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<|system|>
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diffusive acceleration at newtonian shock fronts is an extensively studied phenomenon .
detailed discussions of the current status of the investigations can be found in som... |
<|system|>
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a plethora of observations concur that the universe at present enters a phase of accelerated expansion .
in fact , most cosmologists accept that over 70% of the universe co... |
<|system|>
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transmission through multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas , or the so - called multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) technology , is known as an efficient me... |
<|system|>
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in vancouver a popular form of chinese luncheon is `` dim sum '' in which small quantities of a large variety of foods may be tasted .
this review is a `` dim sum '' of par... |
<|system|>
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the first two exact solution of einstein s field equations were obtained by schwarzschild [ 1 ] , soon after einstein introduced general relativity ( gr ) .
the first solut... |
<|system|>
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for reliable realization of quantum feedback control , it is indispensable to take into consideration some real - world limitations , such as incomplete knowledge of the phys... |
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the central regions of the dwarf spiral galaxy ngc 4395 show most of the common signatures of nuclear activity .
the optical and ultraviolet ( uv ) spectra reveal prominen... |
<|system|>
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crosslinked polymer hydrogels are completely interconnected polymer networks that combine high water content with high porosity , forming macroscopic molecules that have appl... |
<|system|>
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the off - shell three - gluon vertex has been under investigation for more than three decades . by an analysis of the nonabelian gauge ward identities , ball and chiu@xcite i... |
<|system|>
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understanding physical properties of the high-@xmath11 galaxies beyond @xmath13 is very important , because such galaxies are not only building blocks of lower-@xmath11 galax... |
<|system|>
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in future experiments , the determination of the leptonic cp phase @xmath4 is one of the most important aim in elementary particle physics .
a lot of effort have been dedic... |
<|system|>
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there have been a number of calculations @xcite using light - front coordinates @xcite as a convenient means of attacking field - theoretic problems nonperturbatively , par... |
<|system|>
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the hungarian - made automated telescope network ( hatnet ; bakos et al .
2004 ) survey , has been one of the main contributors to the discovery of transiting exoplanets ( ... |
<|system|>
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a _ latin bitrade _ @xmath5 is a pair of partial latin squares which are disjoint , occupy the same set of non - empty cells , and whose corresponding rows and columns contai... |
<|system|>
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instrumentation is a technique whereby existing code is modified in order to observe or modify its behaviour .
it has a lot of different applications , such as profiling , ... |
<|system|>
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this is the fifth in a series of papers@xcite investigating the properties of strongly correlating liquids,@xcite i.e. , liquids that have strong correlations between their c... |
<|system|>
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plasma tails of comets and their time variations potentially provide crucial information on solar winds and magnetic fields in the solar system ( e.g. , * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?... |
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this paper concerns the problem of the high probability state transfer ( hpst ) @xcite between different nodes of the spin 1/2 chain , which becomes a popular problem due to ... |
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the `` nodal defect '' of an eigenfunction of a schrdinger operator is closely related to the difference between the upper bound on the number of nodal domains given by coura... |
<|system|>
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conjugated organic materials have a variety of applications . they are already being used in organic light emitting diodes ( oleds ) and organic thin - film transistors.@xcit... |
<|system|>
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the bulk of the chemical elements heavier than iron are thought to be produced by neutron induced reactions in the astrophysical s- and r - processes @xcite .
a tiny fracti... |
<|system|>
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we consider a gas of electrons with @xmath3 spin states confined to a one dimensional wire , experiencing an external potential @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is the coordinate alon... |
<|system|>
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although conspicous inss such as the crab and vela pulsars have been observed from the very beginning of the mission , hst started to play a key role on the study of the opti... |
<|system|>
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models of particle physics including weak scale supersymmetry ( susy ) are amongst the most promising candidates@xcite for new physics at the tev scale . of this class of mod... |
<|system|>
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cosmological observations coming from type ia supernovae @xcite , cosmic microwave background radiation @xcite and the large scale structure @xcite , provide evidences that t... |
<|system|>
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in a bidirectional relay network , two users exchange information via a relay node @xcite .
several protocols have been proposed for such a network under the practical half... |
<|system|>
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einstein s general theory of relativity ( gtr ) has proved to be one of the most successful physical theories ever formulated . as a theory of the gravitational interaction
... |
<|system|>
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a study of disorder in condensed matter systems is useful from two perspectives .
disorder is inherent in most condensed matter systems and often has profound effects on th... |
<|system|>
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we study packings of @xmath1-joins in plane graphs .
let @xmath0 be a graph and @xmath1 an even - size subset @xmath1 of its vertices .
