id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
62,114 | Convolutional neural networks for non image dataset | <p>Can we use Convolutional Neural networks for a non image dataset for prediction?</p>

<p>The <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/student+performance" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a> is a record of student academic details</p>

<p>I know that CNN is mostly used in computer vision a... | machine learning neural network deep learning cnn | 1 | Convolutional neural networks for non image dataset -- (machine learning neural network deep learning cnn)
<p>Can we use Convolutional Neural networks for a non image dataset for prediction?</p>

<p>The <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/student+performance" rel="nofollow noreferrer">dataset</a> i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,121 | Dealing with irrelevant features in dataset (Homework) | <p>I have a specific question pertaining to one of my machine learning homeworks. </p>

<p>Basically, we are required to build a model that takes a 5000*10000 dataset X (5000 examples each with 10000 features), and predict Z, which is a 5000*2 Matrix. The dataset Z is synthetically generated from X, however, it... | neural network classification pca | 1 | Dealing with irrelevant features in dataset (Homework) -- (neural network classification pca)
<p>I have a specific question pertaining to one of my machine learning homeworks. </p>

<p>Basically, we are required to build a model that takes a 5000*10000 dataset X (5000 examples each with 10000 features), and pre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,131 | Problem importing dataset | <p>I am new to machine learning and I am trying to build a classifier. My problem is that I am not able to import the dataset I need. In particular, I put my dataset in the Desktop and what I did is:</p>

<pre><code>#pakages
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import jsonlines #... | machine learning python | 1 | Problem importing dataset -- (machine learning python)
<p>I am new to machine learning and I am trying to build a classifier. My problem is that I am not able to import the dataset I need. In particular, I put my dataset in the Desktop and what I did is:</p>

<pre><code>#pakages
import numpy as np
impor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,143 | TS-SS and Cosine similarity among text documents using TF-IDF in Python | <p>A common way of calculating the cosine similarity between text based documents is to calculate tf-idf and then calculating the linear kernel of the tf-idf matrix.</p>

<p>TF-IDF matrix is calculated using TfidfVectorizer().</p>

<pre><code>from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer&#... | scikit learn recommender system information retrieval tfidf similar documents | 1 | TS-SS and Cosine similarity among text documents using TF-IDF in Python -- (scikit learn recommender system information retrieval tfidf similar documents)
<p>A common way of calculating the cosine similarity between text based documents is to calculate tf-idf and then calculating the linear kernel of the tf-idf matrix.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,147 | How to choose a model for this cross-validation curve? | <p>I'm using GridSearchCV to tune hyperparameters for a Logistic Regression multiclass model. </p>

<p>I read on Kaggle that you should choose the hyperparameter that results in the lowest discrepancy between the CV-score and the training score, but in this case this leads to a very low score. </p>

<p>... | model selection gridsearchcv | 1 | How to choose a model for this cross-validation curve? -- (model selection gridsearchcv)
<p>I'm using GridSearchCV to tune hyperparameters for a Logistic Regression multiclass model. </p>

<p>I read on Kaggle that you should choose the hyperparameter that results in the lowest discrepancy between the CV-score a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,164 | Why Keras Dense layer is expanding number of tensors in each layer | <p>I have following model:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdUq2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdUq2.png" alt="NN"></a></p>

<p>and I wonder why is the number of parameters different for e.g. <code>dense_2477</code> and <code>dense_2482</code>? Both layers... | neural network keras | 1 | Why Keras Dense layer is expanding number of tensors in each layer -- (neural network keras)
<p>I have following model:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdUq2.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/DdUq2.png" alt="NN"></a></p>

<p>and I wonder why is the number of p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,165 | Best file format for transfer of EHR data | <p>I am working on a clinical trial where we have several sites sending us EHR data. The sites are currently sending the data in excel files. I have a feeling someone's opening the files because 3 of the files have 64,999 rows exactly, and excel 2007 cuts off at 65,000. </p>

<p>I am working in python, but I ... | data data formats | 1 | Best file format for transfer of EHR data -- (data data formats)
<p>I am working on a clinical trial where we have several sites sending us EHR data. The sites are currently sending the data in excel files. I have a feeling someone's opening the files because 3 of the files have 64,999 rows exactly, and excel 2007 cu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,187 | Turning Histogram values into Numerical format ( Excel-xslx, Pandas-DataFrame, etc.) | <p>I am trying to do a correlation study about personality traits as described in Hofstede's :<a href="https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/</a> . I would like to have the values described in the bar charts n... | categorical data web scraping | 1 | Turning Histogram values into Numerical format ( Excel-xslx, Pandas-DataFrame, etc.) -- (categorical data web scraping)
<p>I am trying to do a correlation study about personality traits as described in Hofstede's :<a href="https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://w... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,195 | Why is the variance going down so much in this weight initialization problem(using pytorch)? | <p>first look at this example</p>

<pre><code>>>> x = t.randn(512)
>>> w = t.randn(512, 500000)
>>> (x @ w).var()
tensor(513.9548)
</code></pre>

<p>it makes sense that the variance is close to 512 because each one of 500000, is a dot product of a 512 vector an... | statistics pytorch variance weight initialization | 1 | Why is the variance going down so much in this weight initialization problem(using pytorch)? -- (statistics pytorch variance weight initialization)
<p>first look at this example</p>

<pre><code>>>> x = t.randn(512)
>>> w = t.randn(512, 500000)
>>> (x @ w).var()
tensor(513.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,224 | Samples in a PCA form lines, what are the reasons? | <p>I have come across some PCA plots in which the samples are forming "lines", such as this one:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kw74q.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kw74q.png" alt="Herráez et al 2009"></a></p>

<p>Or this one:</p>

<p><a href="http... | pca | 1 | Samples in a PCA form lines, what are the reasons? -- (pca)
<p>I have come across some PCA plots in which the samples are forming "lines", such as this one:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kw74q.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Kw74q.png" alt="Herráez et al 2009"></a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,231 | Selecting features for malware analysis | <p>I am trying to build a classifier that detects if I have a malaware by predicting the provenance compiler. To do so I have a dataset composed of assembly code in json format :</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/sfq6y.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/sfq6y.png" alt="e... | machine learning python scikit learn | 1 | Selecting features for malware analysis -- (machine learning python scikit learn)
<p>I am trying to build a classifier that detects if I have a malaware by predicting the provenance compiler. To do so I have a dataset composed of assembly code in json format :</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/sfq6y.pn... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,234 | opening Weka from command line | <p>I'm very new to computer coding and data science in general. I'm trying to open Weka and use it on a practice csv data set called weather.arff. The manual I have says to type this into command line:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>java weka.classifiers.j48.J48 -t weather.arff</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Wh... | weka | 1 | opening Weka from command line -- (weka)
<p>I'm very new to computer coding and data science in general. I'm trying to open Weka and use it on a practice csv data set called weather.arff. The manual I have says to type this into command line:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>java weka.classifiers.j48.J48 -t weather.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,241 | Square-law based RBF kernel | <p>What is the Square-law based RBF kernel (SQ-RBF)? The definition in the table at the Wikipedia article <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_function" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Activation Function</a> looks wrong, since it says</p>

<pre><code>y = 
 1 - x^2/2 for |x| <= 1
 ... | activation function | 1 | Square-law based RBF kernel -- (activation function)
<p>What is the Square-law based RBF kernel (SQ-RBF)? The definition in the table at the Wikipedia article <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_function" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Activation Function</a> looks wrong, since it says</p>

