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27,766 | # Sam & Max
## Overview
### Creation
The idea of *Sam & Max* originated with Steve Purcell\'s younger brother, Dave, who invented the concept of a comic about a detective team consisting of a dog and a rabbit in his youth. Dave often left the comics around the house, so Steve, in a case of sibling rivalry, often fin... | 922 | Sam & Max | 1 |
27,766 | # Sam & Max
## Media
### Comic books {#comic_books}
Sam and Max debuted in the 1987 comic book series *Sam & Max: Freelance Police*, published by Fishwrap Productions, also the publisher of *Fish Police*. The first comic, \"Monkeys Violating the Heavenly Temple\", was Steve Purcell\'s first full story. The comic cam... | 623 | Sam & Max | 2 |
27,766 | # Sam & Max
## Media
### Video games {#video_games}
Following LucasArts\' employment of Purcell in 1988, the characters of Sam and Max appeared in internal testing material for new SCUMM engine programmers; Purcell created animated versions of the characters and an office backdrop for the programmers to practice on. ... | 1,363 | Sam & Max | 3 |
27,766 | # Sam & Max
## Media
### Music
The *Sam & Max* franchise features a variety of soundtracks that accompany its video game products. This music is mostly grounded in film noir jazz, incorporating various other styles at certain points, such as Dixieland, waltz and mariachi, usually to support the cartoon nature of the ... | 373 | Sam & Max | 4 |
27,766 | # Sam & Max
## Cultural impact and reception {#cultural_impact_and_reception}
The *Sam & Max* franchise has been highly successful critically, and is considered an iconic and influential aspect of the video game industry in the 1990s and the adventure game genre. In 2007, Steve Purcell wrote that he was somewhat surp... | 759 | Sam & Max | 5 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
A **scanning tunneling microscope** (**STM**) is a type of scanning probe microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, then at IBM Zürich, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. STM senses the surfa... | 302 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 0 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Procedure
The tip is brought close to the sample by a coarse positioning mechanism that is usually monitored visually. At close range, fine control of the tip position with respect to the sample surface is achieved by piezoelectric scanner tubes whose length can be altered by a cont... | 652 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 1 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Instrumentation
The main components of a scanning tunneling microscope are the scanning tip, piezoelectrically controlled height (*z* axis) and lateral (*x* and *y* axes) scanner, and coarse sample-to-tip approach mechanism. The microscope is controlled by dedicated electronics and ... | 489 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 2 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Principle of operation {#principle_of_operation}
Quantum tunneling of electrons is a functioning concept of STM that arises from quantum mechanics. Classically, a particle hitting an impenetrable barrier will not pass through. If the barrier is described by a potential acting along ... | 1,033 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 3 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Principle of operation {#principle_of_operation}
### Bardeen\'s formalism {#bardeens_formalism}
A model that is based on more realistic wave functions for the two electrodes was devised by John Bardeen in a study of the metal--insulator--metal junction. His model takes two separate ... | 1,114 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 4 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Principle of operation {#principle_of_operation}
### Bardeen\'s formalism {#bardeens_formalism}
How the tunneling current depends on distance between the two electrodes is contained in the tunneling matrix element
: $M_{\mu\nu} = \int_{z > z_0} \psi^\text{S}_\mu \,U_\text{T}\, {\... | 733 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 5 |
27,774 | # Scanning tunneling microscope
## Early invention {#early_invention}
An earlier invention similar to Binnig and Rohrer\'s, the *Topografiner* of R. Young, J. Ward, and F. Scire from the NIST, relied on field emission. However, Young is credited by the Nobel Committee as the person who realized that it should be poss... | 327 | Scanning tunneling microscope | 6 |
27,778 | # Svenska Akademiens ordbok
thumb\|A complete set of *Svenska Akademiens ordbok*, as of late 2014. The majority of the volumes remain unbound in this set. ***Svenska Akademiens ordbok*** (`{{IPA|sv|ˈsvɛ̂nːska akadɛˈmiːns ˈûːɖbuːk|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), abbreviated **SAOB**, is a historical dictionary of the Swedish lan... | 128 | Svenska Akademiens ordbok | 0 |
27,781 | # Shirehorses
The **Shirehorses** were a spoof band comprising two BBC Radio DJs from Manchester, Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley, known collectively as Mark and Lard.