@xmath1-join _ is a subgraph @xmat... |
<|system|>
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a global economic crisis , such as the recent 2008 - 2009 crisis , is certainly due to a large number of factors . in today
s global economy , with strong economic relation... |
<|system|>
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most of the galaxies of the local universe shine by effect of stellar and interstellar gas emissions , predominantly in the optical band .
typically , the emitted spectra a... |
<|system|>
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almost all of the current semiconductor devices are based on manipulating electronic charges .
the arising field of spintronics proposes to use the spin degree of freedom o... |
<|system|>
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as the instrumentation for millimeter - wave telescopes improves , it becomes progressively more straightforward to study individual molecular clouds in other galaxies .
re... |
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recently , there is increasing evidence of the excess of the 130gev gamma - ray line from the galactic center ( gc ) in the four - year fermi data @xcite .
this may be int... |
<|system|>
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hidden in batse s superb gamma - ray burst lightcurves in different energy bands are temporal and spectral signatures of the fundamental physical processes which produced the... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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chiral lagrangian for low lying pseudoscalar mesons@xcite@xcite as the most successful effective field theory is now widely used in various strong , weak and electromagnetic ... |
<|system|>
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consider that alice holds the qubit system and bob holds the qutrit system .
like in the @xmath26-qubit scenario here also the following two cases are possible : ( a - i ) ... |
<|system|>
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recently , the study of the dynamics of @xmath3 on the @xmath2-character variety of @xmath5 for a compact hyperbolizable @xmath6-manifold @xmath0 with nonempty boundary and n... |
<|system|>
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psr b1706 - 44 is a young ( @xmath6 yr ) , energetic 102 ms pulsar originally discovered by @xcite .
it is one of several sources with spin down ages 10@xmath710@xmath8... |
<|system|>
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it is widely believed that accretion disks around kerr black holes exist in many astrophysical environments , ranging from active galactic nuclei to some stellar binary syste... |
<|system|>
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in unified models for radio sources , bl lac objects are the low - power radio galaxies whose jets are the most highly beamed along our line of sight ( e.g. browne 1983 ; an... |
<|system|>
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cepheid variables have been used to determine galactic distances for many decades ( e.g. @xcite , @xcite and references therein ) .
the relationship between their period of... |
<|system|>
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multiple - input multiple - output ( mimo ) systems with large number ( e.g. , tens ) of transmit and receive antennas , referred to as ` large - mimo systems , ' are of inte... |
<|system|>
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the knowledge of the dynamics of disk galaxies is essential in order to understand their structure and history .
unfortunately , disk galaxies are difficult systems to mode... |
<|system|>
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the role of electron - phonon ( @xmath2-ph ) interaction in the high-@xmath3 superconductivity has received considerable attention since the discovery of oxygen isotope effec... |
<|system|>
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the peculiar electronic properties of graphene first observed experimentally by geim et al . @xcite and zhang et al .
@xcite can accurately be described by massless two di... |
<|system|>
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different cosmological probes seem to point toward a consensus scenario characterized by a universe which is experiencing an accelerated expansion .
standard candles ( snia... |
<|system|>
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was discovered as part of the hamburg / eso quasar survey and was first identified as a gravitational lens candidate by wisotzki et al .
( @xcite ) .
it consists of two l... |
<|system|>
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stars form out of gas in the densest areas of molecular clouds .
early studies of molecular cloud structure ( e.g. @xcite ) concluded that a division into discrete clumps ... |
<|system|>
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[ [ an - intriguing - discrepancy . ] ] an intriguing discrepancy .
