id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
64,790 | How do I make a submission of a CNN? | <p>I have built a CNN to do image classification for images representing different weather conditions. I have 4 classes of images : Haze, Rainy, Snowy, Sunny.</p>

<p>I have built my CNN and evaluated the performances. N ow I have been given a blind test set, so images without a label, and I have to make a subm... | machine learning neural network deep learning cnn image classification | 1 | How do I make a submission of a CNN? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning cnn image classification)
<p>I have built a CNN to do image classification for images representing different weather conditions. I have 4 classes of images : Haze, Rainy, Snowy, Sunny.</p>

<p>I have built my CNN and evaluate... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,796 | What is the difference between a regular Linear Regression model and xgboost with objective set to "reg:linear"? | <p>As I understand it, a regular linear regression model already minimizes for squared error, which means that it is the theoretical best prediction for this metric. Does xgboost's "reg:linear" objective do something other than minimize squared error?</p>
 | linear regression xgboost | 1 | What is the difference between a regular Linear Regression model and xgboost with objective set to "reg:linear"? -- (linear regression xgboost)
<p>As I understand it, a regular linear regression model already minimizes for squared error, which means that it is the theoretical best prediction for this metric. Does xgbo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,800 | Where do I find the .csv file for the submission after creating it? | <p>I am making a submission of a classificaition problem with CNN on Google Colab. So I have arrived at doing this:</p>

<pre><code>subm.to_csv('submission.csv', index=False)
</code></pre>

<p>so in theory I should have finished. The only problem is that I don't know where to find the newly created ... | machine learning neural network cnn image classification colab | 1 | Where do I find the .csv file for the submission after creating it? -- (machine learning neural network cnn image classification colab)
<p>I am making a submission of a classificaition problem with CNN on Google Colab. So I have arrived at doing this:</p>

<pre><code>subm.to_csv('submission.csv', index=False)&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,821 | Trouble in calculating the covariance matrix | <p>I'm trying to calculate the covariance matrix for a dummy dataset using the following formula, but it's not matching with the actual result.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/hBQlM.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/hBQlM.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></... | python statistics numpy | 1 | Trouble in calculating the covariance matrix -- (python statistics numpy)
<p>I'm trying to calculate the covariance matrix for a dummy dataset using the following formula, but it's not matching with the actual result.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/hBQlM.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="http... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,827 | What is difference between attention mechanism and cognitive function? | <p>How are attention mechanism used in different deep learning algorithms different from the cognitive function attention? </p>
 | attention mechanism | 1 | What is difference between attention mechanism and cognitive function? -- (attention mechanism)
<p>How are attention mechanism used in different deep learning algorithms different from the cognitive function attention? </p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,829 | Exception: Data must be 1-dimensional appears when trying to make a submission | <p>I am doing image classification, and until now I have built my network and evaluated it. The only thing that remains to do is to do the submission, so I have a blind test set which contains images with no labels, and using the model I have created, I have to make predictions on this blind test set.</p>

<p>I... | machine learning neural network cnn pandas image classification | 1 | Exception: Data must be 1-dimensional appears when trying to make a submission -- (machine learning neural network cnn pandas image classification)
<p>I am doing image classification, and until now I have built my network and evaluated it. The only thing that remains to do is to do the submission, so I have a blind tes... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,834 | Which combination of 3 hyperparameters to combat overfitting of a convolutional neural network? | <p>I have a small dataset with which I want to train a CNN by using Data Augmentation. Since the CNN is overfitting due to the small data set, I would like to optimize some hyperparameters.
However, since I would like to use GridSearchCV from Scikit-Learn for this and I would therefore like to optimize only 3 hyper... | overfitting hyperparameter tuning convolutional neural network grid search gridsearchcv | 1 | Which combination of 3 hyperparameters to combat overfitting of a convolutional neural network? -- (overfitting hyperparameter tuning convolutional neural network grid search gridsearchcv)
<p>I have a small dataset with which I want to train a CNN by using Data Augmentation. Since the CNN is overfitting due to the smal... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,836 | Comparison with transfer learning and CNN from scratch on a small dataset | <p>I am doing image classification with CNN, and I have a training set of 3200 imges and a training set of 400 images. I have used two different approches for doing this classification : Transfer learnoing and bulding a CNN from scratch.</p>

<p>In the case of transfer learning I get an accuracy of 85%, and in ... | machine learning neural network cnn transfer learning | 1 | Comparison with transfer learning and CNN from scratch on a small dataset -- (machine learning neural network cnn transfer learning)
<p>I am doing image classification with CNN, and I have a training set of 3200 imges and a training set of 400 images. I have used two different approches for doing this classification : ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,856 | Mismatch between optimum features and grid scores using RFECV? | <p>I have a dataset with 5K columns focused on binary classification. I have more than 60 columns. I am trying to find the best features through RFECV approach. Though it produces 30 optimum features, when I plot in graph, I only see 12 features. Please see my code and plot below</p>

<pre><code>model = Random... | machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering | 1 | Mismatch between optimum features and grid scores using RFECV? -- (machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering)
<p>I have a dataset with 5K columns focused on binary classification. I have more than 60 columns. I am trying to find the best features through RFECV approach. Thou... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,870 | Spyder 4: changed behavior or "run cell" / run selected code | <p>I'm a user of spyder. This weekend I updated to spyder 4, which seems to have received many usefull improvements, however I have a problem with running selected code. The logic seems to have changed.</p>

<p>Unfortunately for me it is very important, that I can select code lines and run them ad hoc, without ... | python spyder | 1 | Spyder 4: changed behavior or "run cell" / run selected code -- (python spyder)
<p>I'm a user of spyder. This weekend I updated to spyder 4, which seems to have received many usefull improvements, however I have a problem with running selected code. The logic seems to have changed.</p>

<p>Unfortunately for me ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,871 | How to Maximize recall for Minority class? | <p>I have a dataset with 4.7k records and 60 features. 1558 records of indication label <code>1</code> and 3554 records indicating label <code>0</code>. Am solving a binary classification problem. I used SMOTE on <code>training data</code> to balance the data</p>

<p>I applied various feature selection algorith... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling evaluation | 1 | How to Maximize recall for Minority class? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling evaluation)
<p>I have a dataset with 4.7k records and 60 features. 1558 records of indication label <code>1</code> and 3554 records indicating label <code>0</code>. Am solving a binary classification problem. I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,878 | How to distinguish informative and non-informative feature - Feature importance? | <p>I have a dataset with 5K records focused on binary classification problem. I have more than 60 features in my dataset. When I used <code>Xgboost</code>, I got the below <code>Feature Importance</code> plot. However I am not sure how to find out whether all of these are informative?</p>

<p><a href="https://i... | machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering | 1 | How to distinguish informative and non-informative feature - Feature importance? -- (machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering)
<p>I have a dataset with 5K records focused on binary classification problem. I have more than 60 features in my dataset. When I used <code>Xgboost... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,880 | How do I download a Google Colab notebook? | <p>I have to download code written in a Google Colab notebook, because I need to send it via email. How do I do this?</p>
 | colab | 1 | How do I download a Google Colab notebook? -- (colab)
<p>I have to download code written in a Google Colab notebook, because I need to send it via email. How do I do this?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,883 | What's wrong with RF/SVM with word embedding (GloVe)? | <p>I searched many times in google for examples on word embedding (specifically GloVe) with Random forest and I couldn't find any single example. For GloVe, it was all either LSTM or CNN. Maybe there's something I don't understand, but why only these 2 algorithms are used with GloVe, what's wrong with the other algorit... | keras word embeddings nlp ensemble modeling gensim | 1 | What's wrong with RF/SVM with word embedding (GloVe)? -- (keras word embeddings nlp ensemble modeling gensim)
<p>I searched many times in google for examples on word embedding (specifically GloVe) with Random forest and I couldn't find any single example. For GloVe, it was all either LSTM or CNN. Maybe there's somethin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,889 | doubt in improvement of performances given by a layer in a deep neural network | <p>Today I was discussing about neural network with a friend, and he said that the more layers we add, the less increase in accuracy each layer gives individually. Is this fact true? </p>

