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28,249 | # Search algorithm
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Visual representation of a hash table, a data structure that allows for fast retrieval of information In computer science, a **search algorithm** is an algorithm designed to solve a search problem. Search algorithms work to retrieve information stored within particular data struc... | 511 | Search algorithm | 0 |
28,249 | # Search algorithm
## Classes
### For virtual search spaces {#for_virtual_search_spaces}
Algorithms for searching virtual spaces are used in the constraint satisfaction problem, where the goal is to find a set of value assignments to certain variables that will satisfy specific mathematical equations and inequations... | 652 | Search algorithm | 1 |
28,254 | # Safe semantics
**Safe semantics** is a computer hardware consistency model. It describes one type of guarantee that a data register provides when it is shared by several processors in a parallel computer or in a network of computers working together.
## History
Safe semantics was first defined by Leslie Lamport in... | 326 | Safe semantics | 0 |
28,254 | # Safe semantics
## Implementation
Safe register implementation involves:
Safe register is maintained by the set of active servers.
Clients maintain no register information.
Eventually synchronous system
Quora (set of server or client systems)
Size of the Read and Write operation executed on quora = n -- f -- J ... | 489 | Safe semantics | 1 |
28,263 | # Stanza
In poetry, a **stanza** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|z|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; from Italian *stanza*, `{{IPA|it|ˈstantsa|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{literally|room}}`{=mediawiki}) is a group of lines within a poem, usually set off from others by a blank line or indentation. Stanzas can have regular rhyme and metrical schemes,... | 379 | Stanza | 0 |
28,270 | # Shaggy dog story
In its original sense, a **shaggy-dog story** or **yarn** is an extremely long-winded anecdote characterized by extensive narration of typically irrelevant incidents and terminated by an anticlimax. In other words, it is a long story that is intended to be amusing and that has an intentionally silly... | 272 | Shaggy dog story | 0 |
28,270 | # Shaggy dog story
## Archetypal story {#archetypal_story}
The eponymous shaggy dog story serves as the archetype of the genre. The story builds up a repeated emphasizing of the dog\'s exceptional shagginess. The climax of the story culminates in a character reacting to the animal by stating: \"That dog\'s not so sha... | 442 | Shaggy dog story | 1 |
28,270 | # Shaggy dog story
## Other examples {#other_examples}
- Myles-na-gCopaleen, one of the pen-names of Flann O\'Brien, was a master of long shaggy-dog stories, most commonly in his *Various Lives of Keats and Chapman* stories in his Irish Times column the \'\'Cruisceann Lawn.\'\' Almost all the stories would have mea... | 498 | Shaggy dog story | 2 |
28,287 | # Sutra
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 30, column 3):
unexpected '|'
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Veda
^
`` | 21 | Sutra | 0 |
28,313 | # SCSI
**Small Computer System Interface** (**SCSI**, `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ʌ|z|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|SKUZ|ee}}`{=mediawiki}) is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, best known for its use with storage devices such as hard disk drives. SCSI was i... | 1,216 | SCSI | 0 |
28,313 | # SCSI
## Interfaces
SCSI is available in a variety of interfaces. The first was parallel SCSI (also called SCSI Parallel Interface or SPI), which uses a parallel bus design. Since 2005, SPI was gradually replaced by Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), which uses a serial design but retains other aspects of the technology. M... | 795 | SCSI | 1 |
28,313 | # SCSI
## Cabling
### SCSI Parallel Interface {#scsi_parallel_interface}
Internal parallel SCSI cables are usually ribbons, with two or more 50--, 68--, or 80--pin connectors attached. External cables are typically shielded (but may not be), with 50-- or 68--pin connectors at each end, depending upon the specific SC... | 285 | SCSI | 2 |
28,313 | # SCSI
## SCSI command protocol {#scsi_command_protocol}
In addition to many different hardware implementations, the SCSI standards also include an extensive set of command definitions. The SCSI command architecture was originally defined for parallel SCSI buses but has been carried forward with minimal change for us... | 617 | SCSI | 3 |
28,313 | # SCSI
