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<|system|>
You are a helpful assistant that summarizes text and tables clearly, accurately, and concisely.
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gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) are brief , intense flashes of @xmath0-rays originating at cosmological distances , and they are the most luminous objects in the universe .
the... |
<|system|>
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let @xmath0 be a finite simplicial graph and let @xmath1 be the induced flag complex , i.e. , the maximal simplicial complex whose @xmath2-skeleton is @xmath0 .
the associa... |
<|system|>
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the fundamental group of the complement of plane curves is a very important topological invariant , which can be also computed for line arrangements . we list here some appli... |
<|system|>
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the m-@xmath8 relation ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) has suggested that the evolution of galaxies and super - massive nuclear black holes ( smbhs ) are linked .
both the stellar pop... |
<|system|>
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a priori , the description of any dynamic process in atomic physics should be gauge invariant . yet
, there is a caveat .
namely , one usually calculates atomic transitio... |
<|system|>
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in recent time people are too much interested to find some flavor symmetry in order to generate mass and mixing pattern of fermions .
continuous symmetry like @xmath9 @xcit... |
<|system|>
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organic molecular crystals , namely crystals composed of organic molecules held together by weak van der waals forces , are emerging as excellent candidates for fabricating n... |
<|system|>
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since its discovery in 2004 graphene @xcite draws much attention because of unique features of this two - dimensional system .
graphene is composed of a sp@xmath2-bonded c... |
<|system|>
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any cooperation among agents ( players ) being able to make strategic decisions becomes a _ coalition formation game _ when the players may for various personal reasons wish ... |
<|system|>
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the first step in describing the interaction between many particles is to determine their pair potential or the forces among a single pair .
if the governing physical equat... |
<|system|>
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the search for the higgs boson has been the cornerstone of the physics program at modern high energy colliders .
the higgs boson of the standard model has well defined prod... |
<|system|>
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it is well known that the lift to m - theory of a system of parallel d6-branes @xcite corresponds to a purely geometric background , the taub - nut metric .
when the posit... |
<|system|>
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molecular hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe and the main constituent of regions where stars are forming .
h@xmath2 plays an important role in the chem... |
<|system|>
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as is well known , the atom or atoms in the atomic clock are passive they do not `` tick''so the clock needs an active oscillator in addition to the atom(s ) . in designing ... |
<|system|>
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within the framework of continuum mechanics there are surface and bulk material failure models .
surface failure models are known by name of cohesive zone models ( czms ) .... |
<|system|>
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the anderson impurity model ( aim ) , in which a single , locally correlated orbital couples to a non - interacting metallic band of electrons , is a longstanding paradigm of... |
<|system|>
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despite the mounting evidence for the existence of dark matter ( dm ) in galaxies , clusters of galaxies and the universe at large scale , the nature and properties of the da... |
<|system|>
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in this paper , we give canonical matrices of bilinear or sesquilinear forms @xmath12 where @xmath0 is a complex vector space and @xmath2 is its subspace .
we use the follo... |
<|system|>
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the presence of large and rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields in relativistic heavy ion collisions results in charge - dependent effects , visible in a series of obs... |
<|system|>
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existence of extra neutral gauge bosons has been predicted in many extensions of the standard model ( sm ) @xcite .
string - inspired models and grand - unification ( gut )... |
<|system|>
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collisionless shocks @xcite play an important role in energy transport and evolution of charged - particle distribution functions in space and astrophysical environments .
... |
<|system|>
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the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon has recently been measured to an accuracy of 0.54 ppm @xcite .
the main source of uncertainty in the value predicted @xcite in t... |
<|system|>
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one of the principal goals of the study of field theories on fuzzy spaces is to develop an alternative non - perturbative technique to the familiar lattice one @xcite . to da... |
<|system|>
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the recent discovery of 10 hypervelocity stars ( hvss ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ) has raised many questions about th... |
<|system|>
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generally , discussions of theory of dielectric response begin very formally and derive the lorentz - drude model by introducing a complex dielectric function that gives an o... |
<|system|>
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a gaseous atomic target with very low momentum spread is an ideal starting point for atomic scattering experiments .
