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r mathematical formulas in TeX was added. The code was contributed by Tomasz Wegrzanowski.
- On 9 June 2003, Wikipedia's ISBN interface was amended to make ISBNs in articles link to Special:Booksources, which fetches its contents from the user-editable page Wikipedia:Book sources. Before this, ISBN link targets were coded into the software and new ones were suggested on the Wikipedia:ISBN page. See the edit that changed this.
- After 6 December 2003, various system messages shown to Wikipedia us
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003, various system messages shown to Wikipedia users were no longer hard coded, allowing Wikipedia administrators to modify certain parts of MediaWiki's interface, such as the message shown to blocked users.
- On 12 February 2004, server operations were moved from San Diego, California to Tampa, Florida.[163]
- On 29 May 2004, all the various websites were updated to a new version of the MediaWiki software.
- On 30 May 2004, the first instances of "categorization" entries appeared. Category sch
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of "categorization" entries appeared. Category schemes, like Recent Changes and Edit This Page, had existed since the founding of Wikipedia. However, Sanger had viewed the schemes as lists, and even hand-entered articles, whereas the categorization effort centered on individual categorization entries in each article of the encyclopedia, as part of a larger automatic categorization of the articles of the encyclopedia.[164]
- After 3 June 2004, administrators could edit the style of the interface
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inistrators could edit the style of the interface by changing the CSS in the monobook stylesheet at MediaWiki:Monobook.css.
- Also on 30 May 2004, with MediaWiki 1.3, the Template namespace was created, allowing transclusion of standard texts.[165]
- On 7 June 2005 at 3:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time, the bulk of the Wikimedia servers were moved to a new facility across the street. All Wikimedia projects were down during this time.
- In March 2013, the first phase of the Wikidata interwiki databa
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, the first phase of the Wikidata interwiki database became available across Wikipedia's language editions.[120]
- In July 2013, the VisualEditor editing interface was inaugurated, allowing users to edit Wikipedia using a WYSIWYG text editor (similar to a word processor) instead of wiki markup.[131] An editing interface optimised for mobile devices was also released.[132]
Look and feel
- The external face of Wikipedia, its look and feel, and the Wikipedia branding, as presented to users.
- On 4
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Wikipedia branding, as presented to users.
- On 4 April 2002, BrilliantProse, since renamed Featured Articles,[166] was moved to the Wikipedia namespace from the article namespace.
- Around 15 October 2003, a new Wikipedia logo was installed. The logo concept was selected by a voting process,[167] which was followed by a revision process to select the best variant. The final selection was created by David Friedland (who edits Wikipedia under the username "nohat") based on a logo design and conce
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username "nohat") based on a logo design and concept created by Paul Stansifer.
- On 22 February 2004, Did You Know (DYK) made its first Main Page appearance.
- On 23 February 2004, a coordinated new look for the Main Page appeared at 19:46 UTC. Hand-chosen entries for the Daily Featured Article, Anniversaries, In the News, and Did You Know rounded out the new look.
- On 10 January 2005, the multilingual portal at www.wikipedia.org was set up, replacing a redirect to the English-language Wikiped
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placing a redirect to the English-language Wikipedia.
- On 5 February 2005, Portal:Biology was created, becoming the first thematic "portal" on the English Wikipedia.[168] However, the concept was pioneered on the German Wikipedia, where Portal:Recht (law studies) was set up in October 2003.[169]
- On 16 July 2005, the English Wikipedia began the practice of including the day's "featured pictures" on the Main Page.
- On 19 March 2006, following a vote, the Main Page of the English-language Wikip
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vote, the Main Page of the English-language Wikipedia featured its first redesign in nearly two years.
