id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
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61,140 | XGBoost validation for number of trees | <p>I have a simple Question:</p>

<p>I am using XGBoost to classify some data:
1.) With 100 estimators I have following scores(roc_score):
 train_data : 98.5
 validation_data : 97.2</p>

<p>2.) With 500 estimators I have following scores(roc_score):
 train_data : 99.4
 va... | classification xgboost cross validation boosting | 1 | XGBoost validation for number of trees -- (classification xgboost cross validation boosting)
<p>I have a simple Question:</p>

<p>I am using XGBoost to classify some data:
1.) With 100 estimators I have following scores(roc_score):
 train_data : 98.5
 validation_data : 97.2</p>

<p>2.)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,142 | Advice and Ideas appreciated - Machine Learning one man project | <p>I have a project where I am supposed to start from scratch and learn how machine Learning works. So far everything is working out better than expected but I feel as I am offered to many ways to choose from.</p>

<p><strong>My Project:</strong><br>
I have data with 700 rows and 108 columns as my features ... | machine learning python scikit learn dataset cross validation | 1 | Advice and Ideas appreciated - Machine Learning one man project -- (machine learning python scikit learn dataset cross validation)
<p>I have a project where I am supposed to start from scratch and learn how machine Learning works. So far everything is working out better than expected but I feel as I am offered to many ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,144 | What is seed in Keras? | <p>I have seen 'seed' parameter in many codes of Keras. 
I have a code example here:</p>

<pre><code>validation_generator = data_generator.flow_from_directory( 
 train_data_dir, 
 target_size = (img_width, img_height), 
 batch_size = batch_size,
 shuffle = True,
 class_mod... | python keras | 1 | What is seed in Keras? -- (python keras)
<p>I have seen 'seed' parameter in many codes of Keras. 
I have a code example here:</p>

<pre><code>validation_generator = data_generator.flow_from_directory( 
 train_data_dir, 
 target_size = (img_width, img_height), 
 batch_size = batch_size,&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,146 | Pandas: How can I update dataframe values? | <p>I have two spreadsheets where one is updating the other.</p>

<p>How can I update this data using the <code>pandas</code> library?</p>

<p>Example, where 'b' updates 'a':</p>

<pre><code>a = {'field': ['a', 'b', 'c'], 'value': ["", None, 1]}
b = {'field': ['a', 'b', 'd'], 'value': [1, 2, ... | python pandas | 1 | Pandas: How can I update dataframe values? -- (python pandas)
<p>I have two spreadsheets where one is updating the other.</p>

<p>How can I update this data using the <code>pandas</code> library?</p>

<p>Example, where 'b' updates 'a':</p>

<pre><code>a = {'field': ['a', 'b', 'c'], 'value': ["",... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,162 | feature extraction from single word for classification into nouns and names | <p>I would like to write a NN that can classify different kinds of words(e.g. nouns,verbs,names) and am struggling to find information on how to do feature extraction on single words.For example, i would like the NN to learn that "street" is a noun, while "How would i go about doing that? I'm really nwe to this and sea... | machine learning neural network feature extraction | 1 | feature extraction from single word for classification into nouns and names -- (machine learning neural network feature extraction)
<p>I would like to write a NN that can classify different kinds of words(e.g. nouns,verbs,names) and am struggling to find information on how to do feature extraction on single words.For e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,163 | TensorFlow MLP loss increasing | <p>When I train my model the loss increases over each epoch. I feel like this is a simple solve and I am missing something obvious but I cannot figure out what is it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.</p>

<p>The neural network:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def neural_networ... | neural network tensorflow | 1 | TensorFlow MLP loss increasing -- (neural network tensorflow)
<p>When I train my model the loss increases over each epoch. I feel like this is a simple solve and I am missing something obvious but I cannot figure out what is it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.</p>

<p>The neural network:</p>

<pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,203 | random forest classifier - impact of small n_estimator and repeated training | <p>trying to have a better understanding of random forest algorithm here. With the same training and holdout datasets, I tried two things here:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Set a small n_estimator (10), train on my training dataset and apply to my holdout dataset. If I repeat this several times, the result (e.g. correc... | random forest decision trees | 1 | random forest classifier - impact of small n_estimator and repeated training -- (random forest decision trees)
<p>trying to have a better understanding of random forest algorithm here. With the same training and holdout datasets, I tried two things here:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Set a small n_estimator (10), train ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,227 | Substituting nan values with mean code | <pre><code>for x in num_cols:
 imp = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='mean')
 imp.fit(np.array(ds[x]).reshape(-1,1))
 ds[x] = imp.transform(np.array(ds[x]).reshape(-1,1))
</code></pre>
 | python data science model | 1 | Substituting nan values with mean code -- (python data science model)
<pre><code>for x in num_cols:
 imp = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='mean')
 imp.fit(np.array(ds[x]).reshape(-1,1))
 ds[x] = imp.transform(np.array(ds[x]).reshape(-1,1))
</code></pre>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,236 | pandas.isna() vs pandas.DataFrame.isna() | <p>I've seen the two documentation pages for <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.isna.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pandas.isna()</a> and <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.isna.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pandas.DataFrame.is... | pandas similar documents | 1 | pandas.isna() vs pandas.DataFrame.isna() -- (pandas similar documents)
<p>I've seen the two documentation pages for <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.isna.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pandas.isna()</a> and <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,242 | Different X, Y input shapes | <p>I'm creating a CNN model in keras to categorise data. There's 150 features (represented as columns), each of which has a label of 1 to 9. The issue is I'm confused about how to use this in Keras since there's uneaven numbers of features to labels, with the features being able to be shown with dimensions of 100, 150 ... | machine learning python keras | 1 | Different X, Y input shapes -- (machine learning python keras)
<p>I'm creating a CNN model in keras to categorise data. There's 150 features (represented as columns), each of which has a label of 1 to 9. The issue is I'm confused about how to use this in Keras since there's uneaven numbers of features to labels, with t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,244 | Similarity of XGBoost models? | <p>Is xgboost with n_estimators = 100 and learning_rate = 0.1, same as xgboost with n_estimators = 50 and learning_rate = 0.2 ?</p>
 | pandas xgboost gradient descent hyperparameter boosting | 1 | Similarity of XGBoost models? -- (pandas xgboost gradient descent hyperparameter boosting)
<p>Is xgboost with n_estimators = 100 and learning_rate = 0.1, same as xgboost with n_estimators = 50 and learning_rate = 0.2 ?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,248 | Create Nodes/Edges From CSV (latitude and longitude) for Graphs | <p><strong>The Ultimate Goal:</strong> I want to find the shortest and coolest (in terms of temperature) path between two points (for a given pair of latitudes and longitudes on the map)! </p>

<p>I am aware of algorithms like Dijkstra or A*, which are apparently the ones are used in navigation systems. In fact... | python graphs geospatial networkx | 1 | Create Nodes/Edges From CSV (latitude and longitude) for Graphs -- (python graphs geospatial networkx)
<p><strong>The Ultimate Goal:</strong> I want to find the shortest and coolest (in terms of temperature) path between two points (for a given pair of latitudes and longitudes on the map)! </p>

<p>I am aware o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,252 | Should I have "normal" sampled data in my dataset? | <p>I am busy working on a project to find the reasons why kids in normal households are doing badly in school.</p>

<p>I have a dataset of which consists of kids that live in environments where the family is middle class, has access to necessary facilities and the kid is not suffering from any disorders but is ... | data mining dataset data preprocessing | 1 | Should I have "normal" sampled data in my dataset? -- (data mining dataset data preprocessing)
<p>I am busy working on a project to find the reasons why kids in normal households are doing badly in school.</p>