<pre><code>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,243 | Supported GPU for Pytorch | <h1>Question</h1>
<p>Which GPUs are supported in Pytorch and where is the information located?</p>
<h2>Background</h2>
<p>Almost all articles of Pytorch + GPU are about NVIDIA. Is NVIDIA the only GPU that can be used by Pytorch? If not, which GPUs are usable and where I can find the information?</p>
 | pytorch gpu | 1 | Supported GPU for Pytorch -- (pytorch gpu)
<h1>Question</h1>
<p>Which GPUs are supported in Pytorch and where is the information located?</p>
<h2>Background</h2>
<p>Almost all articles of Pytorch + GPU are about NVIDIA. Is NVIDIA the only GPU that can be used by Pytorch? If not, which GPUs are usable and wh... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,249 | R packages: How to access csv files in data subfolder? | <p>I have successfully written an R package and want to ship it with a specific <code>csv</code> file. I placed the file in the <code>data</code> and <code>data-raw</code> subfolders.</p>

<pre><code>read.csv("data/foobar.csv")
</code></pre>

<p>The above command fails. How can I read the <code>csv<... | r | 1 | R packages: How to access csv files in data subfolder? -- (r)
<p>I have successfully written an R package and want to ship it with a specific <code>csv</code> file. I placed the file in the <code>data</code> and <code>data-raw</code> subfolders.</p>

<pre><code>read.csv("data/foobar.csv")
</code></pre>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,251 | Genetic algorithms: what connection to support vector machine / naive bayes | <p>I found the following list of seven classifiers:</p>

<ul>
<li>Linear Classifiers: Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes Classifier</li>
<li>Nearest Neighbor </li>
<li>Support Vector Machines </li>
<li>Decision Trees </li>
<li>Boosted Trees </li>
<li>Random Forest </li>
<li>Neural Netw... | classification svm naive bayes classifier genetic algorithms | 1 | Genetic algorithms: what connection to support vector machine / naive bayes -- (classification svm naive bayes classifier genetic algorithms)
<p>I found the following list of seven classifiers:</p>

<ul>
<li>Linear Classifiers: Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes Classifier</li>
<li>Nearest Neighbor </li>&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,252 | Why I am having ValueError in this Linear Regression? | <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

ClosePrices = data['Close'].tolist()
OpenPrices = data['Open'].tolist()


OpenPrices = np.reshape(OpenPrices, (len(OpenPrices), 1))
ClosePrices = np.reshape(ClosePrices, (len(ClosePrices), 1))&... | python scikit learn linear regression | 1 | Why I am having ValueError in this Linear Regression? -- (python scikit learn linear regression)
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

ClosePrices = data['Close'].tolist()
OpenPrices = data['Open'].tolist()


OpenPrices = np.reshape(Op... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,255 | Suggestions on how to explain 'models' & 'algorithms' | <p>I guess other members of this Stack have ran in to this before, but I may be wrong: Have you ever been approached and asked to explain the difference between models and algorithms? This happened to be recently and, while I feel that I explained it well, there is a colleague whom disagrees with my assessment..</p>&#x... | machine learning training algorithms | 1 | Suggestions on how to explain 'models' & 'algorithms' -- (machine learning training algorithms)
<p>I guess other members of this Stack have ran in to this before, but I may be wrong: Have you ever been approached and asked to explain the difference between models and algorithms? This happened to be recently and, while ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,264 | Why are my predictions bad, if my accuracy in train is roughly 100% (Keras CNN) | <p>In my CNN i have to handle 2 classes in a binary system, I have 700 images each class to train, and others to validation. This is my train.py:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>#import tensorflow as tf
import cv2
import os
import numpy as np

from keras.layers.core import Fl... | machine learning python keras convolutional neural network vgg16 | 1 | Why are my predictions bad, if my accuracy in train is roughly 100% (Keras CNN) -- (machine learning python keras convolutional neural network vgg16)
<p>In my CNN i have to handle 2 classes in a binary system, I have 700 images each class to train, and others to validation. This is my train.py:</p>
<pre class="lang... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,269 | suggestion for good online source according to Syllabus | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cU0dS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cU0dS.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Hi, are there some online courses e.g. some classes in Coursera?</p>

<p>I have difficulty in following the professor's teaching becau... | machine learning statistics data science model | 1 | suggestion for good online source according to Syllabus -- (machine learning statistics data science model)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cU0dS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/cU0dS.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Hi, are there some online courses ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,272 | how to split the original data in training, validation and testing? | <p>I have the original data but i didn't know how to split the data and how to implement that data into some algorithms. can you guys help me out in this problem.</p>

<p>thank you</p>
 | machine learning | 1 | how to split the original data in training, validation and testing? -- (machine learning)
<p>I have the original data but i didn't know how to split the data and how to implement that data into some algorithms. can you guys help me out in this problem.</p>

<p>thank you</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,291 | Problem building a feature vector | <p>I am trying build a classifier for malware analysis for which basing in the instructions of an assembly code, such as push, mov,... I want to predict the compiler, and in a second time the optimization op, and I am having some troubles. My code is the following:</p>

<pre><code>#pakages
import numpy as n... | machine learning pandas feature selection | 1 | Problem building a feature vector -- (machine learning pandas feature selection)
<p>I am trying build a classifier for malware analysis for which basing in the instructions of an assembly code, such as push, mov,... I want to predict the compiler, and in a second time the optimization op, and I am having some troubles.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,294 | How to Keep Missing Values in Ordinal Logistic Regression | <p>I’m using <code>mord</code> package in python to do ordinal logit regression (predict response to movie rating 1-5 stars).</p>

<p>One of my predictor variables is also ordinal but there are some missing values where the viewer skipped a question because it wasn’t applicable due to skip logic from a prior qu... | python scikit learn logistic regression missing data dummy variables | 1 | How to Keep Missing Values in Ordinal Logistic Regression -- (python scikit learn logistic regression missing data dummy variables)
<p>I’m using <code>mord</code> package in python to do ordinal logit regression (predict response to movie rating 1-5 stars).</p>

<p>One of my predictor variables is also ordinal ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,303 | Difference between learning_curve and validation_curve | <p>What is the difference between these two curves: <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/learning_curve.html" rel="noreferrer">learning_curve</a> and <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.validation_curve.html" rel="noreferrer">validation_curve</a> ?</p>
 | machine learning scikit learn evaluation | 1 | Difference between learning_curve and validation_curve -- (machine learning scikit learn evaluation)
<p>What is the difference between these two curves: <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/learning_curve.html" rel="noreferrer">learning_curve</a> and <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generate... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,305 | Genetic algorithms(GAs): to be considered only as optimization algorithms? Are GAs used in machine learning any way? | <p>As a quick question, what are genetic algorithms meant to be used for? I read somewhere else that they should be used as optimization algorithms (similar to the way we use gradient descent to optimize the best parameters search with a linear regression, neural network...). 
If so, why are these GAs not so much p... | machine learning optimization genetic algorithms | 1 | Genetic algorithms(GAs): to be considered only as optimization algorithms? Are GAs used in machine learning any way? -- (machine learning optimization genetic algorithms)
<p>As a quick question, what are genetic algorithms meant to be used for? I read somewhere else that they should be used as optimization algorithms (... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,306 | Deep Learning for non-continuous dataset | <p>I am working with <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/student+performance" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset which is record of student academic details and I want to predict the student's performance.</p>