this was demonstrated with great success by the inventi... |
<|system|>
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in this paper we consider the numerical integration of autonomous stochastic differential delay equations ( sddes ) in the it s sense @xmath5 with initial data @xmath6 $ ] . ... |
<|system|>
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it is an interesting fact that the liquid state has proven to be difficult to describe by theory throughout the history of condensed matter research @xcite .
the problem ex... |
<|system|>
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ultracold quantum gases provide a very exciting branch of physics . besides the interesting physics that the gases offer by themselves , it has also been possible in the last... |
<|system|>
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recently , there has been a lot of interest in understanding the scaling behavior in submonolayer island nucleation and growth.@xcite one reason for this is that the submonol... |
<|system|>
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among the various possibilities to explain the stripping of matter ( gas and stars ) from galaxies in clusters , the principal actors can be classified in three groups : + 1 ... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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a @xmath0 is a finite set @xmath1 paired with a finite set @xmath2 of unordered pairs @xmath3 with @xmath4 .
a simple graph has no multiple connections and no self - loops ... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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during past few years research in areas of wireless ad - hoc networks and wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) are escalated .
ieee 802.15.4 is targeted for wireless body area... |
<|system|>
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the hypothesis testing theory is a well developed branch of mathematical statistics @xcite .
the asymptotic approach allows to find satisfactory solutions in many differen... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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the dimensionality of the 115 materials , cerhin@xmath1 , ceirin@xmath1 , and cecoin@xmath1 , appears to be related to their superconducting transition temperature .
the ma... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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it all began with the idea of an intrinsic limit to hadron thermodynamics . during the past fifty years
, different conceptual approaches had led to an ultimate temperature... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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in theory , gravitational lenses can be used to address astrophysical problems such as the cosmological model , the structure and evolution of galaxies , and the structure of... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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primordial gravity waves are expected to be produced during cosmic inflation in addition to scalar perturbations .
if indeed present , they would leave a characteristic foo... |
<|system|>
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the solution of the absolute value equation ( ave ) of the following form is considered : @xmath0 here , @xmath1 , @xmath2 and @xmath3 denotes the component - wise absolute v... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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the gravitational deflection of light beams by large scale structures of the universe ( cosmological lensing ) amplifies and modifies the shape of distant galaxies and quasar... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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the presence of waves and oscillations in the solar corona is a well known feature that has been observed for long time . for an overview of the early observational backgroun... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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humans have evolved large brains , in part to handle the cognitive demands of social relationships @xcite .
the social structures resulting from these relationships confer... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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for many years the forest has been considered a different class of objects with respect to galaxies .
the available sensitivity was too low to detect any sign of non primo... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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recent evolution of mobile devices such as smart - phones and tablets has facilitated access to multi - media contents anytime and anywhere but such devices result in an expl... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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a coamoeba is the image of a subvariety of a complex torus under the argument map to the real torus .
coamoebae are cousins to amoebae , which are images of subvarieties un... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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tidal interaction between the lmc , the smc , and the galaxy have long been considered to play vital roles not only in dynamical and chemical evolution of the magellanic clou... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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neptune s triton is the only large planetary satellite to orbit retrograde relative to the planet s rotation . @xcite and later @xcite suggested that triton is a captured sat... |
<|system|>
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at the end of the stellar evolution on the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) stars loose copious amounts of mass , which build up a circumstellar dust and gas shell hiding the ... |
<|system|>
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the aim of statistical mechanics is to obtain a qualitative understanding of natural phenomena of phase transitions by the study of simplified models , often built on a latti... |
<|system|>
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owing to the gapless energy spectrum @xcite , graphene layers ( gls ) absorb electromagnetic radiation in a wide spectral range ( from the ultraviolet to terahertz ) due to ... |
<|system|>
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this work continues earlier third - order relativistic many - body perturbation theory ( rmbpt ) studies of energy levels of ions with one valence electron outside a closed c... |
<|system|>
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microlensing is one of the most powerful methods that can be used to search for extrasolar planets @xcite .
