id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
63,079 | What is difference between feed forward neural network and LSTM? | <p>What is the difference between <strong>feed-forward neural network</strong> and <strong>LSTM</strong>? How do they differ in their architecture?</p>
 | neural network lstm | 1 | What is difference between feed forward neural network and LSTM? -- (neural network lstm)
<p>What is the difference between <strong>feed-forward neural network</strong> and <strong>LSTM</strong>? How do they differ in their architecture?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,083 | Time Series Classification for 1 hour blocks | <p>I am doing some analysis on time series.
The time series would consist of 3 channels and contain 5 minute interval data. </p>

<p>What I want is to be able to give it a 1 hour block of 5 minute interval data and it will categorise it based on the entire one hour and picking up some patterns how the time ... | machine learning classification time series lstm | 1 | Time Series Classification for 1 hour blocks -- (machine learning classification time series lstm)
<p>I am doing some analysis on time series.
The time series would consist of 3 channels and contain 5 minute interval data. </p>

<p>What I want is to be able to give it a 1 hour block of 5 minute interval dat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,095 | Activation Functions in Neural network | <p>I have a set of questions related to the usage of various activation functions used in neural networks. I would highly appreciate if someone could give explanatory answers.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Why is ReLU is used only on hidden layers specifically?</p></li>
<li><p>Why is Sigmoid not used in multi-class ... | machine learning neural network deep learning data science model activation function | 1 | Activation Functions in Neural network -- (machine learning neural network deep learning data science model activation function)
<p>I have a set of questions related to the usage of various activation functions used in neural networks. I would highly appreciate if someone could give explanatory answers.</p>

<o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,101 | Collaborating on Jupyter Notebooks | <p>I have prepared Jupyter Notebook with some findings and I shared it with other team members through GitHub to get their feedback in a written form. It used to work like this when working together on a piece of code but does not work for Jupyter Notebook. In GitHub that would mean commenting on HTML or JSON level (in... | jupyter | 1 | Collaborating on Jupyter Notebooks -- (jupyter)
<p>I have prepared Jupyter Notebook with some findings and I shared it with other team members through GitHub to get their feedback in a written form. It used to work like this when working together on a piece of code but does not work for Jupyter Notebook. In GitHub that... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,107 | Why in this case are gradient steps not perpendicular to contour lines? | <p>There is a theorem that gradient at point is perpendicular to tangent line to contour line at given point. 
Why in this picture it seems that this rule is not respected?
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVcf9.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVcf9.jpg" alt="gradient descen... | deep learning gradient descent linear algebra books | 1 | Why in this case are gradient steps not perpendicular to contour lines? -- (deep learning gradient descent linear algebra books)
<p>There is a theorem that gradient at point is perpendicular to tangent line to contour line at given point. 
Why in this picture it seems that this rule is not respected?
<a href="h... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,108 | Can somebody explain me this method? CNN Keras - starter | <pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def ReadImages(Path):
 LabelList = list()
 ImageCV = list()
 classes = ["nonPdr", "pdr"]

 FolderList = [f for f in os.listdir(Path) if not f.startswith('.')]

 for File in FolderList:
 for index, Image in enumerate(os... | machine learning python keras image preprocessing opencv | 1 | Can somebody explain me this method? CNN Keras - starter -- (machine learning python keras image preprocessing opencv)
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>def ReadImages(Path):
 LabelList = list()
 ImageCV = list()
 classes = ["nonPdr", "pdr"]

 FolderList = [f for f in os.li... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,129 | GridSearchCV vs RandomSearchCV and How it works? | <h3>GridSearchCV vs RandomSearchCV</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between GridSearchCV and RandomSearchCV?
And how the algorithms work under the hood?</p>

<p>As per my understanding from the documentation: </p>

<p><a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/gene... | python scikit learn hyperparameter tuning | 1 | GridSearchCV vs RandomSearchCV and How it works? -- (python scikit learn hyperparameter tuning)
<h3>GridSearchCV vs RandomSearchCV</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between GridSearchCV and RandomSearchCV?
And how the algorithms work under the hood?</p>

<p>As per my understandin... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,135 | Free API for historical weather US data? | <p>I am trying to retrieve a free R-Python API that provides historical weather data in US. </p>

<p>In fact <code>wunderground</code> API is no longer available. </p>

<p>Any suggestion?</p>
 | python r data | 1 | Free API for historical weather US data? -- (python r data)
<p>I am trying to retrieve a free R-Python API that provides historical weather data in US. </p>

<p>In fact <code>wunderground</code> API is no longer available. </p>

<p>Any suggestion?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,136 | What method is recommended after outliers removal? | <p>I have a data of mice reaction times. In every session, there are some trials in which the mouse "decides of a break" and responds after a long time to these specific trials.
I was thinking of applying outlier removal on my data. and the data does look better (I used a Matlab function which removed all... | predictive modeling statistics data cleaning matlab outlier | 1 | What method is recommended after outliers removal? -- (predictive modeling statistics data cleaning matlab outlier)
<p>I have a data of mice reaction times. In every session, there are some trials in which the mouse "decides of a break" and responds after a long time to these specific trials.
I was thinki... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,154 | Softmax gives output vector whose sum is greater than 1 in Pytorch | <p>I am a newbie to PyTorch. I was trying out the following network architecture to train a multi-class classifier. I used Softmax at the output layer and cross entropy as the loss function. However, the output doesn’t look like probabilities. For example, one of the outputs looks like this [2.0032e-10, 1.798e-8, …1.00... | neural network multiclass classification pytorch softmax | 1 | Softmax gives output vector whose sum is greater than 1 in Pytorch -- (neural network multiclass classification pytorch softmax)
<p>I am a newbie to PyTorch. I was trying out the following network architecture to train a multi-class classifier. I used Softmax at the output layer and cross entropy as the loss function. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,174 | Why are my Decision Tree Leafs not pure? | <p>I'm making a using <code>DecisionTreeClassifier</code> from SKlearn (v0.21.3) with its default settings, using Python. I do not want regularize it in any way, I want it to overfit as much as possible. </p>

<p>When drawing the tree out I saw that some of the leafs were not pure. Is this normal? Was the tree ... | python scikit learn decision trees | 1 | Why are my Decision Tree Leafs not pure? -- (python scikit learn decision trees)
<p>I'm making a using <code>DecisionTreeClassifier</code> from SKlearn (v0.21.3) with its default settings, using Python. I do not want regularize it in any way, I want it to overfit as much as possible. </p>

<p>When drawing the t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,185 | sklearn.feature_selection vs xgboost feature_importances? | <h3>sklearn.feature_selection vs xgboost feature_importances</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between sklearn.feature_selection and xgboost feature_importances? And how the algorithms work under the hood?</p>

<p>Which module gives the best results?</p>
 | scikit learn feature selection xgboost | 1 | sklearn.feature_selection vs xgboost feature_importances? -- (scikit learn feature selection xgboost)
<h3>sklearn.feature_selection vs xgboost feature_importances</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between sklearn.feature_selection and xgboost feature_importances? And how the algorithms work ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,196 | Is it possible to know the output vectors of MLP Classifier of scikit learn? | <p>I'm a beginner with scikiti-learn library.
I have an ANN with 3 input, 2 hidden layers and 3 output.</p>

<pre><code>mlp = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes= hidden_layers,max_iter=iterations, activation=activation_fun)
</code></pre>

<p>I read on the documentation that the classifier uses sof... | python neural network scikit learn encoding | 1 | Is it possible to know the output vectors of MLP Classifier of scikit learn? -- (python neural network scikit learn encoding)
<p>I'm a beginner with scikiti-learn library.
I have an ANN with 3 input, 2 hidden layers and 3 output.</p>