<p>since the dataset is non-continuous I cannot apply CNN on this dataset.</p>&#... | machine learning neural network deep learning cnn machine learning model | 1 | Deep Learning for non-continuous dataset -- (machine learning neural network deep learning cnn machine learning model)
<p>I am working with <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/student+performance" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> dataset which is record of student academic details and I want to predict t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,316 | How to fine tuning VGG16 with my own layers | <p>I want to maintain the first 4 layers of vgg 16 and add the last layer. I have this example:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>vgg16_model = VGG16(weights="imagenet", include_top=True)

# (2) remove the top layer
base_model = Model(input=vgg16_model.input, 
 ... | machine learning python keras transfer learning vgg16 | 1 | How to fine tuning VGG16 with my own layers -- (machine learning python keras transfer learning vgg16)
<p>I want to maintain the first 4 layers of vgg 16 and add the last layer. I have this example:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>vgg16_model = VGG16(weights="imagenet", include_top=Tru... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,323 | Grid search or gradient descent? | <blockquote>
 <p>Assume we have a neural network and one if its activation functions is a function of parameter <strong><em>a</em></strong>. We want to find the weights and parameter a that leads to the minimum loss on the validation set which one is better?:</p>
 
 <p>1) Treat <strong><em>a</em></strong... | machine learning neural network optimization gradient descent hyperparameter | 1 | Grid search or gradient descent? -- (machine learning neural network optimization gradient descent hyperparameter)
<blockquote>
 <p>Assume we have a neural network and one if its activation functions is a function of parameter <strong><em>a</em></strong>. We want to find the weights and parameter a that leads to t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,325 | Anomaly detection thresholds issue | <p>I'm working on an anomaly detection development in Python. <br>
More in details, I need to analysed timeseries in order to check if anomalies are present.<br>
An anomalous value is typically a peak, so a value very high or very low compared to other values.</p>

<p>The main idea is to predict timeser... | machine learning python time series unsupervised learning anomaly detection | 1 | Anomaly detection thresholds issue -- (machine learning python time series unsupervised learning anomaly detection)
<p>I'm working on an anomaly detection development in Python. <br>
More in details, I need to analysed timeseries in order to check if anomalies are present.<br>
An anomalous value is typically a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,326 | What is an expert system | <p>I know that </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that
 emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Does the architecture of an expert system same as that of knowledge based system or is there any diffe... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | What is an expert system -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>I know that </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that
 emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Does the architecture of an expert system... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,328 | Regression: What defines Linear and non-linear models or functions | <p>Linear regression is used when there is a linear relationship between the input and output variables. Does this linear relationship mean that there is no power over the variables or the parameters? In m understanding, by linear we mean linear with respect to the parameters (no power). Please correct me if wrong. Bas... | regression linear regression terminology | 1 | Regression: What defines Linear and non-linear models or functions -- (regression linear regression terminology)
<p>Linear regression is used when there is a linear relationship between the input and output variables. Does this linear relationship mean that there is no power over the variables or the parameters? In m u... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,329 | Back-propagation and stochastic gradient descent | <p>Is backpropagation a learning method or an optimisation method?</p>

<p>How are backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent related to each other?</p>
 | machine learning neural network gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | Back-propagation and stochastic gradient descent -- (machine learning neural network gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>Is backpropagation a learning method or an optimisation method?</p>

<p>How are backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent related to each other?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,339 | Is using cross validation on your entire dataset acceptable when dealing with a small sample size | <p>Normally my practice includes using k-folds cross validation on a subset of my dataset and keep a final test set.</p>

<p>When dealing with an exceptionally small dataset, is using cross validation on the entire dataset acceptable? </p>
 | machine learning predictive modeling cross validation | 1 | Is using cross validation on your entire dataset acceptable when dealing with a small sample size -- (machine learning predictive modeling cross validation)
<p>Normally my practice includes using k-folds cross validation on a subset of my dataset and keep a final test set.</p>

<p>When dealing with an exception... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,341 | Doing predictive modeling on predicted value | <p>It's a project that I'm working on. Here are the steps I took:</p>

<p>I want to make a recommendation service based on the customer data. I first used a collaborative filtering method to get the recommended products. Then I am trying to use that result as a target variable of my random forest model.</p>
... | python predictive modeling unsupervised learning supervised learning | 1 | Doing predictive modeling on predicted value -- (python predictive modeling unsupervised learning supervised learning)
<p>It's a project that I'm working on. Here are the steps I took:</p>

<p>I want to make a recommendation service based on the customer data. I first used a collaborative filtering method to ge... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,346 | Building an efficient feature vector | <p>I am building a classifier for malware analysis, which predicts if I have a malware by looking at the intructions of an assembly code, such as push, mov,... and predicting the optimization method. Note that I am considering a json file. My code is the following:</p>

<pre><code>#pakages
import numpy as ... | machine learning classification scikit learn feature selection accuracy | 1 | Building an efficient feature vector -- (machine learning classification scikit learn feature selection accuracy)
<p>I am building a classifier for malware analysis, which predicts if I have a malware by looking at the intructions of an assembly code, such as push, mov,... and predicting the optimization method. Note ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,353 | LSTM fot text classification always returns the same results | <p>Hello fellow Data Scientists,
I'm trying to make a classifier that was to classify sequences of text into some predefined classes, but i always get the same output, can anyone help me understand why?
The training of the model:</p>

<pre><code> # The maximum number of words to be used. (most frequen... | machine learning nlp lstm machine learning model | 1 | LSTM fot text classification always returns the same results -- (machine learning nlp lstm machine learning model)
<p>Hello fellow Data Scientists,
I'm trying to make a classifier that was to classify sequences of text into some predefined classes, but i always get the same output, can anyone help me understand why... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,384 | Frequency of occurrence - dummy variables | <p>I am thinking about it not the first time, namely if I have a variable that I want to convert later to the variable dummy (cities in this case), should I delete lines that occur less often than N times?</p>

<p>For example, the value of new york has occurred 400+ times but there are cities that only appeared... | python dummy variables | 1 | Frequency of occurrence - dummy variables -- (python dummy variables)
<p>I am thinking about it not the first time, namely if I have a variable that I want to convert later to the variable dummy (cities in this case), should I delete lines that occur less often than N times?</p>

<p>For example, the value of ne... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,388 | What expresses if/how two variables are dependent on each other? | <p>The accepted answer to question <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/31338/why-is-a-correlation-matrix-symmetric">Why is a correlation matrix symmetric?</a> includes this:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The correlation matrix is a measure of linearity. It does not express how two variables ar... | correlation | 1 | What expresses if/how two variables are dependent on each other? -- (correlation)
<p>The accepted answer to question <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/31338/why-is-a-correlation-matrix-symmetric">Why is a correlation matrix symmetric?</a> includes this:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The corr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,402 | How do I assess whether two time series change together? | <p>In this example, at timepoint 5, both signals move up together. I would like to quantify these similar movements, and ideally disregard the parts where the signals are almost constant.
What correlation or similarity measures would be best here?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SBi1d.png" rel="n... | time series correlation | 1 | How do I assess whether two time series change together? -- (time series correlation)
<p>In this example, at timepoint 5, both signals move up together. I would like to quantify these similar movements, and ideally disregard the parts where the signals are almost constant.
What correlation or similarity measures wo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,409 | Is (manual) feature extraction outdated? | <p>I recently attended a PhD thesis defence in which one committee members claimed that "manual feature extraction is outdated. Nowadays, we have [deep] machine learning models doing that job for us automatically."</p>

