id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
64,042 | How to gauge the Complexity of Pre trained Neural Networks? | <p>What does one mean when they are talking about the simplicity of the networks? Does it mean that the shallower the networks the simpler they are, or does it mean that lesser the number of trainable parameters, simpler the models?</p>
 | machine learning neural network deep learning cnn image classification | 1 | How to gauge the Complexity of Pre trained Neural Networks? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning cnn image classification)
<p>What does one mean when they are talking about the simplicity of the networks? Does it mean that the shallower the networks the simpler they are, or does it mean that lesser the num... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,053 | Steps on how to use autoencoders to reduce dimensions | <p>I have a dataset that contains text columns. I have used tf-idf to convert those text columns to numerical columns. I want to reduce the dimension of the dataset since tf-idf creates a multitude of new features/columns. </p>

<p>I am thinking of using autoencoder to reduce the dimension of the data by using ... | deep learning keras autoencoder dimensionality reduction | 1 | Steps on how to use autoencoders to reduce dimensions -- (deep learning keras autoencoder dimensionality reduction)
<p>I have a dataset that contains text columns. I have used tf-idf to convert those text columns to numerical columns. I want to reduce the dimension of the dataset since tf-idf creates a multitude of new... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,057 | How does the "skip" method work for upsampling? (fully convolutional NN) | <p>I'm studying fully convolutional neural networks for image segmentation, so far i've study and kind of understood the deconv network.
Following this tutorial (<a href="https://github.com/Deepest-Project/Greedy-Survey/wiki/Fully-Convolutional-Networks-for-Semantic-Segmentation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Upsamplin... | cnn convolution image segmentation | 1 | How does the "skip" method work for upsampling? (fully convolutional NN) -- (cnn convolution image segmentation)
<p>I'm studying fully convolutional neural networks for image segmentation, so far i've study and kind of understood the deconv network.
Following this tutorial (<a href="https://github.com/Deepest-Proje... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,072 | Input 0 is incompatible with layer conv2d_2: expected ndim=4, found ndim=3 I get this error in Tensor flow, What does it mean and how can I fix it? | <pre><code>import pickle 


import keras

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten, Activation

from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D

from keras.utils import to_categorical

import numpy as np

X = pickle.l... | tensorflow cnn | 1 | Input 0 is incompatible with layer conv2d_2: expected ndim=4, found ndim=3 I get this error in Tensor flow, What does it mean and how can I fix it? -- (tensorflow cnn)
<pre><code>import pickle 


import keras

from keras.models import Sequential

from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,080 | Weight pruning of CNN | <p>I was confused when i was reading about weight pruning on CNN. Is it applied for all the layers including convolutional layers or only it is done for dense layers?</p>
 | python cnn pruning | 1 | Weight pruning of CNN -- (python cnn pruning)
<p>I was confused when i was reading about weight pruning on CNN. Is it applied for all the layers including convolutional layers or only it is done for dense layers?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,089 | 2nd, 3rd, Nth closest guesses | <p>I have used the KMeans algorithm to create an engine that can guess the cluster that a particular set of input data will fall into.</p>

<p>Can I use it to guess the 2nd closest cluster, 3rd closest, and so on?</p>

<p>Currently, I am using the <code>sklearn.cluster.KMeans</code> library if that's an... | k means supervised learning | 1 | 2nd, 3rd, Nth closest guesses -- (k means supervised learning)
<p>I have used the KMeans algorithm to create an engine that can guess the cluster that a particular set of input data will fall into.</p>

<p>Can I use it to guess the 2nd closest cluster, 3rd closest, and so on?</p>

<p>Currently, I am usi... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,100 | Improve performances of a convolutional neural network | <p>I am doing image classificaition, and to do this I have built the following neural network:</p>

<pre><code>def Network(input_shape, num_classes, regl2 = 0.0001, lr=0.0001):

model = Sequential()

# C1 Convolutional Layer 
model.add(Conv2D(filters=96, input_shape=input_shape, kernel_size=... | machine learning neural network classification convolutional neural network | 1 | Improve performances of a convolutional neural network -- (machine learning neural network classification convolutional neural network)
<p>I am doing image classificaition, and to do this I have built the following neural network:</p>

<pre><code>def Network(input_shape, num_classes, regl2 = 0.0001, lr=0.0001):... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,107 | When to use deep learning for java as opposed to python | <p>I have been asked to explore options to build deep learning based applications using java, so i happend to browse a website called dl4j (<a href="https://deeplearning4j.org" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://deeplearning4j.org</a>) which has got implemantations of different neural networks starting from MLP to RNN/L... | machine learning python deep learning tensorflow java | 1 | When to use deep learning for java as opposed to python -- (machine learning python deep learning tensorflow java)
<p>I have been asked to explore options to build deep learning based applications using java, so i happend to browse a website called dl4j (<a href="https://deeplearning4j.org" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ht... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,116 | "Super" Optimizer concept | <p>I was wondering why there isn't a feature built into common-use ML libraries, like Keras, that plugs many different combinations of layers and nodes to multiple models and trains them simultaneously to single out the best NN architecture for your problem? </p>

<p>For example, given training data, validation... | machine learning keras tensorflow optimization | 1 | "Super" Optimizer concept -- (machine learning keras tensorflow optimization)
<p>I was wondering why there isn't a feature built into common-use ML libraries, like Keras, that plugs many different combinations of layers and nodes to multiple models and trains them simultaneously to single out the best NN architecture f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,118 | Why are Convolutional Networks not using cross-correlation | <p>To my knowledge cross-correlation is used to measure the similarity of certain values, like to images. Same applies to the process of feature extraction in CNNs, where input matrices are multiplied by filters. So it seems odd to me that they are call Convolutional Networks.</p>

<p>The <a href="https://pytor... | cnn convolution | 1 | Why are Convolutional Networks not using cross-correlation -- (cnn convolution)
<p>To my knowledge cross-correlation is used to measure the similarity of certain values, like to images. Same applies to the process of feature extraction in CNNs, where input matrices are multiplied by filters. So it seems odd to me that ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,119 | Actor-critic architecture: How is the policy updated? | <p>I am going through the <a href="https://github.com/openai/baselines/blob/master/baselines/ddpg/ddpg.py" rel="noreferrer">ddpg baseline code</a> to try and gain an intuitive understanding of how the actor and critic networks function.</p>

<p>DDPG has two components: the actor which is the deterministic polic... | reinforcement learning | 1 | Actor-critic architecture: How is the policy updated? -- (reinforcement learning)
<p>I am going through the <a href="https://github.com/openai/baselines/blob/master/baselines/ddpg/ddpg.py" rel="noreferrer">ddpg baseline code</a> to try and gain an intuitive understanding of how the actor and critic networks function.</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,124 | How can I override the values of 1 column in a big dataframe using a small second dataframe? | <p>I have a Pandas dataframe (<code>donations_df</code>) that contains thousands of donations. Each donation row has <em>many</em> columns, but the two key ones for my question are: </p>

<ul>
<li>A <code>recipient_id</code> column indicating who received the donation</li>
<li>An <code>office</code> col... | python pandas dataframe csv | 1 | How can I override the values of 1 column in a big dataframe using a small second dataframe? -- (python pandas dataframe csv)
<p>I have a Pandas dataframe (<code>donations_df</code>) that contains thousands of donations. Each donation row has <em>many</em> columns, but the two key ones for my question are: </p>
&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,136 | Detect if word is «common English» word or slang word | <p>I have a huge list of short phrases, for example:</p>

<pre><code>sql server data analysis # SQL is not a common word
bodybuilding # common word
export opml # opml is not a common word
best ocr mac # ocr and mac are not common words
</code></pre>