<p>I have a dataset of which consists of kids that live in environments where the family is middle cl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,255 | Can a decision tree learn to solve a xOR problem? | <p>I have read online that decision trees can solve xOR type problems, as shown in images (xOR problem: <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/01U99.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1</a>) and (Possible solution as decision tree: <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/GQNfk.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2</a>).</p>

<p>... | random forest decision trees | 1 | Can a decision tree learn to solve a xOR problem? -- (random forest decision trees)
<p>I have read online that decision trees can solve xOR type problems, as shown in images (xOR problem: <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/01U99.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1</a>) and (Possible solution as decision tree: <a href="htt... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,263 | Membership ratio graph | <p>Does anyone know how the what the kind of graph in this image is called?</p>

<p>Each color represents a class and the height of the color, in a particular instant, represents the ratio of elements that belong to that class.</p>

<p>How can I produce such a graph, as an example, in R or Python?</p>&#... | graphs representation | 1 | Membership ratio graph -- (graphs representation)
<p>Does anyone know how the what the kind of graph in this image is called?</p>

<p>Each color represents a class and the height of the color, in a particular instant, represents the ratio of elements that belong to that class.</p>

<p>How can I produce ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,286 | Is it possible to use an array of graph coordinates as an input variable? | <p>Say I have 1000 graphs that shows sales every year for the last 10 years for 1000 different companies. And say each of those graphs belong to either domestic countries or foreign countries. </p>

<p>Is it possible I could input the different graphs into a classifier? That is, could a model predict based on t... | machine learning predictive modeling | 1 | Is it possible to use an array of graph coordinates as an input variable? -- (machine learning predictive modeling)
<p>Say I have 1000 graphs that shows sales every year for the last 10 years for 1000 different companies. And say each of those graphs belong to either domestic countries or foreign countries. </p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,287 | Modulo as activation function in neural network | <p>Can we use a modulo function <span class="math-container">$f(x)$</span> as activation function in a neural network? Modulo function is monotonic and continuous (just like Relu) except at a finite number of points in the domain of our input data.
By modulo function <span class="math-container">$f(x)$</span> I mea... | neural network activation function | 1 | Modulo as activation function in neural network -- (neural network activation function)
<p>Can we use a modulo function <span class="math-container">$f(x)$</span> as activation function in a neural network? Modulo function is monotonic and continuous (just like Relu) except at a finite number of points in the domain of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,289 | Normal equation for linear regression | <p>I am going through the derivation of normal equation for multivariate linear regression. The equation is given by :</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$\theta = (X^{T}X)^{-1}X^{T}Y$</span></p>

<p>The cost function is given by:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$J(\theta) = \frac{1}{2m}(... | machine learning linear regression | 1 | Normal equation for linear regression -- (machine learning linear regression)
<p>I am going through the derivation of normal equation for multivariate linear regression. The equation is given by :</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$\theta = (X^{T}X)^{-1}X^{T}Y$</span></p>

<p>The cost function is giv... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,308 | Are CNNs indeed translation invariant? | <p>I read that in a hidden layer of a convolutional neural network, all neurons share the same weights and bias. As a result, all the neurons detect the same feature and hence ConvNets become invariant to translation. </p>

<p>And then I read that in 2003 Simard, Steinkraus and Platt achieved better classificat... | neural network cnn convolutional neural network | 1 | Are CNNs indeed translation invariant? -- (neural network cnn convolutional neural network)
<p>I read that in a hidden layer of a convolutional neural network, all neurons share the same weights and bias. As a result, all the neurons detect the same feature and hence ConvNets become invariant to translation. </p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,312 | Rank links from rss feed | <p>I am trying to create a script to filter the most "intersting" articles from an rss feed and rank them.</p>

<pre><code>feeds = ['http://feeds.theguardian.com/theguardian/technology/rss',
 'http://rss.cnn.com/rss/money_news_international.rss',
 'https://news.ycombinator.com/rss?format... | machine learning nlp clustering | 1 | Rank links from rss feed -- (machine learning nlp clustering)
<p>I am trying to create a script to filter the most "intersting" articles from an rss feed and rank them.</p>

<pre><code>feeds = ['http://feeds.theguardian.com/theguardian/technology/rss',
 'http://rss.cnn.com/rss/money_news_internation... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,323 | Error encoding categorical features using sklearn pipelines | <p>I am new to sklearn pipelines and am using this post as a guide for my code:</p>

<p><a href="https://www.codementor.io/bruce3557/beautiful-machine-learning-pipeline-with-scikit-learn-uiqapbxuj" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.codementor.io/bruce3557/beautiful-machine-learning-pipeline-with-scikit-lear... | classification scikit learn pipelines | 1 | Error encoding categorical features using sklearn pipelines -- (classification scikit learn pipelines)
<p>I am new to sklearn pipelines and am using this post as a guide for my code:</p>

<p><a href="https://www.codementor.io/bruce3557/beautiful-machine-learning-pipeline-with-scikit-learn-uiqapbxuj" rel="nofoll... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,333 | Ensemble Techniques - Boosting | <p>I understand boosting is a sequential learning technique and it use the prediction from previous model as a dataset for new model ,after adding weight to the misclassified data points. 
The point which was not clear how the weights are added for misclassified ones and diminished for the correctly classified ones... | machine learning machine learning model ensemble modeling boosting ensemble learning | 1 | Ensemble Techniques - Boosting -- (machine learning machine learning model ensemble modeling boosting ensemble learning)
<p>I understand boosting is a sequential learning technique and it use the prediction from previous model as a dataset for new model ,after adding weight to the misclassified data points. 
The po... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,348 | Tensorflow uses more memory, the more epochs it completes | <p>I created a genetic algorithm "optimizer" for Tensorflow but it is written in python. I know TensorFlow was not designed like this and I need to rather create the optimizer in C++ using their API's but I found out about it only after I already programmed the optimizer and I don't really have the time to do research ... | python tensorflow | 1 | Tensorflow uses more memory, the more epochs it completes -- (python tensorflow)
<p>I created a genetic algorithm "optimizer" for Tensorflow but it is written in python. I know TensorFlow was not designed like this and I need to rather create the optimizer in C++ using their API's but I found out about it only after I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,381 | PyTorch CNN network outputs homogeneous results | <p>I am a beginner at data science and I got a project where I want to do nlp via a convolutional neural network in PyTorch. The problem is that regardless of what comes out of the convolutional layers, the output from the perceptron is always repeated. It is as if it wasn't seeing anything.</p>

<p>I already t... | cnn pytorch | 1 | PyTorch CNN network outputs homogeneous results -- (cnn pytorch)
<p>I am a beginner at data science and I got a project where I want to do nlp via a convolutional neural network in PyTorch. The problem is that regardless of what comes out of the convolutional layers, the output from the perceptron is always repeated. I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,391 | Neural Network Multiple | Averging predictions | <p>I am training multiple neural networks with various parameters. I am trying to average their <strong>predictions</strong>, but I am not really sure what that means, I am confused about <strong><em>what</em></strong> to average exactly. Here is what I mean: For a single observation in binary classification for exampl... | python neural network prediction ensemble learning | 1 | Neural Network Multiple | Averging predictions -- (python neural network prediction ensemble learning)
<p>I am training multiple neural networks with various parameters. I am trying to average their <strong>predictions</strong>, but I am not really sure what that means, I am confused about <strong><em>what</em></strong... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,395 | SHAP value analysis gives different feature importance on train and test set | <p>Should SHAP value analysis be done on the train or test set?</p>