As part of their BBC Radio 1 shows, the pair produced pastiches of chart songs, such as \"You\'re Gormless\", a parody of Babybird\'s \"You\'re Gorgeous... | 313 | Shirehorses | 0 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
**Marie-Sophie Germain** (`{{IPA|fr|maʁi sɔfi ʒɛʁmɛ̃|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 1 April 1776 -- 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father\'s library, i... | 688 | Sophie Germain | 0 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Early work in number theory {#early_work_in_number_theory}
### Correspondence with Legendre {#correspondence_with_legendre}
Germain first became interested in number theory in 1798 when Adrien-Marie Legendre published *Essai sur la théorie des nombres*. After studying the work, she opened corresp... | 517 | Sophie Germain | 1 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Work in elasticity {#work_in_elasticity}
### Germain\'s first attempt for the Academy Prize {#germains_first_attempt_for_the_academy_prize}
When Germain\'s correspondence with Gauss ceased, she took interest in a contest sponsored by the Paris Academy of Sciences concerning Ernst Chladni\'s exper... | 690 | Sophie Germain | 2 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Later work in number theory {#later_work_in_number_theory}
### Renewed interest {#renewed_interest}
Germain\'s best work was in number theory, and her most significant contribution to number theory dealt with Fermat\'s Last Theorem. In 1815, after the elasticity contest, the academy offered a pri... | 379 | Sophie Germain | 3 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Work in philosophy {#work_in_philosophy}
In addition to mathematics, Germain studied philosophy and psychology. She wanted to classify facts and generalize them into laws that could form a system of psychology and sociology, which were then just coming into existence. Her philosophy was highly pra... | 318 | Sophie Germain | 4 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Assessments
### Contemporary assessments {#contemporary_assessments}
Vesna Petrovich found that the educated world\'s response to the publication in 1821 of Germain\'s prize-winning essay \"ranged from polite to indifferent\". Yet, some critics had high praise for it. Of her essay in 1821, Cauchy... | 463 | Sophie Germain | 5 |
27,791 | # Sophie Germain
## Honors
### Memorials
Germain\'s resting place in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris is marked by a gravestone. At the centennial celebration of her life, a street and a girls\' school were named after her, and a plaque was placed at the house where she died. The City Council of Paris commissione... | 475 | Sophie Germain | 6 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
In mathematics, a **semigroup** is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an associative internal binary operation on it.
The binary operation of a semigroup is most often denoted multiplicatively (just notation, not necessarily the elementary arithmetic multiplication): `{{nowrap|''x'' ... | 658 | Semigroup | 0 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Examples of semigroups {#examples_of_semigroups}
- Empty semigroup: the empty set forms a semigroup with the empty function as the binary operation.
- Semigroup with one element: there is essentially only one (specifically, only one up to isomorphism), the singleton {*a*} with operation `{{nowrap|1... | 288 | Semigroup | 1 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Basic concepts {#basic_concepts}
### Identity and zero {#identity_and_zero}
A **left identity** of a semigroup *S* (or more generally, magma) is an element *e* such that for all *x* in *S*, `{{nowrap|1=''e'' ⋅ ''x'' = ''x''}}`{=mediawiki}. Similarly, a **right identity** is an element *f* such that fo... | 508 | Semigroup | 2 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Basic concepts {#basic_concepts}
### Homomorphisms and congruences {#homomorphisms_and_congruences}
A **semigroup homomorphism** is a function that preserves semigroup structure. A function `{{math|''f'' : ''S'' → ''T''}}`{=mediawiki} between two semigroups is a homomorphism if the equation
: .
hol... | 615 | Semigroup | 3 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Structure of semigroups {#structure_of_semigroups}
For any subset *A* of *S* there is a smallest subsemigroup *T* of *S* that contains *A*, and we say that *A* **generates** *T*. A single element *x* of *S* generates the subsemigroup `{{math|{{mset| ''x''<sup>''n''</sup> | ''n'' ∈ '''Z'''<sup>+</sup> }... | 321 | Semigroup | 4 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Special classes of semigroups {#special_classes_of_semigroups}
- A monoid is a semigroup with an identity element.