<pre><code>mlp = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes= hidden_layers,max_iter... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,203 | Large amount of Sigmoid outputs are ones and zeros | <p>I have Keras neural network for binary classification with final layer having one output with Sigmoid activation. I have noticed that large amount of output numbers are strictly one or zero (rather than between 0 and 1 as expected). What could be the reason for this? </p>

<p>At first I thought maybe network... | deep learning classification keras | 1 | Large amount of Sigmoid outputs are ones and zeros -- (deep learning classification keras)
<p>I have Keras neural network for binary classification with final layer having one output with Sigmoid activation. I have noticed that large amount of output numbers are strictly one or zero (rather than between 0 and 1 as expe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,219 | How to combine GridSearchCV with Early Stopping? | <p>I'm a beginner in machine learning and want to train a CNN (for image recognition) with optimized hyperparameter like dropout rate, learning rate and number of epochs.</p>

<p>The optimal hyperparameter I try to find via GridSearchCV from Scikit-learn.
I have often read that GridSearchCV can be used in c... | scikit learn hyperparameter tuning convolutional neural network gridsearchcv epochs | 1 | How to combine GridSearchCV with Early Stopping? -- (scikit learn hyperparameter tuning convolutional neural network gridsearchcv epochs)
<p>I'm a beginner in machine learning and want to train a CNN (for image recognition) with optimized hyperparameter like dropout rate, learning rate and number of epochs.</p>
&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,239 | Dealing with categorical variables | <p>I have a panel data set. My dependent variable is total costs, and almost all of my independent variables are categorical variables. For instance, <em>age</em> is "old","new". Now i have some questions.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Should i use a dummy for all of them? For example, only type variable has 33 values i... | categorical data | 1 | Dealing with categorical variables -- (categorical data)
<p>I have a panel data set. My dependent variable is total costs, and almost all of my independent variables are categorical variables. For instance, <em>age</em> is "old","new". Now i have some questions.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Should i use a dummy for all... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,253 | What are the ways to identify a good attribute test while constructing a decision tree? | <p>I'm working through a decision tree by hand to learn it. From my research, I have found the following three ways of determining which variables to split on:</p>

<ol>
<li>Minimum remaining values - The variable with the fewest legal values is chosen</li>
<li>Degree heuristic - The variable with the m... | decision trees | 1 | What are the ways to identify a good attribute test while constructing a decision tree? -- (decision trees)
<p>I'm working through a decision tree by hand to learn it. From my research, I have found the following three ways of determining which variables to split on:</p>

<ol>
<li>Minimum remaining values -... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,261 | How much of a disadvantage is a small sample size? | <p>I am examining a petition involving all UK constituencies. In this dataset 2 of the 632 constituencies have not participated in the petition - in terms of data quality how does this affect my examination?</p>

<p><em>I am examing which parts of the UK tend to vote for left/right ideals.</em></p>
 | dataset data cleaning preprocessing | 1 | How much of a disadvantage is a small sample size? -- (dataset data cleaning preprocessing)
<p>I am examining a petition involving all UK constituencies. In this dataset 2 of the 632 constituencies have not participated in the petition - in terms of data quality how does this affect my examination?</p>

<p><em>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,270 | What is the ideal size to a binary CNN? Is my dataset long enough? | <p>I would like to know what is the ideal size to a CNN, or there's a mathematical function to determine it, or it change through the differents scopes? </p>

<p>And also, I'm doing a binary classification CNN with 700 images each class(total - 1400). Is it too small? How could I argue that it is small?</p>
... | machine learning neural network keras tensorflow image classification | 1 | What is the ideal size to a binary CNN? Is my dataset long enough? -- (machine learning neural network keras tensorflow image classification)
<p>I would like to know what is the ideal size to a CNN, or there's a mathematical function to determine it, or it change through the differents scopes? </p>

<p>And also... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,271 | Why/When should I use VGG16 to do fine-tuning? | <p>Why or When should I use VGG16 in my cnn? what is the pros and cons to use this model?</p>

<p>I search but not found this answer. If you have references, I appreciate</p>
 | machine learning image classification transfer learning convolutional neural network vgg16 | 1 | Why/When should I use VGG16 to do fine-tuning? -- (machine learning image classification transfer learning convolutional neural network vgg16)
<p>Why or When should I use VGG16 in my cnn? what is the pros and cons to use this model?</p>

<p>I search but not found this answer. If you have references, I appreciat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,273 | What is the output polytree after aplying the Ramex algorithm to this graph? | <p>I've been trying to understand the way this algorithm works, but I can't get a consistent result.</p>

<p>It has two phases: the first one coverts a table of events into a graph, and the second where the graph is tranformed into a polytree.</p>

<p>The question is about the second phase, using a back... | data mining algorithms graphs | 1 | What is the output polytree after aplying the Ramex algorithm to this graph? -- (data mining algorithms graphs)
<p>I've been trying to understand the way this algorithm works, but I can't get a consistent result.</p>

<p>It has two phases: the first one coverts a table of events into a graph, and the second whe... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,292 | Clustering categorical variable values based on continuous target values | <p>Let's say I have <span class="math-container">$n$</span> data points with just one <strong>categorical</strong> feature <span class="math-container">$x$</span> and a continuous target variable <span class="math-container">$y$</span>. I want to divide the possible values of <span class="math-container">$x$</span> int... | clustering categorical data | 1 | Clustering categorical variable values based on continuous target values -- (clustering categorical data)
<p>Let's say I have <span class="math-container">$n$</span> data points with just one <strong>categorical</strong> feature <span class="math-container">$x$</span> and a continuous target variable <span class="math-... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,298 | How would I model hysteresis? | <p>I have the task of modeling the current to torque mapping for a given motor. I have an experimental set up where I can retrieve current, torque pairs.</p>

<p>Now my initial approach was to model the relationship with a regression curve, but I realized that the motor certainly shows some kind of hysteresis.<... | regression | 1 | How would I model hysteresis? -- (regression)
<p>I have the task of modeling the current to torque mapping for a given motor. I have an experimental set up where I can retrieve current, torque pairs.</p>

<p>Now my initial approach was to model the relationship with a regression curve, but I realized that the m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,305 | AlphaGo Zero loss function | <p>As far as I understood from the AlphaGo Zero system:</p>

<ul>
<li>During the self-play part, the MCTS algorithm stores a tuple (<span class="math-container">$s$</span>, <span class="math-container">$\pi$</span>, <span class="math-container">$z$</span>) where <span class="math-container">$s$</span> is th... | deep learning keras tensorflow loss function deepmind | 1 | AlphaGo Zero loss function -- (deep learning keras tensorflow loss function deepmind)
<p>As far as I understood from the AlphaGo Zero system:</p>

<ul>
<li>During the self-play part, the MCTS algorithm stores a tuple (<span class="math-container">$s$</span>, <span class="math-container">$\pi$</span>, <span ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,313 | best way to regularize gradient boosting regressor? | <p>i am testing gradient boosting regressor from sklearn for time series prediction on noisy data (currency markets). </p>

<p><a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.GradientBoostingRegressor.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/s... | random forest xgboost regularization boosting | 1 | best way to regularize gradient boosting regressor? -- (random forest xgboost regularization boosting)
<p>i am testing gradient boosting regressor from sklearn for time series prediction on noisy data (currency markets). </p>

<p><a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.Gradie... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,322 | Random Forest VS LightGBM | <h3>Random Forest VS LightGBM</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between Random Forest and LightGBM? And how the algorithms work under the hood?</p>

<p>As per my understanding from the documentation:</p>

<p>LightGBM and RF differ in the way the trees are built: the order and... | machine learning random forest lightgbm | 1 | Random Forest VS LightGBM -- (machine learning random forest lightgbm)
<h3>Random Forest VS LightGBM</h3>