<p>What does it mean if the feature importance based on mean |SHAP value| is different between the train and test set of my lightgbm model?</p>

<p>I intend to use SHAP analysis to identify how each feature contributes to each individ... | features lightgbm predictor importance shap | 1 | SHAP value analysis gives different feature importance on train and test set -- (features lightgbm predictor importance shap)
<p>Should SHAP value analysis be done on the train or test set?</p>

<p>What does it mean if the feature importance based on mean |SHAP value| is different between the train and test se... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,396 | Risk score from Neural Network classifier (more than 2 categories) | <p>I am trying to use a Neural Network to perform multiclass classification. The classes represent Insurance Risk Level. The most risky level is Level 1, the least risk corresponds to Level 10. The labels came from Unsupervised clustering unannotated insurance data. The architecture is:</p>

<p>Input Layer 43 f... | neural network keras multiclass classification unsupervised learning multilabel classification | 1 | Risk score from Neural Network classifier (more than 2 categories) -- (neural network keras multiclass classification unsupervised learning multilabel classification)
<p>I am trying to use a Neural Network to perform multiclass classification. The classes represent Insurance Risk Level. The most risky level is Level 1,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,412 | Split time series by python or by keras? | <p>In Python you can use <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.TimeSeriesSplit.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">TimeSeriessplit()</a> to split a time series properly for training but you can also do the same(?) in Keras by <a href="https://keras.io/preprocessing/sequence/#tim... | python keras time series | 1 | Split time series by python or by keras? -- (python keras time series)
<p>In Python you can use <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.TimeSeriesSplit.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">TimeSeriessplit()</a> to split a time series properly for training but you can also do the sa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,417 | Hierarchical Clustering: Extract observations from large heatmap | <p>I'm currently trying to visualize a large data set as heat map. That in itself works smoothly but I struggle with gaining insights from interestingly looking clusters.</p>

<p>Specifically, I have two questions that are very related:</p>

<p>First, I find clusters of interesting features and am looki... | python scikit learn seaborn | 1 | Hierarchical Clustering: Extract observations from large heatmap -- (python scikit learn seaborn)
<p>I'm currently trying to visualize a large data set as heat map. That in itself works smoothly but I struggle with gaining insights from interestingly looking clusters.</p>

<p>Specifically, I have two questions ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,418 | Are validation sets necessary for Random Forest Classifier? | <p>Is it necessary to have train, test and validation sets when using random forest classifier?</p>

<p>I understand it is important with Neural Networks but I am not understanding the importance of it with RF. I understand the idea of having a third unseen set of data to test on is important to know the model ... | random forest | 1 | Are validation sets necessary for Random Forest Classifier? -- (random forest)
<p>Is it necessary to have train, test and validation sets when using random forest classifier?</p>

<p>I understand it is important with Neural Networks but I am not understanding the importance of it with RF. I understand the idea ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,419 | Neural Networks for Unsupervised Learning | <p>Why cannot we use neural networks for unsupervised learning problem.
I do know that it can be used using the <strong>Kohenon’s Self Organizing Map (KSOM)</strong> but is this the only method that we can use or are there any other.</p>
 | neural network unsupervised learning | 1 | Neural Networks for Unsupervised Learning -- (neural network unsupervised learning)
<p>Why cannot we use neural networks for unsupervised learning problem.
I do know that it can be used using the <strong>Kohenon’s Self Organizing Map (KSOM)</strong> but is this the only method that we can use or are there any other... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,421 | Why is my prediction using ARIMA better if I'm using less historic data? | <p>I have a data set containing hourly electricity prices for since 1.01.19 until September. Since the process turned out to be (weakly) stationary, I applied an ARIMA model in Python in order to predict the prices for the next day. </p>

<p>It turned out that the best prediction was made using the last two day... | python prediction arima | 1 | Why is my prediction using ARIMA better if I'm using less historic data? -- (python prediction arima)
<p>I have a data set containing hourly electricity prices for since 1.01.19 until September. Since the process turned out to be (weakly) stationary, I applied an ARIMA model in Python in order to predict the prices for... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,428 | General approach on time series for customer retention/churn in retail | <p>I have a time series of data in the following form:</p>

<pre><code>| purchase_date | cutomer_id | num_purchases | churned |
 2018-10-31 id1 39 0
 2018-11-31 id1 0 0
 2019-01-31 id1 6 ... | python classification time series pandas churn | 1 | General approach on time series for customer retention/churn in retail -- (python classification time series pandas churn)
<p>I have a time series of data in the following form:</p>

<pre><code>| purchase_date | cutomer_id | num_purchases | churned |
 2018-10-31 id1 39 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,434 | How to arrange the sets to predict y on x in time series? | <p>I'm performing my first NN with my own data and while I was already tuning the parameters I stumbled over an aspect which confuses me now such that I'm not sure what is right and what is wrong..</p>

<p>Given this (head of the) data <code>df_train1_raw</code>:</p>

<pre><code> tim... | neural network keras | 1 | How to arrange the sets to predict y on x in time series? -- (neural network keras)
<p>I'm performing my first NN with my own data and while I was already tuning the parameters I stumbled over an aspect which confuses me now such that I'm not sure what is right and what is wrong..</p>

<p>Given this (head of th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,440 | class_weight on sklearn's DecisionTreeClassifier | <p>Can class_weight='balanced' on scikit-learn's DecisionTreeClassifier be interpreted as having identical duplicate data points for the minority classes?</p>

<p>I know that doesn't work that way, class_weight works as a misclassification cost. But I want to understand if it would give the same results as over... | classification scikit learn decision trees multiclass classification class imbalance | 1 | class_weight on sklearn's DecisionTreeClassifier -- (classification scikit learn decision trees multiclass classification class imbalance)
<p>Can class_weight='balanced' on scikit-learn's DecisionTreeClassifier be interpreted as having identical duplicate data points for the minority classes?</p>

<p>I know tha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,445 | Conceptual questions on MLP and Perceptrons | <p>I am facing some confusion regarding the terminologies assocaiated to classification and regression problems esp. using the MLP and Perceptron models. 
These are the following:</p>

<p>1) When the data is linearly inseparable, we use MLP. Here what is meant b "data"--is it the response or the input featu... | neural network perceptron terminology mlp | 1 | Conceptual questions on MLP and Perceptrons -- (neural network perceptron terminology mlp)
<p>I am facing some confusion regarding the terminologies assocaiated to classification and regression problems esp. using the MLP and Perceptron models. 
These are the following:</p>

<p>1) When the data is linearly ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,447 | BERT training on two tasks: what is the order of tasks? | <p>I read that BERT has been trained on two tasks: Masked Language Modeling and Next Sentence Prediction. I want to gain clarity how exactly it was done. </p>

<p>Was it initially trained on Masked Language Modeling (where we predict masked token) and later on Sentence Prediction (where we predict isnext or no... | bert | 1 | BERT training on two tasks: what is the order of tasks? -- (bert)
<p>I read that BERT has been trained on two tasks: Masked Language Modeling and Next Sentence Prediction. I want to gain clarity how exactly it was done. </p>

<p>Was it initially trained on Masked Language Modeling (where we predict masked toke... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,467 | clarification on train, test and val and how to use/implement it | <p>So far I think I understood the differences between the training, test and validation set. Basically it is like in this image:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pXAfX.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pXAfX.png" alt="Overview"></a></p>