- A group is a monoid in which every element has an inverse element.
- A subsemigroup is a subset of a semigroup that is closed under the semigroup operation.
- A cancellative semi... | 303 | Semigroup | 5 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Structure theorem for commutative semigroups {#structure_theorem_for_commutative_semigroups}
There is a structure theorem for commutative semigroups in terms of semilattices. A semilattice (or more precisely a meet-semilattice) `{{math|(''L'', ≤)}}`{=mediawiki} is a partially ordered set where every pa... | 550 | Semigroup | 6 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## Semigroup methods in partial differential equations {#semigroup_methods_in_partial_differential_equations}
Semigroup theory can be used to study some problems in the field of partial differential equations. Roughly speaking, the semigroup approach is to regard a time-dependent partial differential equa... | 282 | Semigroup | 7 |
27,799 | # Semigroup
## History
The study of semigroups trailed behind that of other algebraic structures with more complex axioms such as groups or rings. A number of sources attribute the first use of the term (in French) to J.-A. de Séguier in *Élements de la Théorie des Groupes Abstraits* (Elements of the Theory of Abstra... | 479 | Semigroup | 8 |
27,802 | # Seymour Papert
**Seymour Aubrey Papert** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|p|ər|t}}`{=mediawiki}; 29 February 1928 -- 31 July 2016) was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at MIT. He was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, a... | 530 | Seymour Papert | 0 |
27,802 | # Seymour Papert
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Papert became a political and anti-apartheid activist early in his life in South Africa. He subsequently chose self exile. He was a leading figure in the revolutionary socialist circle around *Socialist Review* while living in London in the 1950s. Papert was also a p... | 310 | Seymour Papert | 1 |
27,802 | # Seymour Papert
## Awards, honours, and legacy {#awards_honours_and_legacy}
Papert\'s work has been used by other researchers in the fields of education and computer science. He influenced the work of Uri Wilensky in the design of NetLogo and collaborated with him on the study of knowledge restructurations, as well ... | 310 | Seymour Papert | 2 |
27,806 | # SuperMemo
**SuperMemo** (from \"Super Memory\") is a learning method and software package developed by SuperMemo World and SuperMemo R&D with Piotr Woźniak in Poland from 1985 to the present. It is based on research into long-term memory, and is a practical application of the spaced repetition learning method that h... | 443 | SuperMemo | 0 |
27,806 | # SuperMemo
## Algorithms
The specific algorithms SuperMemo uses have been published, and re-implemented in other programs.