recently , two robust microlensing detections of exoplanets were... |
<|system|>
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gamma - ray binaries are systems composed of a massive star and a compact object and from which persistent gev and/or tev gamma - ray emission is detected and dominates the o... |
<|system|>
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several theoretical predictions and scenarios have been proposed for the existence of ultra high energy ( uhe ) cosmic rays ( uhecr ) and uhe neutrinos @xmath5 detection of t... |
<|system|>
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the idea that our universe is an element in a vast set of universes , the multiverse , has been argued to be an interesting way to address the cosmological constant problem i... |
<|system|>
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understanding the wetting behavior of liquids on solid substrates @xcite is a prerequisite for making use of a myriad of biological and technological applications such as eye... |
<|system|>
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multiple optimised parameter estimation and data compression ( moped ; @xcite ) is a patented algorithm for the compression of data and the speeding up of the evaluation of ... |
<|system|>
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all massive galaxies appear to host a supermassive black hole ( with @xmath4 ) at their center @xcite . measuring the mass of central black holes in galaxies is of great impo... |
<|system|>
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recently conceptual issues of fundamental physical significance have been raised on the aharonov - bohm ( ab ) effect @xcite .
nonlocality and/or independent physical reali... |
<|system|>
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over decades theoretical studies of the single - particle spectral properties of metallic one - dimensional ( 1d ) correlated electron systems so - called luttinger liquids ... |
<|system|>
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for ultra - cold atoms in an optical lattice @xcite dynamical aspects include transverse resonances @xcite density waves @xcite , the evolution of quantum fluctuations @x... |
<|system|>
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the color fields of hadrons boosted to the light cone are thought to grow very strong , parametrically of order @xmath2 where @xmath3 is the coupling @xcite .
the fields o... |
<|system|>
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despite its still limited extent , the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ) continues to be a remarkable resource for studies of galactic structure .
in addition to the large ... |
<|system|>
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entanglement renormalization@xcite is a renormalization group ( rg ) approach to quantum many - body systems on a lattice . as with most rg methods @xcite
, it proceeds by ... |
<|system|>
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we are living in the golden age of cosmology . various data sets from precision measurements of temperature and polarization anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background ( c... |
<|system|>
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there has been an intense interest to understand the superconductivity of the recently discovered lafeaso.@xcite experiments have found values of the curie temperature ( t@xm... |
<|system|>
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a comprehensive understanding of hamiltonian dynamics is a long outstanding problem in nonlinear and statistical physics , which has important applications in various other a... |
<|system|>
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grb light curves measured with swift consist of a bat light curve in the 15 150 kev range followed , after slewing within @xmath2 s , by a detailed 0.3 10 kev xrt x - ray l... |
<|system|>
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the mathematical theory of compressive sensing ( cs ) @xcite asserts that one can acquire signals from measurements whose rate is much lower than the total bandwidth . wherea... |
<|system|>
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dpvs were discovered in the small magellanic cloud after a search for be stars in the ogle - ii database ( mennickent et al .
they were clearly distinguished from other var... |
<|system|>
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main sequence stars with mass in the range 0.9 - 9 m@xmath2 evolve through a double shell burning phase , refered to as the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) phase of evolution... |
<|system|>
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percolation@xcite describes the passage of an influence through a medium which is irregularly structured in the sense that the influence can propagate through some regions wh... |
<|system|>
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the environments of quasars provide important clues to the physical processes of their formation and also yield important information about the relations between the distribu... |
<|system|>
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kullback - leibler ( kl ) divergence ( relative entropy ) can be considered as a measure of the difference / dissimilarity between sources .
estimating kl divergence from f... |
<|system|>
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in the last years , metamaterials have generated a huge interest among communities of physicists and mathematicians , owing to their extraordinary properties such as negative... |
<|system|>
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bars within bars appear to be a common phenomenon in galaxies .
recent surveys indicate that up to 30% of early - type barred galaxies contain such double bars ( erwin & sp... |
<|system|>
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one of the most important goals in the study of star formation is to understand the state and physical conditions of the molecular cloud cores from which the stars form .