## Device identification {#device_identification}
### Parallel interface {#parallel_interface_1}
On a parallel SCSI bus, a device (e.g. host adapter, disk drive) is identified by a \"SCSI ID\", which is a number in the range 0--7 on a narrow bus and in the range 0--15 on a wide bus. On earlier models a physic... | 628 | SCSI | 4 |
28,313 | # SCSI
## Device Type {#device_type}
While all SCSI controllers can work with read/write storage devices, i.e. disk and tape, some will not work with some other device types; older controllers are likely to be more limited, sometimes by their driver software, and more Device Types were added as SCSI evolved. Even CD-... | 145 | SCSI | 5 |
28,322 | # Survivor: Africa
***Survivor: Africa*** is the third season of the American CBS competitive reality television series *Survivor*. The season was filmed from July 11, 2001, to August 18, 2001, in Kenya\'s Shaba National Reserve, and was aired weekly from October 11, 2001, until the live finale on January 10, 2002. Et... | 689 | Survivor: Africa | 0 |
28,322 | # Survivor: Africa
## Season summary {#season_summary}
The 16 castaways were split into tribes named Samburu and Boran, and were given camps that included fencing to help protect them from wildlife. Samburu took an early lead but the tribe was internally divided along age lines -- Silas, Kim Powers, Brandon, and Lind... | 590 | Survivor: Africa | 1 |
28,322 | # Survivor: Africa
## Episodes
`{{Episode table |dontclose=y |background = #1AB35F |overall = 6 |season = 6 |title = 20 |aux1 = 7 | airdate = 10 |viewers = 7 |country = U.S.|aux4 = 7 |aux1T = CBS recap |aux4T = Rating/share<br />(18–49) }}`{=mediawiki} {{#invoke:Episode list\|sublist\|Survivor: Africa \| EpisodeNumbe... | 747 | Survivor: Africa | 2 |
28,322 | # Survivor: Africa
## Reception
*Survivor: Africa* received much more criticism than the two previous seasons, primarily for the contestants\' tough living conditions during filming. Dalton Ross of *Entertainment Weekly* ranked it as the ninth-worst season of the series, saying aside from \"Some great challenges, not... | 381 | Survivor: Africa | 3 |
28,340 | # Single-shot
In firearm designs, the term **single-shot** refers to guns that can hold only a single round of ammunition inside and thus must be reloaded manually after every shot. Compared to multi-shot repeating firearms (\"repeaters\"), single-shot designs have no moving parts other than the trigger, hammer/firing... | 1,302 | Single-shot | 0 |
28,340 | # Single-shot
## Types of single-shot cartridge actions {#types_of_single_shot_cartridge_actions}
### Trapdoor actions {#trapdoor_actions}
The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for general military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was f... | 804 | Single-shot | 1 |
28,340 | # Single-shot
## Types of single-shot cartridge actions {#types_of_single_shot_cartridge_actions}
### Other single-shot actions {#other_single_shot_actions}
- **The Ferguson rifle**: British Major Patrick Ferguson designed his rifle, considered to be the first military breechloader, in the 1770s. A plug-shaped bree... | 415 | Single-shot | 2 |
28,340 | # Single-shot
## Modern single-shots {#modern_single_shots}
Although non-cartridge single-shot firearms are still made in hobbyist contexts (for example, replicas of antique guns), this discussion focuses on newer designs employing cartridges.
### Pistols {#pistols_1}
The modern era of single-shot firearms is most ... | 1,042 | Single-shot | 3 |
28,341 | # Simon the Sorcerer
***Simon the Sorcerer*** is a 1993 point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Adventure Soft, for Amiga and MS-DOS. The game\'s story focuses on a boy named Simon who is transported into a parallel universe of magic and monsters, where he embarks on a mission to become a wizard and ... | 367 | Simon the Sorcerer | 0 |
28,341 | # Simon the Sorcerer
## Synopsis
### Setting
The game\'s story takes in a parallel universe to the real world, in which magic and monsters exist, though with some modern items and elements being found within. The game\'s world features elements that are parodies of those from popular fantasy novels and fairy tales, ... | 458 | Simon the Sorcerer | 1 |
28,341 | # Simon the Sorcerer
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
Mike Woodroffe, *Simon the Sorcerer*{{\'}}s director and producer, wanted to create the game to exploit a market for comic adventure games, which he realised existed due to the success of *Monkey Island 2: LeChuck\'s Revenge*. His son, Simon, ... | 1,024 | Simon the Sorcerer | 2 |
28,341 | # Simon the Sorcerer
## Reception
*Simon the Sorcerer* received critical acclaim: across all platforms, the humour and visuals in particular were commended, although criticisms included the controls and the game\'s linear nature. The game\'s global sales surpassed 600,000 units by September 1999.