<p>Is this statement true? If yes, please provide a reference substantiating this claim.</p>... | deep learning feature extraction | 1 | Is (manual) feature extraction outdated? -- (deep learning feature extraction)
<p>I recently attended a PhD thesis defence in which one committee members claimed that "manual feature extraction is outdated. Nowadays, we have [deep] machine learning models doing that job for us automatically."</p>

<p>Is this st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,415 | How can I increase my accuracy avoiding overfitting? CNN-Keras-VGG16 | <p>As I asked in this question: <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/62264/why-are-my-predictions-bad-if-my-accuracy-in-train-is-roughly-100-keras-cnn">Why are my predictions bad, if my accuracy in train is roughly 100% (Keras CNN)</a> , my problem was Overfitting, so, I reduce the number of layers,... | machine learning python keras image classification vgg16 | 1 | How can I increase my accuracy avoiding overfitting? CNN-Keras-VGG16 -- (machine learning python keras image classification vgg16)
<p>As I asked in this question: <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/62264/why-are-my-predictions-bad-if-my-accuracy-in-train-is-roughly-100-keras-cnn">Why are my predic... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,427 | Why is pandas corr() deleting columns? | <p>I'm doing a basic correlation analysis but for some reason pandas corr() is deleting columns, not sure why. </p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd 
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
print(len(data.columns))
print(len(data.corr().columns))
</code></pre>

<p>Output:</p>

<pre><c... | pandas correlation | 1 | Why is pandas corr() deleting columns? -- (pandas correlation)
<p>I'm doing a basic correlation analysis but for some reason pandas corr() is deleting columns, not sure why. </p>

<pre><code>import pandas as pd 
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
print(len(data.columns))
print(len(data.corr().colum... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,430 | pd.qcut bins error! | <p>Hi Data Science community! </p>

<p>I'm working on some RFM analysis, but while setting up the bins, I'm getting an error. Here's my code and below the exact error. </p>

<pre><code>import modules
import pandas as pd # for dataframes
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for plotting graphs
... | python pandas data | 1 | pd.qcut bins error! -- (python pandas data)
<p>Hi Data Science community! </p>

<p>I'm working on some RFM analysis, but while setting up the bins, I'm getting an error. Here's my code and below the exact error. </p>

<pre><code>import modules
import pandas as pd # for dataframes
import matplot... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,433 | What is a latent space vector? | <p>I do not understand this about GANs.</p>

<p>Apparently the Generator is supposed to receive a latent space vector as its input. Yet I couldn't find an example of how I can implement it in Pytorch. This is a problem for me, because different posts suggest different approaches.</p>

<p>Is it simply an... | pytorch gan generative models convolutional neural network gaussian | 1 | What is a latent space vector? -- (pytorch gan generative models convolutional neural network gaussian)
<p>I do not understand this about GANs.</p>

<p>Apparently the Generator is supposed to receive a latent space vector as its input. Yet I couldn't find an example of how I can implement it in Pytorch. This is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,449 | Structure of LSTM gates | <p>It is my impression that a single layer LSTM architecture consists of <span class="math-container">$t$</span> LSTM cells that are identical duplicates, where <span class="math-container">$t$</span> is the number of time steps. Then there are gates within the LSTM cell. I have struggled to find a rigorous explanation... | neural network lstm rnn | 1 | Structure of LSTM gates -- (neural network lstm rnn)
<p>It is my impression that a single layer LSTM architecture consists of <span class="math-container">$t$</span> LSTM cells that are identical duplicates, where <span class="math-container">$t$</span> is the number of time steps. Then there are gates within the LSTM ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,452 | use .apply() function to change values to a column of the dataframe | <p>I have a dataframe which is the following:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZdUjm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZdUjm.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>and I would like to consider only the column of instructions and keep just the valu... | pandas dataframe | 1 | use .apply() function to change values to a column of the dataframe -- (pandas dataframe)
<p>I have a dataframe which is the following:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZdUjm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZdUjm.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,480 | Finding out which values lead Random tree to a decision | <p>I have a dataset of machines that produce plastic parts. A camera evaluates whether a plastic part was produced correctly or not (binary classification). I'm trying to figure out which factors influence a part being wrongly produced. E.g. I have different temperature values of the machine parts during the production... | classification random forest | 1 | Finding out which values lead Random tree to a decision -- (classification random forest)
<p>I have a dataset of machines that produce plastic parts. A camera evaluates whether a plastic part was produced correctly or not (binary classification). I'm trying to figure out which factors influence a part being wrongly pro... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,482 | how to access weights of individual Neurons in the output layers in MLPs? | <p>im working on a neural network using Keras. Its an mlp(multi-layer perceptron). With 8 Neurons in the output layer. Is there a way I can access weights and biases of individual neurons of the output layer for every iteration?</p>
 | neural network deep learning keras multiclass classification mlp | 1 | how to access weights of individual Neurons in the output layers in MLPs? -- (neural network deep learning keras multiclass classification mlp)
<p>im working on a neural network using Keras. Its an mlp(multi-layer perceptron). With 8 Neurons in the output layer. Is there a way I can access weights and biases of indivi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,501 | Get elements from lists in pandas dataframe | <p>I have the following column of a data frame:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7EtL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7EtL.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I get it by doing <code>dataFrame['opcodes]</code>.</p>

<p>and I would l... | pandas dataframe | 1 | Get elements from lists in pandas dataframe -- (pandas dataframe)
<p>I have the following column of a data frame:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7EtL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/F7EtL.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I get it by doi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,525 | Replace entire columns in pandas dataframe | <p>I would like to replace entire columns of a pandas dataframe with other columns, for example:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YOWAv.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YOWAv.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>and I would like to replace the ... | pandas | 1 | Replace entire columns in pandas dataframe -- (pandas)
<p>I would like to replace entire columns of a pandas dataframe with other columns, for example:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YOWAv.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YOWAv.png" alt="enter image description here... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,534 | How do I use multilevel regression models? | <p>I have crime event data rows:</p>

<pre><code>dayofweek1, region1, hour1, crimetype1
dayofweek2, region2, hour2, crimetype2 ...
</code></pre>

<p>and I want to use them as factors to model crime rates/probabilities at the <strong><em>region</em></strong> level.</p>

<p>I also want to ... | machine learning regression predictive modeling | 1 | How do I use multilevel regression models? -- (machine learning regression predictive modeling)
<p>I have crime event data rows:</p>

<pre><code>dayofweek1, region1, hour1, crimetype1
dayofweek2, region2, hour2, crimetype2 ...
</code></pre>

<p>and I want to use them as factors to model crime ra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,538 | What is the reason behind having low results using the data augmentation technique in NLP? | <p>I used Data augmentation technique on my dataset, to have more data to train. My data is text so the data augmentation technique is based on random insertion of words, random swaps and synonyms replacement.</p>