<p>Can somebody explain in-detailed differences between Random Forest and LightGBM? And how the algorithms work under the hood?</p>

<p>As per my understanding from the documentation:</p>

... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,325 | Cosine similarity vs The Levenshtein distance | <h3>Cosine similarity vs The Levenshtein distance</h3>

<p>I wanted to know what is the difference between them and in what situations they work best?</p>

<p>As per my understanding:</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity#:~:targetText=Cosine%20similarity%20is%20a%20me... | similarity metric cosine distance | 1 | Cosine similarity vs The Levenshtein distance -- (similarity metric cosine distance)
<h3>Cosine similarity vs The Levenshtein distance</h3>

<p>I wanted to know what is the difference between them and in what situations they work best?</p>

<p>As per my understanding:</p>

<p><a href="https://en... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,333 | to include first single word in bigram or not? | <p>in a text such as </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>"The deal with Canada's Barrick Gold finalised in Toronto over the
 weekend"</p>
</blockquote>

<p>When I try to break it into bigram model, I get this</p>

<pre><code>"The deal"
"deal with" 
"with Canada's"
"Canada's Barrick"... | nlp | 1 | to include first single word in bigram or not? -- (nlp)
<p>in a text such as </p>

<blockquote>
 <p>"The deal with Canada's Barrick Gold finalised in Toronto over the
 weekend"</p>
</blockquote>

<p>When I try to break it into bigram model, I get this</p>

<pre><code>"The deal"
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,338 | Preprocessing of 3D CAD files for Keras Conv3D input | <p>I'd like to apply some machine learning on 3D CAD data. File format should ideally be mesh-based like STL. Keras offers 3D convolutional layers (<a href="https://keras.io/layers/convolutional/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://keras.io/layers/convolutional/</a>), so it can handle 3D (5D) input data. The problem I h... | machine learning python keras cnn preprocessing | 1 | Preprocessing of 3D CAD files for Keras Conv3D input -- (machine learning python keras cnn preprocessing)
<p>I'd like to apply some machine learning on 3D CAD data. File format should ideally be mesh-based like STL. Keras offers 3D convolutional layers (<a href="https://keras.io/layers/convolutional/" rel="nofollow nor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,340 | Value error in an embedding layer | <p>I am new to deep learning and I am trying to build a book recommender system using embedding layers. I use one layer for the book and one for the user.</p>

<p>I am having trouble with fitting the model. More specifically, when I try to feed the first layer with the books' ISBN list I get back the " ValueErr... | python neural network recommender system | 1 | Value error in an embedding layer -- (python neural network recommender system)
<p>I am new to deep learning and I am trying to build a book recommender system using embedding layers. I use one layer for the book and one for the user.</p>

<p>I am having trouble with fitting the model. More specifically, when I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,350 | How to encode an array of categories to feed into sklearn | <p>I'm working on a recommendation problem, broadly following the <a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/pdf/45530.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Youtube paper</a> on theirs. Their surrogate problem is to recommend the next video a user will watch. One feature they include in their mo... | scikit learn recommender system word embeddings embeddings | 1 | How to encode an array of categories to feed into sklearn -- (scikit learn recommender system word embeddings embeddings)
<p>I'm working on a recommendation problem, broadly following the <a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/pdf/45530.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Youtube paper</a>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,364 | Ordered and unordered categorical features – terminology | <p>In the famous book "The Elements of Statistical Learning" by Hastie et al., the authors denoted <strong>unordered</strong> categorical variables as qualitative variables / nominal variables / factors. </p>

<p>I wonder, do other statisticians strictly follow this or some authors can use these terms (qualita... | terminology | 1 | Ordered and unordered categorical features – terminology -- (terminology)
<p>In the famous book "The Elements of Statistical Learning" by Hastie et al., the authors denoted <strong>unordered</strong> categorical variables as qualitative variables / nominal variables / factors. </p>

<p>I wonder, do other stati... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,365 | Help making a custom categorical loss function in Keras | <p>I am a bit new to machine learning, and I'm trying to get the basics working towards a bigger project using a very simple encoder-decoder model. It looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>embedding_dim = 300
lstm_layer_size_1 = 300
lstm_layer_size_2 = 300

model = Sequential()
model.add(Embeddin... | keras loss function categorical data machine translation | 1 | Help making a custom categorical loss function in Keras -- (keras loss function categorical data machine translation)
<p>I am a bit new to machine learning, and I'm trying to get the basics working towards a bigger project using a very simple encoder-decoder model. It looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>embedding_... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,366 | Improving the performace of the Naive Bayes classifier by decorrelating the data | <p>I was wondering if it is possible to improve the performance of the Naïve Bayes classifier by decorrelating the data. The Naïve Bayes assumes conditional independence of the features given some class <span class="math-container">$P(a_1, a_2 | c_1) = P(a_1 | c_1)P(a_2 | c_1)$</span> which is not necessarily true.</p>... | statistics preprocessing naive bayes classifier | 1 | Improving the performace of the Naive Bayes classifier by decorrelating the data -- (statistics preprocessing naive bayes classifier)
<p>I was wondering if it is possible to improve the performance of the Naïve Bayes classifier by decorrelating the data. The Naïve Bayes assumes conditional independence of the features ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,380 | Is machine learning the right tool for this job? | <p>I would like to create a troubleshooting wizard. </p>

<p>The user will go through the wizard and choose different options, what options they choose will determine what is displayed next in the wizard. </p>

<p>Eventually the user will solve their problem (or not), at the end they will choose 'yes' o... | machine learning | 1 | Is machine learning the right tool for this job? -- (machine learning)
<p>I would like to create a troubleshooting wizard. </p>

<p>The user will go through the wizard and choose different options, what options they choose will determine what is displayed next in the wizard. </p>

<p>Eventually the user... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,403 | Cocktail party problem ICA | <p>I'm trying to solve the cocktail party problem (<a href="http://cs229.stanford.edu/notes/cs229-notes11.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Independent Component Analysis</a>) in a real application. So let's say there are two speakers and two microphones. What I'd to know is if it's mandatory that the two microphones star... | classification | 1 | Cocktail party problem ICA -- (classification)
<p>I'm trying to solve the cocktail party problem (<a href="http://cs229.stanford.edu/notes/cs229-notes11.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Independent Component Analysis</a>) in a real application. So let's say there are two speakers and two microphones. What I'd to know is ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,408 | What is the minimum requirement for the dataset for time series forecasting? | <p>I have a dataset of patients where, for each patient, a measurement is taken 3 times per day. For example, patient 1 has recordings at 7.30 am, 12.30 pm and 8.30 pm. Patient 1 has a collection of 30 days with such data recorded thrice a day.(altogether <code>3 recordings per day</code> * <code>30 days</code> = 90 da... | machine learning time series forecasting | 1 | What is the minimum requirement for the dataset for time series forecasting? -- (machine learning time series forecasting)
<p>I have a dataset of patients where, for each patient, a measurement is taken 3 times per day. For example, patient 1 has recordings at 7.30 am, 12.30 pm and 8.30 pm. Patient 1 has a collection o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,410 | Optimization of pandas row iteration and summation | <p>i'm wondering if anyone can provide some input on improving the speed and calculations of a pandas result. </p>

<p>What i am trying to obtain is a summation of IDs in one table (player table) based on each row of a second table (UUID). Functionally each row needs to sum the total of the players table rows t... | pandas optimization dataframe processing | 1 | Optimization of pandas row iteration and summation -- (pandas optimization dataframe processing)
<p>i'm wondering if anyone can provide some input on improving the speed and calculations of a pandas result. </p>

