abstract_id
stringlengths
10
10
sentences
list
labels
list
confs
list
train_0400
[ "The design and implementation of high gain 2.4GHz patch antenna array for wireless communications application in rural area is presented.", "The patch antenna array with high gain is expected to minimize the need of tower that almost requires high cost of construction.", "In order to achieve high gain, the pro...
[ 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.39469999074935913, 0.39469999074935913, 0.6053000092506409, 0.7894999980926514, 0.631600022315979, 0.8158000111579895 ]
train_0401
[ "Automatic story comprehension is a fundamental challenge in Natural Language Understanding, and can enable computers to learn about social norms, human behavior and commonsense.", "In this paper, we present a story comprehension model that explores three distinct semantic aspects: (i) the sequence of events desc...
[ 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.5896999835968018, 0.7436000108718872, 1, 1, 1 ]
train_0402
[ "Although deep learning has historical roots going back decades, neither the term “deep learning” nor the approach was popular just over five years ago, when the field was reignited by papers such as Krizhevsky, Sutskever and Hinton’s now classic 2012 (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, & Hinton, 2012)deep net model of Imagene...
[ 0, 0, 0, 3, 3 ]
[ 1, 0.5946000218391418, 0.3783999979496002, 0.6485999822616577, 0.8378000259399414 ]
train_0403
[ "Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) is the predominant SCADA protocol in the energy sector – more than 75% of North American electric utilities currently use DNP3 for industrial control applications.", "This paper presents a taxonomy of attacks on the protocol.", "The attacks are classified based on targets (c...
[ 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.43689998984336853, 0.43689998984336853, 0.4659999907016754, 0.43689998984336853, 0.8252000212669373, 0.43689998984336853 ]
train_0404
[ "A revision is currently being undertaken of ISO 9241-11, published in 1998 to provide guidance on usability.", "ISO-9241-11 defines usability in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a particular context of use.", "The intention was to emphasise that usability is an outcome of interaction rath...
[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3 ]
[ 0.800000011920929, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645 ]
train_0405
[ "Noise is always presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding, transmission, and processing steps.", "Noise is very difficult to remove it from the digital images without the prior knowledge of noise model.", "That is why, review of noise models are essential in the study of image denoising techn...
[ 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8181999921798706, 0.8181999921798706, 0.6363999843597412, 0.5454999804496765, 0.33329999446868896, 0.6363999843597412 ]
train_0406
[ "The increasing diffusion of digital technologies throughout industries and aspects of life is transforming businesses even in areas that always have been dependent on physical materiality.", "In this paper, by conducting an exploratory Delphi study in collaboration with 19 industry experts, we aim to shed light ...
[ 0, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.7921000123023987, 0.6535000205039978, 0.6435999870300293, 0.6535000205039978, 0.415800005197525 ]
train_0407
[ "Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently emerged as a popular building block for natural language processing (NLP).", "Despite their success, most existing CNN models employed in NLP are not expressive enough, in the sense that all input sentences share the same learned (and static) set of filters.", ...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8378000259399414, 0.7419000267982483, 0.6215999722480774, 0.5676000118255615, 0.40540000796318054 ]
train_0408
[ "As mobile ad hoc network applications are deployed, security emerges as a central requirement.", "In this paper, we introduce the wormhole attack, a severe attack in ad hoc networks that is particularly challenging to defend against.", "The wormhole attack is possible even if the attacker has not compromised a...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ]
[ 0.8108000159263611, 0.8108000159263611, 0.766700029373169, 0.6215999722480774, 0.6215999722480774, 0.8108000159263611, 0.5946000218391418, 0.8108000159263611 ]
train_0409
[ "Scattering in participating media, such as fog or haze, generates volumetric lighting effects known as crepuscular or god rays.", "Rendering such effects greatly enhances the realism in virtual scenes, but is inherently costly as scattering events occur at every point in space and thus it requires costly integra...
[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 0.6053000092506409, 0.421099990606308, 0.39469999074935913, 0.5788999795913696, 0.39469999074935913, 0.3684000074863434, 0.5788999795913696 ]
train_0410
[ "Compared to scanned images, document pictures captured by camera can suffer from distortions due to perspective and page warping.", "It is necessary to restore a frontal planar view of the page before other OCR techniques can be applied.", "In this paper we describe a novel approach for flattening a curved doc...
[ 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1 ]
[ 0.428600013256073, 0.571399986743927, 0.666700005531311, 0.8285999894142151, 0.8285999894142151, 0.8285999894142151, 0.4000000059604645 ]
train_0411
[ "This paper presents the concepts, issues on development, and future perspectives of a novel musculoskeletal humanoid `Kotaro'.", "The specifications and advantages of Kotaro include muscle-driven endoskeletal structure, multiple degrees of freedom, variable physical softness, the multiple-joint spine, easily con...
[ 0, 0, 2 ]
[ 0.7778000235557556, 0.7778000235557556, 0.41670000553131104 ]
train_0412
[ "Digital forensics is a relatively new scientific discipline, but one that has matured greatly over the past decade.", "In any field of human endeavor, it is important to periodically pause and review the state of the discipline.", "This paper examines where the discipline of digital forensics is at this point ...