- On 13 May 2010, the site released a new interface. New features included an updated logo, new navigation tools, and a link wizard.[104]
Layout changes in 2023
Vector 2022, an update to Wikipedia's previous skin Vector 2010, was announced in September 2020, and initially slated for debut in 2021, before being ultimately deployed in January 2023.[170] By January 2023, Wikimedia had made the up
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3.[170] By January 2023, Wikimedia had made the update available to 300 of its language editions; it was the default for the Arabic and Greek versions.[171][172][173]
Vector 2022 features a revised user interface which makes numerous changes to the arrangement of the interface elements. Among them, the language selection menu, previously located to the left of the screen, now is found in the top right corner of the display of the article that is currently read.[173] Additionally, the sidebar is
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currently read.[173] Additionally, the sidebar is collapsible behind a hamburger button. Vector 2022 additionally increases the margins of the article display, which has the effect of limiting the width of the article;[173] a toggle exists which can decrease the margins and expand the line width of the article to fill the screen.[174][172] The default size of the text has not been increased, although the Wikimedia Foundation told Engadget that they hope to make this an option in future.[171] The
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ey hope to make this an option in future.[171] The search function was also updated in Vector 2022, as the suggested results in response to user queries now include images and short descriptions from the pages in question.[173][175]
The Wikimedia Foundation said that the change was motivated by a desire to modernize the site and improve the navigation and editing experience for readers inexperienced with the internet, as the previous skin was deemed "clunky and overwhelming."[170][171][174] Test
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med "clunky and overwhelming."[170][171][174] Tests conducted by the foundation yielded results of a 30 percent increase in user searches, and a 15 percent decrease in scrolling.[171][174] Early versions of Vector 2022 first went live in 2020 on the French-, Hebrew-, and Portuguese-language Wikipedia sites,[170] as the skin's new features were rolled out to users for testing gradually before its full release.[176] The skin went live as the default skin for readers of Wikimedia sites in 300 (out
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t skin for readers of Wikimedia sites in 300 (out of 318) languages on 18 January 2023.[171][172][173]
Following the mass rollout of Vector 2022, it is still possible to read Wikipedia using the previous skin. However, to do so requires readers to register for a Wikipedia account, and then set their preferences to display Vector 2010 instead.[173] No changes were made to existing Wikipedia skins such as Monobook and Timeless, which also remain available to use.[172][177]
Wikipedia users were div
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ailable to use.[172][177]
Wikipedia users were divided on the changes. A request for comment on the English Wikipedia asking the community whether or not Vector 2022 should be deployed as the default skin accumulated over 90,000 words in responses.[172] Critics of the redesign objected most prominently to the white space left empty in the new skin, while other users criticized said critics as having a kneejerk resistance to change.[172] 165 editors participating in the discussion disapproved of
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rs participating in the discussion disapproved of the new skin, while 153 were in favor, and nine remained neutral.[178][172][179] Despite the larger number of editors who expressed that they did not want Vector 2022 to be deployed in its then-current form, as consensus on Wikipedia is not decided by vote, the discussion was closed in favor of the redesign, considering the positive comments left by other users.[178][172] The Vector 2022 developers made some changes to the skin in response to the
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s made some changes to the skin in response to the criticisms, such as adding a toggle to enable article content to fill the entire width of the screen.[172][180] Users on the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously disagreed with the enactment of the new skin.[172]
Journalists responding to Vector 2022's rollout considered the update and the new features introduced as useful additions, but generally characterized the skin as a minor update that did not fundamentally change their reading experience on Wik
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ndamentally change their reading experience on Wikipedia.[175][172][174] Annie Rauwerda, creator of the Depths of Wikipedia social media accounts, wrote in Slate that Vector 2022 was not "dramatically different" from the previous skin. Rauwerda additionally noted the similarity between the Wikipedia community backlash against the design and previous resistances to similar visual changes on popular sites such as Reddit.[172] Rauwerda, and Mike Pearl of Mashable, commented that users displeased wi
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rl of Mashable, commented that users displeased with the change could weigh in on a discussion about the skin, or use the site's built-in customization features to alter their reading experience.[178][172]
Internal structures
- Landmarks in the Wikipedia community, and the development of its organization, internal structures, and policies.
- In April 2001, Wales formally defines the "neutral point of view",[181] Wikipedia's core non-negotiable editorial policy,[182] a reformulation of the "Lack
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itorial policy,[182] a reformulation of the "Lack of Bias" policy outlined by Sanger for Nupedia in spring or summer 2000, which covered many of the same core principles.[183]
- In September 2001, collaboration by subject matter in WikiProjects is introduced.[184]
- In February 2002, concerns over the risk of future censorship and commercialization by Bomis Inc (Wikipedia's original host) combined with a lack of guarantee this would not happen, led most participants of the Spanish Wikipedia to b
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ed most participants of the Spanish Wikipedia to break away and establish it independently as the Enciclopedia Libre.[185] Following clarification of Wikipedia's status and non-commercial nature later that year, re-merger talks between Enciclopedia Libre and the re-founded Spanish Wikipedia occasionally took place in 2002 and 2003, but no conclusion was reached. As of October 2009, the two continue to coexist as substantial Spanish language reference sources, with around 43,000 articles (EL) and
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ence sources, with around 43,000 articles (EL) and 520,000 articles (Sp.W) respectively.[186]
- Also in 2002, policy and style issues were clarified with the creation of the Manual of Style, along with a number of other policies and guidelines.[187]
- In November 2002, new mailing lists for WikiEN and Announce were set up, as well as other language mailing lists, to reduce the volume of traffic on mailing lists.[188]
- In July 2003, the rule against editing one's autobiography is introduced.[189
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nst editing one's autobiography is introduced.[189]
- On 28 October 2003, the first "real" meeting of Wikipedians happened in Munich. Many cities followed suit, and soon a number of regular Wikipedian get-togethers were established around the world. Several Internet communities, including one on the popular blog website LiveJournal, have also sprung up since.
- From 10 July to 30 August 2004 the Wikipedia:Browse and Wikipedia:Browse by overview formerly on the Main Page were replaced by links to
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ormerly on the Main Page were replaced by links to overviews. On 27 August 2004 the Community Portal was started,[190] to serve as a focus for community efforts. These were previously accomplished on an informal basis, by individual queries of the Recent Changes, in wiki style, as ad hoc collaborations between like-minded editors.
