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ould 'fake text' be the next global political threat?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ a b Vincent, James (21 February 2019). "AI researchers debate the ethics of sharing potentially harmful programs". The Verge. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ a b Zhang, Hugh (19 February 2019). "OpenAI: Please Open Source Your Language Model". The Gradient. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrie
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hived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ Gokaslan, Aaron; Cohen, Vanya; Pavlick, Ellie; Tellex, Stefanie (22 August 2019). "OpenGPT-2: We Replicated GPT-2 Because You Can Too". Noteworthy. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Johnson, Khari (20 August 2019). "OpenAI releases curtailed version of GPT-2 language model". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ a b Vincent,
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2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ a b Vincent, James (6 June 2019). "There's a subreddit populated entirely by AI personifications of other subreddits". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ a b Murati, Ermira (2022-04-13). "Language & Coding Creativity | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
- ^ "GPT-2 Small". Retrieved October 29, 2024.
- ^ GPT-2 Medium. "Openai-community/Gpt2-medium · Hugging Face
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dium. "Openai-community/Gpt2-medium · Hugging Face".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Vincent, James (24 July 2019). "This AI-powered autocompletion software is Gmail's Smart Compose for coders". The Verge. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Olson, Mathew (17 December 2019). "AI Dungeon 2, the Text Adventure Where You Can do Nearly Anything, Is Now on Mobile". Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 27 Fe
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the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Nelius, Joanna (3 August 2020). "This AI-Powered Choose-Your-Own-Adventure Text Game Is Super Fun and Makes No Sense". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Ha, Anthony (4 February 2021). "AI Dungeon-maker Latitude raises $3.3M to build games with 'infinite' story possibilities". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ "Write Wi
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ry 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ "Write With Transformer". Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Talk to Transformer". Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "CreativeEngines". Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ Ohlheiser, Abby; Hao, Karen (26 February 2021). "An AI is training counselors to deal with teens in crisis". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the orig
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is". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ "Language models can explain neurons in language models". OpenAI. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
- ^ Zhu, Yukun; Kiros, Ryan; Zemel, Rich; Salakhutdinov, Ruslan; Urtasun, Raquel; Torralba, Antonio; Fidler, Sanja (2015). "Aligning Books and Movies: Towards Story-Like Visual Explanations by Watching Movies and Reading Books". International Conference on Computer Vision 2015: 19–27. arXiv:1506.06724.
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on Computer Vision 2015: 19–27. arXiv:1506.06724. Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
- ^ Brown, Tom B.; Mann, Benjamin; Ryder, Nick; Subbiah, Melanie; Kaplan, Jared; Dhariwal, Prafulla; Neelakantan, Arvind; Shyam, Pranav; Sastry, Girish; Askell, Amanda; Agarwal, Sandhini; Herbert-Voss, Ariel; Krueger, Gretchen; Henighan, Tom; Child, Rewon; Ramesh, Aditya; Ziegler, Daniel M.; Wu, Jeffrey; Winter, Clemens; Hesse, Christopher; Chen, Mark; Sigler, Eric; Litwin, Mateusz;
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topher; Chen, Mark; Sigler, Eric; Litwin, Mateusz; Gray, Scott; Chess, Benjamin; Clark, Jack; Berner, Christopher; McCandlish, Sam; Radford, Alec; Sutskever, Ilya; Amodei, Dario (July 22, 2020). "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners". arXiv:2005.14165 [cs.CL].
- ^ Arram (July 9, 2020). "GPT-3: An AI that's eerily good at writing almost anything". Arram Sabeti. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ Hao, Karen (September 23, 2020). "OpenAI is giving Microsoft e
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September 23, 2020). "OpenAI is giving Microsoft exclusive access to its GPT-3 language model". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
The companies say OpenAI will continue to offer its public-facing API, which allows chosen users to send text to GPT-3 or OpenAI's other models and receive its output. Only Microsoft, however, will have access to GPT-3's underlying code, allowing it to embed, repurpose, and modify the model as it pleases.
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Google LLC (/ˈɡuːɡəl/ ⓘ, GOO-gəl) is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).[9] It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" by the BBC[10] and is one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the field
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ection, and technological advantages in the field of AI.[11][12][13] Alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft, Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc. is one of the five Big Tech companies.
Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in California. Together, they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The c
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der voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's internet properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]
The compan
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ai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]
The company has since rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and services beyond Google Search, many of which hold dominant market positions. These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail), navigation and mapping (Waze, Maps, and Earth), cloud computing (Cloud), web navigation (Chrome), video sharing (YouTube), productivity (Workspace), operating systems (Android), cloud storage (Drive), language translation (Translate),
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torage (Drive), language translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), videotelephony (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch and Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video on demand (YouTube TV), AI (Google Assistant and Gemini), machine learning APIs (TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Discontinued Google products include gaming (Stadia),[15] Glass, Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus, Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[16][17] Google's other vent
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s, and Inbox by Gmail.[16][17] Google's other ventures outside of internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer models (Google DeepMind).[18]
Google Search and YouTube are the two most-visited websites worldwide, followed by Facebook and Twitter (now known as X). Google is also the largest search engine, mapping and navigation application, emai
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h engine, mapping and navigation application, email provider, office suite, online video platform, photo, and cloud storage provider, mobile operating system, web browser, machine learning framework, and AI virtual assistant provider in the world as measured by market share.[19] On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by Forbes as of January 2022[20] and fourth by Interbrand as of February 2022.[21]
The company has received significant criticism involving issues such as priv
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ignificant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search neutrality, antitrust, and abuse of its monopoly position. On August 5, 2024, D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit P. Mehta ruled that Google held an illegal monopoly over Internet search.[22]
History
Early years
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.[23][24][25] The project initially involved
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ornia.[23][24][25] The project initially involved an unofficial "third founder", Scott Hassan, the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;[26][27] Hassan went on to pursue a career in robotics and founded the company Willow Garage in 2006.[28][29]
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a
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erms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.[31] They called this algorithm PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.[32][31] Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page's ideas.[26] Page and Brin would also use their friend Susan Wojcicki's garage as their office when the search engine was set up i
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s their office when the search engine was set up in 1998.[33]
Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[23][34][35] Hassan, as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search
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nk and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeffrey Ullman were also cited as contributors to the project.[36] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in 1996, with Larry Page's PageRank patent including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine Baidu.[37][38]
Eventually, they changed the name to Googl
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37][38]
Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of the word googol,[23][39][40] a very large number written 10100 (1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[41]
Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim,[23] co-founder of Sun Microsystems. This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the company t
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erved as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.[42][43] Page and Brin initially approached David Cheriton for advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to Cisco for $220 million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim. The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David's home in Palo Alto and it
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e front porch of David's home in Palo Alto and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at Cisco, where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the check. David Cheriton later also joined in with a $250,000 investment.[44][45]
Google received money from two other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[46] Page and Brin had first appr
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neur Ram Shriram.[46] Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested $250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew Bezos because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google's founders and they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's ini
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e on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google's initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos' status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.[47][48]
Between these initial investors, friends and family Google raised around $1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in Menlo Park, California.[49] Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[25][50][51]
Afte
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was hired as the first employee.[25][50][51]
After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[46] a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[52] with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital.[43] Both firms were initially hesitant about investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company to themselves. Larry and Sergey however insisted on taking
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lves. Larry and Sergey however insisted on taking investments from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly $12.5 million each due to their belief in Google's great potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors Ron Conway and Ram Shriram who had contacts in the venture companies.[53]
Growth
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[54] which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[55] The next year, G
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Valley technology start-ups.[55] The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[56][25] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[57] In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.[58][59]
In 2003, after outgrowing two
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ing Inktomi.[58][59]
In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[61] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[62] By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be adde
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day language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[63][64] The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[65]
Additionally, in 2001 Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google.[4
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Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google.[49] Eric was proposed by John Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which h
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promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric was not initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential had not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at Novell where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Eric agreed to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.[66]
Initial public offeri
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ide funds Google needed.[66]
Initial public offering
On August 19, 2004, Google became a public company via an initial public offering. At that time Page, Brin and Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[67] The company opened on the NASDAQ National Market under the ticker symbol GOOGL with an offering of 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[68][69] Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse
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a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal.[70][71] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[72]
On October 9, 2006, Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock,[73][74][75][76] On July 20, 2007, Google bids $4.6 billion for the wireless-spectrum auction by the FCC.[77] On March 11, 2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had w
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ogle valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[78][79] By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google built 11 data centers around the world with several thousand servers in each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever-changing workload more efficiently.[49]
In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time.[80][81] In May 2012,
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e billion for the first time.[80][81] In May 2012, Google acquired Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion, in its largest acquisition to date.[82][83][84] This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[85] mainly Apple and Microsoft,[86] and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android.[87]
2012 onwards
In June 2013, Google acquired
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d.[87]
2012 onwards
In June 2013, Google acquired Waze for $966 million.[88] While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own mapping service.[89] Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-
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atement, Page explained that the "health and well-being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[90]
On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies, a privately held AI company from London.[91] Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.[92][93] The purchase of DeepMind aid
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on the price.[92][93] The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in the AI and robotics community.[94] In 2015, DeepMind's AlphaGo became the first computer program to defeat a top human pro at the game of Go.