[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.771399974822998, 0.771399974822998, 0.37139999866485596, 0.6000000238418579, 0.37139999866485596, 0.8285999894142151 ]
train_0413
[ "Neural networks are typically designed to deal with data in tensor forms.", "In this paper, we propose a novel neural network architecture accepting graphs of arbitrary structure.", "Given a dataset containing graphs in the form of (G, y) where G is a graph and y is its class, we aim to develop neural networks...
[ 0, 2, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.6053000092506409, 0.421099990606308, 0.8158000111579895, 0.8158000111579895, 0.8158000111579895, 0.421099990606308, 0.6053000092506409 ]
train_0414
[ "For sophisticated reinforcement learning (RL) systems to interact usefully with real-world environments, we need to communicate complex goals to these systems.", "In this work, we explore goals defined in terms of (non-expert) human preferences between pairs of trajectory segments.", "We show that this approac...
[ 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.8055999875068665, 0.583299994468689, 0.3610999882221222, 0.3610999882221222, 0.33329999446868896, 0.7778000235557556 ]
train_0415
[ "In this paper, we adopt 3D CNNs to segment the pancreas in CT images.", "Although deep neural networks have been proven to be very effective on many 2D vision tasks, it is still challenging to apply them to 3D applications due to the limited amount of annotated 3D data and limited computational resources.", "W...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.6111000180244446, 0.6111000180244446, 0.41670000553131104, 0.41670000553131104, 0.6388999819755554, 1 ]
train_0416
[ "No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed.", "It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time.", "Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts.", "Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything.", "Reading elements of distributed co...
[ 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
[ 0.5929999947547913, 0.40700000524520874, 0.5813999772071838, 0.5813999772071838, 0.5813999772071838, 0.5813999772071838 ]
train_0417
[ "This article provides an overview of the mainstream deep learning approaches and research directions proposed over the past decade.", "It is important to emphasize that each approach has strengths and \"weaknesses, depending on the application and context in \"which it is being used.", "Thus, this article pres...
[ 0, 0, 0, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.7646999955177307, 0.5881999731063843 ]
train_0418
[ "Today‘s business environment is very much dynamic, and organizations are constantly changing their software requirements to adjust with new environment.", "They also demand for fast delivery of software products as well as for accepting changing requirements.", "In this aspect, traditional plan-driven developm...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 0.7838000059127808, 0.6215999722480774, 0.5676000118255615, 0.40540000796318054, 0.40540000796318054, 0.5676000118255615, 0.7838000059127808 ]
train_0419
[ "The requirement of detection and identification of tables from document images is crucial to any document image analysis and digital library system.", "Here in this paper we report a very simple but extremely powerful approach to detect any table in any form that may be present in a document page.", "The algor...
[ 0, 2, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 1, 0.5896999835968018, 0.7949000000953674, 0.5896999835968018, 0.41029998660087585 ]
train_0420
[ "Manual analysis and decryption of enciphered documents is a tedious and error prone work.", "Often—even after spending large amounts of time on a particular cipher—no decipherment can be found.", "Automating the decryption of various types of ciphers makes it possible to sift through the large number of encryp...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.7278000116348267, 0.5900999903678894, 1, 0.337799996137619, 0.8198000192642212 ]
train_0421
[ "Instant messaging (IM) has become one of the most popular forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and is especially prevalent on college campuses.", "Previous research suggests that IM users often multitask while conversing online.", "To date, no one has yet examined the cognitive effect of concurrent I...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 4, 3 ]
[ 1, 1, 1, 0.8285999894142151, 0.6000000238418579, 0.771399974822998, 0.8285999894142151, 1, 0.6000000238418579 ]
train_0422
[ "Clustering is a solution for classifying enormous data when there is not any early knowledge about classes.", "With emerging new concepts like cloud computing and big data and their vast applications in recent years, research works have been increased on unsupervised solutions like clustering algorithms to extra...
[ 1, 0, 2, 1, 4, 2 ]
[ 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579 ]
train_0423
[ "TreeView is a simple, easy to use phylogenetic tree viewing utility that runs under both MacOS (on Apple Macintosh computers) and under Microsoft Windows on Intel based computers, the two most common personal computers used by biologists.", "Some phylogeny programs, such as PAUP (Swofford, 1993) and MacClade (Ma...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 4, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.7894999980926514, 0.5788999795913696, 0.631600022315979, 0.631600022315979, 0.421099990606308, 0.421099990606308, 0.53329998254776, 0.631600022315979 ]
train_0424
[ "John Trono published a new exercise in concurrent programming—the Santa Claus problem—and provided a solution based on semaphores [12].", "His solution is incorrect because it assumes that a process released from waiting on a semaphore will necessarily be scheduled for execution.", "We give a simple solution i...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.6090999841690063, 0.6090999841690063, 0.5735999941825867, 1, 0.7868000268936157 ]
train_0425
[ "In this paper we present an approach to organize and classify e-mails using self-organizing maps.", "The aim is on the one hand to provide an intuitive visual profile of the considered mailing lists and on the other hand to offer an intuitive navigation tool, were similar e-mails are located close to each other,...