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + there is an intriguing and longrunning discrepanc... |
<|system|>
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one of the most pervasive tendencies of humans is putting things in ranking order . in human societies these tendencies are reflected in their social interactions and network... |
<|system|>
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recent advances in nanoscience are expanding the limits of phononic thermal transport , both in the low conductance and high conductance side @xcite .
the highest thermal c... |
<|system|>
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working out a quantitative description of the properties of dense strongly interacting matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions presents one of the most fasc... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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single layer graphene is a zero - gap semiconductor whose low energy quasiparticles obey the massless dirac equation @xcite . at charge neutrality
, the fermi surface redu... |
<|system|>
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many high energy scattering experiments probe hadron structure very close to the light - cone .
hence correlation functions probed in such experiments have a particularly s... |
<|system|>
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any quantum theory of gravity will have to propose a prescription to deal with the unavoidable @xcite nonlinearities that plague ctcs .
this requires some sort of modifica... |
<|system|>
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<|user|>
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energy spectra and colour - colour diagrams ( cd ) are often used to study neutron - star low - mass x - ray binaries ( ns - lmxbs ; e.g. , * ? ? ?
the evolution of the ene... |
<|system|>
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non - gaussianity from the simplest inflation models , that are based on a slowly rolling scalar field , is very small @xcite ; however , a very large class of more general ... |
<|system|>
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recently the manifolds of exceptional holonomy attracted much attention . these are 7dimensional manifolds of @xmath5 holonomy and 8dimensional manifolds of @xmath7 holonomy ... |
<|system|>
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cosmological inflation @xcite @xcite @xcite @xcite was proposed to address the horizon problem , flatness problem and monopole problem in the context of big bang cosmology . ... |
<|system|>
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alice is a general - purpose heavy ion experiment designed to study the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark gluon plasma ( qgp ) in nucleus - nucleus collisi... |
<|system|>
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we study the statistics of the exchange of energy between two subvolumes @xmath1 and @xmath2 of a quantum system .
we assume that no degrees of freedom leave or enter @xmat... |
<|system|>
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in standard cosmology , the acoustic oscillations imprinted in the matter power spectrum at recombination have a length scale that can be accurately calculated based on measu... |
<|system|>
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let @xmath0 and @xmath1 be the caldern zygmund singular integral operator .
the commutator @xmath2 $ ] generated by @xmath3 and @xmath1 is defined as @xmath2(f)(x)=b(x)t(f... |
<|system|>
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we perform numerical simulations of the deformation and failure of defected monolayer graphene using the lammps molecular dynamics simulator package @xcite .
the carbon - ... |
<|system|>
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the total energy formula obtained by sun is @xmath1 \label{uv}\ ] ] where @xmath2 is the total energy per atom , @xmath3 and @xmath4 are the equilibrium bulk modulus and equi... |
<|system|>
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for self - contain the bwma relations have been given in the appendix a through the graphs for three states . denoting the eigenvalues of a braiding matrix @xmath15 with thre... |
<|system|>
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phenomenology of models based on extra spatial dimensions @xcite is quite popular now .
besides offering a solution to the hierarchy problem of the standard model @xcite ... |
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as we all know , chiral symmetry breaking was originally explained quite well by nambu - jona - lasinio ( njl ) model as early as 1961 @xcite . like in superconductivity ,
... |
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the process of the energy interchange between radiation and matter provided by compton scattering is relevant in many areas of physics .
for example , in cosmology it keeps... |
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electron - electron interaction is responsible for very many phenomena studied by the different fields of physics ranging from astrophysics to biophysics . amongst them
ato... |
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the problem of diffusion in a given velocity field has both theoretical and practical relevance in many different fields of science and engineering as , e.g. , transport proc... |
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several decades of experimental and theoretical work on electron scattering have provided a wealth of information on nuclear structure and dynamics @xcite . in these experime... |
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the authors thank s. dittmaier for useful discussions .
99 s. l. glashow , nucl .
* 22 * ( 1961 ) 579 ; s. weinberg , phys .
* 19 * ( 1967 ) 1264 ; a. salam , proc .