<p>I know that it is better to go deep then wide when building a neural network, but it is true that if we have a lot of la... | machine learning neural network | 1 | doubt in improvement of performances given by a layer in a deep neural network -- (machine learning neural network)
<p>Today I was discussing about neural network with a friend, and he said that the more layers we add, the less increase in accuracy each layer gives individually. Is this fact true? </p>

<p>I kn... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,899 | Why is orthogonal weights initialization so important for PPO? | <p>I have implemented PPO to solve Atari environments. For the longest time I couldn't figure out why my model would not converge as fast as other open source solutions. Eventually it boiled down to this single weights initialization (in PyTorch) for the CNN:</p>

<p><code>init_ = lambda m: init(m, nn.init.orth... | reinforcement learning | 1 | Why is orthogonal weights initialization so important for PPO? -- (reinforcement learning)
<p>I have implemented PPO to solve Atari environments. For the longest time I couldn't figure out why my model would not converge as fast as other open source solutions. Eventually it boiled down to this single weights initializa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,905 | How to understand clearly the feature importance computing in random forest model | <p>I want to know the details of feature importance computing of random forest with gini index. I refer to this Chinese blog:<a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/7a876bb876b9" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.jianshu.com/p/7a876bb876b9</a>. But I don't understand clearly these mathematical forms in blog. </p>
&#... | feature selection random forest machine learning model | 1 | How to understand clearly the feature importance computing in random forest model -- (feature selection random forest machine learning model)
<p>I want to know the details of feature importance computing of random forest with gini index. I refer to this Chinese blog:<a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/7a876bb876b9" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,906 | How to transform specific type feature to yield better prediction? | <p>I have a dataset with 5K records focused on binary classification problem. I have about 60 features.</p>

<p>Out of 60 features, around 45-46 features are of 'Min' and 'Max' type.</p>

<p>For example, minimum blood pressure, maximum old pressure, minimum heart rate, maximum heart rate, minimum potass... | machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering | 1 | How to transform specific type feature to yield better prediction? -- (machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering)
<p>I have a dataset with 5K records focused on binary classification problem. I have about 60 features.</p>

<p>Out of 60 features, around 45-46 featur... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,912 | CV(Curriculum vitae) Recommendation System guidance | <p>I am building a recommender system which matches people's CV with a vacancy.</p>

<p>So far, I used TF-IDF & Cosine Similarity to get a matching score between a vacancy and a candidate's CV.</p>

<p>I want to know whether there are any other approaches to create such a recommendation engine?</p>&... | scikit learn text mining recommender system tfidf | 1 | CV(Curriculum vitae) Recommendation System guidance -- (scikit learn text mining recommender system tfidf)
<p>I am building a recommender system which matches people's CV with a vacancy.</p>

<p>So far, I used TF-IDF & Cosine Similarity to get a matching score between a vacancy and a candidate's CV.</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,932 | How to yield better AUC score? | <p>I have a dataset with 5K records and 60 features focused on binary classification. Class proportion is 33:67</p>

<p>Currently I am trying to increase the performance of my model which is stuck at F1-score of 89% (majority) and 75% (minority) class and AUC of 80%. </p>

<p>I tried Gridsearchcv and fe... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling grid search | 1 | How to yield better AUC score? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling grid search)
<p>I have a dataset with 5K records and 60 features focused on binary classification. Class proportion is 33:67</p>

<p>Currently I am trying to increase the performance of my model which is stuck at F... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,938 | Why is the code provided in this book mostly commented out? | <p>I am new to text mining and have been playing around with the code provided in the book <em>Applied Text Analysis With Python</em>. I came to a problem with this specific part:</p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/foxbook/atap/blob/master/snippets/ch08/oz.py" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/foxbo... | python jupyter | 1 | Why is the code provided in this book mostly commented out? -- (python jupyter)
<p>I am new to text mining and have been playing around with the code provided in the book <em>Applied Text Analysis With Python</em>. I came to a problem with this specific part:</p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/foxbook/atap/blo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,943 | Constructing the Confusion matrix from given metrics | <p>I am given the following metrics for a certain classifier : 
 -Total number of cases in the dataset = 110 
 -Accuracy: 92.7%
 -Precision : 96.9%
 -Recall : 95%</p>

<p>Are this information enough to reconstruct the confusion matrix?</p>
 | machine learning confusion matrix | 1 | Constructing the Confusion matrix from given metrics -- (machine learning confusion matrix)
<p>I am given the following metrics for a certain classifier : 
 -Total number of cases in the dataset = 110 
 -Accuracy: 92.7%
 -Precision : 96.9%
 -Recall : 95%</p>

<p>Are this information enough to re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,953 | How can I compare the contribution of two predictors in two different sorts for machine learning algorithms? | <p>I'm new to machine learning and try to clarify my problem in research. I just wonder if I can compare the importance of two different variables in two different sorts. For example, A and B are two variables that I want to compare their contribution to ML accuracy. The rest of the variables (like C, D, and E) for eac... | machine learning r | 1 | How can I compare the contribution of two predictors in two different sorts for machine learning algorithms? -- (machine learning r)
<p>I'm new to machine learning and try to clarify my problem in research. I just wonder if I can compare the importance of two different variables in two different sorts. For example, A a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,958 | Why SVM gridsearch takes longer time? | <p>I have a dataset of 5K records and 60 features focussed on binary classification. Please find my code below for SVM paramter tuning. It's running for a longer time than <code>Xgb</code>.<code>LR</code> and <code>Rf</code>. The other algorithms mentioned returned results within minutes (10-15 mins) whereas SVM is run... | machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection hyperparameter | 1 | Why SVM gridsearch takes longer time? -- (machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection hyperparameter)
<p>I have a dataset of 5K records and 60 features focussed on binary classification. Please find my code below for SVM paramter tuning. It's running for a longer time than <code>Xgb</code>.<cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,962 | How to get vectors of memory cell & the last output of $LSTM$ in keras? | <p>In <a href="https://techblog.rtbhouse.com/files/user2vec-user-modeling-using-lstm.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> research paper the following paragraph appears, </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The state of every LSTM model is stored in <strong>two fixed-size
 vectors of real numbers called the memo... | deep learning keras lstm | 1 | How to get vectors of memory cell & the last output of $LSTM$ in keras? -- (deep learning keras lstm)
<p>In <a href="https://techblog.rtbhouse.com/files/user2vec-user-modeling-using-lstm.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> research paper the following paragraph appears, </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The state... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,965 | Change number format of confusion matrix | <p>I have the following confusion matrix: 
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h2oEV.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h2oEV.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I would like to change the format of the numbers that, when they exceed the value 99, appear in sc... | python matplotlib confusion matrix | 1 | Change number format of confusion matrix -- (python matplotlib confusion matrix)
<p>I have the following confusion matrix: 
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h2oEV.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/h2oEV.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I would like to c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,966 | What is the best approach for classifying non-English text | <p>What would be the best approach for classifying non-English (Sinhala / Tamil) text? Currently I use <a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fasttext</a>. Are there any better options? </p>