- During September to December 2005 following the Seigenthaler controversy and other similar concerns,[191] several anti-abuse features and policies were added to Wiki
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nti-abuse features and policies were added to Wikipedia. These were:
- The policy for "Checkuser" (a MediaWiki extension to assist detection of abuse via internet sock-puppetry) was established in November 2005.[192] Checkuser function had previously existed but was viewed more as a system tool at the time, so there had been no need for a policy covering use on a more routine basis.[193]
- Creation of new pages on the English Wikipedia was restricted to editors who had created a user account.[19
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cted to editors who had created a user account.[194]
- The introduction and rapid adoption of the policy Wikipedia:Biographies of living people, giving a far tighter quality control and fact-check system to biographical articles related to living people.
- The "semi-protection" function and policy,[195] allowing pages to be protected so that only those with an account could edit.
- In May 2006, a new "oversight" feature was introduced on the English Wikipedia, allowing a handful of highly truste
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ish Wikipedia, allowing a handful of highly trusted users to permanently erase page revisions containing copyright infringements or libelous or personal information from a page's history. Previous to this, page version deletion was laborious, and also deleted versions remained visible to other administrators and could be un-deleted by them.
- On 1 January 2007, the subcommunity named Esperanza was disbanded by communal consent. Esperanza had begun as an effort to promote "wikilove" and a social
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n as an effort to promote "wikilove" and a social support network, but had developed its own subculture and private structures.[196] Its disbanding was described as the painful but necessary remedy for a project that had allowed editors to "see themselves as Esperanzans first and foremost".[197] A number of Esperanza's subprojects were integrated back into Wikipedia as free-standing projects, but most of them are now inactive. When the group was founded in September 2005, there had been concerns
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founded in September 2005, there had been concerns expressed that it would eventually be condemned as such.[198]
- In April 2007, the results of a 4-month policy review by a working group of several hundred editors seeking to merge the core Wikipedia policies into one core policy (Wikipedia:Attribution) were polled for community support. The proposal did not gain consensus; a significant view became evident that the existing structure of three strong focused policies covering the respective area
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rong focused policies covering the respective areas of policy, was frequently seen as more helpful to quality control than one more general merged proposal.
- A one-day blackout of Wikipedia was called by Jimmy Wales on 18 January 2012, in conjunction with Google and over 7,000 other websites, to protest the Stop Online Piracy Act then under consideration by the United States Congress.
The Wikimedia Foundation and legal structures
- Legal and organizational structure of the Wikimedia Foundation,
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anizational structure of the Wikimedia Foundation, its executive, and its activities as a foundation.
- In August 2002, shortly after Jimmy Wales announced that he would never run commercial advertisements on Wikipedia, the URL of Wikipedia was changed from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org (.com and .org).
- On 20 June 2003, the Wikimedia Foundation was founded.
- Communications committee was formed in January 2006 to handle media inquiries and emails received for the foundation and Wikipedia via
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ils received for the foundation and Wikipedia via the newly implemented OTRS (a ticket handling system).
- Angela Beesley and Florence Nibart-Devouard were elected to the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. During this time, Angela was active in editing content and setting policies, such as privacy policy, within the Foundation.[199]
- On 10 January 2006, Wikipedia became a registered trademark of Wikimedia Foundation.[200]
- In July 2006, Angela Beesley resigned from the board of the
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006, Angela Beesley resigned from the board of the Wikimedia Foundation.[201]
- In October 2006, Florence Nibart-Devouard became chair of the board of the Wikimedia Foundation.
Edit milestones and projects
- Sister projects and milestones related to articles, user base, and other statistics.
- On 15 January 2001, the first recorded edit of Wikipedia was performed.
- In December 2002, the first sister project, Wiktionary, was created; aiming to produce a dictionary and thesaurus of the words in a
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oduce a dictionary and thesaurus of the words in all languages. It uses the same software as Wikipedia.
- On 22 January 2003, the English Wikipedia was again slashdotted after having reached the 100,000 article milestone with the Hastings, article. Two days later, the German-language Wikipedia, the largest non-English language version, passed the 10,000 article mark.
- On 20 June 2003, the same day that the Wikimedia Foundation was founded, "Wikiquote" was created. A month later, "Wikibooks" was
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quote" was created. A month later, "Wikibooks" was launched. "Wikisource" was set up towards the end of the year.
- In January 2004, Wikipedia reached the 200,000-article milestone in English with the article on Neil Warnock, and reached 450,000 articles for both English and non-English Wikipedias. The next month, the combined article count of the English and non-English reached 500,000.
- On 20 April 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached 250,000.
- On 7 July 2004, the article
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dia reached 250,000.
- On 7 July 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached 300,000.