<p><strong>Training se... | keras training cross validation prediction | 1 | clarification on train, test and val and how to use/implement it -- (keras training cross validation prediction)
<p>So far I think I understood the differences between the training, test and validation set. Basically it is like in this image:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/pXAfX.png" rel="nofollow n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,470 | Sublime Text 2 with Pandas for Excel (Combining Data) & Data Visualization | <p>I'm new to programming with Python, and so far it's been a headache to create a build environment- and need your support and expertise in this area.</p>

<p>Background I'm running a MacBook, and using Sublime Text 2, and needing to learn python. I'd like to finish this tutorial on youtube on Data Science (ma... | machine learning python pandas numpy | 1 | Sublime Text 2 with Pandas for Excel (Combining Data) & Data Visualization -- (machine learning python pandas numpy)
<p>I'm new to programming with Python, and so far it's been a headache to create a build environment- and need your support and expertise in this area.</p>

<p>Background I'm running a MacBook, a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,473 | Convey time lag information to a linear regression model | <p>I am using a simple linear regression to predict the <strong>number of units an item has moved</strong> and <strong>price of the item</strong> is one of the input parameters. </p>

<p>For a few items, the older prices are not relevant and hence this results in incorrect predictions. The definition of <code>o... | linear regression forecasting forecast | 1 | Convey time lag information to a linear regression model -- (linear regression forecasting forecast)
<p>I am using a simple linear regression to predict the <strong>number of units an item has moved</strong> and <strong>price of the item</strong> is one of the input parameters. </p>

<p>For a few items, the old... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,485 | Probabilities of a Poisson distribution not making sense | <p>I am trying to find probabilities of orders a restaurant gets on Sunday's. For last 6 months average orders are 1000 without any big anomalies like 700 or 1300. This is a case of poisson distribution & I used scipy library in python and plotted the probabilities.</p>
<p>The graph shows probabilities that of ... | python probability scipy | 1 | Probabilities of a Poisson distribution not making sense -- (python probability scipy)
<p>I am trying to find probabilities of orders a restaurant gets on Sunday's. For last 6 months average orders are 1000 without any big anomalies like 700 or 1300. This is a case of poisson distribution & I used scipy library in ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,513 | Linear regression compute theta | <p>I'm trying to compute the theta for a regression linear exercice.</p>

<pre><code>x = x * 1.0
y = y * 1.0

# add ones
X = np.ones((201, 2))
X[:, 1] = x

# convert to matrix
Y = y[:,np.newaxis]

# compute teta
p1 = (X.dot(X.T))**-1
p2 = (X.T).dot(Y)

the... | linear regression numpy | 1 | Linear regression compute theta -- (linear regression numpy)
<p>I'm trying to compute the theta for a regression linear exercice.</p>

<pre><code>x = x * 1.0
y = y * 1.0

# add ones
X = np.ones((201, 2))
X[:, 1] = x

# convert to matrix
Y = y[:,np.newaxis]

# compute teta... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,533 | About different structures of neural network | <p><a href="https://www.mathworks.com/help/deeplearning/ref/fitnet.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.mathworks.com/help/deeplearning/ref/fitnet.html</a> is the tutorial that I am following to understand fitting data to a function. I have few doubts regarding structure and terminologies which are the following... | neural network perceptron terminology mlp | 1 | About different structures of neural network -- (neural network perceptron terminology mlp)
<p><a href="https://www.mathworks.com/help/deeplearning/ref/fitnet.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.mathworks.com/help/deeplearning/ref/fitnet.html</a> is the tutorial that I am following to understand fitting data to... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,546 | MobileNet and MobileNetV2: Bad Inference Results | <p>unfortunately I am having subjectively bad results in inference with pre-trained models of both MobileNet v1 and v2:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.applications.mobilenet_v2 import MobileNetV2
ConvNet = MobileNetV2(input_shape = None, include_top = True, weights = 'imagenet', input_tensor = None, pooling = N... | machine learning python deep learning keras convolutional neural network | 1 | MobileNet and MobileNetV2: Bad Inference Results -- (machine learning python deep learning keras convolutional neural network)
<p>unfortunately I am having subjectively bad results in inference with pre-trained models of both MobileNet v1 and v2:</p>

<pre><code>from keras.applications.mobilenet_v2 import Mobil... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,548 | Gradient decent in Python | <p>I just finished working on my first machine learning algorithm i.e Linear regression. I want to reduce the rmse by optimising the model. I found out that gradient decent does the same job. But i dont know how to do it in python. I refered to some videos on youtube but every video explains y=MX+c . But i have about 5... | python scikit learn pandas linear regression | 1 | Gradient decent in Python -- (python scikit learn pandas linear regression)
<p>I just finished working on my first machine learning algorithm i.e Linear regression. I want to reduce the rmse by optimising the model. I found out that gradient decent does the same job. But i dont know how to do it in python. I refered to... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,549 | How to Split And Resample Imbalanced Dataset Into Train, Validation and Test | <p>I want to understand how to split the imbalanced data set with a binary target variable where 87% of the samples are negative and 13% of the samples are positive. Now, I know that you should always split the data into train and test set before doing any kind of resampling to avoid info leakage but how what strategy ... | python classification scikit learn class imbalance imbalanced learn | 1 | How to Split And Resample Imbalanced Dataset Into Train, Validation and Test -- (python classification scikit learn class imbalance imbalanced learn)
<p>I want to understand how to split the imbalanced data set with a binary target variable where 87% of the samples are negative and 13% of the samples are positive. Now,... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,551 | Prevent overfitting when decreasing model complexity is not possible | <p>I'm fairly new to machine learning and as an exercise for a more complicated task, I'm trying to do the following what I thought was a trivial task. Suppose as an input I have population density maps. These are 2D images with one layer, in which each pixel is the count of persons living in that area.
From that d... | keras | 1 | Prevent overfitting when decreasing model complexity is not possible -- (keras)
<p>I'm fairly new to machine learning and as an exercise for a more complicated task, I'm trying to do the following what I thought was a trivial task. Suppose as an input I have population density maps. These are 2D images with one layer, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,552 | Difference between Non linear regression vs Polynomial regression | <p>I have been reading a couple of articles regarding polynomial regression vs non-linear regression, but they say that both are a different concept. I mean when you say polynomial regression, it, in fact, implies that its Nonlinear right. They why there is a difference in the Data Science world regarding both the conc... | linear regression | 1 | Difference between Non linear regression vs Polynomial regression -- (linear regression)
<p>I have been reading a couple of articles regarding polynomial regression vs non-linear regression, but they say that both are a different concept. I mean when you say polynomial regression, it, in fact, implies that its Nonlinea... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,557 | Tensorflow error: Input signature not matching inputs | <p>I've been following Sentdex's tutorials on YouTube about Deep Learning and I've encountered and error while trying to load an image and run it through the model. The error says that the inputs do not match the input signature but I've been struggling to find out how to change that.
Any help would be really appre... | python deep learning tensorflow data science model | 1 | Tensorflow error: Input signature not matching inputs -- (python deep learning tensorflow data science model)
<p>I've been following Sentdex's tutorials on YouTube about Deep Learning and I've encountered and error while trying to load an image and run it through the model. The error says that the inputs do not match t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,576 | Combining multiple neural networks with different activation functions | <p>I have 3 neural networks where each has as a different activation function: Sigmoid, Tanh and Softmax. I am planning to average their final predictions, but as we know the functions doesn't have the same range values. </p>

