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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#15 | production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts; such was the case of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution.
Encyclopedic dictionaries
Some works entitled ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#16 | dle Ages, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary). The Macquarie Dictionary, Australia's national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.
Di... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#17 | iceably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries.[3][20] There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those wor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#18 | ven a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.[6]
In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#19 | icular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.[20][21]
Pre-modern encyclopedias
The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the Natural History of Pliny the Elder, a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD,[5][22][23][24] a work indebted to Va... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#20 | and all aspects of the world around him.[24] This work became very popular in antiquity, was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the Roman world, and especially Roman art, Roman technology and Roman engineering.
The Spanish scho... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#21 | 25), also known by classicists as the Origines (abbreviated Orig.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian epitome—formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books[26] based on hundreds of classical sources, including the Naturalis Historia. Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri debe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#22 | geometry, music, astronomy, medicine, law, the Catholic Church and heretical sects, pagan philosophers, languages, cities, animals and birds, the physical world, geography, public buildings, roads, metals, rocks, agriculture, ships, clothes, food, and tools.
Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinaru... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#23 | ncyclopedia of Suda, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries (broadly alphabetically arranged), many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers.[23]
From India, the Siribhoovalaya (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), variously dated to c. 800 A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#24 | ique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in Kannada numerals. Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work.
The 2nd century BC reference work Shiben has been described as a Chinese encyclopedia of genealogies, while the Huanglan,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#25 | a of the early Tang dynasty. The enormous encyclopedic works of the Four Great Books of Song, compiled by the 11th century during the early Song dynasty (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau, amounted to 9.4 million Chines... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#26 | per encyclopedia in world history.[28][29]
There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and Song Yingxing (15... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#27 | encyclopedias
Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. The introduction of printing from Asia allowed ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#28 | -documented early printed books—an incunabulum—and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text. Both Latin and German editions were printed by Anton Koberger in Nuremberg.[31]The De expetendis et fugiendis rebus by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice. This work... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#29 | tly by Archimedes), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts.
Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#30 | ing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws. John Harris is often credited ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#31 | of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves – to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves. Sir Isaac Newton contributed his only pub... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#32 | e disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become mo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#33 | Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (French for 'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'),[33] better known as Encyclopédie (French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi]), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#34 | 759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.[34]
The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie's aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things.[35] H... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#35 | all of the world's knowledge into the Encyclopédie and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations.[37] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge.
It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the fir... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#36 | tailed engravings. Later volumes were published without the engravings, in order to better reach a wide audience within Europe.[38][39]Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Brit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#37 | 32 volumes[40] and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia.
Printed for 244 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland, in t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#38 | d expanded to 20 volumes.[42] Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#39 | paedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule.[citation needed] In the 21st century, the Britannica suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta,[43] and later with the online peer-produ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#40 | nstead on the online version.[45][47]
The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume Macropædia of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single Propædia volume to give a hierarchical outline of knowledge. The Micropædia w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#41 | a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the Britannica has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics.[citation needed] Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained British English spelling.Brockha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#42 | was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house.
The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current[update] 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#43 | pedia in the 21st century.
In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an online encyclopedia and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the Brockhaus trademark were purchased by Arvato services, a subsidiary of the Bertelsmann media group. After more than 200 years, the distributi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#44 | 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were World Book and Funk and Wagnalls. As many as 90% were sold door to door.[22] Jack Lynch says in his book You Could Look It Up that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#45 | mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form.[48] As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Americana.[49]
Digital encyc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#46 | This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, DVD discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s, internet encyclopedias were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.[5]
CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a macOS or Microsoft Windows (3.0, 3.1 or 95/... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#47 | art browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually hyperlinked and also included photographs, audio clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and video clips. In the CD-ROM... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#48 | audio and video were also called multimedia encyclopedias.
Microsoft's Encarta, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of product... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#49 | ble "Encyclopedia Services" (such as Wikimedia Enterprise) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.[51]
Online
Free encyclopedias
The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#50 | the GNUPedia, an online encyclopedia which, similar to the GNU operating system, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's GNU philosophy.