<p>I want to detect if word is not a ... | python nlp nltk | 1 | Detect if word is «common English» word or slang word -- (python nlp nltk)
<p>I have a huge list of short phrases, for example:</p>

<pre><code>sql server data analysis # SQL is not a common word
bodybuilding # common word
export opml # opml is not a common word
best ocr mac # ocr and mac are not co... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,140 | Is there a common strategy to measure if a difference-significance of two areas under two ROC curves | <p>I conduct sound detection experiments with mice.
I have a stimulus sound and a "noise" sound that shoukd be ignored. </p>

<p>I want to measure how well the mouse ignors the noise (with respect to, say, ignoring 100% of the noise stimuli).</p>

<p>I have sessions with, say 200 trials of stimulus ... | classification statistics object detection matlab confusion matrix | 1 | Is there a common strategy to measure if a difference-significance of two areas under two ROC curves -- (classification statistics object detection matlab confusion matrix)
<p>I conduct sound detection experiments with mice.
I have a stimulus sound and a "noise" sound that shoukd be ignored. </p>

<p>I want... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,143 | Diff. in P-value & F-Stat. Multiple linear regression | <p>Even if we have individual p-values for each predictor.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/c6uh4.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/c6uh4.png" alt=""></a></p>

<p>Why do we need overall F-statistic?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/DpKEl.png" rel="nofollo... | regression statistics | 1 | Diff. in P-value & F-Stat. Multiple linear regression -- (regression statistics)
<p>Even if we have individual p-values for each predictor.
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/c6uh4.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/c6uh4.png" alt=""></a></p>

<p>Why do we need overall F-stat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,156 | Convolutional layers without pooling | <p>I am studying the CNN architecture of the AlexNet, and I have seen that it has convolutional layers without pooling in between:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/r6N9k.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/r6N9k.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<... | neural network cnn convolution | 1 | Convolutional layers without pooling -- (neural network cnn convolution)
<p>I am studying the CNN architecture of the AlexNet, and I have seen that it has convolutional layers without pooling in between:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/r6N9k.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.im... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,157 | How to handle different categorical embedding sizes in hold out data set | <p>I have a pytorch tabular dataset with zip code as a categorical embedding. I'm getting great results on the test set. When I go to run my hold out sample through, it errors out because I have more zip codes in the hold out then what the model was trained on. </p>

<p>How do I handle this? In production, ... | categorical data pytorch embeddings | 1 | How to handle different categorical embedding sizes in hold out data set -- (categorical data pytorch embeddings)
<p>I have a pytorch tabular dataset with zip code as a categorical embedding. I'm getting great results on the test set. When I go to run my hold out sample through, it errors out because I have more zip ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,165 | When should we start using stacking of models? | <p>I am solving a Kaggle contest and my single model has reached score of 0.121, I'd like to know when to start using ensembling/stacking to improve the score.</p>

<p>I used lasso and xgboost and there obviously must be variance associated with those two algorithms. So stacking should theoretically give me bet... | machine learning regression ensemble modeling lasso | 1 | When should we start using stacking of models? -- (machine learning regression ensemble modeling lasso)
<p>I am solving a Kaggle contest and my single model has reached score of 0.121, I'd like to know when to start using ensembling/stacking to improve the score.</p>

<p>I used lasso and xgboost and there obvio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,201 | Overfitting due to features correlating with training set generation rules | <p>As background, I am using a Deep Neural Network built using Keras to classify inputs into 5 categories.</p>

<p>The current structure of the network is:</p>

<ul>
<li>Input layer (~450 nodes)</li>
<li>Dense layer (750 nodes)</li>
<li>Dropout layer (750 nodes, dropout rate = 0.5)</li>
... | machine learning neural network feature engineering training overfitting | 1 | Overfitting due to features correlating with training set generation rules -- (machine learning neural network feature engineering training overfitting)
<p>As background, I am using a Deep Neural Network built using Keras to classify inputs into 5 categories.</p>

<p>The current structure of the network is:</p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,218 | Why might trees work so much better than boosting classifiers? | <p>I am predicting 10 classes label encoded using scikit-learn with 6 factors, 1.2M cases.
DecisionTreeClassifier
RandomForestClassifier
ExtraTreesClassifier
give accuracies (and precision and recall) of 0.9</p>

<p>AdaBoostClassifier
GradientBoostingClassifier
give accuracies of 0.2</p>... | classification scikit learn | 1 | Why might trees work so much better than boosting classifiers? -- (classification scikit learn)
<p>I am predicting 10 classes label encoded using scikit-learn with 6 factors, 1.2M cases.
DecisionTreeClassifier
RandomForestClassifier
ExtraTreesClassifier
give accuracies (and precision and recall) of 0.9<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,226 | Accuracy of KFold Cross Validation for Neural Network | <p>I have a neural network that Im evaluating using 10 -Fold cross validation. The validation accuracy for a fold changes alot during training in the range of -+10% </p>

<p>So for example the validation accuracy of a fold would range between 80% and 70%.</p>

<p>My question is which number should I con... | neural network cross validation training accuracy | 1 | Accuracy of KFold Cross Validation for Neural Network -- (neural network cross validation training accuracy)
<p>I have a neural network that Im evaluating using 10 -Fold cross validation. The validation accuracy for a fold changes alot during training in the range of -+10% </p>

<p>So for example the validation... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,232 | Remove noise by clustering on which step of pre-processing is better? | <p>I am working on a classification task. The dataset is a UCI data set about machine learning with 200 observations and 2 classes.</p>

<p>Part of my model includes the following preprocessing steps:</p>

<ol>
<li>remove missing values</li>
<li>normalize between 0 and 1</li>
<li>remove outl... | clustering preprocessing outlier noise | 1 | Remove noise by clustering on which step of pre-processing is better? -- (clustering preprocessing outlier noise)
<p>I am working on a classification task. The dataset is a UCI data set about machine learning with 200 observations and 2 classes.</p>

<p>Part of my model includes the following preprocessing step... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,240 | Solutions for big data preprecessing for feeding deep neural network models built with TensorFlow 2.0? | <p>Currently I am using Python, Numpy, pandas, scikit-learn to do data preprocessing (<strong>LabelEncoder, MinMaxScaler, fillna, etc.</strong>), and then feeding the processed data to DNN models built with Tensorflow 2.0. This input pipeline meets my needs when data is small enough to fit a PC's RAM.</p>

<p>N... | neural network tensorflow data cleaning bigdata preprocessing | 1 | Solutions for big data preprecessing for feeding deep neural network models built with TensorFlow 2.0? -- (neural network tensorflow data cleaning bigdata preprocessing)
<p>Currently I am using Python, Numpy, pandas, scikit-learn to do data preprocessing (<strong>LabelEncoder, MinMaxScaler, fillna, etc.</strong>), and ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,248 | How is loss computed for multiclass CNN with an output layer larger than the number of classes? | <p>I have built a CNN in pytorch for classifying the Fashion-MNIST dataset (10 classes). The images are 28x28.</p>

<p>I have constructed the final layer in my model as an output of 50. (i.e. <span class="math-container">$nn.Linear(100, 50)$</span>). Also I am using cross entropy loss.</p>

<p>I... | cnn loss function pytorch | 1 | How is loss computed for multiclass CNN with an output layer larger than the number of classes? -- (cnn loss function pytorch)
<p>I have built a CNN in pytorch for classifying the Fashion-MNIST dataset (10 classes). The images are 28x28.</p>