<p>I want to classify user questions into chatbot intents. Therefore, there ma... | machine learning classification text | 1 | What is the best approach for classifying non-English text -- (machine learning classification text)
<p>What would be the best approach for classifying non-English (Sinhala / Tamil) text? Currently I use <a href="https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fasttext</a>. Are there any better ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,982 | What does many low important feature indicate? | <p>I have a dataset where I am focusing on binary classification problem. In total,I have around 60 features in my dataset</p>

<p>When I used Xgboost <code>Feature Importance</code>, I was able to see that the top 5 features account for <code>42%</code> whereas rest of the of the 50 features account for <code>... | machine learning deep learning feature selection xgboost feature extraction | 1 | What does many low important feature indicate? -- (machine learning deep learning feature selection xgboost feature extraction)
<p>I have a dataset where I am focusing on binary classification problem. In total,I have around 60 features in my dataset</p>

<p>When I used Xgboost <code>Feature Importance</code>, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,990 | How to best use geographical information as a factor? | <p>I am trying to predict crime rates and I have naively used lat and long as two separate factors (which seem to work well!). Are there any best practices for location as a factor?</p>
 | machine learning predictive modeling geospatial | 1 | How to best use geographical information as a factor? -- (machine learning predictive modeling geospatial)
<p>I am trying to predict crime rates and I have naively used lat and long as two separate factors (which seem to work well!). Are there any best practices for location as a factor?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,995 | Efficient recurrent network for sequences of varying length | <p>Suppose I have a bunch of sequences of varying lenghts. The absolute majority of them are short, just a few dozens items long. However, very few of them are significantly longer - more than a hundred items long. The question is, how to organize them efficiently as an input to recurrent layer?</p>

<p>Padding... | neural network rnn | 1 | Efficient recurrent network for sequences of varying length -- (neural network rnn)
<p>Suppose I have a bunch of sequences of varying lenghts. The absolute majority of them are short, just a few dozens items long. However, very few of them are significantly longer - more than a hundred items long. The question is, how ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,006 | Multi-label classification based on single-label dataset | <p>I'm looking for a solution to detect different moods/styles expressed by an image. Unfortunately, there is no multi-labeled dataset for this task. </p>

<p>The scenario of defining a multi-label classification model based on single labeled data doesn't seem too absurd to me but still I couldn't find any publ... | image classification multilabel classification | 1 | Multi-label classification based on single-label dataset -- (image classification multilabel classification)
<p>I'm looking for a solution to detect different moods/styles expressed by an image. Unfortunately, there is no multi-labeled dataset for this task. </p>

<p>The scenario of defining a multi-label class... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,021 | Recommended data cleaning techniques for multivariate time series prediction? | <p>I have to predict the next step(s) in a multivariate time series with about 30 features and 50.000 samples. I am thinking of using LSTM. Which techniques are usually recommended for cleaning the data when using LSTM?</p>

<p>Does it make sense to transform the data into a stationary time series when using LS... | time series lstm data cleaning | 1 | Recommended data cleaning techniques for multivariate time series prediction? -- (time series lstm data cleaning)
<p>I have to predict the next step(s) in a multivariate time series with about 30 features and 50.000 samples. I am thinking of using LSTM. Which techniques are usually recommended for cleaning the data whe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,029 | Which kNN model to chose? | <p>I am trying to tune the "n_neighbors" for a kNN model andI have the following problem :</p>

<p>Based on the mean cross validation score the optimal kNN model should be the one with 10 neighbors. </p>

<p>On the other hand, when I plot the "scores vs neighbors" graphs I see that there are models who... | regression hyperparameter tuning k nn | 1 | Which kNN model to chose? -- (regression hyperparameter tuning k nn)
<p>I am trying to tune the "n_neighbors" for a kNN model andI have the following problem :</p>

<p>Based on the mean cross validation score the optimal kNN model should be the one with 10 neighbors. </p>

<p>On the other hand, when I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,030 | K-Fold Cross Validation for NNs | <p>When using K-Fold CV, is it still useful to have a Train/Validation/Test split?</p>

<p>Or simply just a Train/Test? I.e. split up data into k bins, and leave one out for testing, train on the rest, and take average of the scores.</p>
 | neural network cross validation | 1 | K-Fold Cross Validation for NNs -- (neural network cross validation)
<p>When using K-Fold CV, is it still useful to have a Train/Validation/Test split?</p>

<p>Or simply just a Train/Test? I.e. split up data into k bins, and leave one out for testing, train on the rest, and take average of the scores.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,050 | How to interpret coefficients from logistic regression? | <p>I ran a logistic regression (statsmodel) on my data with 60 features using the below code</p>

<pre><code>import statsmodels.api as sm
logit_model=sm.Logit(y_train,X_train_std)
result=logit_model.fit()
print(result.summary())
</code></pre>

<p>I was able to see that few variables had ... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling logistic regression | 1 | How to interpret coefficients from logistic regression? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling logistic regression)
<p>I ran a logistic regression (statsmodel) on my data with 60 features using the below code</p>

<pre><code>import statsmodels.api as sm
logit_model=sm.Logit(y_tra... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,052 | How to pass linear regression weights to Xgboost regressor? | <p>I'm trying to build an xgboost regressor or a catboost regressor for a task. I have a working linear regression model. I also trained an xgboost regressor model for the task but it was worse than the linear regression model. I am wondering if there is a way to pass the linear regression weights (model parameters) a... | regression linear regression xgboost | 1 | How to pass linear regression weights to Xgboost regressor? -- (regression linear regression xgboost)
<p>I'm trying to build an xgboost regressor or a catboost regressor for a task. I have a working linear regression model. I also trained an xgboost regressor model for the task but it was worse than the linear regressi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,057 | Pandas dataframe with multiple observations per model | <p>I currently have a pandas dataframe with the following format</p>

<pre><code> Model Metric Value
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 Ours Accuracy [0.79, 0.79, 0.82]
1 Theirs Accuracy [0.68, 0.56, 0.64]
2 Ours Sens... | python pandas numpy | 1 | Pandas dataframe with multiple observations per model -- (python pandas numpy)
<p>I currently have a pandas dataframe with the following format</p>

<pre><code> Model Metric Value
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 Ours Accuracy [0.79, 0... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,058 | How to get significance level for ranked features? | <p>I am aware of below approaches of feature selection</p>

<p><strong>a)</strong> Feature Importance methods which are available in tree based models like <code>Random Forest</code> and <code>Xgboost</code>,<code>GradientBoost</code> etc.</p>

<p><strong>b)</strong> <code>statsmodel.logistic regression... | machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection feature extraction | 1 | How to get significance level for ranked features? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection feature extraction)
<p>I am aware of below approaches of feature selection</p>