- On 20 September 2004, Wikipedia's total article count exceeded 1,000,000 articles in over 105 languages; the project received a flurry of related attention in the press.[202] The one millionth article was published in the Hebrew Wikipedia and discusses the flag of Kazakhstan.
- On 20 November 2004, the article count of the English Wikipedia reached 400,000.
- On 18 March 2005, Wikipedia passed th
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d 400,000.
- On 18 March 2005, Wikipedia passed the 500,000-article milestone in English, with Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union being announced in a press release as the landmark article.[203]
- In May 2005, Wikipedia became the most popular reference website on the Internet according to traffic monitoring company Hitwise, relegating Dictionary.com to second place.
- On 29 September 2005, the English Wikipedia passed the 750,000-article mark.
- On 1 March 2006, the English Wikipedia p
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e mark.
- On 1 March 2006, the English Wikipedia passed the 1,000,000-article mark, with Jordanhill railway station being announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.[204]
- On 8 June 2006, the English Wikipedia passed the 1,000-featured-article mark, with Iranian peoples.[205]
- On 15 August 2006, the Wikimedia Foundation launched Wikiversity.[206]
- On 1 September 2006, Wikipedia exceeded 5,000,000 articles across all 229 language editions.
- On 24 November 2006, the English Wikipedia
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ons.
- On 24 November 2006, the English Wikipedia passed the 1,500,000-article mark, with Kanab ambersnail being announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.[204]
- On 4 April 2007, the first Wikipedia CD selection in English was published as a free download.[207]
- On 22 April 2007, the English Wikipedia passed the 1,750,000-article mark. RAF raid on La Caine HQ was the 1,750,000th article.
- On 9 September 2007, the English Wikipedia passed the 2,000,000-article mark. El Hormiguero was
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ssed the 2,000,000-article mark. El Hormiguero was accepted by consensus as the 2,000,000th article.
- On 28 March 2008, Wikipedia exceeded 10 million articles across all 251 language editions.
- On 11 October 2008, the English Wikipedia passed the 2,500,000-article mark. While no attempt was made to officially identify the 2,500,000th article, Joe Connor (baseball) has been suggested as the possible article.
- On 17 August 2009, the English Wikipedia passed the 3,000,000-article mark, with Beat
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pedia passed the 3,000,000-article mark, with Beate Eriksen being announced on the Main Page as the milestone article.
- On 27 December 2009, the German Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 21 September 2010, the French Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 12 December 2010, the English Wikipedia passed the 3,500,000-article mark.
- On 22 November 2011, Wikipedia exceeded
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le mark.
- On 22 November 2011, Wikipedia exceeded 20 million articles across all 282 language editions.
- On 7 November 2011, the German Wikipedia exceeded 100 million page edits.
- On 24 November 2011, the English Wikipedia exceeded 500 million page edits.
- On 17 December 2011, the Dutch Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the fourth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 13 July 2012, the English Wikipedia exceeded 4,000,000 articles, with Izbat al-Burj.[125]
- On 22 January 2
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ticles, with Izbat al-Burj.[125]
- On 22 January 2013, the Italian Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 11 May 2013, the Russian Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the sixth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 16 May 2013, the Spanish Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the seventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 15 June 2013, the Swedish Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the eig
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edia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the eighth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 25 September 2013, the Polish Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the ninth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 21 October 2013, Wikipedia exceeded 30 million articles across all 287 language editions.
- On 17 December 2013, the French Wikipedia exceeded 100,000,000 page edits.
- On 25 April 2014, the English Wikipedia passed the 4,500,000 article mark.
- On 8 June 2014, the Waray Wi
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0,000 article mark.
- On 8 June 2014, the Waray Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the tenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 15 June 2014, the Vietnamese Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the eleventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 17 July 2014, the Cebuano Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the twelfth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 6 September 2015, the Swedish Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the second Wik
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ceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 1 November 2015, the English Wikipedia exceeded 5,000,000 articles, with Persoonia terminalis, and it has over 125,000 editors who have made 1 or more edits in the past 30 days.
- On 1 February 2016, the Japanese Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the thirteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 14 February 2016, the Cebuano Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the third Wikip
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eeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 29 April 2016, the Swedish Wikipedia exceeded 3,000,000 articles, becoming the third Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 26 May 2016, Wikipedia exceeded 40 million articles across all 293 language editions.
- On 26 September 2016, the Cebuano Wikipedia exceeded 3,000,000 articles, becoming the fourth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 19 November 2016, the German Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 artic
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016, the German Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 3 March 2017, the Cebuano Wikipedia exceeded 4,000,000 articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 6 July 2017, the Spanish Wikipedia exceeded 100,000,000 page edits.
- On 15 September 2017, the Russian Wikipedia exceeded 100,000,000 page edits.
- On 27 October 2017, the English Wikipedia passed the 5,500,000-article mark.
- On 13 April 2018, the Chinese
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,000-article mark.