<p>I have constructed the final layer in my model as an output of 50.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,253 | How to apply data binning on reviews data? | <p>I need to apply data binning on a set of reviews, I have searched for some data binning methods for reviews and long-texts and couldn't find anything other than classification. Is NLP or classification the only method to bin long-text data?</p>
 | machine learning data mining dataset data data cleaning | 1 | How to apply data binning on reviews data? -- (machine learning data mining dataset data data cleaning)
<p>I need to apply data binning on a set of reviews, I have searched for some data binning methods for reviews and long-texts and couldn't find anything other than classification. Is NLP or classification the only me... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,260 | Pearson vs Spearman vs Kendall | <p>What are the characteristics of the three correlation coefficients and what are the comparisons of each of them/assumptions?</p>
<p>Can somebody kindly take me through the concepts?</p>
 | correlation pearsons correlation coefficient spearmans rank correlation kendalls tau coefficient | 1 | Pearson vs Spearman vs Kendall -- (correlation pearsons correlation coefficient spearmans rank correlation kendalls tau coefficient)
<p>What are the characteristics of the three correlation coefficients and what are the comparisons of each of them/assumptions?</p>
<p>Can somebody kindly take me through the concept... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,278 | What is a channel in a CNN? | <p>I was reading an article about convolutional neural networks, and I found something that I don' understand, which is:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The filter must have the same number of channels as the input image so that the element-wise multiplication can take place. </p>
</blockquote>

<p>now, ... | machine learning neural network cnn | 1 | What is a channel in a CNN? -- (machine learning neural network cnn)
<p>I was reading an article about convolutional neural networks, and I found something that I don' understand, which is:</p>

<blockquote>
 <p>The filter must have the same number of channels as the input image so that the element-wise mu... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,280 | Using Amazon Personalize to build a Recommendation System | <p>I would like to build a recommendation system based only in the items metadata. </p>

<p>I have an input vector with some desirable topics that the user want to read about, for example: (self-help, yoga, sports) </p>

<p>On the other hand I have a dataset with books with Title, Description, among ot... | recommender system aws | 1 | Using Amazon Personalize to build a Recommendation System -- (recommender system aws)
<p>I would like to build a recommendation system based only in the items metadata. </p>

<p>I have an input vector with some desirable topics that the user want to read about, for example: (self-help, yoga, sports) </p>
&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,286 | What does it mean the term variation for an image dataset? | <p>I am working with convolutional neural networks, and I have seen that often we need to pre process the images before feeding them to the network. In particular, I have seen that often we have to do image augmentation using an image generator. Now, when looking for a clarification on why we need to do this, I came ac... | machine learning neural network cnn image classification | 1 | What does it mean the term variation for an image dataset? -- (machine learning neural network cnn image classification)
<p>I am working with convolutional neural networks, and I have seen that often we need to pre process the images before feeding them to the network. In particular, I have seen that often we have to d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,289 | Use of decision trees for classifying images | <p>I am new at Machine Learning and reading about it I wonder if it is possible (and convenient) to use decision trees to classify images.</p>

<p>For instance, to classify faces</p>
 | image classification decision trees | 1 | Use of decision trees for classifying images -- (image classification decision trees)
<p>I am new at Machine Learning and reading about it I wonder if it is possible (and convenient) to use decision trees to classify images.</p>

<p>For instance, to classify faces</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,294 | How to build an overfitted network in order to increase performances | <p>I am learning how to implement CNN, and searching on the internet I have found that a trick to design a good network is to first build it in such a way that it overfits, and then use regularization to elimnate overfitting and have a good performing network. </p>

<p>But how do I do this? I don't understand h... | machine learning neural network cnn overfitting regularization | 1 | How to build an overfitted network in order to increase performances -- (machine learning neural network cnn overfitting regularization)
<p>I am learning how to implement CNN, and searching on the internet I have found that a trick to design a good network is to first build it in such a way that it overfits, and then u... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,302 | When should I NOT scale features | <p>Feature scaling can be crucially necessary when using distance-, variance- or gradient-based methods (KNN, PCA, neural networks...), because depending on the case, it can improve the quality of results or the computational effort.</p>

<p>In some cases (tree-based models in particular), scaling has no impact... | feature scaling | 1 | When should I NOT scale features -- (feature scaling)
<p>Feature scaling can be crucially necessary when using distance-, variance- or gradient-based methods (KNN, PCA, neural networks...), because depending on the case, it can improve the quality of results or the computational effort.</p>

<p>In some cases (t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,314 | What is cohen kappa metric, implementation in Python? | <p>Can somebody explain indetail explanation on Quadratic Kappa Metric/cohen kappa metric with implementation in Python</p>
 | python metric | 1 | What is cohen kappa metric, implementation in Python? -- (python metric)
<p>Can somebody explain indetail explanation on Quadratic Kappa Metric/cohen kappa metric with implementation in Python</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,323 | How to load the pre-trained BERT model from local/colab directory? | <p>Hi i downloaded the BERT pretrained model (<a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/bert_models/2018_10_18/cased_L-12_H-768_A-12.zip" rel="noreferrer">https://storage.googleapis.com/bert_models/2018_10_18/cased_L-12_H-768_A-12.zip</a>) from here and saved to a directory in gogole colab and in local .</p>

<p>... | nlp bert | 1 | How to load the pre-trained BERT model from local/colab directory? -- (nlp bert)
<p>Hi i downloaded the BERT pretrained model (<a href="https://storage.googleapis.com/bert_models/2018_10_18/cased_L-12_H-768_A-12.zip" rel="noreferrer">https://storage.googleapis.com/bert_models/2018_10_18/cased_L-12_H-768_A-12.zip</a>) f... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,332 | python tsne.transform does not exist? | <p>I am trying to transform two datasets: x_train and x_test using tsne. I assume the way to do this is to fit tsne to x_train, and then transform x_test and x_train. But, I am not able to transform any of the datasets.</p>

<p><code>tsne = TSNE(random_state = 420, n_components=2, verbose=1, perplexity=5, n_ite... | python tsne | 1 | python tsne.transform does not exist? -- (python tsne)
<p>I am trying to transform two datasets: x_train and x_test using tsne. I assume the way to do this is to fit tsne to x_train, and then transform x_test and x_train. But, I am not able to transform any of the datasets.</p>

<p><code>tsne = TSNE(random_stat... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,340 | How do I interpret loss in a neural network? | <p>I am studying how to evaluate the performances of a convolutional neural network, and in particular I have seen that we have to look both at accuracy and loss. I don't understand why do we have to look also at the loss, and honestly I haven' t understand really clearly what the loss is. I have understood that it is ... | machine learning neural network cnn interpretation | 1 | How do I interpret loss in a neural network? -- (machine learning neural network cnn interpretation)
<p>I am studying how to evaluate the performances of a convolutional neural network, and in particular I have seen that we have to look both at accuracy and loss. I don't understand why do we have to look also at the lo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,343 | What is the difference between all the different types of learning within machine learning? | <p>This is a question that is really hard to google, and the differences are confusing. Does anyone have good examples of the differences between them all?</p>

<ul>
<li>Supervised Learning</li>
<li>Semi-Supervised Learning</li>
<li>Distant Supervision</li>
<li>Active Learning</li>
<li>Light... | machine learning unsupervised learning supervised learning semi supervised learning | 1 | What is the difference between all the different types of learning within machine learning? -- (machine learning unsupervised learning supervised learning semi supervised learning)
<p>This is a question that is really hard to google, and the differences are confusing. Does anyone have good examples of the differences b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,351 | image classification with training set with 4 classes and test set with 3 classes | <p>I have to do image classificaion with a CNN, and for doing this I have been given a training set with 4 classes and a test set with 3 classes. I am really confused because I don't know if this is going to influence my prediction. It never happened to me.</p>