According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,[95] 2014,[96] 2015,[97] and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.[98]
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize
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ust 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet's largest subsidiary and the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.[99][100][101]
On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the company that argued bias and "Google's Ideological
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company that argued bias and "Google's Ideological Echo Chamber" clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.[102] Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired on the same day.[103][104][105]
Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the compa
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Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, Dragonfly, a censored Chinese search engine, and Project Maven, a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.[106][107] On October 25, 2018, The New York Times published the exposé, "How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the 'Father of Android'". The company subsequently announced tha
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Android'". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[108] On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment complaints.[109][110] CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.[111] Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.[107]
On March 19, 2019, Google
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nternal activists.[107]
On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a cloud gaming platform called Google Stadia.[112]
On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would investigate Google for antitrust violations.[113] This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the search and search advertising markets.[114]
In December 2019, former PayPal c
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ng markets.[114]
In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role will not be directly involved with Google Pay.[115]
In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business
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like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.[116] Most employees were also working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the success of it even led to Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home [117]
The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite
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and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.[118][119][120]
In 2021, the Alphabet Workers Union was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.[121]
In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.[122]
In March 2021, Googl
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rch engine in Australia.[122]
In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google Stadia.[123] Google spent "tens of millions of dollars" on getting major publishers such as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.[124]
In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long program called "Project Bernanke" that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in
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er competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.[125]
In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google's capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.[126]
In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses and email addresses from its search r
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al addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is "broadly useful", such as news articles, or already part of the public record.[127]
In May 2022, Google announced that
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ic record.[127]
In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up company Raxium. Raxium is set to join Google's Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system integration.[128][129]
In December 2022, Google debuted OSV-Scanner,[130][131] a Go tool for finding security holes in open source software, which pulls from the largest open source vulner
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e, which pulls from the largest open source vulnerability database of its kind to defend against supply chain attacks.
Following the success of ChatGPT and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google's senior management issued a "code red"[132] and a "directive that all of its most important products—those with more than a billion users—must incorporate generative AI within months".[133] In March 2023, in direct response to the rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now
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rapid rise of ChatGPT, Google released Bard (now Gemini), a generative artificial intelligence chatbot.[134]
In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company's tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google's total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.[135]
In August 2024, Google would los
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$2 billion.[135]
In August 2024, Google would lose a lawsuit which started in 2020 in lower court, as it was found that the company had an illegal monopoly over Internet search.[136] D.C. Circuit Court Judge Amit Mehta held that this monopoly was in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act.[137] In September 2024, the EU Court of Justice, based in Europe, would also find that Google held an illegal monopoly, in this case with regards to its shopping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 bi
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pping search, and could not avoid paying a €2.4 billion fine.[138] The EU Court of Justice found that Google's treatment of rival shopping searches, which the court referred to as "discriminatory", was in violation of the Digital Markets Act.[138]
In October 2024, Google was fined by a local Russian court a symbolic 2.5 decillion dollars for allegedly blocking pro-Kremlin propaganda. No payment was made.[139]
In November 2024, Google announced the establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, a
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e establishment of a new AI hub in Saudi Arabia, aiming to support the Kingdom's economic growth and technological development as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. This AI hub is projected to contribute up to $71 billion to Saudi Arabia's economy by advancing AI-driven solutions tailored to the region's specific needs and training local talent.[140]
The partnership between Google and Saudi Arabia includes collaboration with key stakeholders, such as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop
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ch as the Public Investment Fund (PIF), to develop AI applications that will benefit sectors like healthcare, finance, oil and gas, and logistics. The initiative focuses on creating localized AI technologies, with an emphasis on integrating Arabic language capabilities and enabling widespread cloud adoption.[141]
In March 2025, Google agreed to acquire Wiz, a New York-based cybersecurity startup focusing on cloud computing, for US$32 billion. This cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as wel
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s cash deal would be Google's biggest ever, as well as it currently being the most expensive deal of 2025. Alphabet reportedly tried to close a deal for only $23 billion in 2024, but this fell apart after concerns about regulatory hurdles, among other issues. Wiz, a company located in the U.S. and Israel, was cofounded in 2020 by Assaf Rappaport. The company is backed by a number of Silicon Valley venture capitalists, as well as notably being partnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in the
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tnered with Amazon and Microsoft, as listed in their website. Google reportedly said "the deal would help artificial-intelligence companies get better security and use more than one cloud service."[142]
Products and services
Search engine
Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators.[143] According to comScore market research from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United Sta
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ch is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.[144] In May 2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting users search for content in their Google accounts' various services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.[145][146]
Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites.[147] Google also hosts Google Books, a service which searc
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gle also hosts Google Books, a service which searches the text found in books in its database and shows limited previews or and the full book where allowed.[148]
Google expanded its search services to include shopping (launched originally as Froogle in 2002),[149] finance (launched 2006),[150] and flights (launched 2011).[151]
Advertising
Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, And
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igital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.[152] In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from its a
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search requests, Google uses technology from its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.[153][154] In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[155]
Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[156] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party
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Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[157] The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[158] One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on a
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curs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.[159] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
Generative a
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optimize their website's visibility.