- On 13 April 2018, the Chinese Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the fourteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 27 June 2018, the Portuguese Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the fifteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 8 July 2018, the French Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the fifth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 14 October 2018, the Arabic Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the sixteen
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exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the sixteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 20 January 2019, the Spanish Wikipedia exceeded 1,500,000 articles, becoming the seventh Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 1 February 2019, the Wikipedia News recalculated that the Italian Wikipedia exceeded 1,500,000 articles, becoming the eighth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 9 March 2019, Wikipedia exceeded 50 million articles across all 309 language editions.
- On 2 August 2019,
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ss all 309 language editions.
- On 2 August 2019, the South Azerbaijani Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 page edits.
- On 17 November 2019, the Arabic Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the eighteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 23 January 2020, the English Wikipedia exceeded 6,000,000 articles, with Maria Elise Turner Lauder as the milestone article.
- On 9 March 2020, the Dutch Wikipedia exceeded 2,000,000 articles, becoming the sixth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
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ing the sixth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 23 March 2020, the Ukrainian Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the seventeenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 1 July 2020, the Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 articles, becoming the eighteenth Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 25 December 2020, the Bengali Wikipedia exceeded 100,000 articles.[208]
- On 3 February 2021, the Malagasy Wikipedia exceeded 1,000,000 page edits.
- On 4 February 2021, t
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eded 1,000,000 page edits.
- On 4 February 2021, the English Wikipedia exceeded 1 billion page edits.
- On 14 October 2021, the Cebuano Wikipedia exceeded 6,000,000 articles, becoming the second Wikipedia language edition to do so.
- On 14 December 2021, the Polish Wikipedia exceeded 1,500,000 articles, becoming the twelfth Wikipedia language edition to do so.[209]
- On 26 December 2021, the Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia exceeded 1,500,000 articles.[209]
- On 19 January 2022, the Indonesian Wikipedi
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209]
- On 19 January 2022, the Indonesian Wikipedia exceeded 20 million page edits.
- On 17 October 2022, The Norwegian Wikipedia exceeded 600,000 articles.[209]
- On 27 November 2022, Wikipedia exceeded 60 million articles across all 329 language editions.[210]
Fundraising
Every year, the Wikimedia Foundation runs fundraising campaigns on Wikipedia to support its operations. These generally last about a month and happen at different times of the year in different countries. In addition to the f
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year in different countries. In addition to the fundraising banners on Wikipedia itself, there are also email campaigns; some emails invite people to leave the Wikimedia Foundation money in their wills.[212][213] Revenue has risen every year of the Wikimedia Foundation's existence, reaching US$180.17 million as of 30 June 2023, versus expenses of US$169.1 million.[214][215] In addition, the Wikimedia Endowment, an organizationally separate fundraising effort begun in 2016, reached $100 million
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aising effort begun in 2016, reached $100 million in 2021, five years sooner than planned.[216]
External impact
- In 2007, Wikipedia was deemed fit to be used as a major source by the UK Intellectual Property Office in a Formula One trademark case ruling.[217]
- Over time, Wikipedia gained recognition amongst more traditional media as a "key source" for major new events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and related tsunami, the 2008 American Presidential election,[218] and 2007 Virginia
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can Presidential election,[218] and 2007 Virginia Tech shooting. The latter article was accessed 750,000 times in two days, with newspapers published locally to the shootings adding that "Wikipedia has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information on the event."[219]
- On 21 February 2007, Noam Cohen of the New York Times reported that some academics were banning the use of Wikipedia as a research tool.[220]
- On 27 February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that
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cle in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that some professors at Harvard University included Wikipedia in their syllabi, but that there was a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.[221]
- In July 2013, a large-scale study by four major universities identified the most disputed articles on Wikipedia, finding that Israel, Adolf Hitler, and God were more fiercely debated than any other subjects.[222]
Effect of biographical articles
Because Wikipedia biographies are often updated with ne
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se Wikipedia biographies are often updated with new information comes, they are often used as a reference source on the lives of notable people. This has led to attempts to manipulate and falsify Wikipedia articles for promotional or defamatory purposes (Controversies) and has also led to novel uses of the biographical material provided.
- In November 2005, the Seigenthaler controversy occurred when a hoaxer asserted on Wikipedia that journalist John Seigenthaler had been involved in the Kennedy
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John Seigenthaler had been involved in the Kennedy assassination of 1963.