<p>How can I deal with this? Thanks in advance.<... | machine learning neural network cnn image classification | 1 | image classification with training set with 4 classes and test set with 3 classes -- (machine learning neural network cnn image classification)
<p>I have to do image classificaion with a CNN, and for doing this I have been given a training set with 4 classes and a test set with 3 classes. I am really confused because ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,355 | Difference between packaged sentiment analysis tools (TextBlob/NLTK) and training your own classifier? | <p>I'm new to ML and training classifiers in practice, so I was just wondering what the difference was between the built-in sentiment tools of packages such as NLTK and TextBlob as compared to manually creating a classifier (training, testing, etc). I think I read in a comment somewhere that Textblob/NLTK's existing se... | machine learning nlp sentiment analysis nltk classifier | 1 | Difference between packaged sentiment analysis tools (TextBlob/NLTK) and training your own classifier? -- (machine learning nlp sentiment analysis nltk classifier)
<p>I'm new to ML and training classifiers in practice, so I was just wondering what the difference was between the built-in sentiment tools of packages such... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,358 | Evaluating the performance of a machine learned recommendation system | <p>I have a set of resumes <span class="math-container">$R=\{{r_1,...,r_n\}}$</span>, which I've transformed to a vector space using TF-IDF. Each resume has a label, which is the name of their current employer. Each of these labels comes from the set of possible employers <span class="math-container">$E = \{{e_1,...,e_... | machine learning recommender system evaluation information retrieval cosine distance | 1 | Evaluating the performance of a machine learned recommendation system -- (machine learning recommender system evaluation information retrieval cosine distance)
<p>I have a set of resumes <span class="math-container">$R=\{{r_1,...,r_n\}}$</span>, which I've transformed to a vector space using TF-IDF. Each resume has a l... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,365 | Is it possible to change test and train data size when using crossvalind function with Kfold param? | <p>I was looking at MATLAB Help and want to work with "crossvalind" function. 
It would two parameters that you can use it.</p>

<p>If you use "HoldOut" you can define partition size of test and train data set and when you use "Kfold" you can define "fold counts".</p>

<p>Now I want to know is there... | dataset cross validation matlab | 1 | Is it possible to change test and train data size when using crossvalind function with Kfold param? -- (dataset cross validation matlab)
<p>I was looking at MATLAB Help and want to work with "crossvalind" function. 
It would two parameters that you can use it.</p>

<p>If you use "HoldOut" you can define par... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,373 | What are the standard parameters values for SMOTE technique? | <p>I'm working on an imbalanced class data set (200 samples) with 2 classes, first class has 50 sample and second has 150 sample.</p>

<p>My questions:</p>

<ol>
<li>When I use SMOTE technique on my data set my total dataset samples
will be greater than 200 or smaller?</li>
<li>Is there stan... | dataset class imbalance smote | 1 | What are the standard parameters values for SMOTE technique? -- (dataset class imbalance smote)
<p>I'm working on an imbalanced class data set (200 samples) with 2 classes, first class has 50 sample and second has 150 sample.</p>

<p>My questions:</p>

<ol>
<li>When I use SMOTE technique on my data ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,378 | Logistic regression threshold value | <p>How can i set the threshold value for the target variable. For example if a target variable is chance_of_admit and it has values from 0 to 1, how can I pick a value and so that I can convert it to 0's and 1's to perform logistic regression</p>
 | r regression predictive modeling logistic regression data science model | 1 | Logistic regression threshold value -- (r regression predictive modeling logistic regression data science model)
<p>How can i set the threshold value for the target variable. For example if a target variable is chance_of_admit and it has values from 0 to 1, how can I pick a value and so that I can convert it to 0's and... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,381 | How is "relevance" defined in information retrieval outside the context of systems with user feedback? | <p>I've seen information retrieval systems that return some results from a query, and then the user rates these results as either "relevant" or "not relevant".</p>

<p>What can you do if you do not have user feedback?</p>

<p>E.g. suppose your system returns some ranked results from a query. Suppose you... | evaluation information retrieval ranking | 1 | How is "relevance" defined in information retrieval outside the context of systems with user feedback? -- (evaluation information retrieval ranking)
<p>I've seen information retrieval systems that return some results from a query, and then the user rates these results as either "relevant" or "not relevant".</p>
&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,383 | Can I force DecisionTreeClassifier to use integer conditions when the variable is integer? | <p>I'm trying to visualize a decision tree in python for the purpose of explainability. I noticed that a condition like "NumGoals >= 1.23" could be quite vague for the user and I would much rather to see something like this: "NumGoals > 1". </p>

<p>So, I tried to switch the normalization off, and I even suspec... | python scikit learn visualization decision trees | 1 | Can I force DecisionTreeClassifier to use integer conditions when the variable is integer? -- (python scikit learn visualization decision trees)
<p>I'm trying to visualize a decision tree in python for the purpose of explainability. I noticed that a condition like "NumGoals >= 1.23" could be quite vague for the user an... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,388 | Is multi-class classification the same with categorical classification? | <p>I am working on a project with image classification with 5 different classes and I was wondering if categorical classification can be used as a synonym for multi-class classification.</p>

<p>PS. Forgive me for the naive question</p>
 | multiclass classification | 1 | Is multi-class classification the same with categorical classification? -- (multiclass classification)
<p>I am working on a project with image classification with 5 different classes and I was wondering if categorical classification can be used as a synonym for multi-class classification.</p>

<p>PS. Forgive me... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,401 | Understanding AC_errorRate loss function | <p>I'm reading an article about <a href="https://medium.com/making-sense-of-data/time-series-next-value-prediction-using-regression-over-a-rolling-window-228f0acae363" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Rolling Window Regression: a Simple Approach for Time Series Next value Predictions</a>.</p>

<p>He explains about 5 d... | machine learning time series regression statistics loss function | 1 | Understanding AC_errorRate loss function -- (machine learning time series regression statistics loss function)
<p>I'm reading an article about <a href="https://medium.com/making-sense-of-data/time-series-next-value-prediction-using-regression-over-a-rolling-window-228f0acae363" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Rolling Window ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,412 | How to extract features from the encoded layer of an autoencoder? | <p>I have done some research on autoencoders, and I have come to understand that they can also be used for feature extraction (see <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/33338/autoencoder-for-features-selection/33342">this question</a> on this site as an example). Most of the examples out there seem t... | python keras feature extraction autoencoder | 1 | How to extract features from the encoded layer of an autoencoder? -- (python keras feature extraction autoencoder)
<p>I have done some research on autoencoders, and I have come to understand that they can also be used for feature extraction (see <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/33338/autoencoder... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,425 | Problem with overfitting for a CNN | <p>I am doing image classification with a CNN and I am having trouble building a network that does not do overfitting. I have in my training set 2000 images of 4 classes, while in my test set I have 3038 of the same 4 classes. My CNN is the following:</p>

<pre><code>def Network(input_shape, num_classes, regl2 ... | machine learning neural network cnn overfitting | 1 | Problem with overfitting for a CNN -- (machine learning neural network cnn overfitting)
<p>I am doing image classification with a CNN and I am having trouble building a network that does not do overfitting. I have in my training set 2000 images of 4 classes, while in my test set I have 3038 of the same 4 classes. My CN... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,427 | NLP and one-class classifier building | <p>I have a big dataset containing almost 0.5 billions of tweets. I'm doing some research about how firms are engaged in activism and so far, I have labelled tweets which can be clustered in an activism category according to the presence of certain hashtags within the tweets.</p>