<pre><code>P = (P1 + P2 + P3)/3 
</code></pre>

<p>Where <code>0 < P1 ... | python neural network ensemble modeling activation function | 1 | Combining multiple neural networks with different activation functions -- (python neural network ensemble modeling activation function)
<p>I have 3 neural networks where each has as a different activation function: Sigmoid, Tanh and Softmax. I am planning to average their final predictions, but as we know the functions... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,577 | Process of solving a problem using ML | <p>newbie here. I finished a couple of online courses and read Intro to Statistical Learning, thinking of working on a personal project and would appreciate it if you can clarify some issues:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>What does "cleaning" the data consists of? How do you know if your data needs cleaning anyway?</p><... | machine learning | 1 | Process of solving a problem using ML -- (machine learning)
<p>newbie here. I finished a couple of online courses and read Intro to Statistical Learning, thinking of working on a personal project and would appreciate it if you can clarify some issues:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>What does "cleaning" the data consists ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,587 | Does resizing images during training affect the bounding box annotations? | <p>I am using tensorflow object detection API to train my own custom dataset and I am preparing annotations for the same. I see from the config file of my pre trained ssd inception net, the size of the image is reduced to 300 x 300 during training. My doubt is whether the resize would now change the position of my obje... | deep learning tensorflow object detection object recognition | 1 | Does resizing images during training affect the bounding box annotations? -- (deep learning tensorflow object detection object recognition)
<p>I am using tensorflow object detection API to train my own custom dataset and I am preparing annotations for the same. I see from the config file of my pre trained ssd inception... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,602 | Find the most relevant columns for each single class in pandas | <p>The following question (<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37055978/how-to-find-most-relevant-dimensions-columns-to-separate-known-classes">this one</a>) did not help me.</p>

<p>I have a big dataset, and I want to know which Columns are the most relevant for the Target Variable. I know that, in my... | python pandas feature selection | 1 | Find the most relevant columns for each single class in pandas -- (python pandas feature selection)
<p>The following question (<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37055978/how-to-find-most-relevant-dimensions-columns-to-separate-known-classes">this one</a>) did not help me.</p>

<p>I have a big dataset... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,603 | Difference between Gensim word2vec and keras Embedding layer | <p>I used the <code>gensim word2vec</code> package and <code>Keras Embedding layer</code> for various different projects. Then I realize they seem to do the same thing, they all try to convert a word into a feature vector.</p>

<p>Am I understanding this properly? What exactly is the difference between these tw... | keras word2vec word embeddings gensim embeddings | 1 | Difference between Gensim word2vec and keras Embedding layer -- (keras word2vec word embeddings gensim embeddings)
<p>I used the <code>gensim word2vec</code> package and <code>Keras Embedding layer</code> for various different projects. Then I realize they seem to do the same thing, they all try to convert a word into ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,613 | Get Logistic regression scores in CNN using Keras | <pre><code>from __future__ import print_function
import keras
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras import backend as K
from keras.regularizers import L1L2... | cnn logistic regression | 1 | Get Logistic regression scores in CNN using Keras -- (cnn logistic regression)
<pre><code>from __future__ import print_function
import keras
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooli... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,618 | Valid actions in OpenAI Gym | <p>Why don't the gym environments come with "valid actions"? The normal gym environment accepts as input any action, even if it's not even possible. </p>

<p>Is this a normal thing in reinforcement learning? Do the models really have to learn what valid actions are all the time? Would it not be much nicer to ha... | openai gym | 1 | Valid actions in OpenAI Gym -- (openai gym)
<p>Why don't the gym environments come with "valid actions"? The normal gym environment accepts as input any action, even if it's not even possible. </p>

<p>Is this a normal thing in reinforcement learning? Do the models really have to learn what valid actions are al... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,635 | Is there room to improve the model? if the train data accuracy is 99.8% but test data accuracy is 90%? | <p>I understand this is a wide question.</p>

<p>But there can be some suggestions.</p>

<p>I can try some methods which I do not know. </p>

<p>I think the model is already prefect on train data. But the test accuracy is a little low. So do you think there still can be some improvement on the d... | machine learning neural network deep learning data science model | 1 | Is there room to improve the model? if the train data accuracy is 99.8% but test data accuracy is 90%? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning data science model)
<p>I understand this is a wide question.</p>

<p>But there can be some suggestions.</p>

<p>I can try some methods which I do not k... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,666 | Why compressed image size is greater than original one in kmeans algorithm? | <p>I have a <code>png</code> image as shown below.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/AbaXL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/AbaXL.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>And I use <code>kmeans</code> algorithm to compress the image by color quantiz... | image classification k means | 1 | Why compressed image size is greater than original one in kmeans algorithm? -- (image classification k means)
<p>I have a <code>png</code> image as shown below.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/AbaXL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/AbaXL.png" alt="enter image descrip... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,671 | Dealing with input images of different shapes in PyTorch | <p>I've started to work with a <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/leaf-classification" rel="nofollow noreferrer">leaf classification dataset</a> on Kaggle. All input images have different rectangular shapes. I want to transform the input into squares of a fixed size (say, 224x224) with a symmetric zero-padding either on... | pytorch | 1 | Dealing with input images of different shapes in PyTorch -- (pytorch)
<p>I've started to work with a <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/c/leaf-classification" rel="nofollow noreferrer">leaf classification dataset</a> on Kaggle. All input images have different rectangular shapes. I want to transform the input into squares ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,697 | Can I save only some VGG19's layers into a .H5 file? | <p>I am training a deep-learning style transfer model with the pretrained-VGG19 CNN.</p>

<p>My aim is to use it in my Android app for personal purposes with Google Firebase Machine Learning Kit (which would host my .H5 model to make it usable by my Android app). The maximum .H5 model file's size allowed by Mac... | tensorflow cnn transfer learning vgg16 neural style transfer | 1 | Can I save only some VGG19's layers into a .H5 file? -- (tensorflow cnn transfer learning vgg16 neural style transfer)
<p>I am training a deep-learning style transfer model with the pretrained-VGG19 CNN.</p>

<p>My aim is to use it in my Android app for personal purposes with Google Firebase Machine Learning Ki... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,703 | Multilayer Perceptron: What is the value used to update the weights in the hidden layers? | <p>As i understand for the output layer the error rate is used with the mean squared error function to update the weights.
For the hidden layers as well? Does that make sense?</p>
 | neural network perceptron | 1 | Multilayer Perceptron: What is the value used to update the weights in the hidden layers? -- (neural network perceptron)
<p>As i understand for the output layer the error rate is used with the mean squared error function to update the weights.
For the hidden layers as well? Does that make sense?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,706 | can I use z-score normalization even if it doesn't make sense for my data to be negative? | <p>I'm planning to use z-score as a Normalization Method for a Project but I noticed if I do that then I ll have a data in the range [-1, 1] which is wierd because I have data that doesn't make sense for it to have negative values. Let's say for example speed or distance, it doesn't make sense that speed would have a n... | dataset data normalization | 1 | can I use z-score normalization even if it doesn't make sense for my data to be negative? -- (dataset data normalization)
<p>I'm planning to use z-score as a Normalization Method for a Project but I noticed if I do that then I ll have a data in the range [-1, 1] which is wierd because I have data that doesn't make sens... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,708 | Error rate of AdaBoost weak learner always bigger than 0.5? | <p>As far as i understand, weak learners of AdaBoost should never yield a error rate > 0.5</p>

<p>After training one, i only receive error rates above 0.5. How is that even possible? The AdaBoost Tree still gives quite good results, but all learners weights should be zero, so it should fail. Also the trees get... | machine learning python decision trees boosting | 1 | Error rate of AdaBoost weak learner always bigger than 0.5? -- (machine learning python decision trees boosting)
<p>As far as i understand, weak learners of AdaBoost should never yield a error rate > 0.5</p>