- In December 2006, German comedian Atze Schröder sued Arne Klempert, secretary of Wikimedia Deutschland because he did not want his real name published in Wikipedia. Schröder later withdrew his complaint but wanted his attorney's costs to be paid by Klempert. A court decided that the artist had to cover those costs himself.[223]
- On 16 February 2007, Turkish historian Taner Akçam was briefly detained upon arrival at Mont
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er Akçam was briefly detained upon arrival at Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport because of false information on his Wikipedia biography claiming he was a terrorist.[224][225]
- In November 2008, the German Left Party politician Lutz Heilmann claimed that some remarks in his Wikipedia article caused damage to his reputation. He succeeded in getting a court order to make Wikimedia Deutschland remove a key search portal. The result was a national outpouring of support for Wikipe
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lt was a national outpouring of support for Wikipedia, more donations to Wikimedia Deutschland, and a rise in daily pageviews of the Lutz Heilmann article from a few dozen to half a million. Shortly after, Heilmann asked the court to withdraw the court order.[226]
- In December 2008, Wikimedia Nederland, the Dutch chapter, won a preliminary injunction after an entrepreneur was linked in "his" article with the criminal Willem Holleeder and wanted the article deleted. The judge in Utrecht believed
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the article deleted. The judge in Utrecht believed Wikimedia's assertion that it has no influence on the content of Dutch Wikipedia.[227]
- In February 2009, when Karl Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Buhl-Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg became federal minister on 10 February 2009, an unregistered user added an eleventh given name in the article on German Wikipedia: Wilhelm. Numerous newspapers took it over. When wary Wikipedians wanted to erase Wilhelm, the reve
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wary Wikipedians wanted to erase Wilhelm, the revert was reverted with regard to those newspapers. This case about Wikipedia reliability and journalists copying from Wikipedia became known as Falscher Wilhelm ("wrong Wilhelm").[228]
Early roles of Wales and Sanger
Wales, along with others, came up with and funded the idea of an open-source, collaborative encyclopedia that would accept contributions from ordinary people.[19] Sanger played an important role in this as Nupedia's editor-in-chief and
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tant role in this as Nupedia's editor-in-chief and main employee.[229] In Sanger's introductory message to the Nupedia mailing list, he said that Jimmy Wales "contacted me and asked me to apply as editor-in-chief of Nupedia. [...] He had had the idea for Nupedia since at least last fall. He tells me that, when thinking about people (particularly philosophers) he knew who could manage this sort of long-term project, he thought I would be perfect for the job. This is indeed my dream job".[230]
San
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or the job. This is indeed my dream job".[230]
Sanger suggested using a wiki to provide a complementary project for people "intimidated and bored" by Nupedia's elaborate processes,[27] and coined the portmanteau "Wikipedia" as the project name.[231][229] This was broadly seen as a way to unblock the growing community of Nupedians who found it hard to contribute.[229] Sanger continued to work on Nupedia while contributing to Wikipedia (including drafting policies such as "Ignore all rules"[232] a
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rafting policies such as "Ignore all rules"[232] and "Neutral point of view"[63]) and worked with an outreach lead to build up the community of both Nupedia and Wikipedia editors.[229] Upon departure in March 2002, Sanger emphasized the main issue was purely the cessation of funding for his role, which was not viable part-time,[21] and encouraged others to continue contributing to Wikipedia while noting that Nupedia could not survive without a full-time editor-in-chief.[21] Later that year he st
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ll-time editor-in-chief.[21] Later that year he stopped contributing to either project, and by 2004 had become publicly critical of Wikipedia. In December 2004 he wrote an essay arguing that Wikipedia was suffering from anti-elitism.[233] In April 2005 he published a two-part memoir of his work on Nupedia and Wikipedia, highlighting his role in their creation and continuing belief that Nupedia deserved to be saved.[233] Later that year Wales began to push back on Sanger's characterization of his
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n to push back on Sanger's characterization of his role in the project.[234][235][236] By 2006, after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger was harshly critical of Wikipedia, describing it as "broken beyond repair."[237]
In 2005, Wales described himself simply as the founder of Wikipedia;[234] however, according to Brian Bergstein of the Associated Press, "Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder."[229] Sanger and Wales were referred to as co-founders in various press releases, interviews, and new
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ers in various press releases, interviews, and news reports from 2001[238] and 2002.[239] Before January 2004, Wales did not dispute Sanger's status as co-founder.[240] In 2006, Wales said, "He used to work for me [...] I don't agree with calling him a co-founder, but he likes the title".[241] Starting in 2006, when Sanger wrote and was interviewed extensively about the launch of Citizendium, he emphasized his status as co-founder, and these earlier sources that described him as such.[229][238][
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ier sources that described him as such.[229][238][242][243]
Controversies
- In November 2005, the Seigenthaler controversy caused Brian Chase to resign from his employment, after his identity was ascertained by Daniel Brandt of Wikipedia Watch. Following this, the scientific journal Nature undertook a peer reviewed study to test articles in Wikipedia against their equivalents in Encyclopædia Britannica, and concluded they are comparable in terms of accuracy.[244][245] Britannica rejected their m
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of accuracy.[244][245] Britannica rejected their methodology and their conclusion.[246] Nature refused to release any form of apology, and instead asserted the reliability of its study and a rejection of the criticisms.[247]
- During early-to-mid-2006, the congressional aides biography scandals were publicized, whereby several political aides were caught trying to influence the Wikipedia biographies of several politicians. The aides removed undesirable information (including pejorative quotes, o
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irable information (including pejorative quotes, or broken campaign promises), added favorable information or "glowing" tributes, or replaced the article in part or whole by staff-authored biographies. The staff of at least five politicians were implicated: Marty Meehan, Norm Coleman, Conrad Burns, Joe Biden and Gil Gutknecht.[248] The activities documented were:
In a separate but similar incident, the campaign manager for Cathy Cox, Morton Brilliant, resigned after being found to have added neg
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iant, resigned after being found to have added negative information to the Wikipedia entries of political opponents.[250] Following media publicity, the incidents tapered off around August 2006.