<p><strong>a)</strong> Feature Importance methods which are available in tree based models like <code>Random Forest<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,062 | unique predictions for "multi-label multi-output" classification task | <p>Let’s assume that four participants (A, B, C and D) take on five sport-challenges (e.g. swimming, running, ...). Our goal is to predict the placement of each participant for each challenge. Moreover, let’s assume we have appropriate predictors. We know that each placement (1 to 4) is unique for each challenge (only ... | classification multilabel classification multi output | 1 | unique predictions for "multi-label multi-output" classification task -- (classification multilabel classification multi output)
<p>Let’s assume that four participants (A, B, C and D) take on five sport-challenges (e.g. swimming, running, ...). Our goal is to predict the placement of each participant for each challenge... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,067 | Proper masking in the transformer model | <p>Concerning the transformer model, a mask is used to mask out attention scores (replace with 1e-9) prior to the matrix multiplication with the value tensor. Regarding the masking, I have 3 short questions and would appreciate if you could clarify those:</p>

<ol>
<li>Are the attention scores the only plac... | nlp word embeddings transformer | 1 | Proper masking in the transformer model -- (nlp word embeddings transformer)
<p>Concerning the transformer model, a mask is used to mask out attention scores (replace with 1e-9) prior to the matrix multiplication with the value tensor. Regarding the masking, I have 3 short questions and would appreciate if you could cl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,094 | What's a good F1-score in (not) extremely imbalanced dataset? | <p>I have a dataset with around 4.7K focused on binary classification. Class proportion is 33:67. meaning Label 1 is 1558 (33%) and Label 0 is 3154 (67%) of my dataset.</p>

<p>Is my dataset imbalanced? some people say it is not bad</p>

<p>My objective is <strong>to increase the F1-score</strong> only.... | machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection metric | 1 | What's a good F1-score in (not) extremely imbalanced dataset? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection metric)
<p>I have a dataset with around 4.7K focused on binary classification. Class proportion is 33:67. meaning Label 1 is 1558 (33%) and Label 0 is 3154 (67%) of my dataset.</p>

<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,096 | Can 2 different OOV words get the same vector in FastText? | <p>Since FastText sums up the vectors(order is not considered) of an OOV word's subwords, is it possible for two different OOV words to get the same vector ? If so, then can you give an example?</p>
 | word embeddings word2vec vector space models | 1 | Can 2 different OOV words get the same vector in FastText? -- (word embeddings word2vec vector space models)
<p>Since FastText sums up the vectors(order is not considered) of an OOV word's subwords, is it possible for two different OOV words to get the same vector ? If so, then can you give an example?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,107 | which is better : F1-score of 'N' in imbalanced data or 'N+3' in balanced data? | <p>I have a dataset with 4712 records. Label 1 is 1558(33%) and Label 0 is 3154 (67%)</p>

<p>a) Currently when I run the model and analysis as is (without sampling techniques), I get an <code>F1-score</code> of <code>71-77</code>. I chose <code>F1-score</code> and <code>AUC score</code> as the metric as my da... | machine learning deep learning classification feature selection machine learning model | 1 | which is better : F1-score of 'N' in imbalanced data or 'N+3' in balanced data? -- (machine learning deep learning classification feature selection machine learning model)
<p>I have a dataset with 4712 records. Label 1 is 1558(33%) and Label 0 is 3154 (67%)</p>

<p>a) Currently when I run the model and analysi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,118 | How to perform convolution with kernel bigger than image? | <p>In <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/27506/back-propagation-in-cnn">this</a> question I've seen an example of convolution by the kernel with the shape bigger than initial image's one:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>import numpy as np
from scipy import signal
&#... | python convolution scipy | 1 | How to perform convolution with kernel bigger than image? -- (python convolution scipy)
<p>In <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/27506/back-propagation-in-cnn">this</a> question I've seen an example of convolution by the kernel with the shape bigger than initial image's one:</p>
<pre class="la... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,125 | Role of a known predictor in a disease prediction | <p>I am working on finding out whether the patient will develop the disease or not in a hospital.</p>

<p>Might be a basic info but I am just sharing it anyway.</p>

<p>Usually through historic data, I was able to see that patient who was in hospital or the icu for a longer time (more days) did develop ... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection | 1 | Role of a known predictor in a disease prediction -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection)
<p>I am working on finding out whether the patient will develop the disease or not in a hospital.</p>

<p>Might be a basic info but I am just sharing it anyway.</p>

<p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,126 | CrossMapLRN2d in pytorch | <p>I had to convert a code written in pytorch to keras (with tensorflow backend). But there was this layer called CrossMapLRN2d which had no direct counterpart in Keras. So wanted to know what does this layer do and how to implement it in keras.
The exact line of code was </p>

<pre><code>nn.CrossMapLRN2d(s... | keras pytorch normalization | 1 | CrossMapLRN2d in pytorch -- (keras pytorch normalization)
<p>I had to convert a code written in pytorch to keras (with tensorflow backend). But there was this layer called CrossMapLRN2d which had no direct counterpart in Keras. So wanted to know what does this layer do and how to implement it in keras.
The exact li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,128 | Training a Siamese Neural Network for object similarity assessment | <p>I am training a Siamese neural network with pairs of similar and dissimilar objects. The features of the objects are binary data on whether they contain some properties or not (2048 features per object). </p>

<p>I then split my dataset into training, validation and test set (60:20:20). Afterwards, I prepare... | neural network deep learning machine learning model overfitting siamese networks | 1 | Training a Siamese Neural Network for object similarity assessment -- (neural network deep learning machine learning model overfitting siamese networks)
<p>I am training a Siamese neural network with pairs of similar and dissimilar objects. The features of the objects are binary data on whether they contain some proper... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,136 | Get the Polynomial Equation with Two Variables in Python | <blockquote>
<p>TL;DR</p>
<p><strong>predict "price", given "length" and "wandRate"</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>I have some time-series data where the dependent variable is a polynomial result of 2 independent data points.</p>
<p>Here is a snippet:
<a href="https:... | python regression predictive modeling | 1 | Get the Polynomial Equation with Two Variables in Python -- (python regression predictive modeling)
<blockquote>
<p>TL;DR</p>
<p><strong>predict "price", given "length" and "wandRate"</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>I have some time-series data where the dependent variable is... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,142 | One scaler for all features or one scaler per feature? | <p>I have a time series with more than 30 features. For preprocessing with scikit learn do you usually use one scaler per feature or one scaler for all features that should be standardized/normalized?</p>
 | scikit learn data cleaning preprocessing feature scaling | 1 | One scaler for all features or one scaler per feature? -- (scikit learn data cleaning preprocessing feature scaling)
<p>I have a time series with more than 30 features. For preprocessing with scikit learn do you usually use one scaler per feature or one scaler for all features that should be standardized/normalized?</p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,150 | Technique to determine variation in metric due to varying parameters | <p>So basically I have a large set of features corresponding to a metric - like many ML problems.</p>

<p>What I want to know is: can we correlate the variance of metric with the variation in each feature.</p>

<p>ex:</p>

<p><em>I have features x, y, z that produce an output say 10. When I vary... | variance | 1 | Technique to determine variation in metric due to varying parameters -- (variance)
<p>So basically I have a large set of features corresponding to a metric - like many ML problems.</p>

<p>What I want to know is: can we correlate the variance of metric with the variation in each feature.</p>