Generative artificial intelligence
Google had previously used virtual assistants and chatbots, such as Google Bard, prior to the announcement of Gemini in March 2024. None of them, however, had been seen as legitimate competitors to ChatGPT, unlike Gemini.[160] An AI training program for Google employees was also introduced in April 2024.[161]
Google has created the text-to-image model Imagen,[162] and the text-to-video model Veo.[163] In 2025, Google announ
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xt-to-video model Veo.[163] In 2025, Google announced SynthID Detector, a tool that uses watermarking to identify whether content such as text, images, audio, or video was generated using Google products.[164]
In 2023, Google released NotebookLM, an online tool for synthesizing documents using Gemini. In September 2024, it gained attention for its "Audio Overview" feature, which generates podcast-like summaries of documents.[165][166] Google also developed LearnLM, a family of language models se
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developed LearnLM, a family of language models serving as personal AI tutors.[167]
Consumer services
Web-based services
Google offers Gmail for email,[168] Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling,[169] Google Maps and Google Earth for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[170] Google Drive for cloud storage of files,[171] Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity,[171] Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,[172] Google Keep for note-taking,[173] Google Translate for
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e Keep for note-taking,[173] Google Translate for language translation,[174] YouTube for video viewing and sharing,[175] Google My Business for managing public business information,[176] Google Classroom for managing assignments and communication in education,[177] and Duo for social interaction.[178] A job search product has also existed since before 2017,[179][180][181] Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job boards and career sites.[182] Google Earth, l
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job boards and career sites.[182] Google Earth, launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.[183]
Software
Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[184] as well as its smartwatch,[185] television,[186] car,[187] and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.[188] It also develops the Google Chrome web browser,[189] and ChromeOS, an operating system based on
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r,[189] and ChromeOS, an operating system based on Chrome.[190]
Hardware
In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own brand.[191] It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding[192] until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.[193]
In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on ChromeOS.[194]
In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to stream content from their
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, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.[195][196]
In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.[197]
In October 2016, Google announced Daydream View, a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.[198][199]
Other hardware products include:
- Nest, a series of voice a
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ware products include:
- Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original Google Home[200] (later succeeded by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later succeeded by the Nest Mini), the Google Home Max, the Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest Hub)
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Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the Nest Hub Max.
- Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.[201]
Enterprise services
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[202]) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional adminis
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Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[203]
On September 24, 2012,[204] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[205] Presently, there are seven Campus locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.
On March
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, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.
On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete customer journey", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences t
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ful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[206] Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[207]
Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[208][209] Following Google's corpor
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erican cities.[208][209] Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[210][211]
In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.[212][213]
Financial services
In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to jo
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, Google became the first major tech company to join the OpenWallet Foundation, launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital wallets.[214]
Corporate affairs
Stock price performance and quarterly earnings
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[68][69] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.
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a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[72] The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[215] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[216] The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[216] GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[217] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stoc
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res.[217] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.[update][218]
In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.[219][220
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agazines, and television to the Internet.[219][220][221]
For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.[222] In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[223]
Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Rev
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nted, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[224]
Google's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[225] Google's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in
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r $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on advertisements.[226] By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.[227]
Tax avoidance strategies
Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. On the list of largest technology companies by revenue, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherland
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on-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.[228] This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices in 2012.[229]
In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the U.S.[230]
Google Vice-president
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ldings back to the U.S.[230]
Google Vice-president Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[231] In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[232] In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.[233]
In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th i
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e ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.[234]
Corporate identity
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",[235][236] which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on PageRank:[36] "We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100[,] and fits well with our goal
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f googol, or 10100[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[237][64] Google's mission statement, from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[238] a
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make it universally accessible and useful",[238] and its unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil".[239] In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right thing".[240] The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.
The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[241] Since 1998,[update] Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended
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lternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.[242][243] The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodle
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stille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[244]
Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was Google MentalPlex which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[245] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their t
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ushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.[246]
Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork", Pig Latin, "Hacker" or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.[247] When searching for the word "anagram", meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[248] Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help e
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ce 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author technical documentation better.[249]
Workplace culture
On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,[250][251][252] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[253][254] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.[255] Google's corporate philosophy inclu
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on index.[255] Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "you can make money without doing evil", "you can be serious without a suit", and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun".[256]
As of September 30, 2020,[update] Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,[257] of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.[8] Google's 2020[update] diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce bein
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are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).[258] Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.[259] In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, as of March 2019.[update][8]
Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-lev
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based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six".[260] As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense, originated from these independent endeavors.[261] In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Go
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n a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.[262]
In 2005, articles in The New York Times[263] and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[264][265][266] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Offic
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e culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[267] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[268][269] In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[270] In a lawsuit filed Janua
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