<p>The algorithm I used performs well in other datasets, but in mine, it gives lower accuracy res... | machine learning nlp data augmentation | 1 | What is the reason behind having low results using the data augmentation technique in NLP? -- (machine learning nlp data augmentation)
<p>I used Data augmentation technique on my dataset, to have more data to train. My data is text so the data augmentation technique is based on random insertion of words, random swaps a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,549 | How do I force specified coefficients in a Linear Regression model to be positive? | <p>Looking for a way to do this in Python. <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.optimize.nnls.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">scipy.optimize.nnls</a> forces all coefficients to be positive.</p>

<p>Some additional context: I have a data frame with a some explanatory variabl... | python scikit learn scipy | 1 | How do I force specified coefficients in a Linear Regression model to be positive? -- (python scikit learn scipy)
<p>Looking for a way to do this in Python. <a href="https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.optimize.nnls.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">scipy.optimize.nnls</a> forces all coeffic... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,550 | Increase accuracy of classification problem | <p>I am trying to build a classifier that predicts the compiler given some operations of assembly code. Here is the pandas dataframe:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0ChZC.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0ChZC.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
&#x... | machine learning classification scikit learn feature selection | 1 | Increase accuracy of classification problem -- (machine learning classification scikit learn feature selection)
<p>I am trying to build a classifier that predicts the compiler given some operations of assembly code. Here is the pandas dataframe:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0ChZC.png" rel="nofollo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,551 | Find Phone Numbers in messy data | <p>I hope this isn't too basic of a question, I'm banking on the Data Science site description being true where it says "...and those interested in learning more about the field". I'm not looking for programming help, just validation that machine learning could help me with a problem.</p>

<p>I'm trying to find... | machine learning | 1 | Find Phone Numbers in messy data -- (machine learning)
<p>I hope this isn't too basic of a question, I'm banking on the Data Science site description being true where it says "...and those interested in learning more about the field". I'm not looking for programming help, just validation that machine learning could hel... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,556 | The output of Model from Decision Tree and Random Forests are different? | <p>I have been made a model using both Decision Tree and Random Forest. But, when I tried to test the model on the same DataFrame the output is different. How is this possible?</p>

<p>The <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bhaskoro-muthohar/DataScienceLearning/master/HR_comma_sep.csv" rel="nofollow nor... | machine learning python random forest decision trees | 1 | The output of Model from Decision Tree and Random Forests are different? -- (machine learning python random forest decision trees)
<p>I have been made a model using both Decision Tree and Random Forest. But, when I tried to test the model on the same DataFrame the output is different. How is this possible?</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,583 | Training a model sample by sample | <p>I'm training <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/naive_bayes.html#gaussian-naive-bayes" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a Scikit model</a> but it seems that in all examples, they call the <code>fit</code> method on the entire training set. What I want to do however is call it per sample (i.e. looping through ... | scikit learn training | 1 | Training a model sample by sample -- (scikit learn training)
<p>I'm training <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/naive_bayes.html#gaussian-naive-bayes" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a Scikit model</a> but it seems that in all examples, they call the <code>fit</code> method on the entire training set. What I wa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,584 | How reproducible should CNN models be? | <p>I want to train several CNN architectures with Google Colab (GPU), Keras and Tensorflow.
Since the trained models are not reproducible due to GPU support, I would like to train the models several times and determine the mean and the standard deviation of the results.
I'm totally unsure if I should at least t... | keras tensorflow cnn gpu colab | 1 | How reproducible should CNN models be? -- (keras tensorflow cnn gpu colab)
<p>I want to train several CNN architectures with Google Colab (GPU), Keras and Tensorflow.
Since the trained models are not reproducible due to GPU support, I would like to train the models several times and determine the mean and the stand... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,590 | TypeError: 'GridSearchCV' object is not callable - how do I use a pickle of an SVM (Scikit-learn)? | <p>I have created an SVM in Scikit-learn for classification. It works; it prints out either 1 or 0 depending on the class. I converted it to a pickle file and tried to use it, but I am receiving this error:</p>

<pre><code>TypeError: 'GridSearchCV' object is not callable
(occurs during the last line of the ... | scikit learn pickle | 1 | TypeError: 'GridSearchCV' object is not callable - how do I use a pickle of an SVM (Scikit-learn)? -- (scikit learn pickle)
<p>I have created an SVM in Scikit-learn for classification. It works; it prints out either 1 or 0 depending on the class. I converted it to a pickle file and tried to use it, but I am receiving t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,592 | Can I apply survival analysis to predict if a user will revisit the website? | <p>I have one business problem in hand which is to predict if a user will revisit the website or not within 6 months. I need to majorly understand what are the factors which make the user return and also need to give business recommendations on what can be done to make a new user return to the website.
My initial i... | predictive modeling churn aggregation survival analysis | 1 | Can I apply survival analysis to predict if a user will revisit the website? -- (predictive modeling churn aggregation survival analysis)
<p>I have one business problem in hand which is to predict if a user will revisit the website or not within 6 months. I need to majorly understand what are the factors which make the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,623 | One hot encoding for multiple label(trainy) in .fit() method? | <p>I have a mobile price classification dataset in which I have 20 features and one target variable called price_range. I need to classify mobile prices as low, medium, high, very high.</p>

<p>I have applied a one-hot encoding to my target variable. After that, I split the data into trainX, testX, trainy, test... | machine learning classification multilabel classification | 1 | One hot encoding for multiple label(trainy) in .fit() method? -- (machine learning classification multilabel classification)
<p>I have a mobile price classification dataset in which I have 20 features and one target variable called price_range. I need to classify mobile prices as low, medium, high, very high.</p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,624 | How to represent a dataset as a linked list-like graph? | <p>I would like to visualize <a href="https://snap.stanford.edu/data/sx-stackoverflow.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this data set</a> using Python and probably a visualization tool like Matplotlib. The data set contains three columns: a user id with a question, a user id with an answer, and time. I would like to visu... | dataset visualization graphs | 1 | How to represent a dataset as a linked list-like graph? -- (dataset visualization graphs)
<p>I would like to visualize <a href="https://snap.stanford.edu/data/sx-stackoverflow.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this data set</a> using Python and probably a visualization tool like Matplotlib. The data set contains three co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,640 | Association between features | <p>Given the anonymized dataset of features below, where: </p>

<ol>
<li>"code" is a categorical variable. </li>
<li>"x1" and "x2" are continuous variables. </li>
<li>"x3" and "x4" are extracted features. They are the mean values of "x1" and "x2" respectively for each individual code.</li>
</o... | machine learning feature selection model selection | 1 | Association between features -- (machine learning feature selection model selection)
<p>Given the anonymized dataset of features below, where: </p>

<ol>
<li>"code" is a categorical variable. </li>
<li>"x1" and "x2" are continuous variables. </li>
<li>"x3" and "x4" are extracted features. They are... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,649 | What is the difference between LS-SVM and P-SVM? | <p>What is the difference between <strong>least-squares SVM</strong> (LS-SVM) and <strong>proximal SVM</strong> (P-SVM)? How does the decision boundary change in case of both of these types of SVM?</p>
 | svm least squares svm | 1 | What is the difference between LS-SVM and P-SVM? -- (svm least squares svm)
<p>What is the difference between <strong>least-squares SVM</strong> (LS-SVM) and <strong>proximal SVM</strong> (P-SVM)? How does the decision boundary change in case of both of these types of SVM?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,651 | How do I know how to construct the layers of my CNN | <p>I've done a CNN project with Keras and OpenCV, and I've got roughly 65% accuracy. And now I have to present this work in my University, but I'm afraid if the teachers ask me for how do I knew how to construct the right layers to my CNN. </p>