... |
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in recent years , gaussian filters have assumed a central role in image filtering and techniques for accurate measurement @xcite .
the implementation of the gaussian filter... |
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in the last few years there has been another wave of excitement regarding the question of neutrino masses .
this is largely due to the many new experiments testing neutrino... |
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when matter is exposed to intense laser fields , high harmonics ( hhs ) of the incident radiation may be produced .
usually , only odd harmonics are obtained even when the ... |
<|system|>
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there has been considerable interest in the localized solutions of the einstein s equations with nonlinear field sources in recent years ( @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite ,... |
<|system|>
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stars form in dense , cold molecular clouds . measuring
the molecular gas content of the clouds is very important if we are to estimate the star formation efficiency and re... |
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<|user|>
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the _ @xmath0-cube _ @xmath4 , or @xmath0-dimensional hypercube , has been extensively studied .
nevertheless , many open questions remain .
et al . _ wrote a comprehensi... |
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here we give the details of the calculation of the proximity induced amplitudes @xmath146 .
because the superconductor is only weakly coupled through the tunnel barrier @xm... |
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the chemical peculiar ( cp ) stars of the upper main sequence display abundances that deviate significantly from the standard ( solar ) abundance distribution .
the existen... |
<|system|>
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considering observable effects from wormholes or ringholes is not new .
more than a decade ago some of such effects were already predicted by several author [ 1,2 ] . in pa... |
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electron spins confined in carbon nanotube@xcite ( cnt ) quantum dots@xcite ( qd ) are considered attractive for quantum information storage and processing due to the absence... |
<|system|>
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physics of ultracold atoms is fascinating in many respects .
the ways how these systems can be manipulated in magnetic and optical traps open possibilities to an enormous n... |
<|system|>
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in this study we suggest a new family of spherical mass distribution models that generalizes models by an & evans ( 2006 , hereafter ae ) and models by kuzmin et al . @xcite ... |
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the contact pattern among individuals in a population is an essential factor for the spread of infectious diseases . in deterministic models
, the transmission is usually m... |
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non - axisymmetric deformations of rapidly rotating self - gravitating bodies are a rather generic phenomenon in nature and could appear in a variety of astrophysical scenari... |
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in most history of our universe , gravity has been the dominant force in determining cosmological evolutions . due to the onset of gravitational instability , primordial fluc... |
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the theoretical results of atomic parity non - conservation ( pnc ) when combined with the experimental results is an important probe of physics beyond the standard model of ... |
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one of the active areas of high energy physics research is the study of thermodynamic properties of interacting hadronic matter in the extreme conditions of temperature and/o... |
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the use of symmetry methods to understand bound states has an ancient origin and has given many of its fruits in atomic and subatomic physics - the work of marcos moshinsky i... |
<|system|>
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let @xmath7 be the tropical semifield , where the tropical sum @xmath8 is taking the maximum @xmath9 , and the tropical product @xmath10 is taking the ordinary sum @xmath11 .... |
<|system|>
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the discrete dipole approximation ( dda ) provides a flexible and general method to calculate scattering and absorption of light by objects of arbitrary geometry @xcite .
t... |
<|system|>
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entanglement is considered to be the key resource of the rapidly developing fields of quantum information processing and quantum computation , for an introduction see e.g. @... |
<|system|>
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a shift of finite type ( sft ) is a dynamical system defined by finitely many local transition rules .
these systems have been studied for their own sake @xcite , and they ... |
<|system|>
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it is well known that an essential characteristic of compounds forming liquid crystals is the rod - like shape of their constituent molecules , with an high length to breadth... |
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the enrichment of the intergalactic medium ( igm ) with heavy elements has , over the past decade , become a key tool in understanding star and galaxy formation by providing ... |
<|system|>
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dynamic traffic assignment ( dta ) is the descriptive modeling of time - varying flows on traffic networks consistent with traffic flow theory and travel choice principles . ... |
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Summarize the following text:
collimated outflows / jets are produced from active galactic nuclei , compact stars in x - ray binaries , and young stellar objects ( ysos ) ( e.g. , krolik 1999 ; mirabel & ... |
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