[ 0, 2, 1, 1, 4, 0, 3 ]
[ 0.583299994468689, 1, 0.3889000117778778, 0.583299994468689, 0.3889000117778778, 0.41670000553131104, 1 ]
train_0426
[ "We compare three common dispute resolution processes – negotiation, mediation, and arbitration – in the framework of Crawford and Sobel (1982).", "Under negotiation, the two parties engage in (possibly arbitrarily long) face-to-face cheap talk.", "Under mediation, the parties communicate with a neutral third p...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.5896999835968018, 0.41029998660087585, 0.41029998660087585, 0.41029998660087585, 0.7949000000953674, 0.5896999835968018, 0.7949000000953674 ]
train_0427
[ "Deep learning takes advantage of large datasets and computationally efficient training algorithms to outperform other approaches at various machine learning tasks.", "However, imperfections in the training phase of deep neural networks make them vulnerable to adversarial samples: inputs crafted by adversaries wi...
[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.8205000162124634, 0.8205000162124634, 0.7949000000953674, 0.3846000134944916, 0.5896999835968018, 0.7949000000953674 ]
train_0428
[ "Scaling the distributed deep learning to a massive GPU cluster level is challenging due to the instability of the large mini-batch training and the overhead of the gradient synchronization.", "We address the instability of the large mini-batch training with batch size control.", "We address the overhead of the...
[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.41670000553131104, 0.6388999819755554, 0.666700005531311, 0.666700005531311, 1 ]
train_0429
[ "The effects of e-commerce institutional mechanisms on trust and online purchase have traditionally been understood in the initial online purchase context.", "This study extends this literature by exploring the role of ecommerce institutional mechanisms in the online repurchase context.", "In doing so, it respo...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3 ]
[ 0.7760000228881836, 0.7760000228881836, 0.6159999966621399, 0.6159999966621399, 0.2240000069141388, 0.8040000200271606 ]
train_0430
[ "This study assessed motives for social network site (SNS) use, group belonging, collective self-esteem, and gender effects among older adolescents.", "Communication with peer group members was the most important motivation for SNS use.", "Participants high in positive collective self-esteem were strongly motiv...
[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 1, 0.4571000039577484, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.37139999866485596, 0.37139999866485596, 0.37139999866485596 ]
train_0431
[ "Internet of Things (IoT) technology has attracted much attention in recent years for its potential to alleviate the strain on healthcare systems caused by an aging population and a rise in chronic illness.", "Standardization is a key issue limiting progress in this area, and thus this paper proposes a standard m...
[ 0, 0, 2, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.833299994468689, 0.3889000117778778, 0.3889000117778778 ]
train_0432
[ "In microblogging services such as Twitter, the users may become overwhelmed by the raw data.", "One solution to this problem is the classification of short text messages.", "As short texts do not provide sufficient word occurrences, traditional classification methods such as \"Bag-Of-Words\" have limitations."...
[ 0, 2, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.4323999881744385, 0.3783999979496002, 0.40540000796318054, 0.4323999881744385 ]
train_0433
[ "Recent advances have given rise to the popularity and success of cloud computing.", "However, when outsourcing the data and business application to a third party causes the security and privacy issues to become a critical concern.", "Throughout the study at hand, the authors obtain a common goal to provide a c...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 1, 0.8108000159263611, 0.5946000218391418, 0.40540000796318054, 0.7838000059127808, 0.5946000218391418 ]
train_0434
[ "Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is a nonlinear processing technique employed at the transmit side to implement the concept of dirty paper coding (DPC).", "The application of THP is restricted by the dimensionality constraint that the number of transmit antennas has to be greater or equal to the total number ...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8181999921798706, 1, 0.3939000070095062, 0.8181999921798706, 0.8181999921798706 ]
train_0435
[ "This paper presents a learning approach, i.e. negative correlation learning, for neural network ensembles.", "Unlike previous learning approaches for neural network ensembles, negative correlation learning attempts to train individual networks in an ensemble and combines them in the same learning process.", "I...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.567300021648407, 0.567300021648407, 0.40380001068115234, 0.5961999893188477, 0.42309999465942383, 0.8269000053405762 ]
train_0436
[ "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) honeypots are key tools not only for determining threats which pertain to SCADA devices in the wild, but also for early detection of potential malicious tampering within a SCADA device network.", "An analysis of one such SCADA honeypot, Conpot, is conducted to det...
