learning deep learning data cleaning data analysis reference request)
<p>I am a math Ph.D. student who is interested in going to the industry as a Data Scientist after graduation. I will briefly give some background on my education before posing my... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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