<p>In fact in my development I took a look in others projects to s... | machine learning python neural network keras mathematics | 1 | How do I know how to construct the layers of my CNN -- (machine learning python neural network keras mathematics)
<p>I've done a CNN project with Keras and OpenCV, and I've got roughly 65% accuracy. And now I have to present this work in my University, but I'm afraid if the teachers ask me for how do I knew how to cons... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,689 | What is difference between "cv2.filter2D" vs Keras "Conv2D" function | <p>When I have to sharpen an image using opencv, I use:</p>

<pre><code>#Create our shapening kernel 
kernel_sharpening = np.array([[0,-1,0], 
 [-1, 5,-1],
 [0,-1,0]])# applying the sharpening kernel to the input image & displaying it.... | machine learning python deep learning opencv | 1 | What is difference between "cv2.filter2D" vs Keras "Conv2D" function -- (machine learning python deep learning opencv)
<p>When I have to sharpen an image using opencv, I use:</p>

<pre><code>#Create our shapening kernel 
kernel_sharpening = np.array([[0,-1,0], 
 [-1, 5,-1... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,694 | How to install Polynote on Windows? | <p>I've been searching around the Internet for a while but I have not been able to find detailed instructions on how to install <a href="https://polynote.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Polynote</a> (the polyglot notebook
with first-class Scala support) for Windows with mixing multiple languages, Python and Scala.<... | python ipython scala windows | 1 | How to install Polynote on Windows? -- (python ipython scala windows)
<p>I've been searching around the Internet for a while but I have not been able to find detailed instructions on how to install <a href="https://polynote.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Polynote</a> (the polyglot notebook
with first-class Scala s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,698 | How to feed data to multi-output Keras model from a single TFRecords file | <p>I know how to feed data to a <strong>multi-output Keras model</strong> using numpy arrays for the training data. However, I have all my data in a single <strong>TFRecords file</strong> comprising several feature columns: an image, which is used as input to the Keras model, plus a sequence of outputs corresponding to... | keras multilabel classification multitask learning multi output | 1 | How to feed data to multi-output Keras model from a single TFRecords file -- (keras multilabel classification multitask learning multi output)
<p>I know how to feed data to a <strong>multi-output Keras model</strong> using numpy arrays for the training data. However, I have all my data in a single <strong>TFRecords fil... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,706 | How to select 500 most pertinents tags among 10000? | <p>Say we have 100,000 documents tagged with 10,000 different tags (Max 5 tag per document). We wish to limit allowed tags to a list of 500 tags. </p>

<p><strong>How to select 500 tags in order to cover the largest set of documents ?</strong></p>

<p>Firstly, I chose the 500 most <strong>frequent</stro... | nlp multilabel classification dimensionality reduction | 1 | How to select 500 most pertinents tags among 10000? -- (nlp multilabel classification dimensionality reduction)
<p>Say we have 100,000 documents tagged with 10,000 different tags (Max 5 tag per document). We wish to limit allowed tags to a list of 500 tags. </p>

<p><strong>How to select 500 tags in order to co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,719 | Dataset from sequence of messages | <p>I have a sorted dataset by datestamp which looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>user message
A Hi. 
B Hello.
B How are you?
A I am stuck.
B How can I help you?
</code></pre>

<p>What I want is to create a pandas df that would look like ... | python dataset pandas | 1 | Dataset from sequence of messages -- (python dataset pandas)
<p>I have a sorted dataset by datestamp which looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>user message
A Hi. 
B Hello.
B How are you?
A I am stuck.
B How can I help you?
</code></pre>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,734 | problem submitting classification problem | <p>I am trying to make a submission, so I have a test set without labels and I am tryin to test my classification model on it. In particular, I have also to submit this prediction as a csv. 
I have the following test set without labels, which is the output of <code>pd.read_json()</code>, so it is the output from th... | machine learning classification | 1 | problem submitting classification problem -- (machine learning classification)
<p>I am trying to make a submission, so I have a test set without labels and I am tryin to test my classification model on it. In particular, I have also to submit this prediction as a csv. 
I have the following test set without labels, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,745 | Calculating the average of gradient decent | <p>I am currently studying the backpropagation process and gradient decent algorithm form the book Neural Networks and Deep Learning written by Michael Nielsen and 3Blue1Brown channel in YouTube.</p>

<p>My question is about calculating the gradient in gradient decent algorithm(the whole dataset as input).</p>&... | gradient descent | 1 | Calculating the average of gradient decent -- (gradient descent)
<p>I am currently studying the backpropagation process and gradient decent algorithm form the book Neural Networks and Deep Learning written by Michael Nielsen and 3Blue1Brown channel in YouTube.</p>

<p>My question is about calculating the gradie... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,762 | Different results every time I train a reinforcement learning agent | <p>I am training an RL agent for a control problem using PPO algorithm. I am using stable-baselines library for it. </p>

<p>The objective of an agent is to maintain a temperature of 24 deg in a zone and it takes actions every 15 mins.The length of episode is 9 hrs. I have trained the model for 1 million steps... | deep learning reinforcement learning dqn actor critic monte carlo | 1 | Different results every time I train a reinforcement learning agent -- (deep learning reinforcement learning dqn actor critic monte carlo)
<p>I am training an RL agent for a control problem using PPO algorithm. I am using stable-baselines library for it. </p>

<p>The objective of an agent is to maintain a tempe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,780 | Do repeated sentences impact Word2Vec? | <p>I'm working with domain-oriented documents in order to obtain synonyms using Word2Vec. 
These documents are usually templates, so sentences are repeated a lot.</p>

<p>1k of the unique sentences represent 83% of the text corpus; while 41k of the unique sentences represent the remaining 17% of the corpus.... | machine learning nlp word2vec word embeddings | 1 | Do repeated sentences impact Word2Vec? -- (machine learning nlp word2vec word embeddings)
<p>I'm working with domain-oriented documents in order to obtain synonyms using Word2Vec. 
These documents are usually templates, so sentences are repeated a lot.</p>

<p>1k of the unique sentences represent 83% of the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,794 | Does the predict function in machine learning understand categorical data | <p>I understand that before feature engineering one has to split the dataset into train and test data, so as to avoid bias in the analysis. I also understand that the machine learning model does not understand data apart from numerical data, thus encoding is required, which is a part of feature engineering. My question... | python predictive modeling feature engineering data science model encoding | 1 | Does the predict function in machine learning understand categorical data -- (python predictive modeling feature engineering data science model encoding)
<p>I understand that before feature engineering one has to split the dataset into train and test data, so as to avoid bias in the analysis. I also understand that the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,805 | Can I download Twitter data via web scraping for research? | <p>I want to do a sentiment analysis using twitter data. Was thinking about hardcoding a cURL script to download data, from a Google Cloud service (I'll run the data on a neural network on the server, to label each tweet), but I have this question:</p>