[ 0, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.5968999862670898, 0.5659000277519226, 0.40310001373291016 ]
train_0437
[ "In this paper, a concept of integer fast Fourier transform ( IntFFT ) for approximating the discrete Fourier transform is introduced.", "Unlike the fixed-point fast Fourier transform (FxpFFT ), the new transform has the properties that it is an integer-to-integer mapping, is power adaptable and is reversible.", ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645, 0.800000011920929, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929 ]
train_0438
[ "Active database systems support mechanisms that enable them to respond automatically to events that are taking place either inside or outside the database system itself.", "Considerable effort has been directed towards improving understanding of such systems in recent years, and many different proposals have bee...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.5625, 0.5625, 0.4375, 0.5 ]
train_0439
[ "Impedance and Admittance Control are two distinct implementations of the same control goal.", "It is well known that their stability and performance properties are complementary.", "In this paper, we present a hybrid system approach, which incorporates Impedance and Admittance Control as two extreme cases of o...
[ 0, 0, 2, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.7778000235557556, 0.7778000235557556, 0.7778000235557556, 0.6388999819755554, 0.583299994468689 ]
train_0440
[ "Software architects struggle to choose an adequate architectural style for multi-tenant software systems.", "Bad choices result in poor performance, low scalability, limited flexibility, and obstruct software evolution.", "We present a comparison of 12 Multi-Tenant Architecture (MTA) patterns that supports arc...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8158000111579895, 0.6053000092506409, 0.39469999074935913, 0.7894999980926514, 0.6053000092506409, 0.421099990606308 ]
train_0441
[ "Feature selection has been the focus of interest for quite some time and much work has been done.", "With the creation of huge databases and the consequent requirements for good machine learning techniques, new problems arise and novel approaches to feature selection are in demand.", "This survey is a comprehe...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3 ]
[ 0.7838000059127808, 0.7838000059127808, 0.3513999879360199, 0.8378000259399414, 1, 0.7240999937057495, 0.7838000059127808, 0.5676000118255615, 0.6215999722480774, 0.40540000796318054 ]
train_0442
[ "The healthcare milieu of most developing countries is often characterized by multiplicity of health programs supported by myriad of donors geared towards reversing disease trends in these countries.", "However, donor policies tend to support implementation of vertical programs which maintain their own management...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.771399974822998, 0.4000000059604645, 0.571399986743927, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.44440001249313354, 0.542900025844574 ]
train_0443
[ "Deep learning (DL) is a powerful state-of-the-art technique for image processing including remote sensing (RS) images.", "This letter describes a multilevel DL architecture that targets land cover and crop type classification from multitemporal multisource satellite imagery.", "The pillars of the architecture ...
[ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8151000142097473, 0.3962000012397766, 0.6037999987602234, 0.42260000109672546, 0.6340000033378601, 0.7886999845504761 ]
train_0444
[ "We present a micro-traffic simulation (named “DeepTraffic”) where the perception, control, and planning systems for one of the cars are all handled by a single neural network as part of a model-free, off-policy reinforcement learning process.", "The primary goal of DeepTraffic is to make the hands-on study of de...
[ 0, 2, 1 ]
[ 0.5788999795913696, 0.6053000092506409, 0.6053000092506409 ]
train_0445
[ "Social media for news consumption is a double-edged sword.", "On the one hand, its low cost, easy access, and rapid dissemination of information lead people to seek out and consume news from social media.", "On the other hand, it enables the wide spread of \\fake news\", i.e., low quality news with intentional...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.800000011920929, 0.800000011920929, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645 ]
train_0446
[ "This research compared social networking site (SNS) use in a collectivistic culture, China, and an individualistic culture, the United States (US).", "Over 400 college student participants from a Southwestern University in Chongqing, China, and 490 college participants from a Midwestern University in the US comp...
[ 0, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.571399986743927, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.428600013256073, 0.22859999537467957, 0.571399986743927, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929, 1 ]
train_0447
[ "Waterfall development is still a widely used way of working in software development companies.", "Many problems have been reported related to the model.", "Commonly accepted problems are for example to cope with change and that defects all too often are detected too late in the software development process.", ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929 ]
train_0448
[ "For many organizations, Information Technology (IT) enabled business initiatives and IT infrastructure constitute major investments that, if not managed properly, may impair rather than enhance the organization's competitive position.", "Especially since the advent of Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX), both management and IT...
[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.40540000796318054, 0.40540000796318054, 0.4323999881744385, 0.7838000059127808, 0.7838000059127808 ]
train_0449
[ "Compressed sensing magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI) is an active research topic in the field of inverse problems.", "Conventional CS-MRI algorithms usually exploit the sparse nature of MRI in an iterative manner.", "These optimizationbased CS-MRI methods are often time-consuming at test time, and are based ...
[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.5881999731063843, 0.41179999709129333, 0.2353000044822693, 0.44119998812675476, 0.6176000237464905, 0.41179999709129333, 0.6176000237464905, 0.7940999865531921 ]
train_0450
[ "Integrated injection logic or merged transistor logic is a novel bipolar circuit design approach to achieve high-density large-scale integration.", "As the basic logic units it uses multicollector npn transistors which are powered from merged multicollector lateral pnp transistors.", "I2L can be fabricated wit...