t... |
<|system|>
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smoothed particle hydrodynamics ( sph ) is a particle - based numerical method , pioneered by @xcite and @xcite , for solving the equations of hydrodynamics ( recent reviews ... |
<|system|>
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hard x - ray ( hxr ) and microwave emissions show fine structures both temporally and spatially during a solar flare , which revealed that a highly - fragmented and intermitt... |
<|system|>
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quantum phase transitions , which occur when a driving parameter in the hamiltonian of the system changes across a critical point , play a central role in condensed matter ph... |
<|system|>
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the experimental realization of dilute degenerate bose and fermi gases has led to an explosion of activities in the field of cold atom gases . a particularly intriguing featu... |
<|system|>
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the massless gross - neveu ( gn ) model @xcite is the 1 + 1 dimensional quantum field theory of @xmath0 flavors of massless dirac fermions , interacting through a scalar - sc... |
<|system|>
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humankind has accrued _ a priori _ knowledge since the onset of _ homo sapiens_. from ancient cave paintings to modern research papers , the species desire toward sedimentati... |
<|system|>
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the anisotropic flow of particles has been an interesting observable , since data from the first heavy ion collisions became available at the bevalac .
the deflection of th... |
<|system|>
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the unconventional superconductors have a rich phase diagram determined by the interplay of multiple competing , or coexisting , types of order .
nematic order ( which brea... |
<|system|>
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since the invention of neutrino beams at accelerators and the consequent discovery of the two flavors of neutrinos@xcite , the reactions @xmath3 and @xmath4 , which are the d... |
<|system|>
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graphical models @xcite are a class of statistical models which combine the rigour of a probabilistic approach with the intuitive representation of relationships given by gra... |
<|system|>
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changes of the vector meson properties in strongly interacting matter at finite baryon density and temperature are presently of great interest , both theoretically and experi... |
<|system|>
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measurements of the integrated light from a galaxy at 2000 provides a fairly direct measure of the instantaneous rate of star formation , since the massive stars that provid... |
<|system|>
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at large temperatures or large densities hadronic matter is expected to undergo two phase transitions : one which deconfines quarks ( and gluons ) and one which restores chir... |
<|system|>
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let @xmath5 be a compact torus with lie algebra @xmath6 and lattice @xmath7 .
suppose that @xmath5 acts on a compact symplectic manifold @xmath8 with isolated fixed points ... |
<|system|>
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the cosmological constant problem ( ccp ) is a biggest puzzle in particle physics @xcite , and consists of several pieces .
the first piece is that the vacuum energy densi... |
<|system|>
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we would like to study unflavoured decays of light neutral pseudoscalar mesons .
this reduces the particle content to @xmath1 , @xmath2 and eventually @xmath3 , ruling out ... |
<|system|>
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one of the most profound discoveries of observational physics is that the universe is accelerating in its expansion @xcite .
there have been many attempts to explain this ... |
<|system|>
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the turn of the century is a good time to assess the importance and impact of three - nucleon forces ( 3nfs ) on the development of the field of few - nucleon physics .
it ... |
<|system|>
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the application of cross - correlation techniques to measure velocity shifts has a long history ( simkin 1972 , 1974 ; lacy 1977 ; tonry & davis 1979 ) , and with the advent ... |
<|system|>
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the motivation behind studying the structure of the photon results from the interest in understanding the formation of hadronic matter .
permitted by the heisenberg uncerta... |
<|system|>
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broad emission line regions ( blrs ) in active galactic nuclei ( agns ) have been the subject of extensive studies for more than two decades .
such regions are not spatiall... |
<|system|>
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observational determinations of the history of star formation in early - type galaxies ( hereafter etgs ) are of great importance because hierarchical models of galaxy format... |
<|system|>
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let @xmath3 be a closed manifold and @xmath4 be a diffeomorphism on @xmath3 .
a periodic point @xmath5 is said to be _ hyperbolic _ , if the linearization @xmath6 does nt a... |
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