<p>After training one, i only receive error rates above 0.5. How is that even possible? The AdaBoost Tr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,743 | When using Absolute Error in Gradient Descent, how to calculate the derivative? | <p>What is the derivative of the Loss Function (Absolute Error) with respect to the feature weights that is used to update the weights?</p>

<p>Couldn't find anything specific about it anywhere.</p>
 | machine learning neural network deep learning regression linear regression | 1 | When using Absolute Error in Gradient Descent, how to calculate the derivative? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning regression linear regression)
<p>What is the derivative of the Loss Function (Absolute Error) with respect to the feature weights that is used to update the weights?</p>

<p>Couldn't... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,745 | When would not normalizing input values have higher accuracy? | <p>Right now I'm training a deep neural network for a binary classification problem, with a feature set of winrates. As such, each winrate is bigger or equal to 0 but smaller than 100.</p>

<p>I've been getting promising results without normalizing the input data, until I normalized it and got staggeringly wors... | classification normalization deep learning | 1 | When would not normalizing input values have higher accuracy? -- (classification normalization deep learning)
<p>Right now I'm training a deep neural network for a binary classification problem, with a feature set of winrates. As such, each winrate is bigger or equal to 0 but smaller than 100.</p>

<p>I've been... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,747 | Which scoring for GridSearchCV is best, when imbalanced multiclass dataset? | <p>I have an unbalanced multiclass dataset (GTSRB) and want to optimize the hyperparameters of an SVM through GridSearchCV.
I know that accuracy is not suitable for scoring in this case.
Which evaluation method for scoring would be most appropriate in this case?</p>

<p>At the moment I tend between the ... | svm class imbalance scoring gridsearchcv | 1 | Which scoring for GridSearchCV is best, when imbalanced multiclass dataset? -- (svm class imbalance scoring gridsearchcv)
<p>I have an unbalanced multiclass dataset (GTSRB) and want to optimize the hyperparameters of an SVM through GridSearchCV.
I know that accuracy is not suitable for scoring in this case.
Whi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,749 | Is it common to add noise to Time Series data before training a model | <p>I once read about somebody who added noise to their time series before training a model. They didn't write why they did it though.</p>

<p>Is this common practice? </p>

<p>If it is, why do people do it ie. to prevent over-fitting?</p>
 | time series | 1 | Is it common to add noise to Time Series data before training a model -- (time series)
<p>I once read about somebody who added noise to their time series before training a model. They didn't write why they did it though.</p>

<p>Is this common practice? </p>

<p>If it is, why do people do it ie. to prev... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,761 | How does XGBoost use softmax as an objective function? | <p>I'm quite used to seeing functions like log-loss, RMSE, cross entropy as objective functions and it's easy to imagine why minimizing these would give us the best model. What's difficult to imagine is how XGBoost uses softmax, a function used to normalize the logits, as a cost function. As mentioned in the docs <a hr... | xgboost multiclass classification | 1 | How does XGBoost use softmax as an objective function? -- (xgboost multiclass classification)
<p>I'm quite used to seeing functions like log-loss, RMSE, cross entropy as objective functions and it's easy to imagine why minimizing these would give us the best model. What's difficult to imagine is how XGBoost uses softma... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,767 | Where to get the Datascience Use cases for practice | <p>I just started learning data science. I have gone through some of the courses in coursera & udemy, now i want to practice what i have learned. What i want to know is from where can i get the Use cases (linear regression & multiple linear regression) so that i could practice</p>
 | linear regression data science model usecase | 1 | Where to get the Datascience Use cases for practice -- (linear regression data science model usecase)
<p>I just started learning data science. I have gone through some of the courses in coursera & udemy, now i want to practice what i have learned. What i want to know is from where can i get the Use cases (linear r... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,771 | Bagging vs Boosting, Bias vs Variance, Depth of trees | <p>I understand the main principle of bagging and boosting for classification and regression trees. My doubts are about the optimization of the hyperparameters, especially the depth of the trees</p>

<p><strong>First question</strong>: why we are supposed to use weak learners for boosting (high bias) whereas w... | random forest xgboost boosting variance bias | 1 | Bagging vs Boosting, Bias vs Variance, Depth of trees -- (random forest xgboost boosting variance bias)
<p>I understand the main principle of bagging and boosting for classification and regression trees. My doubts are about the optimization of the hyperparameters, especially the depth of the trees</p>

<p><stro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,778 | Combining text (NLP), numeric and categorical data for a regression problem | <p>I have a dataset </p>

<pre><code>data = { 
 points: 3.765, 
 review: `Food was great, staff was friendly`, 
 country: 'Chile', 
 designation: 'random', 
 age: 20

}
</code></pre>

<p>I am looking for a way to use these features to build a model to predi... | machine learning python nlp regression | 1 | Combining text (NLP), numeric and categorical data for a regression problem -- (machine learning python nlp regression)
<p>I have a dataset </p>

<pre><code>data = { 
 points: 3.765, 
 review: `Food was great, staff was friendly`, 
 country: 'Chile', 
 designation: 'random', 
 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,791 | Best framework for recognizing a specific cartoon character's face? | <p>I have a supply of images of a specific cartoon character's face. I have hours of video. I would like to automatically find the sections of the video in which this cartoon character appears.</p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/ageitgey/face_recognition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/ageitgey/f... | computer vision | 1 | Best framework for recognizing a specific cartoon character's face? -- (computer vision)
<p>I have a supply of images of a specific cartoon character's face. I have hours of video. I would like to automatically find the sections of the video in which this cartoon character appears.</p>

<p><a href="https://gith... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,821 | What to do after GridSearchCV()? | <p>I happily created my first NN and performed hyperparameter optimization through <code>GridSearchCV</code>. I just don't know what to do next.
Do I have to fit it again with the best parameters <code>GridSearchCV()</code> revealed? is there an elegant way to do so?
Otherwise, how to proceed?</p>

<pre... | neural network keras regression grid search gridsearchcv | 1 | What to do after GridSearchCV()? -- (neural network keras regression grid search gridsearchcv)
<p>I happily created my first NN and performed hyperparameter optimization through <code>GridSearchCV</code>. I just don't know what to do next.
Do I have to fit it again with the best parameters <code>GridSearchCV()</cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,825 | Why is word prediction an obsession in Natural Language Processing? | <p>I have heard how great <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805" rel="noreferrer">BERT</a> is at masked word prediction, i.e. predicting a missing word from a sentence.</p>

<p>In a <a href="https://medium.com/saarthi-ai/bert-how-to-build-state-of-the-art-language-models-59dddfa9ac5d" rel="noreferrer">Mediu... | nlp bert | 1 | Why is word prediction an obsession in Natural Language Processing? -- (nlp bert)
<p>I have heard how great <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805" rel="noreferrer">BERT</a> is at masked word prediction, i.e. predicting a missing word from a sentence.</p>

<p>In a <a href="https://medium.com/saarthi-ai/bert-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,832 | Validation generator in Autoencoder returning NaN | <p>I am trying to build a fairly simple autoencoder using Keras on the OpenImages dataset. Here is the architecture of the ae:</p>

<pre><code> Layer (type) Output Shape Param # 
=================================================================
conv3d_1 (SeparableConv2D... | deep learning keras tensorflow autoencoder | 1 | Validation generator in Autoencoder returning NaN -- (deep learning keras tensorflow autoencoder)
<p>I am trying to build a fairly simple autoencoder using Keras on the OpenImages dataset. Here is the architecture of the ae:</p>