[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]
[ 0.40540000796318054, 0.5676000118255615, 0.7838000059127808, 0.5676000118255615 ]
train_0451
[ "An approach to error-based testing is described that uses simple programmer error models and focus-directed methods for detecting the effects of errors.", "Errors are associated with forgetting, ignorance, bandwidth and perversity.", "The focus-directed approach was motivated by the observation that focus is m...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.6215999722480774, 0.8108000159263611, 0.8108000159263611, 0.8108000159263611, 0.40540000796318054 ]
train_0452
[ "Recent discussion in the public sphere about algorithmic cl assification has involved tension between competing notions of what it means for a probabilistic class ification to be fair to different groups.", "We formalize three fairness conditions that lie at the heart of these debates, and we prove that except i...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.800000011920929, 0.37139999866485596, 0.8571000099182129, 1 ]
train_0453
[ "In emotion classification of speech signals, the popular features employed are statistics of fundamental frequency, energy contour, duration of silence and voice quality.", "However, the performance of systems employing these features degrades substantially when more than two categories of emotion are to be clas...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.3824000060558319, 0.8234999775886536, 1, 0.7940999865531921, 0.6470999717712402, 0.44119998812675476, 0.44119998812675476, 1, 1 ]
train_0454
[ "The deep reinforcement learning community has made several independent improvements to the DQN algorithm.", "However, it is unclear which of these extensions are complementary and can be fruitfully combined.", "This paper examines six extensions to the DQN algorithm and empirically studies their combination.",...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.771399974822998, 0.571399986743927, 0.5357000231742859, 0.428600013256073, 0.6000000238418579 ]
train_0455
[ "Understanding and discovering knowledge from GPS (Global Positioning System) traces of human activities is an essential topic in mobility-based urban computing.", "We propose TrajectoryNet—a neural network architecture for point-based trajectory classi€cation to infer real world human transportation modes from G...
[ 2, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.628600001335144, 0.428600013256073, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 1 ]
train_0456
[ "Video compression currently is dominated by engineering and fine-tuned heuristic methods.", "In this paper, we propose to instead apply the well-developed machinery of machine learning in order to support the optimization of existing video encoders and the creation of new ones.", "Exemplarily, we show how by m...
[ 0, 2, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.631600022315979, 0.631600022315979, 0.421099990606308, 0.421099990606308 ]
train_0457
[ "The experiments aimed to compare three methods to create ensemble models implemented in a popular data mining system WEKA, were carried out.", "Six common algorithms comprising two neural network algorithms, two decision trees for regression, and linear regression and support vector machine were used to generate...
[ 2, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.7894999980926514, 0.6053000092506409, 0.6053000092506409, 0.39469999074935913, 0.7894999980926514 ]
train_0458
[ "Data warehouses and data marts have long been considered as the unique solution for providing end-users with decisional information.", "More recently, data lakes have been proposed in order to govern data swamps.", "However, no formal definition has been proposed in the literature.", "Existing works are not ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1 ]
[ 0.5817000269889832, 0.3903999924659729, 0.5856999754905701, 0.5856999754905701, 0.5856999754905701, 0.5817000269889832, 0.3903999924659729 ]
train_0459
[ "The market for mobile devices is growing rapidly nowadays.", "Constant technological improvements provide great opportunities for the creation of mobile applications.", "For the success of a mobile application or website, one of the main concerns, besides security issues, is usability.", "Poor usability decr...
[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.7646999955177307, 0.44119998812675476, 0.5293999910354614, 0.3824000060558319, 0.3824000060558319, 0.3824000060558319 ]
train_0460
[ "Humans gather information by engaging in conversations involving a series of interconnected questions and answers.", "For machines to assist in information gathering, it is therefore essential to enable them to answer conversational questions.", "We introduce CoQA, a novel dataset for building Conversational Q...
[ 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3 ]
[ 1, 0.8327000141143799, 0.5856999754905701, 0.41830000281333923, 0.6413999795913696, 1, 0.6413999795913696, 0.41830000281333923, 0.8047999739646912 ]
train_0461
[ "Recommendation systems that model users and their interests are often used to improve various user services.", "Such systems are usually based on automatic prediction of user ratings of the items provided by the service.", "This paper presents an overview of some of the methods for automatic ratings prediction...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.6215999722480774, 0.4323999881744385, 0.4323999881744385, 0.5946000218391418, 0.6485999822616577, 0.4323999881744385, 0.3783999979496002, 0.4323999881744385 ]
train_0462
[ "The problem of road or lane perception is a crucial enabler for advanced driver assistance systems.", "As such, it has been an active field of research for the past two decades with considerable progress made in the past few years.", "The problem was confronted under various scenarios, with different task defi...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.7857000231742859, 0.833299994468689, 0.6111000180244446, 0.41670000553131104, 0.44440001249313354, 0.44440001249313354, 0.6388999819755554, 0.833299994468689 ]
train_0463
[ "We present a review of the state of the art of segmentation and partitioning techniques of boundary meshes.", "Recently, these have become a part of many mesh and object manipulation algorithms in computer graphics, geometric modeling and computer aided design.", "We formulate the segmentation problem as an op...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.7778000235557556, 0.583299994468689, 0.7778000235557556, 0.8055999875068665 ]
train_0464
[ "Visual notations form an integral part of the language of software engineering (SE).", "Yet historically, SE researchers and notation designers have ignored or undervalued issues of visual representation.", "In evaluating and comparing notations, details of visual syntax are rarely discussed.", "In designing...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 1, 2, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.5896999835968018, 0.7419000267982483, 0.7949000000953674, 0.3846000134944916, 0.41029998660087585, 0.41029998660087585, 0.3846000134944916, 0.41029998660087585, 0.5896999835968018 ]
train_0465
[ "We present a method for automatically learning a set of discriminatory facial components for face recognition.", "The algorithm performs an iterative growing of components starting with small initial components located around pre-selected points in the face.", "The direction of growing is determined by the gra...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
[ 0.44440001249313354, 0.583299994468689, 0.583299994468689, 0.833299994468689 ]
train_0466
[ "Cyber-physical systems are ubiquitous in power systems, transportation networks, industrial control processes, and critical infrastructures.", "These systems need to operate reliably in the face of unforeseen failures and external malicious attacks.", "In this paper: (i) we propose a mathematical framework for...