The Amiga version r... | 689 | Simon the Sorcerer | 3 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
Common languages \| languages2 = English, Afrikaans, Pedi, and other Bantu languages \| religion = Dutch Reformed Church \| government_type = Parliamentary republic \| title_leader = President of the Executive Council \| leader1 = Marthinus W. Pretorius \| leader2 = Stephanus Schoeman \| leade... | 655 | South African Republic | 0 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Name and etymology {#name_and_etymology}
In 1853 the Volksraad adopted a resolution briefly adopting the name of the *Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek* (South African Republic). The same year, the Volksraad renamed the state to the *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Benoorden de Vaalrivier* (South Af... | 332 | South African Republic | 1 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## History
### Establishment
The Boer republics emerged when the British had annexed the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1806, in order to prevent the sea routes to the East (India etc.) from falling to Napoleon. This area was inhabited by the Boers, who, dissatisfied with British rule, decide... | 1,363 | South African Republic | 2 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## History
### British annexation {#british_annexation}
However, the independence of the Zulu kingdom must not be understated, and the influence that Shepstone had over Cetewayo should not be exaggerated. What kept the Zulus loyal to the British was their fear of the Boers: but once the Zulus... | 918 | South African Republic | 3 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## History
### Collapse and conquest {#collapse_and_conquest}
| 11 | South African Republic | 4 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Constitution and laws {#constitution_and_laws}
The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time. It contained provisions for the division between the political leadership and office bearers in government administration. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts ... | 379 | South African Republic | 5 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Constitution and laws {#constitution_and_laws}
### Citizenship
thumb\|upright=.8\|Coat of arms of the South African Republic displayed on Kruger\'s wagon
Citizenship of the ZAR was legislated by the constitution as well as Law No 7 of 1882, as amended on 23 June 1890. Citizenship was gain... | 509 | South African Republic | 6 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Military
In common with the Orange Free State, the basis of the military of the ZAR was the *kommando* system under which all able-bodied *burghers* could be called up for military service under their own elected officers. The men of the *kommandos* wore no uniforms and had no medals. The ... | 728 | South African Republic | 7 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Military history {#military_history}
### War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854 {#war_with_mapela_and_makapaan_1854}
Hendrik Potgieter was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessi... | 906 | South African Republic | 8 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Military history {#military_history}
### First Boer War, 1880--1881 {#first_boer_war_18801881}
On 12 April 1877, British officials issued the \"Annexation of the S. A. Republic to the British Empire.\" The proclamation stated that the country was \"unstable, ungovernable, bankrupt and faci... | 749 | South African Republic | 9 |
28,343 | # South African Republic
## Economy and transport {#economy_and_transport}
thumb \|All the east--west railways were constructed by the Netherlands-South African Railway Company, while lines were built from the Cape and Natal, and one to Pietersburg was built by a private British company
The discovery of gold during ... | 267 | South African Republic | 10 |
28,351 | # Secondary conversion
In the sociology of religion, **secondary conversion** is the religious conversion of an individual that results from a relationship with another convert, rather than from any particular aspect of the new religion. For example, someone might join a religious group primarily because their spouse ... | 104 | Secondary conversion | 0 |
28,356 | # Symplectic manifold
In differential geometry, a subject of mathematics, a **symplectic manifold** is a smooth manifold, $M$, equipped with a closed nondegenerate differential 2-form $\omega$, called the symplectic form. The study of symplectic manifolds is called symplectic geometry or symplectic topology. Symplecti... | 523 | Symplectic manifold | 0 |
28,356 | # Symplectic manifold
## Examples
### Symplectic vector spaces {#symplectic_vector_spaces}
Let $\{v_1, \ldots, v_{2n}\}$ be a basis for $\R^{2n}.$ We define our symplectic form $\omega$ on this basis as follows:
$$\omega(v_i, v_j) = \begin{cases} 1 & j-i =n \text{ with } 1 \leqslant i \leqslant n \\ -1 & i-j =n \te... | 385 | Symplectic manifold | 1 |
28,356 | # Symplectic manifold