<ul>
<li>Am I allowed to do this? I know twitter sells... | twitter web scraping | 1 | Can I download Twitter data via web scraping for research? -- (twitter web scraping)
<p>I want to do a sentiment analysis using twitter data. Was thinking about hardcoding a cURL script to download data, from a Google Cloud service (I'll run the data on a neural network on the server, to label each tweet), but I have t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,833 | How can different classification algorithms expressed as neural networks? | <p>I have heard that each of the different classification algorithms can be expressed as neural network architecture. How can the different algorithms like <strong>Logistic Regression</strong>, <strong>SVM</strong>(Support Vector Machine), <strong>ELM</strong>(Extreme Learning Machine) be expressed as a neural network?... | machine learning neural network classification svm | 1 | How can different classification algorithms expressed as neural networks? -- (machine learning neural network classification svm)
<p>I have heard that each of the different classification algorithms can be expressed as neural network architecture. How can the different algorithms like <strong>Logistic Regression</stron... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,842 | error when submitting machine learning project | <p>I am trying to make a submission of a machine learning classification problem. I have a test dataset where to try my model. To submit I have to build a csv file. The prblem is that when I go building this csv file by doing:</p>

<pre><code>sub = pd.DataFrame({'instructions': test['instructions'],'compiler':n... | machine learning pandas | 1 | error when submitting machine learning project -- (machine learning pandas)
<p>I am trying to make a submission of a machine learning classification problem. I have a test dataset where to try my model. To submit I have to build a csv file. The prblem is that when I go building this csv file by doing:</p>

<pre... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,867 | Detect geolocation match a GeoJson pattern | <p>I'm trying to detect if a geolocation (lat, lng) match a GeoJson pattern. As example i have line of location points and i want to detect if a new point can match that pattern in certain radius, like 10-20 meters.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iQKrI.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https:... | time series clustering | 1 | Detect geolocation match a GeoJson pattern -- (time series clustering)
<p>I'm trying to detect if a geolocation (lat, lng) match a GeoJson pattern. As example i have line of location points and i want to detect if a new point can match that pattern in certain radius, like 10-20 meters.</p>

<p><a href="https://... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,868 | High / low resources language : what does it mean? | <p>In NLP, languages are often referred as <code>low resource</code> or <code>high resource</code>. </p>

<p><strong>What these terms mean ?</strong></p>
 | nlp | 1 | High / low resources language : what does it mean? -- (nlp)
<p>In NLP, languages are often referred as <code>low resource</code> or <code>high resource</code>. </p>

<p><strong>What these terms mean ?</strong></p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,881 | Why activation functions used in neural networks generally have limited range? | <p>Why do we generally use activation functions with only limited range in neural networks? for e.g.</p>

<ul>
<li><span class="math-container">$sigmoid$</span> activation function has range <span class="math-container">$[0, 1]$</span></li>
<li><span class="math-container">$tanh$</span> activation funct... | machine learning neural network activation function | 1 | Why activation functions used in neural networks generally have limited range? -- (machine learning neural network activation function)
<p>Why do we generally use activation functions with only limited range in neural networks? for e.g.</p>

<ul>
<li><span class="math-container">$sigmoid$</span> activation ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,889 | Doubt in Derivation of Backpropagation | <p>I was going through the derivation of backpropagation algorithm provided in this <a href="https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/%7Emeeden/cs81/s10/BackPropDeriv.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">document</a> (adding just for reference). I have doubt at one specific point in this derivation. The derivation goes as follows:</p>&... | machine learning neural network deep learning backpropagation derivation | 1 | Doubt in Derivation of Backpropagation -- (machine learning neural network deep learning backpropagation derivation)
<p>I was going through the derivation of backpropagation algorithm provided in this <a href="https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/%7Emeeden/cs81/s10/BackPropDeriv.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">document</a> (ad... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,892 | K fold cross validation reduces accuracy | <p>I am working on a machine learning classifier and when I arrive at the moment of dividing my data into training set and test set Iwant to confron two different approches. In one approch I just split the dataset into training set and test set, while with the other approch I use k fold cross validation. </p>

... | machine learning classification cross validation accuracy | 1 | K fold cross validation reduces accuracy -- (machine learning classification cross validation accuracy)
<p>I am working on a machine learning classifier and when I arrive at the moment of dividing my data into training set and test set Iwant to confron two different approches. In one approch I just split the dataset in... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,900 | How to interpret ANOVA results? | <p>I am trying to identify what attributes are not relevant in my dataset to remove them before fitting a classifier.</p>

<p>The target is a categorical variable with three different values.</p>

<p>I also have a lot of numerical attributes.</p>

<p>For ANOVA, I used the following code:</p>
... | scikit learn statistics scipy | 1 | How to interpret ANOVA results? -- (scikit learn statistics scipy)
<p>I am trying to identify what attributes are not relevant in my dataset to remove them before fitting a classifier.</p>

<p>The target is a categorical variable with three different values.</p>

<p>I also have a lot of numerical attrib... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,916 | Is there any way to create column based on some previous column in PANDAS dataframe? | <p><strong><em>Given:</em></strong> I have <strong>Pandas Dataframe</strong> as shown below</p>

<pre><code>| Employee_ID | Manager_ID |
|:-----------:|:----------:|
| E068 | E067 |
| E071 | E067 |
| E229 | E069 |
| E248 | E144 |
| E226... | python pandas | 1 | Is there any way to create column based on some previous column in PANDAS dataframe? -- (python pandas)
<p><strong><em>Given:</em></strong> I have <strong>Pandas Dataframe</strong> as shown below</p>

<pre><code>| Employee_ID | Manager_ID |
|:-----------:|:----------:|
| E068 | E067 |
|... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,919 | Given a list of thresholds in descending order will the corresponding FPRs and TPRs lists always be in ascending order? | <p>I've made a series of predictions with a machine learning model. I have a list <code>y</code> of labels and a list <code>p</code> of predicted probabilities such that <code>p[i]</code> is the predicted probability of the entry associated with <code>y[i]</code>. </p>

<p>With Python's <code>sklearn</code> lib... | machine learning | 1 | Given a list of thresholds in descending order will the corresponding FPRs and TPRs lists always be in ascending order? -- (machine learning)
<p>I've made a series of predictions with a machine learning model. I have a list <code>y</code> of labels and a list <code>p</code> of predicted probabilities such that <code>p[... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,924 | How can you make use of Json format data? | <p>I want to obtain data from <a href="https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/250967" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/250967</a> but the data format is Json. I am new to data mining and I would like to know if there is a way to convert this data into an excel format. Thanks for your... | data mining text mining data cleaning preprocessing | 1 | How can you make use of Json format data? -- (data mining text mining data cleaning preprocessing)
<p>I want to obtain data from <a href="https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/250967" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/250967</a> but the data format is Json. I am new to data mining an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,928 | If my model is overfitting the training dataset, does adding noise to training dataset help regularizing the machine learning model | <p>I would like to know if this is a best practice or not. Can we add noise to the training data to help the model "fit less the training data"; as a result, hoping to generalize better on new unseen data?</p>
 | overfitting regularization noise | 1 | If my model is overfitting the training dataset, does adding noise to training dataset help regularizing the machine learning model -- (overfitting regularization noise)
<p>I would like to know if this is a best practice or not. Can we add noise to the training data to help the model "fit less the training data"; as a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,934 | creating a csv file from two csv files | <p>I have two csv files:</p>