<p>What i am trying to obtain is a summation of IDs in one table (player table) based on each row o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,421 | Keras - error when adding layers to loaded model | <p>I want to use ResNet50 as a feature extractor. For this purpose, I have loaded the pre-trained model, deleted a few layers and added my layers to the model. For adding my layers, I have used the <a href="https://keras.io/models/sequential/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sequential</a> API. The code is the following:</p>... | keras cnn | 1 | Keras - error when adding layers to loaded model -- (keras cnn)
<p>I want to use ResNet50 as a feature extractor. For this purpose, I have loaded the pre-trained model, deleted a few layers and added my layers to the model. For adding my layers, I have used the <a href="https://keras.io/models/sequential/" rel="nofollo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,437 | How to handle addresses of the restaurants to feed the data-set in the ML model? | <p>I have data from different restaurants which have also address of the restaurants now I want to predict the food delivery timing based on the given data, now the restaurant address is one of the crucial data which I need to predict the food delivery timing, now my problem is the address is in string format so how do... | machine learning dataset data cleaning machine learning model multiclass classification | 1 | How to handle addresses of the restaurants to feed the data-set in the ML model? -- (machine learning dataset data cleaning machine learning model multiclass classification)
<p>I have data from different restaurants which have also address of the restaurants now I want to predict the food delivery timing based on the g... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,438 | How to handle multi-label feature for binary classification problem? | <p>I have dataset like :</p>

<pre><code> profile category target
0 1 [5, 10] 1
1 2 [1] 0
2 3 [23, 5000] 1
3 4 [700, 4500] 0
</code></pre>

<p>How to handle <strong>category</strong> feature, this table may h... | machine learning python feature engineering | 1 | How to handle multi-label feature for binary classification problem? -- (machine learning python feature engineering)
<p>I have dataset like :</p>

<pre><code> profile category target
0 1 [5, 10] 1
1 2 [1] 0
2 3 [23, 5000] 1
3 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,454 | Build a model to classify given string/text input | <p>I need to build ML/NN model to classify/predict a given string pattern. Sample training data looks as shown in the image. Input will be the string in the column "Id Number", i need to tell to which class it belongs to in column "Id Type".</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/YOX33.png'" rel="nofoll... | machine learning neural network multiclass classification word embeddings | 1 | Build a model to classify given string/text input -- (machine learning neural network multiclass classification word embeddings)
<p>I need to build ML/NN model to classify/predict a given string pattern. Sample training data looks as shown in the image. Input will be the string in the column "Id Number", i need to tell... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,455 | How could I improve my FB Prophet forecast? | <p>I've got 1325 days of revenue data and when plotting the components it makes 100% sense from a domain expert point of view, so the model is capturing the variations quite well (or it seems it does...). I've added the country holidays using <code>m.add_country_holidays(country_name='GB')</code></p>

<p>Howeve... | time series forecasting | 1 | How could I improve my FB Prophet forecast? -- (time series forecasting)
<p>I've got 1325 days of revenue data and when plotting the components it makes 100% sense from a domain expert point of view, so the model is capturing the variations quite well (or it seems it does...). I've added the country holidays using <cod... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,460 | Not able to connect to GPU on Google Colab | <p>I'm trying to use tensorflow with a GPU on Google Colab. </p>

<p>I followed the steps listed at <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/install/gpu" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.tensorflow.org/install/gpu</a></p>

<p>I confirmed that gpu is visible and CUDA is installed with the commands - </p>... | tensorflow gpu google colab nvidia | 1 | Not able to connect to GPU on Google Colab -- (tensorflow gpu google colab nvidia)
<p>I'm trying to use tensorflow with a GPU on Google Colab. </p>

<p>I followed the steps listed at <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/install/gpu" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.tensorflow.org/install/gpu</a></p>
&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,485 | Question mark on Correlation Matrix with RapidMiner | <p>I'm using RapidMiner to evaluate correlation between attribute in my dataset. The problem is that a lot of values appear with '?'.</p>

<p>Someone can help me?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Ex1i.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Ex1i.png" alt="enter ima... | data mining correlation | 1 | Question mark on Correlation Matrix with RapidMiner -- (data mining correlation)
<p>I'm using RapidMiner to evaluate correlation between attribute in my dataset. The problem is that a lot of values appear with '?'.</p>

<p>Someone can help me?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Ex1i.png" rel="n... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,493 | Fastest batch perspective transform for image augmentation | <p>I need to do some augmentation for my training images for a neural networks.<br>
The problem is that even when loading batches in parallel, the augmentation is taking longer to perform than the network training. </p>

<p>The problem is in the perspective transforms I'm applying.<br>
Both <code>cv2.w... | pytorch image preprocessing data augmentation scipy | 1 | Fastest batch perspective transform for image augmentation -- (pytorch image preprocessing data augmentation scipy)
<p>I need to do some augmentation for my training images for a neural networks.<br>
The problem is that even when loading batches in parallel, the augmentation is taking longer to perform than the net... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,503 | Am I overfitting my random forest model (more information in description)? | <p>First off, sorry if this a novice question! Relatively new to all this stuff. Posted this in Stack Overflow and someone sent me here! Hope it's the right place.</p>

<p>Anyway, I'm working with 22 datasets that each have 180 observations of "Oddball" data and 720 observations of "Standard" data. I'm trying t... | machine learning r random forest overfitting | 1 | Am I overfitting my random forest model (more information in description)? -- (machine learning r random forest overfitting)
<p>First off, sorry if this a novice question! Relatively new to all this stuff. Posted this in Stack Overflow and someone sent me here! Hope it's the right place.</p>

<p>Anyway, I'm wor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,514 | What is the difference between an RMSE and RMSLE (logarithmic error)? | <h3>RMSE vs RMSLE</h3>

<p>Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE) both are the techniques to find out the difference between the values predicted by the machine learning model and the actual values.</p>

<blockquote>
 <ul>
 <li><p>But, what is the purpos... | metric rmse | 1 | What is the difference between an RMSE and RMSLE (logarithmic error)? -- (metric rmse)
<h3>RMSE vs RMSLE</h3>

<p>Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE) both are the techniques to find out the difference between the values predicted by the machine learning model and the a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,540 | To calculate my confusion matrix with recall and precision, my test set need to be equal(balanced)? | <p>In my CNN, I have 200 'negative' images and 50 'positive' images in my test set and I want to make a confusion matrix. My doubt is if I have to equalize the samples in the dataset because if I keep this 200 - 50 my precision falls because I have a lot of 'false positives'.</p>

<p>So, I have to divide the pe... | machine learning python keras confusion matrix convolutional neural network | 1 | To calculate my confusion matrix with recall and precision, my test set need to be equal(balanced)? -- (machine learning python keras confusion matrix convolutional neural network)
<p>In my CNN, I have 200 'negative' images and 50 'positive' images in my test set and I want to make a confusion matrix. My doubt is if I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,555 | Adjust predicted probability after smote | <p>i have an imbalance data set and I used smote to oversample the minority class and undersample the majority class. now, I want to check the test AUC using predict_proba of the model.</p>

<p>I have two questions: 1. Do I have to correct the probability if I am comparing AUCs? 2. How can I correct it (a comb... | probability class imbalance sampling smote probability calibration | 1 | Adjust predicted probability after smote -- (probability class imbalance sampling smote probability calibration)
<p>i have an imbalance data set and I used smote to oversample the minority class and undersample the majority class. now, I want to check the test AUC using predict_proba of the model.</p>