<p>ex:</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,152 | Does Sklean's SGDClassifier automatically standardize the training data when regularization is turned on? | <p>Generally speaking--it is best to apply standarizaton (z-scoring the training data) prior to regularization. Does sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier automatically standardize the training data or not when the 'penalty' argument is set to a value other than none (i.e. 'l2', 'l2', or 'elasticnet')? </p>
 | scikit learn feature scaling regularization | 1 | Does Sklean's SGDClassifier automatically standardize the training data when regularization is turned on? -- (scikit learn feature scaling regularization)
<p>Generally speaking--it is best to apply standarizaton (z-scoring the training data) prior to regularization. Does sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier automatically... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,154 | Decision Tree Classifier to classify values based on values of other columns | <p>I have data with multiple labels, for example</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kIHak.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kIHak.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>My <strong>X</strong> set is fromt <strong>second</strong> to <strong>third</strong> colu... | python classification decision trees multilabel classification | 1 | Decision Tree Classifier to classify values based on values of other columns -- (python classification decision trees multilabel classification)
<p>I have data with multiple labels, for example</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kIHak.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kIHak.png" ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,166 | How to choose input variables for ML | <p>Let's say I have a huge database with 100K records and 60 columns. Let's say one of the column is "min_p". What I do is apply some logic/rule to determine the output label for this record. Basically I look at previous two records and next two records of this min_p. If the condition is satisfied, I will mark the labe... | machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering | 1 | How to choose input variables for ML -- (machine learning deep learning predictive modeling feature selection feature engineering)
<p>Let's say I have a huge database with 100K records and 60 columns. Let's say one of the column is "min_p". What I do is apply some logic/rule to determine the output label for this recor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,185 | Format of data in SQL for machine learning | <p>I am a beginner at Machine Learning and am starting out on a ML project. I have a large chunk of the source material and have started extracting the data from it to be stored in SQL (initial test with SQLite, but that is going to be insufficient for production).</p>

<p><strong>The question that I am now fac... | machine learning preprocessing sql | 1 | Format of data in SQL for machine learning -- (machine learning preprocessing sql)
<p>I am a beginner at Machine Learning and am starting out on a ML project. I have a large chunk of the source material and have started extracting the data from it to be stored in SQL (initial test with SQLite, but that is going to be i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,186 | KMeans clustering for Image Data | <p>I am trying to cluster the sample of Imagenet Dataset using K-Means clustering.</p>

<p>In this approach, I have used the below 2 approaches to get the optimal number of clusters.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Elbow method <br /> <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/iE1Jj.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src... | python k means clustering | 1 | KMeans clustering for Image Data -- (python k means clustering)
<p>I am trying to cluster the sample of Imagenet Dataset using K-Means clustering.</p>

<p>In this approach, I have used the below 2 approaches to get the optimal number of clusters.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Elbow method <br /> <a href="https:/... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,212 | Hello, anyone able to direct me to a "cheat sheet" of Neural Network equations with legends? | <p>Can anyone here can direct me to a site that provides a cheat sheet of equations for Neural Networks with a legend for the notation?</p>

<p>It can be on any and all aspects of NN, be it forward or back propagation, activation function, CNN, RNN etc.</p>

<p>I have some reading material with the equa... | machine learning neural network cnn backpropagation | 1 | Hello, anyone able to direct me to a "cheat sheet" of Neural Network equations with legends? -- (machine learning neural network cnn backpropagation)
<p>Can anyone here can direct me to a site that provides a cheat sheet of equations for Neural Networks with a legend for the notation?</p>

<p>It can be on any a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,215 | Is there any good practice to cluster 3D data array? | <p>So I'm not sure what word fits best to describe this data, probably "dimension" would be wrong since it may be used for flat samples with 3 features;</p>

<p>but by 3D data I mean some structure in a form of <em><code>[samples, timesteps, features]</code></em>. And there are 2 features in each timestamp.</p>... | machine learning python clustering unsupervised learning | 1 | Is there any good practice to cluster 3D data array? -- (machine learning python clustering unsupervised learning)
<p>So I'm not sure what word fits best to describe this data, probably "dimension" would be wrong since it may be used for flat samples with 3 features;</p>

<p>but by 3D data I mean some structure... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,239 | Importing .ipnyb file from Kaggle into local Jupyter | <p>Total beginner question here, please let me know if it would be more appropriate somewhere else.</p>

<p>I just created my first iPython notebook in Kaggle and I downloaded the ipnyb file. Now I have installed Jupyter locally and want to try working on the same notebook that way.</p>

<p>It seems lik... | jupyter kaggle | 1 | Importing .ipnyb file from Kaggle into local Jupyter -- (jupyter kaggle)
<p>Total beginner question here, please let me know if it would be more appropriate somewhere else.</p>

<p>I just created my first iPython notebook in Kaggle and I downloaded the ipnyb file. Now I have installed Jupyter locally and want t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,257 | Is it possible to decompose a scalar value to a inter-dependent vector neural network? | <p>My data contains a scalar feature <span class="math-container">$r$</span>, I found this feature is important for training my deep model. My idea is supposing there is a 3-layer MLP <span class="math-container">$f(x), x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$n=1$</span>. It outputs a vector w... | neural network deep learning mlp | 1 | Is it possible to decompose a scalar value to a inter-dependent vector neural network? -- (neural network deep learning mlp)
<p>My data contains a scalar feature <span class="math-container">$r$</span>, I found this feature is important for training my deep model. My idea is supposing there is a 3-layer MLP <span class... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,262 | Are parquet files compressed? | <p>Parquet File Format Hadoop. Parquet, an open-source file format for Hadoop. Parquet stores nested data structures in a flat columnar format. Compared to a traditional approach where data is stored in the row-oriented approach, parquet is more efficient in terms of storage and performance.</p>

<ul>
<li><... | data apache hadoop | 1 | Are parquet files compressed? -- (data apache hadoop)
<p>Parquet File Format Hadoop. Parquet, an open-source file format for Hadoop. Parquet stores nested data structures in a flat columnar format. Compared to a traditional approach where data is stored in the row-oriented approach, parquet is more efficient in terms o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,266 | How do I predict survival curves using xgboost? | <p>The xgboost package enables survival modeling using parameter arguments: objective = "survival:cox" and eval_metric = "cox-nloglik".</p>

<p>The predict method for the resulting model only outputs risk scores (same as <code>type = "risk"</code> in the <code>survival::coxph</code> function in r). </p>
&#x... | xgboost survival analysis | 1 | How do I predict survival curves using xgboost? -- (xgboost survival analysis)
<p>The xgboost package enables survival modeling using parameter arguments: objective = "survival:cox" and eval_metric = "cox-nloglik".</p>

<p>The predict method for the resulting model only outputs risk scores (same as <code>type =... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,271 | How to calculate perplexity in PyTorch? | <p>I am wondering the calculation of <code>perplexity</code> of a <code>language model</code> which is based on <code>character level LSTM model</code>. I got the code from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/francescapaulin/character-level-lstm-in-pytorch" rel="nofollow noreferrer">kaggle</a> and edited a bit for my probl... | lstm pytorch nlp language model | 1 | How to calculate perplexity in PyTorch? -- (lstm pytorch nlp language model)
<p>I am wondering the calculation of <code>perplexity</code> of a <code>language model</code> which is based on <code>character level LSTM model</code>. I got the code from <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/francescapaulin/character-level-lstm-i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,272 | What's the best way to train a NER model? | <p>I am trying to do a project using NLP. My goal is to process Cyber Threat Intelligence articles like <a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rancor-cyber-espionage-group-uses-new-custom-malware-to-attack-southeast-asia/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> to extract information such as actor’s name, malwares an... | python nlp data training named entity recognition | 1 | What's the best way to train a NER model? -- (python nlp data training named entity recognition)
<p>I am trying to do a project using NLP. My goal is to process Cyber Threat Intelligence articles like <a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/rancor-cyber-espionage-group-uses-new-custom-malware-to-attack-southeast-a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,276 | Why is T test reweighting on a word X word co-occurrence matrix so effective? | <p>I am going through Stanford NLP class: <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224u/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224u/</a></p>