- In July 2006, Joshua Gardner was exposed as a fake Duke of Cleveland with a Wikipedia page.[251]
- In January 2007, English-language Wikipedians in Qatar were briefly blocked from editing, following a spate of vandalism, by an administrator who did not realize that the country's internet traffic is rou
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realize that the country's internet traffic is routed through a single IP address. Multiple media sources promptly declared that Wikipedia was banning Qatar from the site.[252]
- On 23 January 2007, a Microsoft employee offered to pay Rick Jelliffe to review and change certain Wikipedia articles regarding an open-source document standard which was rival to a Microsoft format.[253]
- In February 2007, The New Yorker magazine issued a rare editorial correction that a prominent English Wikipedia ed
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l correction that a prominent English Wikipedia editor and administrator known as "Essjay", had invented a persona using fictitious credentials.[254][255] The editor, Ryan Jordan, became a Wikia employee in January 2007 and divulged his real name; this was noticed by Daniel Brandt of Wikipedia Watch, and communicated to the original article author (Essjay controversy).
- Also in February 2007, Barbara Bauer, a literary agent, sued Wikimedia for defamation and causing harm to her business, the Ba
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efamation and causing harm to her business, the Barbara Bauer Literary Agency.[256] In Bauer v. Glatzer, Bauer claimed that information on Wikipedia critical of her abilities as a literary agent caused this harm. The Electronic Frontier Foundation defended Wikipedia[257] and moved to dismiss the case on 1 May 2008.[258] The case against the Wikimedia Foundation was dismissed on 1 July 2008.[259]
- In June 2007, an anonymous user posted hoax information that, by coincidence, foreshadowed the Chri
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mation that, by coincidence, foreshadowed the Chris Benoit murder-suicide, hours before the bodies were found by investigators. The discovery of the edit attracted widespread media attention and was first covered in the sister site Wikinews.
- In October 2007, in their obituaries of recently deceased TV theme composer Ronnie Hazlehurst, many British media organisations reported that he had co-written the S Club 7 song "Reach". In fact, he had not, and it was discovered that this information had
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, and it was discovered that this information had been sourced from a hoax edit to Hazlehurst's Wikipedia article.[260]
- On 14 July 2009, the National Portrait Gallery issued a cease-and-desist letter for alleged breach of copyright, against a Wikipedia editor who downloaded more than 3,000 high-resolution images from the NPG website, and placed them on Wikimedia Commons (National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute).[261][262][263][264][265]
- In April and May 2010, the
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][262][263][264][265]
- In April and May 2010, there was controversy over the hosting and display of sexual drawing and pornographic images including images of children on Wikipedia.[266][267][268] It led to the mass removal of pornographic content from Wikimedia Foundation sites.[269][270]
- In November 2012, Lord Justice Leveson wrote in his report on British press standards, "The Independent was founded in 1986 by the journalists Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Brett Straub..." He h
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am Smith, Stephen Glover and Brett Straub..." He had used the Wikipedia article for The Independent newspaper as his source, but an act of vandalism had replaced Matthew Symonds (a genuine co-founder) with Brett Straub (an unknown character).[271] The Economist said of the Leveson report, "Parts of it are a scissors-and-paste job culled from Wikipedia."[272]
- In late 2013, commentators publicly shared observations of the reappearance of many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia sin
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the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010.[273]
Notable forks and derivatives
There are a large number of Wikipedia mirror and forks. Other sites also use the MediaWiki software and concept, popularized by Wikipedia. No list of them is maintained. Specialized foreign language forks using the Wikipedia concept include Enciclopedia Libre (Spanish), Wikiweise (German), WikiZnanie (Russian), Susning.nu (Swedish), and Baidu Baike (Chinese). Some of these (such as Enciclopedia Libre) u
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ese). Some of these (such as Enciclopedia Libre) use GFDL or compatible licenses as used by Wikipedia, leading to the exchange of material with their respective language Wikipedias. In 2006, Sanger founded Citizendium, based upon a modified version of MediaWiki.[274] The site said it aimed 'to improve on the Wikipedia model with "gentle expert oversight", among other things'.[66][275] In 2006, conservative activist and lawyer Andrew Schlafly founded Conservapedia, based on MediaWiki.
Publication
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ded Conservapedia, based on MediaWiki.