<p>Now, let's suppose firms ar... | python classification svm nlp | 1 | NLP and one-class classifier building -- (python classification svm nlp)
<p>I have a big dataset containing almost 0.5 billions of tweets. I'm doing some research about how firms are engaged in activism and so far, I have labelled tweets which can be clustered in an activism category according to the presence of certai... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,441 | How to interpret classification report of scikit-learn? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LIWH1.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LIWH1.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>As you can see, it is about a binary classification with linearSVC. The class 1 has a higher precision than class 0 (+7%), but class 0 has a high... | classification metric binary | 1 | How to interpret classification report of scikit-learn? -- (classification metric binary)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LIWH1.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/LIWH1.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>As you can see, it is about a binary classification wit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,444 | Difficulty interpreting word embedding vector similarity (spaCy) | <p>I calculate vector similarities like this:</p>

<pre><code>nlp = spacy.load('en_trf_xlnetbasecased_lg')
a = nlp("car").vector
b = nlp("plant").vector
dot(a, b)/(norm(a)*norm(b))
0.966813
</code></pre>

<p>Why are the vector similarities so high for unrelated words for the embeddin... | python nlp word embeddings spacy | 1 | Difficulty interpreting word embedding vector similarity (spaCy) -- (python nlp word embeddings spacy)
<p>I calculate vector similarities like this:</p>

<pre><code>nlp = spacy.load('en_trf_xlnetbasecased_lg')
a = nlp("car").vector
b = nlp("plant").vector
dot(a, b)/(norm(a)*norm(b))
0.966813
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,447 | What is my training score the mean_train_score or mean_test_score? | <p>I am using sklearn to train some models (random forest, decision tree). For the training I am using <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.RandomizedSearchCV.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">RandomsearchCV</a> with Stratified k-fold as cross-validation. Then I make a predic... | machine learning scikit learn cross validation model selection | 1 | What is my training score the mean_train_score or mean_test_score? -- (machine learning scikit learn cross validation model selection)
<p>I am using sklearn to train some models (random forest, decision tree). For the training I am using <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,455 | How to evaluate the K-Modes Clusters? | <p>K-modes algorithm is available <a href="https://pypi.org/project/kmodes/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a></p>

<p>I want to do clustering of my binary dataset. I need to specify the number of clusters that I need as an output:</p>

<pre><code>KModes (n_clusters, init, n_init, verbose)
</code><... | python clustering k means distance | 1 | How to evaluate the K-Modes Clusters? -- (python clustering k means distance)
<p>K-modes algorithm is available <a href="https://pypi.org/project/kmodes/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a></p>

<p>I want to do clustering of my binary dataset. I need to specify the number of clusters that I need as an output:</... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,459 | Types of Regression Techniques? | <p>Can someone explain types of Regression Techniques, and Where do we use?</p>

<p>Thanks in Advance.</p>
 | regression | 1 | Types of Regression Techniques? -- (regression)
<p>Can someone explain types of Regression Techniques, and Where do we use?</p>

<p>Thanks in Advance.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,462 | Sequence to carry out data analysis? | <p>I have a dataset with 4700 records and it's a classification problem. Proportion of classes is 33 and 67%</p>

<p>few questions </p>

<p>1) does this proportion qualify dataset as imbalanced ? </p>

<p>2) should I do cross validation and then apply (over/under or SMOTE sampling) or I should ... | data mining predictive modeling class imbalance | 1 | Sequence to carry out data analysis? -- (data mining predictive modeling class imbalance)
<p>I have a dataset with 4700 records and it's a classification problem. Proportion of classes is 33 and 67%</p>

<p>few questions </p>

<p>1) does this proportion qualify dataset as imbalanced ? </p>

<p>2... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,471 | Where are WEKA installed packages stored | <p>I would like to use the WEKA library in a Java program but I can't seem to find the methods I installed using WEKA's package manager. </p>

<p>Does anyone know where the installed methods are stored?</p>

<p>For clarification, I installed WEKA, installed the extra package using WEKA and can use it wi... | machine learning weka | 1 | Where are WEKA installed packages stored -- (machine learning weka)
<p>I would like to use the WEKA library in a Java program but I can't seem to find the methods I installed using WEKA's package manager. </p>

<p>Does anyone know where the installed methods are stored?</p>

<p>For clarification, I inst... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,482 | Training LSTM for time series prediction with nan labels | <p>I have a time series of features <span class="math-container">$x_1,x_2,x_3,...,x_n$</span>. I want to make a prediction <span class="math-container">$y_1,y_2,y_3,...,y_n$</span> for each timestep. However, in my training data some of the <span class="math-container">$y$</span> can be nan. I'd like the fit to just ig... | keras tensorflow time series lstm | 1 | Training LSTM for time series prediction with nan labels -- (keras tensorflow time series lstm)
<p>I have a time series of features <span class="math-container">$x_1,x_2,x_3,...,x_n$</span>. I want to make a prediction <span class="math-container">$y_1,y_2,y_3,...,y_n$</span> for each timestep. However, in my training ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,486 | How to automatically mount my Google Drive to Google Colab | <p>I have recently discovered Google Colab and I am wondering if there is an option to permanently authorize Google Colab to access and mount my Google Drive. </p>

<pre><code>from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/drive')
Go to this URL in a browser: https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/a... | google colab | 1 | How to automatically mount my Google Drive to Google Colab -- (google colab)
<p>I have recently discovered Google Colab and I am wondering if there is an option to permanently authorize Google Colab to access and mount my Google Drive. </p>

<pre><code>from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/dr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,489 | Calibrating Correlation | <p>I am facing a weird problem in my on going project and thought if someone here could help me out with this. Actually I have large data set. I have to perform a regression task on top of that. While doing the initial analysis and feature selection task, I did correlation of all the features with the target variable. ... | regression correlation python 3.x pearsons correlation coefficient | 1 | Calibrating Correlation -- (regression correlation python 3.x pearsons correlation coefficient)
<p>I am facing a weird problem in my on going project and thought if someone here could help me out with this. Actually I have large data set. I have to perform a regression task on top of that. While doing the initial analy... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,501 | Trouble understanding the partial differentiation used in reinforcement learning | <p>I am studying deterministic actor-critic algorithms in reinforcement learning.</p>

<p>I try to give a brief explanation of actor-critic algorithms before jumping into the mathematics. The actor takes in state <span class="math-container">$s$</span> and outputs a deterministic action <span class="math-contai... | neural network reinforcement learning | 1 | Trouble understanding the partial differentiation used in reinforcement learning -- (neural network reinforcement learning)
<p>I am studying deterministic actor-critic algorithms in reinforcement learning.</p>

<p>I try to give a brief explanation of actor-critic algorithms before jumping into the mathematics. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,506 | Deep learning model gives random results | <p>First I am new to machine learning if it is an obvious question, I am sorry.</p>

<pre><code>dataset_coefficients = loadtxt(
'in.csv', delimiter=',')
dataset_answers = loadtxt(
 'out.csv')
X = dataset_coefficients[:, 0:4]
y = dataset_answers

model = Sequential()
model.add(... | machine learning deep learning classification keras csv | 1 | Deep learning model gives random results -- (machine learning deep learning classification keras csv)
<p>First I am new to machine learning if it is an obvious question, I am sorry.</p>