[ 0, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.4000000059604645, 0.800000011920929, 1 ]
train_0467
[ "This paper presents the modeling of wind energy systems using MATLAB Simulink.", "The model considers the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) technique to track the maximum power that could be extracted from the wind energy, due the non-linear characteristic of the wind turbine.", "The model consists of wind g...
[ 0, 2, 0, 2, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4571000039577484, 0.628600001335144, 0.628600001335144, 0.8571000099182129 ]
train_0468
[ "The digital divide refers to the separation between those who have access to digital information and communications technology (ICT) and those who do not.", "Many believe that universal access to ICT would bring about a global community of interaction, commerce, and learning resulting in higher standards of livi...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 1 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.8421000242233276, 0.631600022315979, 0.421099990606308, 0.421099990606308, 0.5788999795913696 ]
train_0469
[ "Broad classes of statistical classification algorithms have been developed and applied successfully to a wide range of real world domains.", "In general, ensuring that the particular classification algorithm matches the properties of the data is crucial in providing results that meet the needs of the particular ...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1 ]
[ 0.833299994468689, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4666999876499176, 0.4666999876499176, 0.4666999876499176, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645 ]
train_0470
[ "We have developed a hip exoskeleton for seniors with difficulties in walking due to muscle weakness.", "The exoskeleton is lightweight and moderate in assistance power compared to other hip exoskeletons in the literature.", "Its controller estimates user gait phase, walking speed, and ground inclinations to ge...
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.800000011920929, 0.800000011920929, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4000000059604645, 0.800000011920929 ]
train_0471
[ "Given hyper-competition and rapid environmental changes, one of the most critical sources of competitive advantage is attracting and retaining talented workers.", "E-recruiting is one of the most rapidly growing areas of e-business.", "To promote an understanding of the use of e-recruiting technologies and man...
[ 2, 0, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.40540000796318054, 0.3783999979496002, 0.40540000796318054, 0.5946000218391418, 0.4323999881744385 ]
train_0472
[ "A mathematical tool to build a fuzzy model of a system where fuzzy implications and reasoning are used is presented.", "The premise of an implication is the description of fuzzy subspace of inputs and its consequence is a linear input-output relation.", "The method of identification of a system using its input...
[ 2, 0, 1, 1 ]
[ 0.41029998660087585, 0.7949000000953674, 1, 0.7949000000953674 ]
train_0473
[ "The Internet of Things (IoT) being a promising technology of the future is expected to connect billions of devices.", "The increased number of communication is expected to generate mountains of data and the security of data can be a threat.", "The devices in the architecture are essentially smaller in size and...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4 ]
[ 0.8047999739646912, 0.8047999739646912, 0.8047999739646912, 0.8047999739646912, 0.8047999739646912, 0.41830000281333923, 0.41830000281333923, 0.41830000281333923, 0.41830000281333923, 0.3903999924659729 ]
train_0474
[ "The purpose of this article is to offer some reflections on the relationships between digital technologies and learning.", "It is argued that activities of learning, as they have been practised within institutionalized schooling, are coming under increasing pressure from the developments of digital technologies ...
[ 2, 0, 2, 4, 4, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.7878999710083008, 0.5758000016212463, 0.42419999837875366, 0.7878999710083008, 0.6363999843597412, 0.42419999837875366, 0.3635999858379364 ]
train_0475
[ "Progress in Mobile Commerce is heavily dependent upon effective and reliable payment mechanisms.", "Security concerns loom as a major impediment to widespread and rapid adoption, and there is accordingly an urgent need for a framework within which security issues in mobile commerce can be evaluated.", "This pa...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.7576000094413757, 0.7576000094413757, 0.6363999843597412, 0.4544999897480011, 0.6061000227928162 ]
train_0476
[ "Developing a good speaker embedding has received tremendous interest in the speech community.", "Speaker representations such as i-vector, d-vector have shown their superiority in speaker recognition, speaker adaptation and other related tasks.", "However, not much is known about which properties are exactly e...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.7940999865531921, 1, 0.5881999731063843, 0.41179999709129333, 0.3824000060558319, 0.3824000060558319, 1 ]
train_0477
[ "In the last couple of years, the interest of Mobile IT has arisen tremendously and future directions point towards an explosive expansive area.", "The objective with this paper is to explore how mobile eCommerce services map customers' requirements in geographical bound retailing.", "This is done through WineG...