<p>A task in the homework is to implement T-test reweighting on a word X word co-occurrence matrix: 
<a href="https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github... | nlp statistics word embeddings stanford nlp | 1 | Why is T test reweighting on a word X word co-occurrence matrix so effective? -- (nlp statistics word embeddings stanford nlp)
<p>I am going through Stanford NLP class: <a href="http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224u/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224u/</a></p>

<p>A task in the homew... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,278 | How different should discriminator be from generator in GAN | <p>When training a GAN, the generator <span class="math-container">$G$</span> strives to fool the discriminator <span class="math-container">$D$</span>, while <span class="math-container">$D$</span> attempts to catch any output generated <span class="math-container">$G$</span> and isolate it from a real data point. The... | gan | 1 | How different should discriminator be from generator in GAN -- (gan)
<p>When training a GAN, the generator <span class="math-container">$G$</span> strives to fool the discriminator <span class="math-container">$D$</span>, while <span class="math-container">$D$</span> attempts to catch any output generated <span class="... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,286 | Why Decision Tree Classifier is not working with categorical value? | <p>I am learning my way through this, so please be easy on me if you find any mistakes, I could really use a professional opinion here. Thx.</p>

<p>I am trying to model a Decision Tree Classifier as part of an ensemble (soft voting system). The problem is that I have the categorical features already converted ... | python decision trees categorical data feature scaling transformer | 1 | Why Decision Tree Classifier is not working with categorical value? -- (python decision trees categorical data feature scaling transformer)
<p>I am learning my way through this, so please be easy on me if you find any mistakes, I could really use a professional opinion here. Thx.</p>

<p>I am trying to model a ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,299 | Why multiply by 2 when calculating partial derivatives during backpropagation? | <p>I'm wondering why we multiple by 2 when calculating partial derivatives.</p>

<p>I'm referencing the 2's that I've circled below, from <a href="https://ml-cheatsheet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gradient_descent.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/fcRiw.pn... | machine learning gradient descent backpropagation mathematics | 1 | Why multiply by 2 when calculating partial derivatives during backpropagation? -- (machine learning gradient descent backpropagation mathematics)
<p>I'm wondering why we multiple by 2 when calculating partial derivatives.</p>

<p>I'm referencing the 2's that I've circled below, from <a href="https://ml-cheatshe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,306 | What is the effect of KL divergence between two Gaussian distributions as a loss function in neural networks? | <p>In many deep neural networks, especially those based on VAE architecture, a KL divergence term is added to the loss function. The divergence is computed between the estimated Gaussian distribution and prior. Since Gaussian distribution is completely specified by mean and co-variance, only those two parameters are es... | neural network deep learning loss function | 1 | What is the effect of KL divergence between two Gaussian distributions as a loss function in neural networks? -- (neural network deep learning loss function)
<p>In many deep neural networks, especially those based on VAE architecture, a KL divergence term is added to the loss function. The divergence is computed betwee... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,307 | How to interpret Shapley value plot for a model? | <p>I was trying to use <code>Shapley value</code> approach for understanding the model predictions. I am trying this on a <code>Xgboost</code> model. My plot looks like as below</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lGb7V.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/lGb7V.png" alt="en... | machine learning deep learning feature selection feature engineering plotting | 1 | How to interpret Shapley value plot for a model? -- (machine learning deep learning feature selection feature engineering plotting)
<p>I was trying to use <code>Shapley value</code> approach for understanding the model predictions. I am trying this on a <code>Xgboost</code> model. My plot looks like as below</p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,311 | Could GANs be used to augment data? | <p>I want to use GAN for data augmentation but I am confuse what are the pros. and cons. of data augmentation using GAN or why we use data augmentation using GAN compared to other data augmentation technique like standard data augmentation?</p>

<p>Your answer will be a great help to me.
Thanks. </p>
 | deep learning generative models | 1 | Could GANs be used to augment data? -- (deep learning generative models)
<p>I want to use GAN for data augmentation but I am confuse what are the pros. and cons. of data augmentation using GAN or why we use data augmentation using GAN compared to other data augmentation technique like standard data augmentation?</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,325 | How can we prove that an autoassociator network will continue to perform if we zero the diagonal elements of a weight matrix? | <p>How can we prove that an auto-associator network will continue to perform if we zero the diagonal elements of a weight matrix that has been determined by the Hebb rule? In other words, suppose that the weight matrix is determined from <span class="math-container">$W = PP^T- QI$</span>, where <span class="math-contai... | machine learning neural network | 1 | How can we prove that an autoassociator network will continue to perform if we zero the diagonal elements of a weight matrix? -- (machine learning neural network)
<p>How can we prove that an auto-associator network will continue to perform if we zero the diagonal elements of a weight matrix that has been determined by ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,334 | Graph isn't an attribute in TensorFlow? Very basic question | <p>Hi am am just starting to learn how to use TensorFlow and this is one of my first projects. I am simply trying to create a graph.</p>

<p>This is my code:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> import tensorflow as tf
 graph1 = tf.Graph()
</code></pre>

<p>I canno... | python tensorflow jupyter | 1 | Graph isn't an attribute in TensorFlow? Very basic question -- (python tensorflow jupyter)
<p>Hi am am just starting to learn how to use TensorFlow and this is one of my first projects. I am simply trying to create a graph.</p>

<p>This is my code:</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code> ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,337 | Issue with predict generator keras | <p>I'm new with keras with tensorflow backend and I'm trying to do transfer learning with pretrained net.
The problem is that the accuracy on validation set is very high, around the 90% , but on test set the accuracy is very bad, less that 1%. 
I solved the problem using opencv to read and resize image, but I'd... | machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow predict | 1 | Issue with predict generator keras -- (machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow predict)
<p>I'm new with keras with tensorflow backend and I'm trying to do transfer learning with pretrained net.
The problem is that the accuracy on validation set is very high, around the 90% , but on test set the accuracy is ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,341 | F1 score vs accuracy, which metric is more important? | <p>I have two multiclass classification models for making predictions (number of classes is three to be precise). One is Keras neural network, other is Gradient Boosted Classifier from Scikit Learn library. </p>

<p>I have noticed that after training on same data GBC has higher accuracy score, while Keras model... | classification | 1 | F1 score vs accuracy, which metric is more important? -- (classification)
<p>I have two multiclass classification models for making predictions (number of classes is three to be precise). One is Keras neural network, other is Gradient Boosted Classifier from Scikit Learn library. </p>

<p>I have noticed that af... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,356 | Binary classifier using Keras with backend Tensorflow with a Binary output | <p>I am trying to build a binary classifier with tensorflow.keras
Currently unable to identify a solution to having the model generating only 0s and 1s.</p>

<p>The code for compiling my tensorflow model.</p>

<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from __future__ import absolute_import, di... | machine learning classification keras tensorflow activation function | 1 | Binary classifier using Keras with backend Tensorflow with a Binary output -- (machine learning classification keras tensorflow activation function)
<p>I am trying to build a binary classifier with tensorflow.keras
Currently unable to identify a solution to having the model generating only 0s and 1s.</p>

<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,360 | Why can't i normalize my data using preprocessing.normalize? | <p>code:</p>