<pre><code> Layer (type) Output Shape Param # &#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,842 | Medical Image Analysis | <p>What are some good starting points for learning medical image analysis and combining it with deep learning?</p>

<p>I would like to analyze images with bone cancers but not sure what is proper way to preprocess them and prepare for the model.</p>
 | image classification image recognition image preprocessing | 1 | Medical Image Analysis -- (image classification image recognition image preprocessing)
<p>What are some good starting points for learning medical image analysis and combining it with deep learning?</p>

<p>I would like to analyze images with bone cancers but not sure what is proper way to preprocess them and pr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,850 | Numpy arithmetic operation between two columns | <p>Below is the numpy array. I need to perform two operations on this array.</p>

<ol>
<li>Add one column with value [column 1] - [column 3].</li>
<li>Add another column with value [column 1] - [previous value of column1].</li>
</ol>

<p>I can do this using normal list operations, but is it ... | python pandas numpy | 1 | Numpy arithmetic operation between two columns -- (python pandas numpy)
<p>Below is the numpy array. I need to perform two operations on this array.</p>

<ol>
<li>Add one column with value [column 1] - [column 3].</li>
<li>Add another column with value [column 1] - [previous value of column1].</li>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,861 | Finding Criminal Name in news? | <p>We have news URLS, which we want to classify into crimes or non-crimes and further identify criminals by using NERs. 
For creating a model that identifies criminals, we tried SPacy which gave all the names like lawyers name , president ,criminal etc.. 
can Anyone help on how to get only Criminal name, Not al... | machine learning nlp beginner named entity recognition | 1 | Finding Criminal Name in news? -- (machine learning nlp beginner named entity recognition)
<p>We have news URLS, which we want to classify into crimes or non-crimes and further identify criminals by using NERs. 
For creating a model that identifies criminals, we tried SPacy which gave all the names like lawyers nam... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,866 | Transfer learning VGG16 does not work as expected. (Detect tacos as hamburgers) | <p>I am new in this field of machine learning, to test I wanted to do a simple project. Create a cnn capable of recognizing hamburger images. As I do not have the ability to collect more than 10,000 images of hamburgers I have used an existing model to train what I need ... I have used VGG16.</p>

<p>This is th... | machine learning cnn training object detection transfer learning | 1 | Transfer learning VGG16 does not work as expected. (Detect tacos as hamburgers) -- (machine learning cnn training object detection transfer learning)
<p>I am new in this field of machine learning, to test I wanted to do a simple project. Create a cnn capable of recognizing hamburger images. As I do not have the ability... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,867 | Difference between validation and prediction | <p>As a follow-up to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/61864/validate-via-predict-or-via-fit">Validate via predict() or via fit()?</a> I wonder about the difference between validation and prediction.
To keep it simple, I will refer to <code>train</code>, <code>val</code> and <code>test</code>... | neural network keras cross validation evaluation hyperparameter | 1 | Difference between validation and prediction -- (neural network keras cross validation evaluation hyperparameter)
<p>As a follow-up to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/61864/validate-via-predict-or-via-fit">Validate via predict() or via fit()?</a> I wonder about the difference between validation... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,869 | How to form and minimise custom features for classification in supervised learning | <p>I am having an issue in understanding how to form the features based on particular math formula, and how to adjust the weights with.
The aim is to draw ellipses for each unique category of points. Ellipse keeps inside as much of possible selected type of dots, and as little as possible other types (in the pictur... | machine learning classification gradient descent | 1 | How to form and minimise custom features for classification in supervised learning -- (machine learning classification gradient descent)
<p>I am having an issue in understanding how to form the features based on particular math formula, and how to adjust the weights with.
The aim is to draw ellipses for each unique... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,878 | How prevalent is `C/C++` in machine learning development? | <p>I am currently a data scientist mostly doing NLP, and I do most of my work in<code>Python</code>. Since I didn't get a CS degree in undergrad, I've been limited to very high level languages; <code>Java</code>, <code>Python</code>, and <code>R</code>. I somehow even took Data Structures and Algorithms avoiding <code>... | machine learning deep learning cnn nlp programming | 1 | How prevalent is `C/C++` in machine learning development? -- (machine learning deep learning cnn nlp programming)
<p>I am currently a data scientist mostly doing NLP, and I do most of my work in<code>Python</code>. Since I didn't get a CS degree in undergrad, I've been limited to very high level languages; <code>Java</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,890 | Random forest vs majority voting | <p>I'm using spark with scala to implement majority voting of decision trees and random forest (both are configured in the same way - same depth, the same amount of base classifiers etc.). Dataset is split equally among base classifiers for majority voting. Nemenyi test shows, that majority voting is significantly bett... | machine learning random forest decision trees apache spark ensemble modeling | 1 | Random forest vs majority voting -- (machine learning random forest decision trees apache spark ensemble modeling)
<p>I'm using spark with scala to implement majority voting of decision trees and random forest (both are configured in the same way - same depth, the same amount of base classifiers etc.). Dataset is split... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,900 | Explaining feature_importances_ in Scikit Learn RandomForestRegressor | <p>For a project, I used the <code>feature_importances_</code> attributes from the <code>RandomForestRegressor</code>. Everything works well but I don't know how to explain why one feature is more important than another. I mean I know that the higher the score is the higher the importance, but I don't understand how i... | scikit learn random forest | 1 | Explaining feature_importances_ in Scikit Learn RandomForestRegressor -- (scikit learn random forest)
<p>For a project, I used the <code>feature_importances_</code> attributes from the <code>RandomForestRegressor</code>. Everything works well but I don't know how to explain why one feature is more important than anothe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,920 | Suggestion for stacked modelling in machine learning | <p>I have built several models on the training dataset and i am not happy with the results and I wish to club them all together and generate a new model, so here is my idea as i already have the results for the existing models i would like to create a new dataset with the existing model results as separate features on ... | machine learning predictive modeling unsupervised learning supervised learning | 1 | Suggestion for stacked modelling in machine learning -- (machine learning predictive modeling unsupervised learning supervised learning)
<p>I have built several models on the training dataset and i am not happy with the results and I wish to club them all together and generate a new model, so here is my idea as i alrea... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,924 | Extracting MM-YYYY from python date and creating a new column with the same | <p>I want to extract the month and year from one of my date columns in the dataset and create a new column in the data-frame with the new MM-YYY format. </p>

<p>My current solution is working fine but its way to long. I am looking for an efficient way to do this.</p>

<p>Date point looks like this: 201... | python | 1 | Extracting MM-YYYY from python date and creating a new column with the same -- (python)
<p>I want to extract the month and year from one of my date columns in the dataset and create a new column in the data-frame with the new MM-YYY format. </p>

<p>My current solution is working fine but its way to long. I am ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,937 | What is the meaning of "probability distribution of p(x)" of something uncountable? | <p>I'm studying VAE and new to both of the neural network and the statistic.</p>

<p>After some researches, I could understand the rough concept of VAE.<br>
But what makes me confused is, the meaning of probability distribution p(x) itself.<br>
When the x is an image data, what is the meaning of "probab... | probability vae | 1 | What is the meaning of "probability distribution of p(x)" of something uncountable? -- (probability vae)
<p>I'm studying VAE and new to both of the neural network and the statistic.</p>

<p>After some researches, I could understand the rough concept of VAE.<br>
But what makes me confused is, the meaning of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,944 | How to print nullity correlation matrix | <p>I've a trainingset which has 400 features and most of them have null value. </p>