## Lagrangian and other submanifolds {#lagrangian_and_other_submanifolds}
There are several natural geometric notions of submanifold of a symplectic manifold $(M, \omega)$:
- **Symplectic submanifolds** of $M$ (potentially of any even dimension) are submanifolds $S \subset M$ such that $\omeg... | 1,024 | Symplectic manifold | 2 |
28,356 | # Symplectic manifold
## Lagrangian mapping {#lagrangian_mapping}
Let *L* be a Lagrangian submanifold of a symplectic manifold (*K*,ω) given by an immersion `{{nowrap|1=''i'' : ''L'' ↪ ''K''}}`{=mediawiki} (*i* is called a **Lagrangian immersion**). Let `{{nowrap|1=''π'' : ''K'' ↠ ''B''}}`{=mediawiki} give a Lagra... | 298 | Symplectic manifold | 3 |
28,382 | # Splay tree
A **splay tree** is a binary search tree with the additional property that recently accessed elements are quick to access again. Like self-balancing binary search trees, a splay tree performs basic operations such as insertion, look-up and removal in O(log *n*) amortized time. For random access patterns d... | 528 | Splay tree | 0 |
28,382 | # Splay tree
## Operations
### Splaying
When a node *x* is accessed, a splay operation is performed on *x* to move it to the root. A splay operation is a sequence of *splay steps*, each of which moves *x* closer to the root. By performing a splay operation on the node of interest after every access, the recently acc... | 759 | Splay tree | 1 |
28,382 | # Splay tree
## Implementation and variants {#implementation_and_variants}
Splaying, as mentioned above, is performed during a second, bottom-up pass over the access path of a node. It is possible to record the access path during the first pass for use during the second, but that requires extra space during the acces... | 785 | Splay tree | 2 |
28,382 | # Splay tree
## Analysis
A simple amortized analysis of static splay trees can be carried out using the potential method. Define:
- size(*r*) = the number of nodes in the sub-tree rooted at node *r* (including *r*).
- rank(*r*) = log~2~(size(*r*)).
- Φ = the sum of the ranks of all the nodes in the tree.
Φ wi... | 616 | Splay tree | 3 |
28,382 | # Splay tree
## Performance theorems {#performance_theorems}
There are several theorems and conjectures regarding the worst-case runtime for performing a sequence *S* of *m* accesses in a splay tree containing *n* elements.
## Dynamic optimality conjecture {#dynamic_optimality_conjecture}
In addition to the proven ... | 429 | Splay tree | 4 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
}} `{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Stuttering
| synonyms = Stammering, alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis, anarthria literalis, dysphemia<ref name="GREENE pp. 74–82">{{cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=J. S. |title=Dysphemia and Dysphonia: Ca... | 481 | Stuttering | 0 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Characteristics
### Audible disfluencies {#audible_disfluencies}
Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds.
- Repeated movements
- Syllable repetition---a singl... | 725 | Stuttering | 1 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Causes
The cause of developmental stuttering is complex. It is thought to be neurological with a genetic factor.
Various hypotheses suggest multiple factors contributing to stuttering. There is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter a... | 409 | Stuttering | 2 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Diagnosis
Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a licensed speech--language pathologist (SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of the individual and informatio... | 847 | Stuttering | 3 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Treatment
While there is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual. Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speech--language pathologist and the client typically work together to ... | 565 | Stuttering | 4 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Epidemiology
The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5--6%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and... | 589 | Stuttering | 5 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## History
Because of the unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to Demosthenes, who tried ... | 714 | Stuttering | 6 |
28,394 | # Stuttering
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
### Stuttering community {#stuttering_community}
Many countries have regular events and activities to bring people who stutter together for mutual support. These events take place at regional, national, and inter... | 629 | Stuttering | 7 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
**Sigismund Báthory** (*Báthory Zsigmond*; 1573 -- 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory, ruled Transylvania as voivode (or deputy) of the absent prince, Stephen Báthory. Sigi... | 549 | Sigismund Báthory | 0 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
## Reign
### Voivode
Christopher Báthory fell seriously ill after his wife\'s death. At his request, the Diet of Transylvania elected Sigismund voivode in Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca in Romania) around 15 May 1581. Since Sigismund was still a minor, his dying father tasked a council of twe... | 530 | Sigismund Báthory | 1 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