<p>I ha... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,558 | Should features be correlated or uncorrelated for classification? | <p>I have seen researchers using pearson's correlation coefficient to find out the relevant features -- to keep the features that have a high correlation value with the target. The implication is that the correlated features contribute more information in finding out the target in classification problems. Whereas, we ... | classification feature engineering non parametric anova | 1 | Should features be correlated or uncorrelated for classification? -- (classification feature engineering non parametric anova)
<p>I have seen researchers using pearson's correlation coefficient to find out the relevant features -- to keep the features that have a high correlation value with the target. The implication... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,600 | Is it possible to generate syllogisms using an NLP algorithm? | <p>I want to build a tool that generates sensible syllogisms. An example of a syllogisms is: all A are B. all C are A. all C are B). I want the triplet (A, B, C) to be semantically related to each other in the way described by the syllogisms. That is, I would like my tool to generate 'a=humans; b=mortal; c=greeks' and ... | machine learning deep learning nlp | 1 | Is it possible to generate syllogisms using an NLP algorithm? -- (machine learning deep learning nlp)
<p>I want to build a tool that generates sensible syllogisms. An example of a syllogisms is: all A are B. all C are A. all C are B). I want the triplet (A, B, C) to be semantically related to each other in the way desc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,651 | Calculating possible number of configuration | <p>I am wondering how did they get the <span class="math-container">$19200$</span> possible configurations? Like, <span class="math-container">$5^6 = 15625$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$6$</span> is the number of hyper-parameters:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/7mZ71.jpg" rel="nofollo... | machine learning optimization | 1 | Calculating possible number of configuration -- (machine learning optimization)
<p>I am wondering how did they get the <span class="math-container">$19200$</span> possible configurations? Like, <span class="math-container">$5^6 = 15625$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$6$</span> is the number of hyper-parame... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,652 | Create a new column in Pandas Dataframe based on the 'NaN' values in another column | <p>What is the most efficient way to create a new column based off of nan values in a separate column (considering the dataframe is very large)</p>

<pre><code>1 2 3
4 5 NaN
7 8 9
3 2 NaN
5 6 NaN
</code></pre>

<p>Should give</p>

<pre><code>1 2 3 0
4 5 NaN 1
7 8 ... | python pandas dataframe | 1 | Create a new column in Pandas Dataframe based on the 'NaN' values in another column -- (python pandas dataframe)
<p>What is the most efficient way to create a new column based off of nan values in a separate column (considering the dataframe is very large)</p>

<pre><code>1 2 3
4 5 NaN
7 8 9
3 2 NaN... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,657 | On assiging weights for unbalanced classes | <p>Consider a dataset that will be split into train and test. The model will be learned using the train set and evaluated using the unseen test set. Now the dataset is unbalanced -- it contains more examples belonging to a particular kind of class. In that case, one of the ways to balance it (apart form the ones mentio... | class imbalance weighted data | 1 | On assiging weights for unbalanced classes -- (class imbalance weighted data)
<p>Consider a dataset that will be split into train and test. The model will be learned using the train set and evaluated using the unseen test set. Now the dataset is unbalanced -- it contains more examples belonging to a particular kind of ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,658 | Encoding Categorical Data Without Increasing the Dimension | <p>I've been exploring methods for encoding categorical data. I was hoping to find a good method that does not increase the dimension of the dataset, similar to the one used on this dataset about drug use: <a href="http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Drug+consumption+%28quantified%29" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Drug ... | categorical data encoding | 1 | Encoding Categorical Data Without Increasing the Dimension -- (categorical data encoding)
<p>I've been exploring methods for encoding categorical data. I was hoping to find a good method that does not increase the dimension of the dataset, similar to the one used on this dataset about drug use: <a href="http://archive.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,667 | How to calculate NDCG in recommendation system | <p>This is a question about NDCG, which is a recommendation evaluation metric.</p>

<p>The following are being used as evaluation indicators for recommendations.</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$DCG = r_1 + \sum\limits_{i=2}^{N}\frac{r_i}{log_2i}$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$nDCG = ... | python recommender system ndcg | 1 | How to calculate NDCG in recommendation system -- (python recommender system ndcg)
<p>This is a question about NDCG, which is a recommendation evaluation metric.</p>

<p>The following are being used as evaluation indicators for recommendations.</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$DCG = r_1 + \sum\lim... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,676 | Face dataset organized by folder | <p>I'm looking for a quite little/medium dataset (from 50MB to 500MB) that contains photos of famous people organized by folder.</p>

<p>The tree structure have to bee something like this:</p>

<pre><code>├── bfegan
 └── ...
├── chris
 └── ...
├── dhawley
 └── ...
... | machine learning dataset image recognition | 1 | Face dataset organized by folder -- (machine learning dataset image recognition)
<p>I'm looking for a quite little/medium dataset (from 50MB to 500MB) that contains photos of famous people organized by folder.</p>

<p>The tree structure have to bee something like this:</p>

<pre><code>├── bfegan
 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,678 | Aggregate categorical feature by the target | <p>Having a list of triplets {X1,X2,Y} such as :</p>

<p>{pennsylvania, fever , malaria} <br>
{pennsylvania, headache , malaria} <br>
{arizona, ketone smell , flu} <br>
{new york, fever , cancer} <br>
{ohio, hand pain , trauma} <br></p>

<p>i have thousands of samples with states , s... | clustering feature engineering | 1 | Aggregate categorical feature by the target -- (clustering feature engineering)
<p>Having a list of triplets {X1,X2,Y} such as :</p>

<p>{pennsylvania, fever , malaria} <br>
{pennsylvania, headache , malaria} <br>
{arizona, ketone smell , flu} <br>
{new york, fever , cancer} <br>
{ohio, hand ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,684 | Why GA convergence curves continue as two parallel lines? | <p>I'm working on a optimization problem and using GA algorithm (in MATLAB, ga function).</p>

<p>As you know MATLAB plots GA result with two curves, one for the best values and other to show the mean values and when this two curves touch each others it means algorithm has been converged.</p>

<p>On my ... | matlab genetic algorithms convergence genetic programming | 1 | Why GA convergence curves continue as two parallel lines? -- (matlab genetic algorithms convergence genetic programming)
<p>I'm working on a optimization problem and using GA algorithm (in MATLAB, ga function).</p>

<p>As you know MATLAB plots GA result with two curves, one for the best values and other to show... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,692 | Classification accuracy of a Random Multi-label Classifier | <p>What is the exact <strong>accuracy of a random classifier</strong> which has n labels (say 1000) where k labels (say 50) are true? 
Can I say the accuracy of a random classifier has an upper bound of k/n?</p>

<p>-Edit-</p>

<p>I am interested in a numerical figure or an upper bound for a random ... | multiclass classification multilabel classification accuracy | 1 | Classification accuracy of a Random Multi-label Classifier -- (multiclass classification multilabel classification accuracy)
<p>What is the exact <strong>accuracy of a random classifier</strong> which has n labels (say 1000) where k labels (say 50) are true? 
Can I say the accuracy of a random classifier has an upp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,699 | ROC curve interpretation | <p>I trained a CNN model and a combined CNN-SVM model for classification. I wanted to compare their performance using ROC curve but I was confused which model is better. How to interpret the given ROC curves ? <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/A4Y5r.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/A4... | python classification cnn svm | 1 | ROC curve interpretation -- (python classification cnn svm)
<p>I trained a CNN model and a combined CNN-SVM model for classification. I wanted to compare their performance using ROC curve but I was confused which model is better. How to interpret the given ROC curves ? <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/A4Y5r.jpg" rel=... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,717 | how to use standardization / standardscaler() for train and test? | <p>At the moment I perform the following:</p>

<pre><code>estimators = []
estimators.append(('standardize', StandardScaler()))
prepare_data = Pipeline(estimators)

n_splits = 5
tscv = TimeSeriesSplit(n_splits = n_splits)

for train_index, val_index in tscv.split(df_train):
 X_... | cross validation feature scaling | 1 | how to use standardization / standardscaler() for train and test? -- (cross validation feature scaling)
<p>At the moment I perform the following:</p>