Different algorithms have been used; SM-0 refers to the original (non-computer-based) algorithm, while SM-2 refers to the original computer-based algorithm released in 1987 (used in SuperMemo v... | 745 | SuperMemo | 1 |
27,809 | # Chemical synapse
**Chemical synapses** are biological junctions through which neurons\' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations t... | 622 | Chemical synapse | 0 |
27,809 | # Chemical synapse
## Signaling in chemical synapses {#signaling_in_chemical_synapses}
### Overview
Here is a summary of the sequence of events that take place in synaptic transmission from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. Each step is explained in more detail below. Note that with the exception of the f... | 822 | Chemical synapse | 1 |
27,809 | # Chemical synapse
## Synaptic strength {#synaptic_strength}
The strength of a synapse has been defined by Bernard Katz as the product of (presynaptic) release probability *pr*, quantal size *q* (the postsynaptic response to the release of a single neurotransmitter vesicle, a \'quantum\'), and *n*, the number of rele... | 778 | Chemical synapse | 2 |
27,809 | # Chemical synapse
## Volume transmission {#volume_transmission}
When a neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, it reaches its highest concentration inside the narrow space of the synaptic cleft, but some of it is certain to diffuse away before being reabsorbed or broken down. If it diffuses away, it has the poten... | 643 | Chemical synapse | 3 |
27,843 | # September 30
| 3 | September 30 | 0 |
27,846 | # Sorious Samura
**Sorious Samura** (born 27 October 1963) is a Sierra Leonean journalist. He is best known for two CNN documentary films: *Cry Freetown* (2000) and *Exodus from Africa* (2001). The self-funded *Cry Freetown* depicts the most brutal period of the civil war in Sierra Leone with RUF rebels capturing the ... | 293 | Sorious Samura | 0 |
27,852 | # Superparamagnetism
**Superparamagnetism** is a form of magnetism which appears in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In sufficiently small nanoparticles, magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation tim... | 682 | Superparamagnetism | 0 |
27,852 | # Superparamagnetism
## Effect of a magnetic field {#effect_of_a_magnetic_field}
When an external magnetic field *H* is applied to an assembly of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, their magnetic moments tend to align along the applied field, leading to a net magnetization. The magnetization curve of the assembly, i.e.... | 459 | Superparamagnetism | 1 |
27,852 | # Superparamagnetism
## Measurements
A superparamagnetic system can be measured with AC susceptibility measurements, where an applied magnetic field varies in time, and the magnetic response of the system is measured. A superparamagnetic system will show a characteristic frequency dependence: When the frequency is mu... | 308 | Superparamagnetism | 2 |
27,859 | # Sphere
A **sphere** (from Greek `{{wikt-lang|grc|σφαῖρα}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{grc-transl|σφαῖρα}}`{=mediawiki}) is a surface analogous to the circle, a curve. In solid geometry, a sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance `{{math|''r''}}`{=mediawiki} from a given point in three-dimensional space. Th... | 593 | Sphere | 0 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Equations
In analytic geometry, a sphere with center `{{math|(''x''<sub>0</sub>, ''y''<sub>0</sub>, ''z''<sub>0</sub>)}}`{=mediawiki} and radius `{{mvar|r}}`{=mediawiki} is the locus of all points `{{math|(''x'', ''y'', ''z'')}}`{=mediawiki} such that
$$(x - x_0 )^2 + (y - y_0 )^2 + ( z - z_0 )^2 = r^2.$... | 313 | Sphere | 1 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Properties
### Enclosed volume`{{anchor|Volume}}`{=mediawiki} {#enclosed_volume}
thumb\|upright=1.1\|Sphere and circumscribed cylinder
In three dimensions, the volume inside a sphere (that is, the volume of a ball, but classically referred to as the volume of a sphere) is
$$V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 = \fr... | 468 | Sphere | 2 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Properties
### Surface area`{{anchor|Area}}`{=mediawiki} {#surface_area}
The surface area of a sphere of radius `{{mvar|r}}`{=mediawiki} is:
$$A = 4\pi r^2.$$
Archimedes first derived this formula from the fact that the projection to the lateral surface of a circumscribed cylinder is area-preserving. An... | 419 | Sphere | 3 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Properties
### Other geometric properties {#other_geometric_properties}
A sphere can be constructed as the surface formed by rotating a circle one half revolution about any of its diameters; this is very similar to the traditional definition of a sphere as given in Euclid\'s Elements. Since a circle is a ... | 420 | Sphere | 4 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Properties
### Properties of the sphere {#properties_of_the_sphere}
In their book *Geometry and the Imagination*, David Hilbert and Stephan Cohn-Vossen describe eleven properties of the sphere and discuss whether these properties uniquely determine the sphere. Several properties hold for the plane, which ... | 1,026 | Sphere | 5 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Treatment by area of mathematics {#treatment_by_area_of_mathematics}
### Spherical geometry {#spherical_geometry}
The basic elements of Euclidean plane geometry are points and lines. On the sphere, points are defined in the usual sense. The analogue of the \"line\" is the geodesic, which is a great circl... | 549 | Sphere | 6 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Curves on a sphere `{{anchor|Curves}}`{=mediawiki} {#curves_on_a_sphere}
upright=1.2\|thumb\|Plane section of a sphere: one circle
### Circles
Circles on the sphere are, like circles in the plane, made up of all points a certain distance from a fixed point on the sphere. The intersection of a sphere and... | 500 | Sphere | 7 |
27,859 | # Sphere
## Generalizations
### Ellipsoids
An ellipsoid is a sphere that has been stretched or compressed in one or more directions. More exactly, it is the image of a sphere under an affine transformation. An ellipsoid bears the same relationship to the sphere that an ellipse does to a circle.