It was not until Nupedia and later Wikipedia that a stable free encyclopedia project could be established on the In... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#51 | tage.[53] By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the copyleft GNU Free Documentation License. As of August 2009,[update] Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#52 | ed pages including project and discussion pages.[54]
Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including Hudong (2005–) and Baidu Baike (2006–) in Chinese, and Google's Knol (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including Encicl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#53 | r of which had become inactive by 2014.[55]
See also
Notes
- ^ Also spelled encyclopaedia in British English; from Ancient Greek: ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία, romanized: enkyklios paideia
References
- ^ "Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Librar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#54 | Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ a b c Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Encyclopedia". Merriam-Webster. Archi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#55 | at is an Encyclopedia?". Language Humanities. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography Archived December 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6
- ^ a b "Encyclopaedia". Encyclopædi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#56 | te in the preface to the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. T... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#57 | R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#58 | b Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#59 | an (2013). Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78265-4.
- ^ Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία Archived February 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 1.10.1, at Perseus Project
- ^ ἐγκύκλιος Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, R... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#60 | Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, at Perseus Project
- ^ According to some accounts, such as the American Heritage Dictionary Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία enkuklopaideía.
- ^ Franklin-Brown, Mary ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#61 | 9780226260709.
- ^ König, Jason (2013). Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3.
- ^ Cook & Ryan 2016, p. 418.
- ^ Cook & Ryan 2016, p. 121.
- ^ As explained by Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Cult... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#62 | Lexicography. Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#63 | types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.
- ^ a b Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017). "Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved Decemb... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#64 | 9, 2022.
- ^ a b Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015). "Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ Sordet, Yann (2021). Histoire du livre et de l'édition (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. p. 36. ISBN 978-2-226-45767-7.
- ^ MacFarlane 1980... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#65 | ndebted itself to Jerome.
- ^ Fu & Cao 2019, p. 297.
- ^ Ditmanson 2018, p. 255.
- ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.
- ^ Cambridge Digital Library, University of Cambridge, http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00000-A-00007-00002-00888/1 Archived 2012-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alem... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#66 | nd DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.
- ^ Ian Buchanan, A Dictionary of Critical Theory, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 151.
- ^ "Encyclopédie | French reference work". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Denis Diderot as quoted in Hunt, p. 611
- ^ University of the State of New York (1893). A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#67 | ving history. London: Thames & Hudson.
- ^ Robert Audi, Diderot, Denis" entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
- ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#68 | rom the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ "History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2001. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012). "Wikipedia Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did". Wired. ISSN 105... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#69 | . Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ McArdle, Megan (March 15, 2012). "Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Kea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#70 | ience Monitor. Reuters. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ Onion, Rebecca (June 3, 2016). "How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art". Slate. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
- ^ Kister, K. F. (1994). Kister'... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#71 | ISBN 0-89774-744-5.
- ^ Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market". www.stillwatercurrent.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Roncaglia, G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#72 | ia Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Linux Reviews, 2004 Julich y 7.
- ^ "List of Wikipedias - Meta". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ Herring, Mark Youngblood (2014). Are libraries obsolete? an argument for relevanc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#73 | Dictionary. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- "Encyclopaedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6.
- C. Codoner, S. Louis, M.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#74 | genholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009). Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-799-4.
- Blom, Phillip (2004). Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History. New York; Basingstoke: Palg... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#75 | he Ages (2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner. OCLC 220101699.
- Cook, Vivian; Ryan, Des, eds. (July 15, 2016). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System (1 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315670003. ISBN 978-1-317-36581-5.
- Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I. Ox... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#76 | Robert (1979). The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08785-9.
- Ditmanson, Peter (September 17, 2018). "The Ming dynasty (pre-1521)". In Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History. R... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#77 | ger. ISBN 978-981-13-8207-9.
- Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998). Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#78 | table encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-0467-9. OCLC 30787125.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#79 | nd the Future of the Past". Journal of American History. 93 (1): 117–46. doi:10.2307/4486062. ISSN 1945-2314. JSTOR 4486062. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010.
- Ioannides, Marinos (2006). The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#80 | rican general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967. New York: Bowker. p. 270. OCLC 577541.
- Yeo, Richard R. (2001). Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65191-2. OCLC 45828872. Archived from the original... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#81 | cal errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
- "Encyclopedia" – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original Encyclopédie.
- De expetendis et fugiendis rebus – First Renaissance encyclopedia
- Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias; Archived July 18, 2001, at the Wayback ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#82 | Stout listing by category
- Chambers' Cyclopaedia, 1728, with the 1753 supplement
- Encyclopædia Americana, 1851, Francis Lieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site
- Encyclopædia Britannica, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#0 | Criticisms of Baidu
Criticisms of Baidu and related controversies related to the company refer to the critical assessment of and incidents related to Baidu (a large Chinese web services company) and its products by its customers (primarily in mainland China).