<pre><code>dataset_coefficients = loadtxt(
'in.csv', delimiter=',')
dataset_answers = loadtxt(
 'out.csv')
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,511 | How to use ADWIN with multiple columns | <p>I want to perform drift detection on data with multiple input values (x0, x1, x2, x3). I'm using an adaptive window algorithm found from <code>sci-kit</code> found <a href="https://scikit-multiflow.github.io/scikit-multiflow/_autosummary/skmultiflow.drift_detection.ADWIN.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>... | scikit learn | 1 | How to use ADWIN with multiple columns -- (scikit learn)
<p>I want to perform drift detection on data with multiple input values (x0, x1, x2, x3). I'm using an adaptive window algorithm found from <code>sci-kit</code> found <a href="https://scikit-multiflow.github.io/scikit-multiflow/_autosummary/skmultiflow.drift_dete... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,521 | Why I get AttributeError: 'float' object has no attribute '3f'? | <p>I am getting this error:</p>

<pre><code>AttributeError: 'float' object has no attribute '3f'
</code></pre>

<p>I don't understand why I am getting it, I am following the example straight from the book "applied text analysis"</p>

<p>The chunk of code in python is:</p>

<pre><code... | python | 1 | Why I get AttributeError: 'float' object has no attribute '3f'? -- (python)
<p>I am getting this error:</p>

<pre><code>AttributeError: 'float' object has no attribute '3f'
</code></pre>

<p>I don't understand why I am getting it, I am following the example straight from the book "applied text analy... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,525 | Are there some research papers about text-to-set generation? | <p>I have googled but find no results.</p>

<p>Text-to-(word)set generation or sequence-to-(token)set generation.</p>

<p>For example, input a text and then output the tags for this text:</p>

<p><code>'Peter is studying English'</code> --> <code>{'good behavior','person','doing something'}</cod... | deep learning nlp generative models generalization | 1 | Are there some research papers about text-to-set generation? -- (deep learning nlp generative models generalization)
<p>I have googled but find no results.</p>

<p>Text-to-(word)set generation or sequence-to-(token)set generation.</p>

<p>For example, input a text and then output the tags for this text:... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,528 | How to treat time based ticket prices for train/test split | <p>I have a dataset of airfare price tickets that were scraped throughout a 6 month period where each observation represents a particular price for a specific flight on a specific date that it was scraped. In other words, a specific unique flight may appear multiple times in the dataset if it's scraped multiple times o... | machine learning time series training | 1 | How to treat time based ticket prices for train/test split -- (machine learning time series training)
<p>I have a dataset of airfare price tickets that were scraped throughout a 6 month period where each observation represents a particular price for a specific flight on a specific date that it was scraped. In other wor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,533 | Is not having overfitting more important than overall score (F1: 80-60-40% or 43-40-40)? | <p>I've been trying to model a dataset using various classifiers. The response is highly imbalanced (binary) and I have both numerical and categorical variables, so I applied SMOTENC and Random oversampling methods on Training set. In addition, I used a Validation set to tune the models parameters by GridSearchCV(). As... | overfitting | 1 | Is not having overfitting more important than overall score (F1: 80-60-40% or 43-40-40)? -- (overfitting)
<p>I've been trying to model a dataset using various classifiers. The response is highly imbalanced (binary) and I have both numerical and categorical variables, so I applied SMOTENC and Random oversampling methods... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,538 | performances evaluation of image classification with different distribution for train and test set | <p>I am implementing a CNN to do image classification of 4 classes representing different weathers : Haze, Sunny, Rainy, Snowy. I have as training set 3200 images, and as test set 3038 images. </p>

<p>The problem is that the test and training set are different set of pictures(so to be clear, I didn't split the... | machine learning neural network cnn image classification | 1 | performances evaluation of image classification with different distribution for train and test set -- (machine learning neural network cnn image classification)
<p>I am implementing a CNN to do image classification of 4 classes representing different weathers : Haze, Sunny, Rainy, Snowy. I have as training set 3200 ima... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,543 | Carlification of the MSE loss sum symbol | <p>So I have a question regarding the <code>MSE loss</code> on the application of a Neural Network.<br>
Loss function: <span class="math-container">$\text{MSE} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Y_i - \hat{Y_i}) ^ 2$</span><br>
I am wondering for what the <span class="math-container">$\sum_{i=1}^{n}$</span> stands. ... | neural network mse | 1 | Carlification of the MSE loss sum symbol -- (neural network mse)
<p>So I have a question regarding the <code>MSE loss</code> on the application of a Neural Network.<br>
Loss function: <span class="math-container">$\text{MSE} = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (Y_i - \hat{Y_i}) ^ 2$</span><br>
I am wondering for what ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,548 | Using categorical_crossentropy for binary classification | <p>Is it ok to use categorical_crossentropy for binary classification or is it better to use binary_crossentropy</p>
 | python deep learning | 1 | Using categorical_crossentropy for binary classification -- (python deep learning)
<p>Is it ok to use categorical_crossentropy for binary classification or is it better to use binary_crossentropy</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,552 | images from training set are different from images of test set | <p>I am doing image classification with CNN and I have a training set and a test set with different distributions. To try to overcome this problem I am thinking about doing a standardization using Imagegenerator, but I am encoutering some problems. Here is the part of the code I am working on:</p>

<pre><code>t... | machine learning cnn image classification neural | 1 | images from training set are different from images of test set -- (machine learning cnn image classification neural)
<p>I am doing image classification with CNN and I have a training set and a test set with different distributions. To try to overcome this problem I am thinking about doing a standardization using Imageg... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,564 | How do I turn images dataset into a numpy array? | <p>I have a directory for a dataset of images, I I want to transorm it to a numpy array in order to be able to fit an image generator to it. What I have tried to do is the following:</p>

<pre><code>trainingset_temp = '/content/drive/My Drive/Colab Notebooks/Train'
testset = '/content/drive/My Drive/Colab N... | machine learning cnn image classification | 1 | How do I turn images dataset into a numpy array? -- (machine learning cnn image classification)
<p>I have a directory for a dataset of images, I I want to transorm it to a numpy array in order to be able to fit an image generator to it. What I have tried to do is the following:</p>

<pre><code>trainingset_temp ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,578 | Machine Learning Analysis for Redaction Purposes of Personally Identifying Information from Open Text Fields | <p>Let's say that I wanted to use machine learning to find and redact personally identifying information (PII) from millions of records with open text fields. </p>

<p>Let's also say the PII could include a wide array of information categories like full names, dates of birth, places of residence, driver's licen... | machine learning text mining | 1 | Machine Learning Analysis for Redaction Purposes of Personally Identifying Information from Open Text Fields -- (machine learning text mining)
<p>Let's say that I wanted to use machine learning to find and redact personally identifying information (PII) from millions of records with open text fields. </p>

<p>L... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,579 | Doubt on retrieving tweets for sentiment analysis? | <p>I wanted to do my first project on sentiment analysis.
My goal is trying to do sentiment analysis on tweets that mention
'Uber' and see if there is correlation with the stock price: 'UBER'.</p>

<p>Problem is it went public this year, so I would need tweets from this year, my question is:</p>
&#x... | sentiment analysis twitter | 1 | Doubt on retrieving tweets for sentiment analysis? -- (sentiment analysis twitter)
<p>I wanted to do my first project on sentiment analysis.
My goal is trying to do sentiment analysis on tweets that mention
'Uber' and see if there is correlation with the stock price: 'UBER'.</p>

<p>Problem is it went p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,586 | Clustering initialization | <p>I'm running into a problem while working on clustering. I work on data with white Gaussian noise. All of the methods I have come across use some sort of random initialization to set up the mean and covariance matrix of the clusters. </p>

<p><strong>My question is:</strong> Since the initialization is random... | clustering unsupervised learning | 1 | Clustering initialization -- (clustering unsupervised learning)
<p>I'm running into a problem while working on clustering. I work on data with white Gaussian noise. All of the methods I have come across use some sort of random initialization to set up the mean and covariance matrix of the clusters. </p>