Publication on other media
The German Wikipedia was the first to be partly published also using other media (rather than online on the internet), including releases on CD in November 2004[276] and more extended versions on CDs or DVD in April 2005 and December 2006. In December 2005, the publisher Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, a sister company of Directmedia, published a 139-page book explaining Wikipedia, its history and policies, which was accompanied
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, its history and policies, which was accompanied by a 7.5 GB DVD containing 300,000 articles and 100,000 images from the German Wikipedia.[277] Originally, Directmedia also announced plans to print the German Wikipedia in its entirety, in 100 volumes of 800 pages each. The publication was due to begin in October 2006, and finish in 2010. In March 2006, however, this project was called off.[278]
In September 2008, Bertelsmann published a 1000 pages volume with a selection of popular German Wikip
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es volume with a selection of popular German Wikipedia articles. Bertelsmann paid voluntarily 1 Euro per sold copy to Wikimedia Deutschland.[279] A free software project has also been launched to make a static version of English Wikipedia available for use on iPods. The "Encyclopodia" project was started around March 2006 and can currently be used on 1st to 4th-generation iPods.[280]
English Wikipedia CD/DVD/Kiwix ZIM file releases
As of June 2022, there have been no more article selection relea
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2, there have been no more article selection releases since Wikipedia Version 0.8.[291]
Lawsuits
In limited ways, the Wikimedia Foundation is protected by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. In the defamation action Bauer et al. v. Glatzer et al., it was held that Wikimedia had no case to answer because of this section.[292] A similar law in France caused a lawsuit to be dismissed in October 2007.[293] In 2013, a German appeals court or Oberlandesgericht (the Higher Regional Court of
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r Oberlandesgericht (the Higher Regional Court of Stuttgart) ruled that Wikipedia is a "service provider" not a "content provider", and as such is immune from liability as long as it takes down content that is accused of being illegal.[294]
See also
- History of wikis
- Predictions of the end of Wikipedia
- The Wikipedia Revolution – 2009 book by Andrew Lih
References
- ^ "Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects". stats.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#171
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edia Foundation. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ "Wikipedia.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger". History Computer. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
- ^ "Philosophy". GNU. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ a b Stallman, Richard (1998). "The Free Universal Encyclopedia an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#172
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ichard (1998). "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)". GNU. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "WikiHistory". WikiWikiWeb. Archived from the original on 21 June 2002. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
- ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?". The Economist. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ a b "comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015". comScor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia#173
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igital Media Properties for January 2015". comScore. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ "Monthly overview". Wikimedia statistics. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- ^ Miloš, Todorović (2018). "From Diderot's Encyclopedia to Wales's Wikipedia: a brief history of collecting and sharing knowledge". Časopis KSIO. 1: 88–102. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3235309. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ a b
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zenodo.3235309. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ a b Reagle, Joseph (2010). Good Faith Collaboration. The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262014472. Chapter 2: "The Pursuit of the Universal Encyclopedia".
- ^ Winchester, Simon (1998). The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Harpers, p. 106.
- ^ "Know It All - The New Yorker". 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
-
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on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ Mangu-Ward, Katherine (30 May 2007). "Wikipedia and Beyond". Reason.com. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- ^ "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales: "I have this crazy idea that people will pay for free news"", Danny in the Valley, 19 January 2018, archived from the original on 16 March 2023, retrieved 16 March 2023 Richard Stallman discussed at 20min, with further Open Source discussion at 16min.
- ^ "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher".
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is 20, and its reputation has never been higher". The Economist. 9 January 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on 10 January 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authoriz
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then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Wikipedia". Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me", he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes". And, to Sanger's surprise, go they
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ten minutes". And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
- ^ a b Sidener, Jonathan (6 December 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d Sanger, Larry (18 April
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5 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d Sanger, Larry (18 April 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part I". Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part II". Slashdot. 19 April 2005. Archived from the original on 8 November 2006.
My initial idea was that the wiki would be set up as part of Nupedia; it was to be a way for the public to develop a stream of content that could be fed into the Nupedia process. I think I got som
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be fed into the Nupedia process. I think I got some of the basic pages written—how wikis work, what our general plan was, and so forth—over the next few days. I wrote a general proposal for the Nupedia community, and the Nupedia wiki went live January 10. The first encyclopedia articles for what was to become Wikipedia were written then. It turned out, however, that a clear majority of the Nupedia Advisory Board wanted to have nothing to do with a wiki. Again, their commitment was to rigor and r
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a wiki. Again, their commitment was to rigor and reliability, a concern I shared with them and continue to have. Still, perhaps some of those people are kicking themselves now. They (some of them) evidently thought that a wiki could not resemble an encyclopedia at all, that it would be too informal and unstructured, as the original WikiWikiWeb was (and is), to be associated with Nupedia. They of course were perfectly reasonable to doubt that it would turn into the fantastic source of content tha
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ould turn into the fantastic source of content that it did. Who could reasonably guess that it would work? But it did work, and now the world knows better.
- ^ Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp. 617–626
- ^ a b c "My resignation – Larry Sanger – Meta". meta.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
I was more or less
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