<pre><code>estimators = []
estimators.append(('standardize', StandardScaler()))
prepare_data = Pipeline(estimators)

n_splits = 5
tscv = Time... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,721 | What is the approx minimum size of dataset required to build 90% correct model? | <p>I am working with a financial dataset size which is around 3000. I have attempted the supervised-learning regression techniques and not able to go beyond 70% accuracy. </p>

<ol>
<li>Features: 10</li>
<li>Data size:3700</li>
<li>Models attempted: Decision Trees, Random forest, Lasso Regression, R... | machine learning dataset supervised learning finance | 1 | What is the approx minimum size of dataset required to build 90% correct model? -- (machine learning dataset supervised learning finance)
<p>I am working with a financial dataset size which is around 3000. I have attempted the supervised-learning regression techniques and not able to go beyond 70% accuracy. </p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,722 | Fine Tuning the Neural Nets | <p>I have recently read about Fine Tuning, and what I want to know is, when we are fine-tuning our model is it necessary to Freeze the model and train only the top part of the model and then unfreeze some layers and again train the model or one can directly begin by unfreezing some layers? Till now, I have read that on... | machine learning deep learning cnn | 1 | Fine Tuning the Neural Nets -- (machine learning deep learning cnn)
<p>I have recently read about Fine Tuning, and what I want to know is, when we are fine-tuning our model is it necessary to Freeze the model and train only the top part of the model and then unfreeze some layers and again train the model or one can dir... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,733 | What do you call the ratio of positive to negative samples? | <p>I am working with a binary classifier and I want to express the "balance" or "skewness" of the training data using a metric. </p>

<p>I want to reflect this ratio in a report, like this:</p>

<pre><code>Accuracy: 80%
Recall: 78%
Precision: 62%
*The Ratio of Positive to Negative Samples*: ... | machine learning class imbalance descriptive statistics | 1 | What do you call the ratio of positive to negative samples? -- (machine learning class imbalance descriptive statistics)
<p>I am working with a binary classifier and I want to express the "balance" or "skewness" of the training data using a metric. </p>

<p>I want to reflect this ratio in a report, like this:</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,743 | How to scale a variable when not knowing the maximum | <p>I have a dataset with different features where some of them are not categorical, so they need to be scaled or normalized (especially the target). </p>

<p>However, normalizing between 0-1 for instance means that the variable maximum value will be equal to one, and the mean to 0. </p>

<p>Now if I rec... | dataset rnn normalization feature scaling | 1 | How to scale a variable when not knowing the maximum -- (dataset rnn normalization feature scaling)
<p>I have a dataset with different features where some of them are not categorical, so they need to be scaled or normalized (especially the target). </p>

<p>However, normalizing between 0-1 for instance means th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,748 | K-Means initialization | <p>K-Means initializes the centroids randomly, but there are other methods to initialize. In this paper, <a href="http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/778/1/2006-13.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/778/1/2006-13.pdf</a>, they propose randomly choosing a data point initially then choose the othe... | clustering unsupervised learning | 1 | K-Means initialization -- (clustering unsupervised learning)
<p>K-Means initializes the centroids randomly, but there are other methods to initialize. In this paper, <a href="http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/778/1/2006-13.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/778/1/2006-13.pdf</a>, they propose ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,762 | SHAP value can explain right? | <p>I face a problem with using SHAP value to interpret the Tree-based model.<br>
(<a href="https://github.com/slundberg/shapsd" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/slundberg/shapsd</a>)<br>
First, I have input around 30 features and I have 2 features that have high positive correlation between them.<br... | machine learning python xgboost data science model ensemble modeling | 1 | SHAP value can explain right? -- (machine learning python xgboost data science model ensemble modeling)
<p>I face a problem with using SHAP value to interpret the Tree-based model.<br>
(<a href="https://github.com/slundberg/shapsd" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/slundberg/shapsd</a>)<br>
First, I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,769 | Need explanation of a matrix multiplication | <p>I'm reading the Deep Learning book by MIT.
On the page 172, there's a part like this:
<span class="math-container">$$
f^{(1)}(x)=h=W^Tx \tag{1}
$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$
f^{(2)}(h)=h^Tw \tag{2}
$$</span>
Substitute (1) into (2), they got:
<span class="math-contain... | machine learning neural network linear algebra | 1 | Need explanation of a matrix multiplication -- (machine learning neural network linear algebra)
<p>I'm reading the Deep Learning book by MIT.
On the page 172, there's a part like this:
<span class="math-container">$$
f^{(1)}(x)=h=W^Tx \tag{1}
$$</span>
<span class="math-container">$$
f^{(2)}(h)... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,806 | How does $\chi^2$ feature selection work? | <p>I can't find the information how <span class="math-container">$\chi^2$</span> are used to select numerical features for a model.</p>

<pre><code>Fro instance, If I employ the sklearn library:

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.feature_selection import chi2

iris = load_i... | statistics feature selection distribution | 1 | How does $\chi^2$ feature selection work? -- (statistics feature selection distribution)
<p>I can't find the information how <span class="math-container">$\chi^2$</span> are used to select numerical features for a model.</p>

<pre><code>Fro instance, If I employ the sklearn library:

from sklearn.datase... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,817 | Random Forest Overfitting, issues with mtry=1? | <p>I am constructing what is known as an 'Expected Goals' model for football. This metric measures shot quality and a probability is assigned to a shot to achieve this, i.e. the chance a shot will be converted. To create this model I am using a random forest classifier. For evaluation purposes I am only interested in t... | classification r random forest overfitting | 1 | Random Forest Overfitting, issues with mtry=1? -- (classification r random forest overfitting)
<p>I am constructing what is known as an 'Expected Goals' model for football. This metric measures shot quality and a probability is assigned to a shot to achieve this, i.e. the chance a shot will be converted. To create this... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,819 | Problem importing dataset in zip format | <p>I am trying to import a image dataset in Google Colab in order to do image classification. The dataset is in my Google drive, so I do the following:</p>

<pre><code>from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/drive')
</code></pre>

<p>now, i want to import my images and divide them i... | neural network deep learning image classification colab | 1 | Problem importing dataset in zip format -- (neural network deep learning image classification colab)
<p>I am trying to import a image dataset in Google Colab in order to do image classification. The dataset is in my Google drive, so I do the following:</p>

<pre><code>from google.colab import drive
drive.mo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,822 | Multiple merging multiple convolutions | <p>(First post here)
I am rather new to neural networks, having used Tensorflow for a couple months now, and am looking for some advice I have on an idea to improve the accuracy of my model. I am looking at sequences using 1d convolution layer with spatial dropout, and an LSTM to look for spatial relatedness of the... | deep learning cnn lstm rnn sequence | 1 | Multiple merging multiple convolutions -- (deep learning cnn lstm rnn sequence)
<p>(First post here)
I am rather new to neural networks, having used Tensorflow for a couple months now, and am looking for some advice I have on an idea to improve the accuracy of my model. I am looking at sequences using 1d convolutio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,826 | How to select multiple columns in a RDD with Spark (pySpark)? | <p>Lets say I have a RDD that has comma delimited data. Each comma delimited value represents the amount of hours slept in the day of a week.</p>

<p>So for i.e. [8,7,6,7,8,8,5]</p>

<p>How can I manipulate the RDD so it only has Monday, Wednesday, Friday values? There are no column names by the way. Bu... | apache spark pyspark | 1 | How to select multiple columns in a RDD with Spark (pySpark)? -- (apache spark pyspark)
<p>Lets say I have a RDD that has comma delimited data. Each comma delimited value represents the amount of hours slept in the day of a week.</p>