### Dimensionality
... | 688 | Sphere | 8 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
In the part of mathematics referred to as topology, a **surface** is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see th... | 322 | Surface (topology) | 0 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Definitions and first examples {#definitions_and_first_examples}
A *(topological) surface* is a topological space in which every point has an open neighbourhood homeomorphic to some open subset of the Euclidean plane **E**^2^. Such a neighborhood, together with the corresponding homeomorphism,... | 517 | Surface (topology) | 1 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Extrinsically defined surfaces and embeddings {#extrinsically_defined_surfaces_and_embeddings}
Historically, surfaces were initially defined as subspaces of Euclidean spaces. Often, these surfaces were the locus of zeros of certain functions, usually polynomial functions. Such a definition con... | 442 | Surface (topology) | 2 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Construction from polygons {#construction_from_polygons}
Each closed surface can be constructed from an oriented polygon with an even number of sides, called a fundamental polygon of the surface, by pairwise identification of its edges. For example, in each polygon below, attaching the sides w... | 554 | Surface (topology) | 3 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Closed surfaces {#closed_surfaces}
A **closed surface** is a surface that is compact and without boundary. Examples of closed surfaces include the sphere, the torus and the Klein bottle. Examples of non-closed surfaces include an open disk (which is a sphere with a puncture), an open cylinder ... | 688 | Surface (topology) | 4 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Surfaces with boundary {#surfaces_with_boundary}
Compact surfaces, possibly with boundary, are simply closed surfaces with a finite number of holes (open discs that have been removed). Thus, a connected compact surface is classified by the number of boundary components and the genus of the cor... | 652 | Surface (topology) | 5 |
27,865 | # Surface (topology)
## Surfaces in geometry {#surfaces_in_geometry}
Polyhedra, such as the boundary of a cube, are among the first surfaces encountered in geometry. It is also possible to define *smooth surfaces*, in which each point has a neighborhood diffeomorphic to some open set in **E**^2^. This elaboration all... | 434 | Surface (topology) | 6 |
27,879 | # Skíðblaðnir
***Skíðblaðnir*** (Old Norse: `{{IPA|non|ˈskiːðˌblɑðnez̠|}}`{=mediawiki}, \'assembled from thin pieces of wood\'), sometimes anglicized as ***Skidbladnir*** or ***Skithblathnir***, is the best of ships in Norse mythology. It is attested in the *Poetic Edda*, compiled in the 13th century from earlier trad... | 1,023 | Skíðblaðnir | 0 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
Games of patience, or (card) solitaires as they are usually called in North America, have their own \'language\' of specialised terms such as \"building down\", \"packing\", \"foundations\", \"talon\" and \"tableau\". Once learnt they are helpful in describing, succinctly and accurately, h... | 754 | Glossary of patience terms | 0 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## C
`{{anchor|cascade}}`{=mediawiki} cascade
: Cards are built on one another, starting from the bottom up. Each card\'s value and suit is face up, and should be able to be viewed by the player. However, only the top card is available for play. It is most commonly found in addition gam... | 334 | Glossary of patience terms | 1 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## D
`{{anchor|deal|deals|dealt}}`{=mediawiki} deal
: To take cards from the top of the pack and lay them on the tableau, face up unless the rules state otherwise.