[ 0, 2, 1, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.5555999875068665, 0.6111000180244446, 0.44440001249313354, 0.6111000180244446, 0.833299994468689 ]
train_0478
[ "In real-world crowd counting applications, the crowd densities vary greatly in spatial and temporal domains.", "A detection based counting method will estimate crowds accurately in low density scenes, while its reliability in congested areas is downgraded.", "A regression based approach, on the other hand, cap...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.8285999894142151, 0.6571000218391418, 0.6571000218391418, 0.6571000218391418, 0.4000000059604645, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579, 0.4571000039577484 ]
train_0479
[ "Users typically rate only a small fraction of all available items.", "We show that the absence of ratings carries useful information for improving the top-k hit rate concerning all items, a natural accuracy measure for recommendations.", "As to test recommender systems, we present two performance measures that...
[ 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.41670000553131104, 0.41670000553131104, 0.6111000180244446, 0.583299994468689, 0.833299994468689 ]
train_0480
[ "Learning methods based on dynamic programming (DP) are receiving increasing attention in arti cial intelligence.", "Researchers have argued that DP provides the appropriate basis for compiling planning results into reactive strategies for real-time control, as well as for learning such strategies when the system...
[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.571399986743927, 0.5555999875068665, 0.41670000553131104, 0.5555999875068665, 0.3610999882221222, 0.8055999875068665 ]
train_0481
[ "In this paper, we propose an architecture and a scheme of smart hospital based on Internet of Things (IOT) in order to overcome the disadvantages of the present hospital information system, such as the fixed information point, inflexible networking mode and so on.", "The key technologies and construction of smar...
[ 2, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.8158000111579895, 0.6053000092506409, 0.39469999074935913, 0.421099990606308, 0.7894999980926514 ]
train_0482
[ "Internet of Things (IoT) is now in its initial stage but very soon, it is going to influence almost every day-to-day items we use.", "The more it will be included in our lifestyle, more will be the threat of it being misused.", "There is an urgent need to make IoT devices secure from getting cracked.", "Very...
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.7886999845504761, 0.42260000109672546, 0.6075000166893005, 0.3962000012397766, 0.42260000109672546 ]
train_0483
[ "Chief Digital Officers (CDOs) are establishing themselves as new executives at the top management level of companies that go through a digital transformation.", "The full article is based on six case studies of CDOs and describes how they fulfill their positions.", "Five of the cases are from the “CDO Recommen...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.5896999835968018, 0.5896999835968018, 0.41029998660087585, 0.3846000134944916, 0.3846000134944916 ]
train_0484
[ "A reciprocal frame (RF) is a self-supported three-dimensional structure made up of three or more sloping rods, which form a closed circuit, namely an RF-unit.", "Large RF-structures built as complex grillages of one or a few similar RF-units have an intrinsic beauty derived from their inherent self-similar and h...
[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.6000000238418579, 0.800000011920929, 0.6000000238418579, 0.5, 0.4000000059604645, 0.6000000238418579, 0.6000000238418579 ]
train_0485
[ "This paper presents a robust but simple object pose tracking algorithm based on Kalman filtering.", "Compared to markerless pose tracking, a fiducial marker called ArUco provides a fast and accurate solution to the problem.", "With these advantages, this marker-based technique is ready to be used in virtual re...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 1 ]
[ 0.8227999806404114, 0.8227999806404114, 0.6159999966621399, 0.5569999814033508, 0.41350001096725464, 0.41350001096725464, 0.43880000710487366, 0.5612000226974487, 0.43880000710487366, 0.3797000050544739 ]
train_0486
[ "Smartphone usage is a hot topic in pervasive computing due to their popularity and personal aspect.", "We present our initial results from analyzing how individual differences, such as gender and age, affect smartphone usage.", "The dataset comes from a large scale longitudinal study, the Menthal project.", ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.7838000059127808, 0.4323999881744385, 0.4323999881744385, 0.4323999881744385, 0.6485999822616577, 0.7838000059127808, 0.7838000059127808, 0.7838000059127808, 0.7838000059127808 ]
train_0487
[ "The fast evolution pace for cloud computing software is on a collision course with our growing reliance on cloud computing.", "On one hand, cloud software must have the agility to evolve rapidly, in order to remain competitive; on the other hand, more and more critical services become dependent on the cloud and ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.5676000118255615, 0.5676000118255615, 0.5676000118255615, 0.40540000796318054, 1, 0.3783999979496002, 0.8378000259399414 ]
train_0488
[ "The growing interest in Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques and recognition of their importance in IS research suggests the need to compare and contrast different types of SEM techniques so that research designs can be selected appropriately.", "After assessing the extent to which these techniques are ...