<pre><code>df['Miles'] = preprocessing.normalize(df['Miles'])
</code></pre>

<p>Error msg:</p>

<pre><code>ValueError: Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead:
array=[33.3304678 33.3304678 33.3304678 ... 3.00959404 3.00959404
 3.00959404].
Reshape your data ei... | machine learning | 1 | Why can't i normalize my data using preprocessing.normalize? -- (machine learning)
<p>code:</p>

<pre><code>df['Miles'] = preprocessing.normalize(df['Miles'])
</code></pre>

<p>Error msg:</p>

<pre><code>ValueError: Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead:
array=[33.3304678 33.3304678 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,363 | How to make model for Multivariate timeseries using tensorflow probability structural model? | <p>I have done modelling for <code>Univariate</code> timeseries but while using <code>multivariate</code> time series ( independent features) not able to achieve result. please let me know if anybody have used .</p>

<p>please find reference <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/probability/overview" rel="nofollo... | tensorflow time series bayesian probabilistic programming | 1 | How to make model for Multivariate timeseries using tensorflow probability structural model? -- (tensorflow time series bayesian probabilistic programming)
<p>I have done modelling for <code>Univariate</code> timeseries but while using <code>multivariate</code> time series ( independent features) not able to achieve re... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,387 | How do CNNs find different feature maps? | <p>Assume I have a CNN that in the first (conv) layer takes a 1-channel signal (the input) and gives a 2-channel output. Let's further assume that the rest of the net has symmetric architecture from the point-of-view of any of those channels. Moreover, let's assume all the weights are initialized by zero (or the same n... | machine learning convolutional neural network | 1 | How do CNNs find different feature maps? -- (machine learning convolutional neural network)
<p>Assume I have a CNN that in the first (conv) layer takes a 1-channel signal (the input) and gives a 2-channel output. Let's further assume that the rest of the net has symmetric architecture from the point-of-view of any of t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,392 | How to find the various matrix sizes in designing a CNN | <p>I am trying to understand CNN especially the maths and working mechanism using Matlab as the coding language. I have few confusion regarding the concept and the associated programming and will be immensely grateful for an intuitive answer.</p>

<p>Below is the structure of my CNN for 5 classes. I could calcu... | classification cnn convolution matlab mathematics | 1 | How to find the various matrix sizes in designing a CNN -- (classification cnn convolution matlab mathematics)
<p>I am trying to understand CNN especially the maths and working mechanism using Matlab as the coding language. I have few confusion regarding the concept and the associated programming and will be immensely ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,393 | How to get sensitivity and specificity for multi-class classification for each fold of cross validation? | <p>I am working on a multi-class classification consisting of 4 classes.
I am applying 5-fold cross-validation on it and would like to get the sensitivity (recall) and specificity score for each of those folds.</p>

<p>I found out that using <strong>cross_validate</strong> function, I can provide it with a ... | cross validation multiclass classification | 1 | How to get sensitivity and specificity for multi-class classification for each fold of cross validation? -- (cross validation multiclass classification)
<p>I am working on a multi-class classification consisting of 4 classes.
I am applying 5-fold cross-validation on it and would like to get the sensitivity (recall)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,394 | Is it possible to change pandas column data type within a sklearn pipeline? | <p>Sklearn pipeline I am using has multiple transformers but one of the initial transformers returns numerical type and the consecutive one takes object type variables.</p>

<p>Basically I need squeeze in a:</p>

<pre><code>data[col] = data[col].astype(object)
</code></pre>

<p>for the requi... | scikit learn pandas pipelines | 1 | Is it possible to change pandas column data type within a sklearn pipeline? -- (scikit learn pandas pipelines)
<p>Sklearn pipeline I am using has multiple transformers but one of the initial transformers returns numerical type and the consecutive one takes object type variables.</p>

<p>Basically I need squeeze... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,404 | Why spectral clustering results in disjointed cluster? | <p>I'm working on a project where I have to dynamically cluster the position of objects with respect to one coordinate. So I'm essentially dealing with subsequent frames and each frame represents a one-dimensional dataset. The intuition behind clustering is to form clusters out of points that are in similar distance to... | clustering unsupervised learning kernel rbf | 1 | Why spectral clustering results in disjointed cluster? -- (clustering unsupervised learning kernel rbf)
<p>I'm working on a project where I have to dynamically cluster the position of objects with respect to one coordinate. So I'm essentially dealing with subsequent frames and each frame represents a one-dimensional da... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,406 | building a 2-layer LSTM for time series prediction using tensorflow | <p>From Tensorflow tutorials i am experimenting <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/time_series" rel="nofollow noreferrer">time series with LSTM</a></p>

<p>In the section 'multi-step prediction' using LSTM tutorial says </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>Since the task here is a bit ... | python neural network tensorflow time series lstm | 1 | building a 2-layer LSTM for time series prediction using tensorflow -- (python neural network tensorflow time series lstm)
<p>From Tensorflow tutorials i am experimenting <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/structured_data/time_series" rel="nofollow noreferrer">time series with LSTM</a></p>

<p>In the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,417 | Text summarization with limited number of words | <p>I am reviewing summarization techniques and haven't (yet) found an approach to limit the length of a summary. So for example a summarization function that gives me a summary that is <code>< 500 words</code>.</p>

<p>Can you point me in the right direction? Are there approaches/implementations out there th... | nlp automatic summarization | 1 | Text summarization with limited number of words -- (nlp automatic summarization)
<p>I am reviewing summarization techniques and haven't (yet) found an approach to limit the length of a summary. So for example a summarization function that gives me a summary that is <code>< 500 words</code>.</p>

<p>Can you p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,421 | How to interpret predicted data from a keras model | <p>I tried building a keras model to classify leaves from the leaf classification dataset on kaggle. After i compiled and trained the model, i used it to predict the name of the leaves in the testing images, but all i got is an array of integers. How can i exactly interpret those numbers in order to get the names of&#x... | neural network keras neural | 1 | How to interpret predicted data from a keras model -- (neural network keras neural)
<p>I tried building a keras model to classify leaves from the leaf classification dataset on kaggle. After i compiled and trained the model, i used it to predict the name of the leaves in the testing images, but all i got is an array of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,422 | Use of Standardizer to handle outliers? | <p>I have a dataset with 60 columns and 5K records. There are few columns which has outliers. I understand that there are multiple approach to handle outliers.</p>

<p>Actually I don't wish to drop the data as it is an outlier because am not sure whether it is really an outlier or a meaningful value (like how i... | machine learning deep learning data mining data cleaning outlier | 1 | Use of Standardizer to handle outliers? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining data cleaning outlier)
<p>I have a dataset with 60 columns and 5K records. There are few columns which has outliers. I understand that there are multiple approach to handle outliers.</p>

<p>Actually I don't wish to drop the ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,424 | Will the MAE of testing data always be higher than MAE of training data? | <p>On the <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/dansbecker/underfitting-and-overfitting" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle Course Page</a> the chart below shows that MAE of testing data is always higher than MAE of training data. Why is this the case? Is it only limited to DecisionTreeRegressor model? Or the graph is wrong an... | decision trees cross validation overfitting | 1 | Will the MAE of testing data always be higher than MAE of training data? -- (decision trees cross validation overfitting)
<p>On the <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/dansbecker/underfitting-and-overfitting" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle Course Page</a> the chart below shows that MAE of testing data is always higher th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,426 | How to order the data with respect to data type | <p>I am having large data set (82 variables) 
Is there any way to arrange data such a way that I have to get all numerical variables firstly then categorical variables so that I can run hypothesis testing or exploratory data analysis(eda) by having loop. </p>