Domain name hijacking
[edit]In September 2002, Baidu experie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#1 | ned to normal. Subsequently, mainland Chinese netizens discovered that they were suddenly unable to access the Google website. This situation lasted nearly two weeks, forcing many users to abandon Google and switch to Baidu. During this time, the Google.com domain name was redirected to several search sites, including ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#2 | (and are now entirely inaccessible there). Additionally, the web cache feature was unavailable for an extended period.[1]
Baidu President Robin Li denied that Baidu had engaged in such actions when questioned by students during a speech at Peking University.[1]
On October 18, 2007, Google, Windows Live Search, and Yaho... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#3 | internationally.[1]
On November 7, 2008, Shanghai Vixi, the parent company of VeryCD.com, a P2P resource-sharing website in mainland China, announced that some Beijing Netcom (now part of China Unicom) users experienced redirects to Baidu when attempting to access VeryCD.com, Emule.org.cn, Shooter.cn, BtChina, as well ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#4 | not involved in this matter.[2]
Malware
[edit]Software Forced Bundle Installation
[edit]See also: Baidu Family Bucket
The browser toolbar software developed by Baidu, originally called Baidu Super Soba, forced users to install it and could not be completely uninstalled. On July 11, 2005, it was named by the China Netwo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#5 | he renamed Baidu Super Soba, now called Baidu Toolbar, could be completely uninstalled. Additionally, some of Baidu's products were bundled with other software, causing a series of Baidu applications to be installed on users' computers or smart devices without their knowledge. This practice has led some users to refer ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#6 | de incident
On February 28, 2017, Huorong Security Laboratory intercepted, analyzed, tracked, and verified that malicious code was implanted when users downloaded software from two of Baidu's software download sites. Once the malicious code enters a computer, it employs various methods, such as loading drivers, to prev... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#7 | types of traffic, including navigation portals, e-commerce sites, and advertising networks.[4]
Mobile Application Out-of-Scope Application Permission
[edit]On January 5, 2018, the Jiangsu Provincial Consumer Protection Commission determined that two of Baidu's mobile apps were suspected of infringing on consumers' pers... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#8 | u.[5][6] On January 11, the Information and Communication Administration of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology held a meeting with Baidu's corporate representatives, requiring the company to strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations and adhere to the principles of legality, legitimacy, and nec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#9 | orted that when searching for "Jiangsu Provincial Consumer Association" on Baidu, the official website's search result was marked in red with a warning: "Reminder: This page may not be accessible normally due to unstable service." At the same time, results from other search engines showed no such warning, and users wer... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#10 | nfringement Litigation
[edit]On April 23, 2020, the Changsha Intellectual Property Court held a public trial in which Baidu sued Changsha Baidu Car Rental for trademark infringement and unfair competition.[8]
Search Results Controversy
[edit]Main article:Baidu promotion and Baidu bidding ranking events
Death of Wei Zex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#11 | al sarcoma. After undergoing various chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments, Wei Zexi's family sought the so-called "tumor biological immunotherapy" (DC-CIK therapy) at the Tumor Biology Center of the Second Hospital of the Beijing Municipal Armed Police Corps, which had been recommended by Baidu. However, despite sp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#12 | 12, 2016.The incident gained widespread attention during the May Day holiday, leading to a sharp drop in Baidu's stock price. Chinese public opinion, including state media, heavily criticized Baidu. In addition to Baidu being implicated as a major suspect and undergoing regulatory scrutiny, it was revealed that the hos... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#13 | pital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps was delisted, and related individuals were prosecuted. Shortly after the incident, a former Baidu employee alleged that Baidu used free WiFi devices, installed in collaboration with certain hospitals, to collect data from devices connected to these WiFi networks. However, this cl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#14 | t Baidu began promoting illegal content, such as gambling, at around 10 p.m. and quietly removed it by 9 a.m. the following day. On July 18, Sina News reported on the issue, highlighting Baidu's severe management negligence and incompetence at the administrative level. The report stated that "most of Baidu's non-enterp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#15 | are. Even if they file complaints, agents or non-enterprise channel sales representatives will immediately deactivate the 'reported accounts' and register new accounts under another company the next day to continue the promotions."[10]
On the afternoon of July 18, 2016, Baidu responded that the gambling information on ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#16 | also reported the matter to public security authorities.[10]
On July 20, 2016, Baidu shut down all commercial promotion pages. By the end of July 2016, Baidu resumed its commercial promotion pages.[10]
Encountered fraud while searching for foreign wine recycling on Baidu.