```{=html}
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```
`{{anchor|denomination}}`{=mediawiki} denomination
: See value.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
`{{an... | 585 | Glossary of patience terms | 2 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## M
`{{anchor|marriage}}`{=mediawiki} marriage
: The placing a card *of the same suit* on the next one above or below it in value. Any number may be placed on each other in this way.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
`{{anchor|master card}}`{=mediawiki} master card
: See foundation card.
``... | 275 | Glossary of patience terms | 3 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## P
`{{anchor|pack|packing|card pack}}`{=mediawiki} pack
1. To pack is to place cards in sequence in an intermediate location, usually the tableau, until they can be placed on the foundations.
2. A pack (also deck) is the set of cards in hand which are being dealt at the outset of the... | 592 | Glossary of patience terms | 4 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## S
`{{anchor|sequence|ascending sequence|descending sequence}}`{=mediawiki} sequence, ascending sequence, descending sequence
: A cascade, pile or row of cards in order of rank. Often the aim is to form a full sequence in each suit, typically from Ace (low) to King (high). The regular... | 370 | Glossary of patience terms | 5 |
27,893 | # Glossary of patience terms
## T
`{{anchor|tableau}}`{=mediawiki} tableau
: An arrangement of cards on the table, typically comprising several depots i.e. places where columns of overlapping cards may be formed, the packing taking place on the available cards on the columns. It is thus distinct from a layout, rese... | 588 | Glossary of patience terms | 6 |
27,899 | # Syrinx
`{{Greek deities (nymphs)}}`{=mediawiki}
In classical Greek mythology, **Syrinx** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|r|ɪ|ŋ|k|s}}`{=mediawiki} (*pipe*) was an Arcadian nymph and a follower of Artemis, known for her chastity. Being pursued by Pan, she fled into the river Ladon, and at her own request was metamorphosed into a re... | 378 | Syrinx | 0 |
27,899 | # Syrinx
## Representations
### In literature {#in_literature}
The story became popular among artists and writers in the 19th century. Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote a poem entitled \"A Musical Instrument\" describing Pan\'s ruinous actions in creating the musical pipes. The Victorian artist and poet Thomas Woolne... | 714 | Syrinx | 1 |
27,904 | # Agnes of Rome
**Agnes of Rome** (c. 291`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}21 January 304) is a virgin martyr, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches. She is one of several virgin martyrs commemorated by name in ... | 684 | Agnes of Rome | 0 |
27,904 | # Agnes of Rome
## Veneration
Agnes was venerated as a saint at least as early as the time of St Ambrose, based on an existing homily. She is commemorated in the *Depositio Martyrum* of Filocalus (354) and in the early Roman Sacramentaries.
Saint Agnes\' bones are conserved beneath the high altar in the church of *\... | 544 | Agnes of Rome | 1 |
27,909 | # Shanghai cuisine
**Shanghai cuisine** (`{{zh|s=|p=Shànghǎi cài|l=|labels=|c=上海菜|t=|}}`{=mediawiki}; Shanghainese: *zaon⁶ he⁵ tshe¹*; IPA: \[zɑ̃¹¹ he⁴⁴ tsʰᴇ¹¹\]), also known as **Hu cuisine** (`{{zh|s=沪菜|p=Hù cài|l=|labels=|c=|t=滬菜}}`{=mediawiki}; Shanghainese: *wu⁶ tshe¹*; IPA: \[ɦu¹¹ tsʰᴇ⁴⁴\]), is a popular style o... | 449 | Shanghai cuisine | 0 |
27,909 | # Shanghai cuisine
## History
Shanghai cuisine is the youngest of the ten major cuisines of China, although it still has more than 400 years of history. Traditionally called Benbang cuisine, it originated in the Ming and Qing dynasties (c. 1368--1840). During the reign of Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Guangxu of the Qi... | 346 | Shanghai cuisine | 1 |
27,909 | # Shanghai cuisine
## Notable dishes in Shanghai cuisine {#notable_dishes_in_shanghai_cuisine}
### Breakfast
Breakfast food in Shanghai is varied and contains foods mainly made from wheat, rice, and flour. Many of them are influenced by Cantonese, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang cuisine, and through historical precipitation`{... | 795 | Shanghai cuisine | 2 |