<p>I tried to draw the heatmap of nullity correlation matrix by means of Python and <a href="https://github.com/ResidentMario/missingno" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>missingno</code></a>, but the heatmap is unreadable due to... | python pandas missing data | 1 | How to print nullity correlation matrix -- (python pandas missing data)
<p>I've a trainingset which has 400 features and most of them have null value. </p>

<p>I tried to draw the heatmap of nullity correlation matrix by means of Python and <a href="https://github.com/ResidentMario/missingno" rel="nofollow nore... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,954 | When do you use FunctionTransformer instead of .apply()? | <p>I'm watching a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFaadIqWlAg&t=702s" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PyData talk</a> from 2017 in which the speaker provides this example for how to use FunctionTransformer for sklearn.preprocessing</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn.preprocessing import FunctionTransformer
... | transformer | 1 | When do you use FunctionTransformer instead of .apply()? -- (transformer)
<p>I'm watching a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFaadIqWlAg&t=702s" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PyData talk</a> from 2017 in which the speaker provides this example for how to use FunctionTransformer for sklearn.preprocessing</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,957 | Why does removal of some features improve the performance of random forests on some occasions? | <p>I completed feature importance of a random forest model. I removed the bottom 4 features out of 17 features. The model performance actually improved. Shouldn't the performance degrade after removal of some features, given that some data has been lost? What are some reasons to explain the performance improvement?</p>... | machine learning random forest feature engineering | 1 | Why does removal of some features improve the performance of random forests on some occasions? -- (machine learning random forest feature engineering)
<p>I completed feature importance of a random forest model. I removed the bottom 4 features out of 17 features. The model performance actually improved. Shouldn't the pe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,964 | AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'month' Process finished with exit code 1 | <p><strong>Python code</strong></p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd import numpy as np import os

RD = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/acharbha/Desktop/fullbackup_success/python/raw_Data_success_Rate.csv")

NEW = {"Cell": RD['Cell'], "LastFullResult": RD["LastFullResult"], "LastFullStartTime": RD["LastFul... | python pandas dataframe | 1 | AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'month' Process finished with exit code 1 -- (python pandas dataframe)
<p><strong>Python code</strong></p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd import numpy as np import os

RD = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/acharbha/Desktop/fullbackup_success/python/raw_Data_success_Ra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,972 | Backpropagation chain rule example | <p>My question is in regards to an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrMHA3yX_QI" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MIT course example</a>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MClo.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MClo.png" alt="NN Schematic"></a></p>

<p>The in... | neural network backpropagation | 1 | Backpropagation chain rule example -- (neural network backpropagation)
<p>My question is in regards to an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrMHA3yX_QI" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MIT course example</a>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/7MClo.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,976 | Help in understanding the maths behind Logistic Regression | <p>I am following the lecture notes available <a href="https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/uADA/12/lectures/ch12.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/uADA/12/lectures/ch12.pdf</a></p>

<p>I cannot understand how Eqs 12.4 and 12.5 come,</p>

<ul>
<li>why the Bernoulli prob... | logistic regression mathematics | 1 | Help in understanding the maths behind Logistic Regression -- (logistic regression mathematics)
<p>I am following the lecture notes available <a href="https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/uADA/12/lectures/ch12.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/uADA/12/lectures/ch12.pdf</a></p>

<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
61,991 | Feature engineering - house price prediction (small dataset) | <p>I am working on the task of predicting real estate prices. My dataset has only 10 variables described below. I'm thinking about feature engineering but nothing comes to mind. </p>

<p>Variables:</p>

<p><code>street</code></p>

<p><code>city</code></p>

<p><code>zip code</code></p>&#x... | regression feature engineering prediction | 1 | Feature engineering - house price prediction (small dataset) -- (regression feature engineering prediction)
<p>I am working on the task of predicting real estate prices. My dataset has only 10 variables described below. I'm thinking about feature engineering but nothing comes to mind. </p>

<p>Variables:</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,002 | What to do with large number of collinear variables? | <p>I have this time-series dataset that has 63 features, out of which 57 were manually engineered. While checking for collinearity, I get this correlation matrix:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ziyLX.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ziyLX.png" alt="collinear plot" /></a>
As... | python scikit learn feature extraction | 1 | What to do with large number of collinear variables? -- (python scikit learn feature extraction)
<p>I have this time-series dataset that has 63 features, out of which 57 were manually engineered. While checking for collinearity, I get this correlation matrix:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ziyLX.png" rel="nofol... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,026 | cross validation issues | <p>I have come here from <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/52632/cross-validation-vs-train-validate-test">this</a> great answer. I have come across many approaches for using cross validation and the answer to the attached question is by far explaining it the best to me. My dilemma is that now tha... | machine learning statistics cross validation | 1 | cross validation issues -- (machine learning statistics cross validation)
<p>I have come here from <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/52632/cross-validation-vs-train-validate-test">this</a> great answer. I have come across many approaches for using cross validation and the answer to the attached q... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,031 | Normalize / Standardize in a Random Forest? | <p>If I have a matrix of co-occurring words in conversations of different lengths, is it appropriate to standardize / normalize the data prior to training? </p>

<p>My matrix is set up as follows: one row per two-person conversation, and columns are the words that co-occur between speakers. I cannot help but th... | statistics random forest matrix | 1 | Normalize / Standardize in a Random Forest? -- (statistics random forest matrix)
<p>If I have a matrix of co-occurring words in conversations of different lengths, is it appropriate to standardize / normalize the data prior to training? </p>

<p>My matrix is set up as follows: one row per two-person conversatio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,058 | What dataset was Stanford NER trained on? | <p>I would like to re-train the <a href="https://nlp.stanford.edu/software/CRF-NER.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stanford NER library</a> from scratch as a 1 class model. </p>

<p>Only 3,4 and 7 class models are available out of the box.</p>

<p>Is it possible to obtain the data that the model was ori... | nlp dataset stanford nlp | 1 | What dataset was Stanford NER trained on? -- (nlp dataset stanford nlp)
<p>I would like to re-train the <a href="https://nlp.stanford.edu/software/CRF-NER.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stanford NER library</a> from scratch as a 1 class model. </p>

<p>Only 3,4 and 7 class models are available out of the box.<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,066 | Same probability for all classes | <p>I implemented a fully connected MLP of shape [783 (input), 128 (hidden layer) and 10 (output)] the hidden layer had a sigmoid activation function and the output a sofmax.</p>

<p>I tested with the dataset of keras: <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/classification" rel="nofollow noreferrer">... | classification multilabel classification weight initialization | 1 | Same probability for all classes -- (classification multilabel classification weight initialization)
<p>I implemented a fully connected MLP of shape [783 (input), 128 (hidden layer) and 10 (output)] the hidden layer had a sigmoid activation function and the output a sofmax.</p>

<p>I tested with the dataset of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,103 | Intuition behind PCA eigenvectors | <p>For undergraduate students who understand the definition of
eigenvectors and eigenvalues, 
<span class="math-container">$$A v = \lambda v \;,$$</span>
what is the intuition behind why the eigenvectors of the
covariance (or correlation) matrix correspond to the axes of maximal stretching? 
Why spe... | pca | 1 | Intuition behind PCA eigenvectors -- (pca)
<p>For undergraduate students who understand the definition of
eigenvectors and eigenvalues, 
<span class="math-container">$$A v = \lambda v \;,$$</span>
what is the intuition behind why the eigenvectors of the
covariance (or correlation) matrix correspond to t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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