<p><st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,592 | Explanation behind the calculation of accuracy in deep learning model | <p>I am trying to model an image segmentation problem using convolutional neural network. I came across code in Github which I am not able to understand the meaning of following lines of codes for calculation of accuracy - </p>

<pre><code>def new_test(loaders,model,criterion,use_cuda):
 for batch_idx, (... | python deep learning accuracy | 1 | Explanation behind the calculation of accuracy in deep learning model -- (python deep learning accuracy)
<p>I am trying to model an image segmentation problem using convolutional neural network. I came across code in Github which I am not able to understand the meaning of following lines of codes for calculation of acc... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,608 | k-fold cross validation with RNNs | <p>is it a good idea to use k-fold cross-validation in the recurrent neural network (RNN) to alleviate overfitting?</p>

<ul>
<li>A potential solution could be <code>L2 / Dropout Regularization</code> but it might kill RNN performance as discussed <a href="https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/241723/rn... | machine learning python time series rnn overfitting | 1 | k-fold cross validation with RNNs -- (machine learning python time series rnn overfitting)
<p>is it a good idea to use k-fold cross-validation in the recurrent neural network (RNN) to alleviate overfitting?</p>

<ul>
<li>A potential solution could be <code>L2 / Dropout Regularization</code> but it might kil... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,613 | Epochs or Loss Convergence | <p>I was training a Deep Neural Network using transfer learning and the loss value as of now is close to 1.7. I am using a dataset of 31,000 images and I do apply data augmentation techniques to help the model generalize better. However, I had confusion regarding epochs and loss values. Should I be training the model f... | neural network deep learning loss function epochs | 1 | Epochs or Loss Convergence -- (neural network deep learning loss function epochs)
<p>I was training a Deep Neural Network using transfer learning and the loss value as of now is close to 1.7. I am using a dataset of 31,000 images and I do apply data augmentation techniques to help the model generalize better. However, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,617 | Evaluating likelihood of egg breaking when falling in random container on concrete | <p>I am working on a project where I would like to predict whether an egg will break if it is put in a container that is then dropped on concrete.</p>

<p>I am looking at the different factors that play a role in whether the egg will break. So far, I have come up with the following:</p>

<ul>
<li>ma... | time series data mining predictive modeling statistics feature engineering | 1 | Evaluating likelihood of egg breaking when falling in random container on concrete -- (time series data mining predictive modeling statistics feature engineering)
<p>I am working on a project where I would like to predict whether an egg will break if it is put in a container that is then dropped on concrete.</p>
&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,626 | Are stationarity and low autocorrelation the prerequisite of regression model? | <p>As said in the title, are stationarity and low autocorrelation the prerequisite of general / linear regression model ? That is, if a time series is non-stationary or has large autocorrelation, would it be easier or harder to be predicted using regression model such as linear model and deep learning ?</p>
 | machine learning regression | 1 | Are stationarity and low autocorrelation the prerequisite of regression model? -- (machine learning regression)
<p>As said in the title, are stationarity and low autocorrelation the prerequisite of general / linear regression model ? That is, if a time series is non-stationary or has large autocorrelation, would it be ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,651 | Text embeddings and data splitting | <p>I have created some document embeddings which were then used further in text classification tasks. After revisiting my code I was unsure about the workflow I used to train the document embeddings.</p>

<p>At the moment I am creating the document embeddings based on the complete corpus available at the time o... | nlp dataset | 1 | Text embeddings and data splitting -- (nlp dataset)
<p>I have created some document embeddings which were then used further in text classification tasks. After revisiting my code I was unsure about the workflow I used to train the document embeddings.</p>

<p>At the moment I am creating the document embeddings ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,659 | the library 'transformers' works also with older version of Tensorflow? | <p>i am working with Tensorflow version 1.14 and i would like to use the bert embedding. 
In order to do so, i was thinking to use the transformers library( <a href="https://pypi.org/project/transformers/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://pypi.org/project/transformers/</a>) but i am not sure if that will work wit... | python tensorflow transformer | 1 | the library 'transformers' works also with older version of Tensorflow? -- (python tensorflow transformer)
<p>i am working with Tensorflow version 1.14 and i would like to use the bert embedding. 
In order to do so, i was thinking to use the transformers library( <a href="https://pypi.org/project/transformers/" rel... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,660 | Help getting corresponding dataframe values | <p>I have two dataframes:</p>

<pre><code>self.thisSession_df:
 id exerciseId sets
 1 1 12 
 2 1 14
 2 2 15
 2 2 15

self.exercises_df:
 id exerciseName
 1 Squat 
 2 Pul... | python pandas data dataframe | 1 | Help getting corresponding dataframe values -- (python pandas data dataframe)
<p>I have two dataframes:</p>

<pre><code>self.thisSession_df:
 id exerciseId sets
 1 1 12 
 2 1 14
 2 2 15
 2 2 15

self.exercises... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,668 | Thoughts on Feature Engineering of a duration_in_program Variable | <p>So I am trying to predict which customers would leave a loyalty program sponsored by X firm, using an ML classification model.</p>

<p>I further believe that the duration for which a customer has been in the program affects their likelihood of staying/leaving the program, for reasons such as long-term custom... | machine learning feature selection random forest feature engineering | 1 | Thoughts on Feature Engineering of a duration_in_program Variable -- (machine learning feature selection random forest feature engineering)
<p>So I am trying to predict which customers would leave a loyalty program sponsored by X firm, using an ML classification model.</p>

<p>I further believe that the duratio... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,675 | Representing a higher-dimensional chart | <p>I'm hitting an unusual roadblock in my quest to represent a set of data for the layman, and thought I'd ask for advice on how best to accomplish this task.</p>

<p>My data points are represented by a 4-float tuple <code>(a, b, c, d)</code>, the sum of which is constant. These represent test conditions, to wh... | visualization | 1 | Representing a higher-dimensional chart -- (visualization)
<p>I'm hitting an unusual roadblock in my quest to represent a set of data for the layman, and thought I'd ask for advice on how best to accomplish this task.</p>

<p>My data points are represented by a 4-float tuple <code>(a, b, c, d)</code>, the sum o... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,694 | F1_score(average='micro') is equal to calculating accuracy for multiclasification | <p>Is f1_score(average='micro') always the same as calculating the accuracy. Or it is just in this case?</p>
<p>I have tried with different values and they gave the same answer but I don't have the analytical demonstration.</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>from sklearn.metrics import accuracy... | python scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy metric | 1 | F1_score(average='micro') is equal to calculating accuracy for multiclasification -- (python scikit learn multiclass classification accuracy metric)
<p>Is f1_score(average='micro') always the same as calculating the accuracy. Or it is just in this case?</p>
<p>I have tried with different values and they gave the sa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,701 | How to create a score for a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats)? | <p>I'm developing a participatory social environmental diagnostic. To do this, I'm using primary (qualitative data from interviews with stakeholders) and secondary data (local socioeconomic data). </p>

<p>From this data, I distribute the identified factors in a SWOT matrix - identifying opportunities, strength... | data analysis scoring | 1 | How to create a score for a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats)? -- (data analysis scoring)
<p>I'm developing a participatory social environmental diagnostic. To do this, I'm using primary (qualitative data from interviews with stakeholders) and secondary data (local socioeconomic data). <... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,703 | Should the data be shuffled on a translation dataset | <p>As reference to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/24511/why-should-the-data-be-shuffled-for-machine-learning-tasks">Why should the data be shuffled for machine learning tasks</a> I was curious if this is the case for neural-machine-translation.</p>