<p>So for i.e. [8,7,6,7,8,8,5]</p>

<p>How can I manipulate the RDD s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,831 | What is Pruning & Truncation in Decision Trees? | <h2>Pruning & Truncation</h2>
<p>As per my understanding</p>
<p><strong>Truncation:</strong> Stop the tree while it is still growing so that it may not end up with leaves containing very low data points. One way to do this is to set a minimum number of training inputs to use on each leaf.</p>
<p><strong... | xgboost lightgbm pruning gradient boosting decision trees truncation decision trees | 1 | What is Pruning & Truncation in Decision Trees? -- (xgboost lightgbm pruning gradient boosting decision trees truncation decision trees)
<h2>Pruning & Truncation</h2>
<p>As per my understanding</p>
<p><strong>Truncation:</strong> Stop the tree while it is still growing so that it may not end up with leaves ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,848 | Apply LSTM to each matrix element with Keras | <p>I'm trying to apply a LSTM/GRU to each entry of a matrix <span class="math-container">$X$</span> </p>

<p><strong>note</strong>: Each matrix element is a time-series, so shape of X is (batch_size, rows, cols, time_steps, dims)</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$
y_{i,j}=
 \begin{cases}&... | keras lstm deep learning | 1 | Apply LSTM to each matrix element with Keras -- (keras lstm deep learning)
<p>I'm trying to apply a LSTM/GRU to each entry of a matrix <span class="math-container">$X$</span> </p>

<p><strong>note</strong>: Each matrix element is a time-series, so shape of X is (batch_size, rows, cols, time_steps, dims)</p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,860 | Classification of images of different size | <p>I am doing image classification using Convolutional neural networks, but I have a problem, because the images I want to classify are all of different sizes. My code is the following:</p>

<pre><code>import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import keras
from keras.preprocessing.image import Imag... | machine learning neural network deep learning classification image classification | 1 | Classification of images of different size -- (machine learning neural network deep learning classification image classification)
<p>I am doing image classification using Convolutional neural networks, but I have a problem, because the images I want to classify are all of different sizes. My code is the following:</p>&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,872 | Lime Explainer: ValueError: training data did not have the following fields | <p>I'm attempting to gather ID level drivers from my XGBoost classification model using LIME and I'm running into some odd errors. I'm using this <a href="https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/06/building-trust-in-machine-learning-models/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a> as a reference.</p>

<p>Here is t... | machine learning classification xgboost | 1 | Lime Explainer: ValueError: training data did not have the following fields -- (machine learning classification xgboost)
<p>I'm attempting to gather ID level drivers from my XGBoost classification model using LIME and I'm running into some odd errors. I'm using this <a href="https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/06... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,875 | Classification accuracy based on top 3 most likely classifications | <p>My goal is to recommend jobs to job seekers based on their skill set.</p>

<p>Currently I'm using an SVM for this, which is outputting one prediction, e.g. "software engineer at Microsoft". However, consider this: how significantly different are the skill sets of a software engineer at Microsoft and a softwa... | machine learning classification multilabel classification accuracy | 1 | Classification accuracy based on top 3 most likely classifications -- (machine learning classification multilabel classification accuracy)
<p>My goal is to recommend jobs to job seekers based on their skill set.</p>

<p>Currently I'm using an SVM for this, which is outputting one prediction, e.g. "software engi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,885 | Given n ordered sets, each containing 6 numbers, generate the next set in the sequence | <p>I am facing the following problem in machine learning. Given <code>n</code> ordered sets, each containing 6 numbers, generate the next set in the sequence. The numbers in a set are not random.
For instance, it could be that these numbers are generated by an equation, e.g. <span class="math-container">$(1+x^y)$</... | machine learning keras | 1 | Given n ordered sets, each containing 6 numbers, generate the next set in the sequence -- (machine learning keras)
<p>I am facing the following problem in machine learning. Given <code>n</code> ordered sets, each containing 6 numbers, generate the next set in the sequence. The numbers in a set are not random.
For i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,900 | How regularization helps to get rid of outliers? | <p>I have heard regularization helps to get rid of outliers, how so?
'<strong>My intuition is, regularization shrinks parameter or even make it zero, and hence large value will have less effect on overall result</strong>'.
Could you shed some more light on it?</p>
 | machine learning regularization mathematics | 1 | How regularization helps to get rid of outliers? -- (machine learning regularization mathematics)
<p>I have heard regularization helps to get rid of outliers, how so?
'<strong>My intuition is, regularization shrinks parameter or even make it zero, and hence large value will have less effect on overall result</stron... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,901 | Cross-Validation: Repeated K-Fold/Group K-Fold | <h3>Repeated K-Fold vs Group K-Fold</h3>

<p>As per my understanding from sklearn docs</p>

<p><strong>Repeated K-Fold:</strong></p>

<p>RepeatedKFold repeats K-Fold n times. It can be used when one requires to run KFold n times, producing different splits in each repetition.</p>

<p><st... | cross validation | 1 | Cross-Validation: Repeated K-Fold/Group K-Fold -- (cross validation)
<h3>Repeated K-Fold vs Group K-Fold</h3>

<p>As per my understanding from sklearn docs</p>

<p><strong>Repeated K-Fold:</strong></p>

<p>RepeatedKFold repeats K-Fold n times. It can be used when one requires to run KFold n time... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,903 | increase performances in neural networks | <p>I am starting being interested in neural networks, and I am writing some code about it. But, differently from methods like support vector machines, random forests,..etc., to me it seems more like a black box which I can't control. </p>

<p>So my question is:</p>

<p>What are methods to increase accur... | machine learning neural network | 1 | increase performances in neural networks -- (machine learning neural network)
<p>I am starting being interested in neural networks, and I am writing some code about it. But, differently from methods like support vector machines, random forests,..etc., to me it seems more like a black box which I can't control. </p>
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,907 | Labels are not given for multiclass classification problem | <p>I have probably a weird question.
If you are dealing with a multiclass classification problem, do you always have already determined target output/labels?</p>

<p>I have e.g. a huge data set with a lot of features about different city areas (population, population density, number of services, banks and s... | clustering multiclass classification | 1 | Labels are not given for multiclass classification problem -- (clustering multiclass classification)
<p>I have probably a weird question.
If you are dealing with a multiclass classification problem, do you always have already determined target output/labels?</p>

<p>I have e.g. a huge data set with a lot of... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,909 | NoSQL Comparison - Is this part of my Job? | <p>For the more experienced Data Scientists here, i was asked to perform a case study on how Redis / HBase etc performs, compared to each other.How does data science play a role into this? Note that there will be no actual data involved.</p>
 | machine learning bigdata | 1 | NoSQL Comparison - Is this part of my Job? -- (machine learning bigdata)
<p>For the more experienced Data Scientists here, i was asked to perform a case study on how Redis / HBase etc performs, compared to each other.How does data science play a role into this? Note that there will be no actual data involved.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,917 | why is MSE of prediction way different from loss over batches | <p>I am new to machine learning so forgive me if i ask stupid question. I have a time series data and i split it into training and test set.</p>

<p>This is my code:</p>

<pre><code>from numpy import array
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense&#... | machine learning loss function mse | 1 | why is MSE of prediction way different from loss over batches -- (machine learning loss function mse)
<p>I am new to machine learning so forgive me if i ask stupid question. I have a time series data and i split it into training and test set.</p>

<p>This is my code:</p>

<pre><code>from numpy import ar... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,919 | What is Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS)? | <p>I came across some evolution metric at Kaggle:</p>

<p><strong>Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS)</strong>:</p>

<p>Mathematically,</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$C = \frac{1}{199N} \sum_{m=1}^{N} \sum_{n=-99}^{99} (P(y \le n) -H(n - Y_m))^2,$</span></p>

<p>where P is ... | python evaluation metric | 1 | What is Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS)? -- (python evaluation metric)
<p>I came across some evolution metric at Kaggle:</p>