<p>If not is there any way to do eda in simpler... | machine learning predictive modeling data cleaning data analysis | 1 | How to order the data with respect to data type -- (machine learning predictive modeling data cleaning data analysis)
<p>I am having large data set (82 variables) 
Is there any way to arrange data such a way that I have to get all numerical variables firstly then categorical variables so that I can run hypothesis t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,430 | Which kind of model is better for keyword-set classification? | <p>There exists a similar task that is named text classification.</p>

<p>But I want to find a kind of model that the inputs are keyword set. And the keyword set is not from a sentence. </p>

<p>For example:</p>

<pre><code>input ["apple", "pear", "water melon"] --> target class "fruit"
i... | deep learning classification nlp text mining text classification | 1 | Which kind of model is better for keyword-set classification? -- (deep learning classification nlp text mining text classification)
<p>There exists a similar task that is named text classification.</p>

<p>But I want to find a kind of model that the inputs are keyword set. And the keyword set is not from a sent... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,433 | Prediction vs causation in a ML project | <p>I am performing a classification task and was able to identify significant predictors (important features using Random Forest) that can help separate the classes or influence the outcome.</p>

<p>But I read online that <code>prediction models are not causal models</code>. </p>

<p>Let's say if my pre... | machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection feature engineering | 1 | Prediction vs causation in a ML project -- (machine learning deep learning data mining feature selection feature engineering)
<p>I am performing a classification task and was able to identify significant predictors (important features using Random Forest) that can help separate the classes or influence the outcome.</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,446 | looking for approaches to detecting outliers in individuals unequal sequential time series | <p>I am looking for approaches related to outlier detection in time series.</p>

<p>Example:
A person visits hospital overtime on multiple bases and there are some measurements made (bmi, blood_pressure, stress_level) at each occasion. Usually, the stress value will be the same for most of the individuals b... | machine learning data mining anomaly detection similarity outlier | 1 | looking for approaches to detecting outliers in individuals unequal sequential time series -- (machine learning data mining anomaly detection similarity outlier)
<p>I am looking for approaches related to outlier detection in time series.</p>

<p>Example:
A person visits hospital overtime on multiple bases a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,449 | What is the meaning of likelihood? | <p>I am studying Bayes probability applied to machine learning, and I have encoutered the concept of likelihood, which I don't understand.</p>

<p>I have seen that the Bayes rule is:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$P(A|B)=\frac{P(B|A)P(A)}{P(B)}$</span></p>

<p>where <span class="math-cont... | machine learning probability bayesian | 1 | What is the meaning of likelihood? -- (machine learning probability bayesian)
<p>I am studying Bayes probability applied to machine learning, and I have encoutered the concept of likelihood, which I don't understand.</p>

<p>I have seen that the Bayes rule is:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$P(A|B... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,452 | In datasets, why don't we represent nominal values that are part of a scale with numbers? | <p>I am trying to pre-process a small dataset. I don't understand why I am not supposed to do the thing I explained below:</p>

<p>For example, say we have an attribute that describes the temperature of the weather in a set of 3 nominal values: Hot, mild and cold. I understand these definitions may have derived... | data mining dataset | 1 | In datasets, why don't we represent nominal values that are part of a scale with numbers? -- (data mining dataset)
<p>I am trying to pre-process a small dataset. I don't understand why I am not supposed to do the thing I explained below:</p>

<p>For example, say we have an attribute that describes the temperatu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,466 | Time series with additional information | <p>Given a time series with job-submission counts, how can I predict which certain features about the jobs?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkOxL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkOxL.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I need to predict how... | time series pandas boosting | 1 | Time series with additional information -- (time series pandas boosting)
<p>Given a time series with job-submission counts, how can I predict which certain features about the jobs?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkOxL.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YkOxL.png" alt=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,472 | Cluster elements that appear in the same lists | <p>Suppose I have a multitude of sets with (unordered) combinations of elements and I want to determine <strong>which elements <em>tend</em> to appear together</strong>.</p>

<h3>For example</h3>

<p>Given the following sets:</p>

<pre><code>{a,e,g}
{a,e,h}
{a,e,i}
{b,f,j}
{b,f,k... | python clustering similarity distance | 1 | Cluster elements that appear in the same lists -- (python clustering similarity distance)
<p>Suppose I have a multitude of sets with (unordered) combinations of elements and I want to determine <strong>which elements <em>tend</em> to appear together</strong>.</p>

<h3>For example</h3>

<p>Given the foll... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,490 | Would Deep Q Learning work for a finite horizon problem? | <p>I want to apply Deep Q Learning to a problem, which has a clear finite horizon definition, like:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$V(s) = \mathbb{E}[r_1 + r_2]$$</span></p>

<p>Since the horizon is finite, I do not use reward discounting. My action spaces at the time steps 1 and 2 do change and ... | deep learning reinforcement learning q learning dqn | 1 | Would Deep Q Learning work for a finite horizon problem? -- (deep learning reinforcement learning q learning dqn)
<p>I want to apply Deep Q Learning to a problem, which has a clear finite horizon definition, like:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$V(s) = \mathbb{E}[r_1 + r_2]$$</span></p>

<p>Since... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,511 | How to justify a predictor in influencing the outcome? | <p>I am working on a prediction (binary classification) problem</p>

<p>Currently I get an <code>AUC score</code> of 85-86 and <code>F1-score</code> of <code>81</code></p>

<p>Questions</p>

<p>1) The above performance is based on 6 well-known features</p>

<p>2) Let's say I add another ... | machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection | 1 | How to justify a predictor in influencing the outcome? -- (machine learning deep learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection)
<p>I am working on a prediction (binary classification) problem</p>

<p>Currently I get an <code>AUC score</code> of 85-86 and <code>F1-score</code> of <code>81</code></p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,525 | How should I approach such classification problem where the input is an array of integers? | <p>I am training a model for predicting a number between 0 to 10 in this case. These are the number of roots of a polynomial. The input array for the number of polynomials is the coefficients of that polynomial from <span class="math-container">$x^n$</span> to constant. Even though I prepared a balanced dataset in whic... | machine learning deep learning classification keras | 1 | How should I approach such classification problem where the input is an array of integers? -- (machine learning deep learning classification keras)
<p>I am training a model for predicting a number between 0 to 10 in this case. These are the number of roots of a polynomial. The input array for the number of polynomials ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,531 | Re-sampling of a Histograms Bins | <p>I would like to be able to resample a histograms bins without having access tot he raw data. And just to be clear, by resample, I mean to change the number of bins and still provide a good estimate of the original probabilities of those bins.</p>

<p>I can think of many ways to do this, but having trouble f... | probability historgram | 1 | Re-sampling of a Histograms Bins -- (probability historgram)
<p>I would like to be able to resample a histograms bins without having access tot he raw data. And just to be clear, by resample, I mean to change the number of bins and still provide a good estimate of the original probabilities of those bins.</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
65,561 | Rescaling each image Individually with keras | <p>I am a beginner working on a simple CNN to classify X-ray detector images. Due to source intensity, all images have different max values. I want to use ImageDataGenerator to rescale those images to be in range [0,1], but cant't find a way to do that for each individual image. As far as I understand it, people usuall... | machine learning python keras preprocessing image preprocessing | 1 | Rescaling each image Individually with keras -- (machine learning python keras preprocessing image preprocessing)
<p>I am a beginner working on a simple CNN to classify X-ray detector images. Due to source intensity, all images have different max values. I want to use ImageDataGenerator to rescale those images to be in... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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