27,909 | # Shanghai cuisine
## Notable dishes in Shanghai cuisine {#notable_dishes_in_shanghai_cuisine}
### Snacks
- Shengjian mantou (`{{Zh|c=|s=生煎馒头|t=生煎饅頭|p=Shēngjiān Mántóu|first=s|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}; *san¹ ci¹ moe⁶ deu⁶*) or Shengjianbao (`{{Zh|c=生煎包|s=|t=|p=Shēngjiān bāo|first=s|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}; *san¹ c... | 275 | Shanghai cuisine | 3 |
27,919 | # Sociobiology
**Sociobiology** is a field of biology that aims to explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is closely allied to evol... | 391 | Sociobiology | 0 |
27,919 | # Sociobiology
## History
The philosopher of biology Daniel Dennett suggested that the political philosopher Thomas Hobbes was the first proto-sociobiologist, arguing that in his 1651 book *Leviathan* Hobbes had explained the origins of morals in human society from an amoral sociobiological perspective.
The genetici... | 513 | Sociobiology | 1 |
27,919 | # Sociobiology
## Theory
### Natural selection {#natural_selection}
upright \|thumb \|Nikolaas Tinbergen, whose work influenced sociobiology
Sociobiologists maintain that human and other animal behavior can be partly explained as the outcome of natural selection. They contend that in order to fully understand behav... | 442 | Sociobiology | 2 |
27,919 | # Sociobiology
## Reception
Steven Pinker argues that critics have been overly swayed by politics and a fear of biological determinism, accusing among others Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin of being \"radical scientists\", whose stance on human nature is influenced by politics rather than science, while Lewont... | 353 | Sociobiology | 3 |
27,924 | # ♯P
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class **#P** (pronounced \"sharp P\" or, sometimes \"number P\" or \"hash P\") is the set of the counting problems associated with the decision problems in the set **NP**. More formally, **#P** is the class of function problems of the form \"compute *f*(*x*)\", w... | 751 | ♯P | 0 |
27,932 | # SEUL
**Simple End User Linux** is an advocacy group that promotes Linux programs in education and science. SEUL also hosts numerous free software projects and efforts, such as the WorldForge Project\'s website. The SEUL/Edu project seeks to further the use of Linux and open-source software in schools and was one of ... | 88 | SEUL | 0 |
27,946 | # Stephen R. Lawhead
**Stephen R. Lawhead** (born July 7, 1950) is an American writer known for his works of fantasy, science fiction, and historical fiction, particularly Celtic historical fiction. He has written over 28 novels and numerous children\'s and non-fiction books.
## Biography
He was born to Robert Eugen... | 538 | Stephen R. Lawhead | 0 |
27,946 | # Stephen R. Lawhead
## Works
### Adult fiction {#adult_fiction}
Many of his books are in series following a common theme:
**Dragon King trilogy:**
- *In the Hall of the Dragon King* (1982)
- *The Warlords of Nin* (1983)
- *The Sword and the Flame* (1984)
**Empyrion Saga:**
- *Empyrion I: The Search for ... | 619 | Stephen R. Lawhead | 1 |
27,969 | # Structural isomer
In chemistry, a **structural isomer** (or **constitutional isomer** in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is a compound that contains the same number and type of atoms, but with a different connectivity (i.e. arrangement of bonds) between them. The term **metamer** was formerly used for the same... | 723 | Structural isomer | 0 |
27,969 | # Structural isomer
## Structural equivalence and symmetry {#structural_equivalence_and_symmetry}
### Structural equivalence {#structural_equivalence}
Two molecules (including polyatomic ions) A and B **have the same structure** if each atom of A can be paired with an atom of B of the same element, in a one-to-one w... | 484 | Structural isomer | 1 |
27,969 | # Structural isomer
## Structural equivalence and symmetry {#structural_equivalence_and_symmetry}
### Symmetry breaking by substitutions {#symmetry_breaking_by_substitutions}
Once a substitution is made on a parent molecule, its structural symmetry is usually reduced, meaning that atoms that were formerly equivalent ... | 619 | Structural isomer | 2 |