<p><strong>Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS)</strong>:</p>

<p>Mathematically,</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$C = \frac{1}{199N} \sum_{m=1}^{N}... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,925 | Choosing the periodicity in a SARIMA model | <p>Given the order <code>(P,D,Q,s)</code> of a SARIMA model, s is an integer representing the number of periods in a season. Intuitively, I suppose it would be 12 for monthly data and 4 for quarterly data. </p>

<p>But if I have hourly data (for a whole year) and I'm using only a small number of days as trainin... | python time series arima | 1 | Choosing the periodicity in a SARIMA model -- (python time series arima)
<p>Given the order <code>(P,D,Q,s)</code> of a SARIMA model, s is an integer representing the number of periods in a season. Intuitively, I suppose it would be 12 for monthly data and 4 for quarterly data. </p>

<p>But if I have hourly dat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,928 | where can i find the algorithm of these papers? | <p>I am reading about clinical NER</p>
<p>I found 2 papers talking about it</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5977567/pdf/2731659.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Paper 1</a>
and
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/18/5/601/834186" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Paper 2</... | nlp | 1 | where can i find the algorithm of these papers? -- (nlp)
<p>I am reading about clinical NER</p>
<p>I found 2 papers talking about it</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5977567/pdf/2731659.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Paper 1</a>
and
<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jamia/art... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,938 | scaling images for image classification | <p>I am trying to do image classificaition with a dataset that contains images of different sizes. The images are in a folder called Train, which contains 4 subfolders callsed HAZE,RAINY,SNOWY and SUNNY. I want to rescale all the images contained in these 4 subfolders. To do this, I use the following code:</p>
<pre... | machine learning classification image classification image preprocessing | 1 | scaling images for image classification -- (machine learning classification image classification image preprocessing)
<p>I am trying to do image classificaition with a dataset that contains images of different sizes. The images are in a folder called Train, which contains 4 subfolders callsed HAZE,RAINY,SNOWY and SUNNY... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,941 | How much is the Class Imbalance Problem rates? | <p>I'm working on a data set and wanted to know is there a standard rate about Class Imbalance problem or not?</p>

<p>I have 47 samples in Class A and 150 Sample in class B , should I use Class Imbalance Technique or these rates are normal?</p>
 | classification dataset class imbalance | 1 | How much is the Class Imbalance Problem rates? -- (classification dataset class imbalance)
<p>I'm working on a data set and wanted to know is there a standard rate about Class Imbalance problem or not?</p>

<p>I have 47 samples in Class A and 150 Sample in class B , should I use Class Imbalance Technique or the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,961 | How to use Inception v3 in Tensorflow | <p>I am trying to import Inception v3 in TensorFlow. I wish to apply it after reading <a href="https://tensorflow-object-detection-api-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/training.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this tutorial on object detection</a>.</p>
 | machine learning deep learning tensorflow computer vision | 1 | How to use Inception v3 in Tensorflow -- (machine learning deep learning tensorflow computer vision)
<p>I am trying to import Inception v3 in TensorFlow. I wish to apply it after reading <a href="https://tensorflow-object-detection-api-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/training.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this tuto... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,964 | What is Sentiment Bias? How will it affect a Lexicon Based Sentiment Analysis? | <p>I am comparing deep learning and lexicon/rule-based models for sentiment analysis. When I was doing some research into the limitations of lexicon based models, I came across a journal article that mentioned sentiment bias. However, this article did not explain what exactly sentiment bias is. </p>

<p>I am pr... | sentiment analysis | 1 | What is Sentiment Bias? How will it affect a Lexicon Based Sentiment Analysis? -- (sentiment analysis)
<p>I am comparing deep learning and lexicon/rule-based models for sentiment analysis. When I was doing some research into the limitations of lexicon based models, I came across a journal article that mentioned sentime... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,971 | Validity of PU learning while using character-level encoding using CNNs for classifying text data | <p>I'm trying to classify a large set of documents (~100M) as valid or invalid, based upon a small given set of labeled valid documents (~3k). I'd like to know if the PU learning approach described in <a href="http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~elkan/posonly.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> paper combined with the characte... | keras cnn encoding convolutional neural network semi supervised learning | 1 | Validity of PU learning while using character-level encoding using CNNs for classifying text data -- (keras cnn encoding convolutional neural network semi supervised learning)
<p>I'm trying to classify a large set of documents (~100M) as valid or invalid, based upon a small given set of labeled valid documents (~3k). I... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
63,988 | Evaluate clustering by using decision tree unsupervised learning | <p>I am trying to evaluate some clustering results that a company did for some data but they used an evaluation method for clustering that i have never seen before. So i would like to ask your opinion and obviously if someone is aware of this method it would be great if he/she could explain to me the whole idea.</p>&#x... | r clustering decision trees k means evaluation | 1 | Evaluate clustering by using decision tree unsupervised learning -- (r clustering decision trees k means evaluation)
<p>I am trying to evaluate some clustering results that a company did for some data but they used an evaluation method for clustering that i have never seen before. So i would like to ask your opinion an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,006 | Does Feature Normalization affect Gradient Descent | Linear Regression | <p>am new to datascience and i want to learn linear regression so i coded linear regression from scratch and performed gradient descent to find the best <span class="math-container">$w_\theta$</span> and <span class="math-container">$b_\theta$</span> values using a tutorial. And it went just fine i was able to find the... | machine learning linear regression machine learning model gradient descent feature scaling | 1 | Does Feature Normalization affect Gradient Descent | Linear Regression -- (machine learning linear regression machine learning model gradient descent feature scaling)
<p>am new to datascience and i want to learn linear regression so i coded linear regression from scratch and performed gradient descent to find the best ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,009 | On which step should use SMOTE technique for over sampling? | <p>I want to use SMOTE technique for over sampling but I don't know on which step on pre-processing I should use it.</p>

<p>My preprocessing steps are:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Missing values</p></li>
<li><p>Removing Outliers</p></li>
<li><p>Smoothing Data</p></li>
</ul>

<p>Should I us... | data mining preprocessing overfitting class imbalance smote | 1 | On which step should use SMOTE technique for over sampling? -- (data mining preprocessing overfitting class imbalance smote)
<p>I want to use SMOTE technique for over sampling but I don't know on which step on pre-processing I should use it.</p>

<p>My preprocessing steps are:</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Missi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,022 | Why must a CNN have a fixed input size? | <p>Right now I'm studying Convolutional Neural Networks.</p>
<p>Why must a CNN have a fixed input size?</p>
<p>I know that it is possible to overcome this problem (with fully convolutional neural networks etc...), and I also know that it is due to the fully connected layers placed at the end of the network.</p>... | neural network cnn image classification perceptron | 1 | Why must a CNN have a fixed input size? -- (neural network cnn image classification perceptron)
<p>Right now I'm studying Convolutional Neural Networks.</p>
<p>Why must a CNN have a fixed input size?</p>
<p>I know that it is possible to overcome this problem (with fully convolutional neural networks etc...), an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,029 | Chunking Sentences with Spacy | <p>I have a lot of sentences (500k) which looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>"Penalty missed! Bad penalty by Felipe Brisola - Riga FC - shot with right foot is very close to the goal. Felipe Brisola should be disappointed."
"Penalty saved! Damir Kojasevic - Sutjeska Niksic - fails to capitalise on this gr... | machine learning nlp nltk spacy | 1 | Chunking Sentences with Spacy -- (machine learning nlp nltk spacy)
<p>I have a lot of sentences (500k) which looks like this:</p>

<pre><code>"Penalty missed! Bad penalty by Felipe Brisola - Riga FC - shot with right foot is very close to the goal. Felipe Brisola should be disappointed."
"Penalty saved! D... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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