<p>I would like to analyze why I thi... | deep learning machine translation | 1 | Should the data be shuffled on a translation dataset -- (deep learning machine translation)
<p>As reference to <a href="https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/24511/why-should-the-data-be-shuffled-for-machine-learning-tasks">Why should the data be shuffled for machine learning tasks</a> I was curious if this i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,704 | ML in R (caret-package) missing hyperparameters | <p>I have a pretty specific question regarding the <strong>caret package</strong> however I still hope to finde help here. <p>
I recently worked with the caret package and trained a multilayer perceptron with <code>method = 'mlp'</code>. <br>I looked up the <a href="https://topepo.github.io/caret/train-models-by-ta... | neural network r hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning | 1 | ML in R (caret-package) missing hyperparameters -- (neural network r hyperparameter hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I have a pretty specific question regarding the <strong>caret package</strong> however I still hope to finde help here. <p>
I recently worked with the caret package and trained a multilayer perceptron with ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,707 | Calculating Rank Ordering Error Metric for implicit recommendation | <p>I'm reading <a href="http://yifanhu.net/PUB/cf.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets</a>. On page 6 they detail their evaluation strategy, which they define as mean Expected Percentile Ranking with the following formula:</p>

<p><span class="math-container">$$\... | recommender system apache spark evaluation pyspark metric | 1 | Calculating Rank Ordering Error Metric for implicit recommendation -- (recommender system apache spark evaluation pyspark metric)
<p>I'm reading <a href="http://yifanhu.net/PUB/cf.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets</a>. On page 6 they detail their evaluation strategy, ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,714 | Would Topic Modelling be classified as NLP or NLU? | <p>I recently started my journey into the world of NLP, it's been one heck of a ride. I'm currently trying to understand whether topic modelling would be considered as NLP or NLU.</p>

<p>Initially I would assume that topic modelling would be classified as NLP. However, if we use word embeddings for topic model... | nlp word embeddings topic model | 1 | Would Topic Modelling be classified as NLP or NLU? -- (nlp word embeddings topic model)
<p>I recently started my journey into the world of NLP, it's been one heck of a ride. I'm currently trying to understand whether topic modelling would be considered as NLP or NLU.</p>

<p>Initially I would assume that topic ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,742 | What are pickle, cPickle, and pickling in keras model? | <p>I want to save full keras model. But in their documentation, they recommended not to use pickle or cPickle to to save a keras model.
I am not clear about the two terms.
What are they and why use or not use?</p>

<p>Thanks</p>
 | machine learning deep learning keras data mining | 1 | What are pickle, cPickle, and pickling in keras model? -- (machine learning deep learning keras data mining)
<p>I want to save full keras model. But in their documentation, they recommended not to use pickle or cPickle to to save a keras model.
I am not clear about the two terms.
What are they and why use or no... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,746 | Problem with chain rule in softmax layer when differentiated separately | <p>I have some problems with backpropagation in softmax output layer. I know how it should work but if I try to apply the chain rule in the classical way, I get different results compared to when Softmax is derivated with Cross-Entropy error. Here's an example from a network with a single data-point with 2 output neuro... | neural network backpropagation softmax | 1 | Problem with chain rule in softmax layer when differentiated separately -- (neural network backpropagation softmax)
<p>I have some problems with backpropagation in softmax output layer. I know how it should work but if I try to apply the chain rule in the classical way, I get different results compared to when Softmax ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,751 | Can i build an image classification model where each image has multiple labels? | <p>If I am building a model where I need to predict the vehicle, color of it, and make of it, then can I use all the labels for a single image and build my model around it.</p>

<p>Like for a single image of a vehicle which is a car (car1.jpg) will have labels like - Sedan(Make), Blue(Color) and Car(Type of veh... | machine learning deep learning classification tensorflow multilabel classification | 1 | Can i build an image classification model where each image has multiple labels? -- (machine learning deep learning classification tensorflow multilabel classification)
<p>If I am building a model where I need to predict the vehicle, color of it, and make of it, then can I use all the labels for a single image and build... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,756 | How to select features for a ML model | <p>I have a dataset with 5K records for binary classification problem.</p>

<p>My features are <code>min_blood_pressure</code>, <code>max_blood_pressure</code>, <code>min_heart_rate</code>, <code>max_heart_rate</code> etc. Similarly, I have more than 15 measurements and each of them have <code>min</code> and <c... | machine learning deep learning data mining dataset predictive modeling | 1 | How to select features for a ML model -- (machine learning deep learning data mining dataset predictive modeling)
<p>I have a dataset with 5K records for binary classification problem.</p>

<p>My features are <code>min_blood_pressure</code>, <code>max_blood_pressure</code>, <code>min_heart_rate</code>, <code>ma... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,764 | Monitoring machine learning models in production | <p>I am looking for tools that allow me to monitor machine learning models once they are gone to production. I would like to monitor:</p>

<ol>
<li>Long term changes: changes of distribution in the features with respect to training time, that would suggest retraining the model.</li>
<li>Short term chang... | machine learning data product | 1 | Monitoring machine learning models in production -- (machine learning data product)
<p>I am looking for tools that allow me to monitor machine learning models once they are gone to production. I would like to monitor:</p>

<ol>
<li>Long term changes: changes of distribution in the features with respect to t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,767 | New parameters in final training | <p>I am training an Xgboost using 60% of my data and use 40% for testing. </p>

<p>In the 60% of data, I use 5-fold validation to find the best number of trees. I find that the optimal number of trees is around 150.</p>

<p>I evaluate my model in the 40% of the data that I have left and I am happy with ... | machine learning cross validation hyperparameter tuning | 1 | New parameters in final training -- (machine learning cross validation hyperparameter tuning)
<p>I am training an Xgboost using 60% of my data and use 40% for testing. </p>

<p>In the 60% of data, I use 5-fold validation to find the best number of trees. I find that the optimal number of trees is around 150.</p... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,769 | LSTM with linear activation function | <p>I'm trying to do multi-step regression and I use an output layer:</p>

<p>LSTM(1, activation='linear', return_sequences=True)</p>

<p>Is this the wrong way of achieving this?
Should I use a TimeDistributed(Dense(1)) as output? If yes, why?</p>
 | deep learning time series regression lstm | 1 | LSTM with linear activation function -- (deep learning time series regression lstm)
<p>I'm trying to do multi-step regression and I use an output layer:</p>

<p>LSTM(1, activation='linear', return_sequences=True)</p>

<p>Is this the wrong way of achieving this?
Should I use a TimeDistributed(Dense(1... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,770 | How to define the number of features to select in RFECV? | <p>I am trying to work on feature selection stage for my dataset.</p>

<p>I am a newbie to ML. I have around 60 columns and am trying to select top 15 features. I came to know about RFECV for which I wrote a code like as shown below. I am aware that <code>n_features</code> is present for <code>RFE</code> but it... | machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection cross validation | 1 | How to define the number of features to select in RFECV? -- (machine learning data mining predictive modeling feature selection cross validation)
<p>I am trying to work on feature selection stage for my dataset.</p>

<p>I am a newbie to ML. I have around 60 columns and am trying to select top 15 features. I cam... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
64,773 | How to split train/test data 50% by class and grouping by Object ID in R? | <p>I get pixel values from it using reference polygons. Extracted pixel values are in data frame, but one row represent extracted values for single pixel. In the classification I need to split the dataset into test (50%) and training (50%) <strong>by class (tree, meadow e.t.c)</strong></p>

<p>I know how to s... | r | 1 | How to split train/test data 50% by class and grouping by Object ID in R? -- (r)
<p>I get pixel values from it using reference polygons. Extracted pixel values are in data frame, but one row represent extracted values for single pixel. In the classification I need to split the dataset into test (50%) and training (50... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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