27,972 | # Sylvia Sayer
**Sylvia Rosalind Pleadwell Sayer, Lady Sayer** (6 March 1904 -- 4 January 2000), was a passionate conservationist and environmental campaigner on behalf of Dartmoor, an area of mostly granite moorland in Devon in the south-west of England. She was chairman of the Dartmoor Preservation Association from ... | 433 | Sylvia Sayer | 0 |
27,972 | # Sylvia Sayer
## Conservation work {#conservation_work}
Sayer was described in *The Times* newspaper in 1971 as \"a militant conservationist, who is a full-time thorn in the sides of those authorities and others who want to flood, fence, dig up, knock down and otherwise damage the Dartmoor national park.\" Crispin G... | 993 | Sylvia Sayer | 1 |
27,972 | # Sylvia Sayer
## Conservation work {#conservation_work}
### China clay workings {#china_clay_workings}
Following these efforts, she concentrated on the two companies involved in the extraction of china clay in the south west of the moor. They had permission dating from 1951 to expand their pits and tips. Shaugh Moor... | 635 | Sylvia Sayer | 2 |
27,989 | # September 3
| 3 | September 3 | 0 |
27,991 | # Stout
**Stout** is a type of dark beer that is generally warm fermented, such as dry stout, oatmeal stout, milk stout and imperial stout. Stout is a type of ale.`{{dubious|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
The first known use of the word \"stout\" for beer is in a document dated 1677 in the Egerton Manuscripts, referr... | 867 | Stout | 0 |
27,991 | # Stout
## Porter
There were no differences between stout and porter historically, though there had been a tendency for breweries to differentiate the strengths of their beers with the words \"extra\", \"double\" and \"stout\". The term *stout* was initially used to indicate a stronger porter than other porters from ... | 722 | Stout | 1 |
27,991 | # Stout
## Chocolate stout {#chocolate_stout}
*Chocolate stout* is a name brewers sometimes give to certain stouts having a noticeable dark chocolate flavour through the use of darker, more aromatic malt; particularly chocolate malt---a malt that has been roasted or kilned until it acquires a chocolate colour. Someti... | 557 | Stout | 2 |
28,002 | # Simple machine
`{{History of technology sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} A **simple machine** is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. Usually the term refers to ... | 340 | Simple machine | 0 |
28,002 | # Simple machine
## History
thumb\|upright=1.4\|Engraving from an 1824 mechanics magazine illustrating Archimedes\'s statement that given a place to stand, with a lever a person could move the Earth The idea of a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied th... | 381 | Simple machine | 1 |
28,002 | # Simple machine
## Ideal simple machine {#ideal_simple_machine}
If a simple machine does not dissipate energy through friction, wear or deformation, then energy is conserved and it is called an ideal simple machine. In this case, the power into the machine equals the power out, and the mechanical advantage can be ca... | 907 | Simple machine | 2 |
28,002 | # Simple machine
## Self-locking machines {#self_locking_machines}
In many simple machines, if the load force $F_{\textrm{out}}$ on the machine is high enough in relation to the input force $F_{\textrm{in}}$, the machine will move backwards, with the load force doing work on the input force. So these machines can be ... | 580 | Simple machine | 3 |
28,002 | # Simple machine
## Modern machine theory {#modern_machine_theory}
Machines are studied as mechanical systems consisting of actuators and mechanisms that transmit forces and movement, monitored by sensors and controllers. The components of actuators and mechanisms consist of links and joints that form kinematic chain... | 389 | Simple machine | 4 |
28,005 | # Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
The **Semi-Automatic Ground Environment** (**SAGE**) was a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area. SAGE directed and controlled the ... | 454 | Semi-Automatic Ground Environment | 0 |
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