<pre><code>sub_compiler.to_csv('sub_compiler.csv')
sub_compiler.head()
</code></pre>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZXRGC.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZXRGC.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>an... | pandas dataframe | 1 | creating a csv file from two csv files -- (pandas dataframe)
<p>I have two csv files:</p>

<pre><code>sub_compiler.to_csv('sub_compiler.csv')
sub_compiler.head()
</code></pre>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZXRGC.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZXRGC.pn... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,941 | Classifying points exactly on decision boundary | <p>For calculating loss arose by classification we do this:</p>

<p>If <span class="math-container">$y (w \cdot x + b) > 0$</span>: <span class="math-container">$\text{no loss}$</span></p>

<p>If <span class="math-container">$y (w \cdot x + b) < 0$</span>: <span class="math-container">$\text{loss}... | classification loss function | 1 | Classifying points exactly on decision boundary -- (classification loss function)
<p>For calculating loss arose by classification we do this:</p>

<p>If <span class="math-container">$y (w \cdot x + b) > 0$</span>: <span class="math-container">$\text{no loss}$</span></p>

<p>If <span class="math-conta... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,977 | Pandas datetime error when reading from excel file | <p>I am trying to read an excel file that has two columns using pandas.</p>

<p>This is how the data looks in excel file:</p>

<pre><code>DT Values
2019-11-11 10:00 28.9
2019-11-11 10:01 56.25
2019-11-11 10:02 2.45
2019-11-11 10:03 96.3
2019-11-... | python time series pandas data cleaning excel | 1 | Pandas datetime error when reading from excel file -- (python time series pandas data cleaning excel)
<p>I am trying to read an excel file that has two columns using pandas.</p>

<p>This is how the data looks in excel file:</p>

<pre><code>DT Values
2019-11-11 10:00 28.9
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,982 | How to optimize input parameters given target and scoring parameters | <p>I'm new to machine learning/optimization, so I apologize in advance if this has been answered before. I don't know which search terms to use.</p>

<p>I have a large dataset where I have a number of input parameters <span class="math-container">$I_1$</span>, ... <span class="math-container">$I_n$</span> (<spa... | machine learning python optimization | 1 | How to optimize input parameters given target and scoring parameters -- (machine learning python optimization)
<p>I'm new to machine learning/optimization, so I apologize in advance if this has been answered before. I don't know which search terms to use.</p>

<p>I have a large dataset where I have a number of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
62,989 | Classification - Divide the interval (0 - 1] to lets say 100 classes and use each class to make a calculation | <p>class-1 represents 0.01, class-i represents 0.01*i, class-100 represents 1.00.
<br>
Thus, when the classifier predicts the class-y and it should have predicted class-(y+1) there is a small error so we can accept class-y. 
<br>
Is there a way to express this behaviour in a neural network? Maybe with a... | machine learning classification predictive modeling classifier | 1 | Classification - Divide the interval (0 - 1] to lets say 100 classes and use each class to make a calculation -- (machine learning classification predictive modeling classifier)
<p>class-1 represents 0.01, class-i represents 0.01*i, class-100 represents 1.00.
<br>
Thus, when the classifier predicts the class-y ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,019 | Deep Learning for Video Classification | <p>Which Deep Learning architecture is best for classifying short videos of variable length? I would like to classify videos that last from 1 up to 3 seconds. </p>
 | deep learning classification computer vision | 1 | Deep Learning for Video Classification -- (deep learning classification computer vision)
<p>Which Deep Learning architecture is best for classifying short videos of variable length? I would like to classify videos that last from 1 up to 3 seconds. </p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,045 | Feature Importance based on a Logistic Regression Model | <p>I was training a Logistic Regression model over a fairly large dataset with ~1000 columns.</p>

<p>I did apply scaling of features using MinMaxScaler. </p>

<p>I was wondering how to interpret the coefficients generated by the model and find something like feature importance in a Tree based model. </... | logistic regression | 1 | Feature Importance based on a Logistic Regression Model -- (logistic regression)
<p>I was training a Logistic Regression model over a fairly large dataset with ~1000 columns.</p>

<p>I did apply scaling of features using MinMaxScaler. </p>

<p>I was wondering how to interpret the coefficients generated ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,049 | How to handle weekdays in a NN? | <p>I want to test if using additional information of weekdays would improve my NN. Therefore, I just converted the weekdays numerically such as</p>

<pre><code>Monday -> 0
Tuesday -> 1
...
Sunday -> 6
</code></pre>

<p>but my NN fails totally with that alongside to other 16 vari... | neural network keras time series | 1 | How to handle weekdays in a NN? -- (neural network keras time series)
<p>I want to test if using additional information of weekdays would improve my NN. Therefore, I just converted the weekdays numerically such as</p>

<pre><code>Monday -> 0
Tuesday -> 1
...
Sunday -> 6
</code></pre>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,054 | Predicting Sequence based on Tabular Features | <p>I have a dataset regarding a specific junction on a piece of road and the cars that will cross that junction. I am trying to predict the order that cars will pass the specific junction given a set of tabular features. My dataset looks similar to the following:</p>

<pre><code>Target car1_type car2_type... | machine learning | 1 | Predicting Sequence based on Tabular Features -- (machine learning)
<p>I have a dataset regarding a specific junction on a piece of road and the cars that will cross that junction. I am trying to predict the order that cars will pass the specific junction given a set of tabular features. My dataset looks similar to the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,061 | Maybe wrong values for precision and recall | <p>I'm trying to do some data mining with RapidMiner studio. 
I've applied the K-nearest neighbor algorithm with different values of K. 
As I expected, accuracy increase and after K=5, it decrease. But I cannot understand why value of recall for Basic increase (as I expected) but recall for Premium decrease. Th... | classification data mining k nn | 1 | Maybe wrong values for precision and recall -- (classification data mining k nn)
<p>I'm trying to do some data mining with RapidMiner studio. 
I've applied the K-nearest neighbor algorithm with different values of K. 
As I expected, accuracy increase and after K=5, it decrease. But I cannot understand why value... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,075 | XGBClassifier: make the output of predict_proba ascending regarding a specific feature | <p>I'm trying to build a classifier using Xgboost on some high dimensional data, the problem I'm having is that I have the prior knowledge that the output probabilities should be ascending regarding a feature(say x), but I don't know how can I make the model understand this!</p>

<p>For example for a data point... | xgboost | 1 | XGBClassifier: make the output of predict_proba ascending regarding a specific feature -- (xgboost)
<p>I'm trying to build a classifier using Xgboost on some high dimensional data, the problem I'm having is that I have the prior knowledge that the output probabilities should be ascending regarding a feature(say x), but... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,077 | Classifying objects in video without machine learning | <p>Recently, Nick Bourdakos posted a <a href="https://twitter.com/bourdakos1/status/1090731521265356800" rel="nofollow noreferrer">series of videos</a> demonstrating bottle detection in a video stream using <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/js" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Tensorflow.js</a>. Specifically, he is using SS... | machine learning image classification computer vision object detection | 1 | Classifying objects in video without machine learning -- (machine learning image classification computer vision object detection)
<p>Recently, Nick Bourdakos posted a <a href="https://twitter.com/bourdakos1/status/1090731521265356800" rel="nofollow noreferrer">series of videos</a> demonstrating bottle detection in a vi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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