[ 0, 4, 1, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.41029998660087585, 0.20509999990463257, 0.6154000163078308, 0.41029998660087585, 1 ]
train_0489
[ "Top-down visual attention mechanisms have been used extensively in image captioning and visual question answering (VQA) to enable deeper image understanding through fine-grained analysis and even multiple steps of reasoning.", "In this work, we propose a combined bottom-up and topdown attention mechanism that en...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.7894999980926514, 0.6053000092506409, 0.7894999980926514, 0.6053000092506409, 0.7894999980926514, 0.5788999795913696 ]
train_0490
[ "We present a decision tree based approach to function approximation in reinforcement learning.", "We compare our approach with table lookup and a neural network function approximator on three problems: the well known mountain car and pole balance problems as well as a simulated automobile race car.", "We find ...
[ 2, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.3889000117778778, 0.583299994468689, 0.8055999875068665 ]
train_0491
[ "Social network information is now being used in ways for which it may have not been originally intended.", "In particular, increased use of smartphones capable ofrunning applications which access social network information enable applications to be aware of a user's location and preferences.", "However, curren...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 4 ]
[ 0.6111000180244446, 0.6111000180244446, 0.6111000180244446, 0.6388999819755554, 0.41670000553131104, 0.41670000553131104 ]
train_0492
[ "This paper introduces the Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus, a dataset containing almost 1 million multi-turn dialogues, with a total of over 7 million utterances and 100 million words.", "This provides a unique resource for research into building dialogue managers based on neural language models that can make use of large...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.421099990606308, 0.6053000092506409, 0.631600022315979, 0.421099990606308 ]
train_0493
[ "Multiplication is a key fundamental function for many error-tolerant applications.", "Approximate multiplication is considered to be an efficient technique for trading off energy against performance and accuracy.", "This paper proposes an accuracy-controllable multiplier whose final product is generated by a c...
[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 1, 0.8234999775886536, 0.41179999709129333, 0.44119998812675476, 0.6470999717712402, 0.7646999955177307, 0.2353000044822693, 0.5881999731063843, 0.7646999955177307 ]
train_0494
[ "MOTIVATION In recent years, several methods have been proposed for aligning two protein sequence profiles, with reported improvements in alignment accuracy and homolog discrimination versus sequence-sequence methods (e.g. BLAST) and profile-sequence methods (e.g. PSI-BLAST).", "Profile-profile alignment is also ...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.8205000162124634, 1, 0.8205000162124634, 0.6154000163078308, 0.8205000162124634, 0.6154000163078308, 0.5896999835968018, 1, 1, 0.8205000162124634 ]
train_0495
[ "Java reflection enables us to write reusable programs that are independent of certain classes.", "However, when runtime performance is a big concern, we propose to use compile-time reflection for writing metaprograms that generate non-reflective class/type specific code, which has lower runtime cost.", "We pro...
[ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.6215999722480774, 0.40540000796318054, 0.4323999881744385, 0.6215999722480774, 0.4323999881744385, 0.6215999722480774, 0.5171999931335449, 1, 0.7585999965667725 ]
train_0496
[ "Deep learning methods have recently achieved great empirical success on machine translation, dialogue response generation, summarization, and other text generation tasks.", "At a high level, the technique has been to train end-to-end neural network models consisting of an encoder model to produce a hidden repres...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4, 4 ]
[ 0.7894999980926514, 0.421099990606308, 1, 0.39469999074935913, 0.39469999074935913 ]
train_0497
[ "Computer applications in the field of psychological test administration have significant ethical implications for clinicians, client/responders, and computerized test construction and administration.", "Lack of awareness of computer-related issues may undermine clinicians’ ability to ethically perform computeriz...
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3 ]
[ 0.7894999980926514, 0.39469999074935913, 0.766700029373169, 0.7894999980926514, 0.6053000092506409, 0.7894999980926514, 0.39469999074935913, 0.3684000074863434 ]
train_0498
[ "Biometric identification is a reliable and convenient way of identifying individuals.", "The widespread adoption of biometric identification requires solid privacy protection against possible misuse, loss, or theft of biometric data.", "Existing techniques for privacy-preserving biometric identification primar...
[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 4 ]
[ 1, 1, 0.6053000092506409, 0.5788999795913696, 0.7894999980926514, 1, 0.5788999795913696, 0.421099990606308, 0.39469999074935913, 0.5788999795913696 ]
train_0499
[ "We present a method for a completely new kind of steganalysis to determine who, out of a large number of actors each transmitting a large number of objects, is hiding payload inside some of them.", "It has significant challenges, including unknown embedding parameters and natural deviation between innocent cover...
[ 0, 0, 1, 4 ]
[ 0.5676000118255615, 0.5676000118255615, 0.7838000059127808, 0.4323999881744385 ]