[edit]In December 2016, a Shenzhen resident, Ms... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#17 | ring to move, Ms. Yi decided to sell the bottle. Using her mobile phone, she searched on Baidu with the keyword "foreign wine recycling Shenzhen" and found a promotional advertisement for a company called "Shenzhen Ruya Gift Recycling Company." She chose this company to collect the wine at her home. When representative... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#18 | ed price. However, while Ms. Yi was unprepared, the company's representatives swapped her genuine cognac for a fake bottle. The following day, after discovering the swap, Ms. Yi immediately called the police and contacted Baidu's customer service to request compensation and to have the company's advertisement removed f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#19 | n conducting the search, she was not eligible for compensation. Regarding the fraudulent company's advertisement on Baidu, customer service stated that the issue would be followed up, but local law enforcement would need to provide the necessary documentation.[11]
Fake NARS Chinese mainland official website incident
[e... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#20 | n searching for NARS brand cosmetics on Baidu. After logging into the counterfeit website and purchasing products through Alipay, the money was transferred to a personal account. A reporter from Beijing Youth Daily searched Baidu using the keyword "NARS China official website" and found that the top search result was t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#21 | y of the website. Customer service confirmed that the website was counterfeit, as NARS products had not yet entered the Chinese mainland market. Additionally, the quality of the products sold on the website could not be guaranteed.Regarding the legal issues involved with the counterfeit website, a reporter consulted Ha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#22 | e Rights and Interests of Consumers of the People's Republic of China:"If the provider of an online trading platform knows or should know that the seller or service provider uses its platform to infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and fails to take necessary measures, it shall be jointly and se... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#23 | ty from both the online platform and the seller.[12]
Fake Apple official after-sales repair shop incident
[edit]On January 21, 2018, a Sina Weibo user named "Yan Gongzi of Yijin Night Walking" posted on Weibo that when searching for "Apple mobile phone repair" on Baidu, the top result displayed the phone number "400636... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#24 | y discovered that the official customer service number was "4006668800," differing by just one digit. Apple's official customer service also confirmed that "4006368800" was not associated with them in any way. Other netizens reported having been scammed by this fake Apple phone repair shop.[13]
"Fuda Hospital" advertis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#25 | to the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai for rhinitis treatment. In the end, Miss Zhou chose "Fuda Hospital" for medical treatment and paid nearly 10,000 yuan for turbinate removal surgery under the doctor's advice, but her condition did not improve. After that, Ms. Zhou was transferred to the hospit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#26 | en, had a small bulging bag in the back of her head, so the local hospital recommended that she go to the Fudan University Hospital in Shanghai for medical treatment. After Ms. Chen searched through Baidu, the first result was "Fuda Hospital," she took her child to "Fuda Hospital" for treatment. The doctor diagnosed it... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#27 | iversity for an examination, and the results showed that lymph nodes had grown and would disappear naturally when they grew up. In this regard, Baidu said it has taken down all the promotional content about Shanghai's "Fuda Hospital" and conducted a comprehensive investigation of its misleading information. In addition... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#28 | the hospital immediately stop the illegal acts, and the hospital was also punished with eight demerit points for deficient practices in medical institutions.[14] On September 9, Baidu's official Weibo stated that it decided to continue to promote the brand protection project of public hospitals and, at the same time, p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#29 | rching for related keywords.[15]
Ads for the 'U.S. Consulate General in Shanghai' are widespread.
[edit]On September 6, 2018, writer Liuliu posted on Weibo that when she searched for the official website of the Consulate General of the United States in Shanghai on Baidu, the results were flooded with advertisements, wh... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#30 | emoved advertisements related to visa agencies using "Consulate General of the United States in Shanghai," and implemented brand protection measures for the consulate's official website and related brand keywords.[16]
Counterfeit Visa Website Advertising Incident
[edit]On November 29, 2018, Yan Feng, a professor in the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticisms_of_Baidu#31 | o search for a website called "Turkey Visa Application Center" and ended up spending $129 through this institution. Yan Feng later discovered that the top two "Turkey Visa Application Center" results on Baidu were third-party agencies, causing him to pay nearly double the usual cost for the visa application.[17]
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