## Reign
### Internal conflicts {#internal_conflicts}
Sigismund took the customary oath of the Transylvanian monarchs on 23 December 1588. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him for the expulsion of the Jesuits. Sigismund\'s cousin, Cardinal Andrew Báthory, urged the pope to lift the ban, saying that th... | 801 | Sigismund Báthory | 2 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
## Reign
### Holy League {#holy_league}
Sigismund decided to join the Holy League together with Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia, and Michael the Brave, voivode of Wallachia, on 5 October 1594. The two voivodes had started direct negotiations with the Holy See, but Sigismund, who claimed suze... | 728 | Sigismund Báthory | 3 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
## Reign
### Abdications and returns {#abdications_and_returns}
The failure of his marriage and the defeats of the Holy League diminished Sigismund\'s self-confidence. He sent his envoys to Rudolph II and again offered to abdicate in September 1597. An agreement regarding his abdication was signed... | 621 | Sigismund Báthory | 4 |
28,405 | # Sigismund Báthory
## Last years {#last_years}
Basta\'s soldiers accompanied Sigismund to Tokaj. Before long, he went to Prague to beg for Rudolph II\'s mercy. He received the *incolatus* (or the right to own lands in Bohemia) in 1604. After the Diet of Transylvania proclaimed Stephen Bocskai prince in February 1605... | 177 | Sigismund Báthory | 5 |
28,427 | # Telephone switchboard
A **telephone switchboard** is a device used to connect circuits of telephones to establish telephone calls between users or other switchboards. The switchboard is an essential component of a manual telephone exchange, and is operated by switchboard operators who use electrical cords or switche... | 1,275 | Telephone switchboard | 0 |
28,427 | # Telephone switchboard
## Operation
The switchboard is usually designed to accommodate the operator, who sits facing it. It has a high back panel, which consists of rows of female jacks, each jack designated and wired as a local extension of the switchboard (which serves an individual subscriber) or as an incoming o... | 570 | Telephone switchboard | 1 |
28,438 | # Skyclad (Neopaganism)
***Skyclad*** refers to ritual nudity in Wicca and Modern Paganism. Some groups, or Traditions, perform most or all of their rituals skyclad. Whilst nudity and the practice of witchcraft have long been associated in the visual arts, this contemporary ritual nudity is typically attributed to eit... | 603 | Skyclad (Neopaganism) | 0 |
28,452 | # Summary offence
A **summary offence** or **petty offence** is a violation in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment (required for an indictable offence).
## Canada
In Canada, summary offences are referred to as **summary conviction... | 562 | Summary offence | 0 |
28,452 | # Summary offence
## United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
In relation to England and Wales, the expression \"summary trial\" means a trial in the magistrates\' court. In such proceedings there is no jury; the appointed judge, or a panel of three lay magistrates, decides the guilt or innocence of the accused. Each summary... | 269 | Summary offence | 1 |
28,452 | # Summary offence
## United States {#united_states}
In United States federal and state law, \"there are certain minor or petty offenses that may be proceeded against summarily, and without a jury\". These can include criminal and civil citations, where a person may be charged with a criminal or non-criminal infractio... | 245 | Summary offence | 2 |
28,462 | # Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
`{{Beyond the Standard Model|expanded=Experiments}}`{=mediawiki} The **Sudbury Neutrino Observatory** (**SNO**) was a neutrino observatory located 2100 m underground in Vale\'s Creighton Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The detector was designed to detect solar neutrinos through their i... | 493 | Sudbury Neutrino Observatory | 0 |
28,462 | # Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
## Detector description {#detector_description}
The SNO detector target consisted of 1000 t of heavy water contained in a 6 m acrylic vessel. The detector cavity outside the vessel was filled with normal water to provide both buoyancy for the vessel and radiation shielding. The heavy wa... | 800 | Sudbury Neutrino Observatory | 1 |
28,462 | # Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
## Other possible analyses {#other_possible_analyses}
The SNO detector would have been capable of detecting a supernova within our galaxy if one had occurred while the detector was online. As neutrinos emitted by a supernova are released earlier than the photons, it is possible to alert... | 436 | Sudbury Neutrino Observatory | 2 |
28,469 | # Stimulated emission
**Stimulated emission** is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level. The liberated energy transfers to the electromagnetic field, creating a new photo... | 266 | Stimulated emission | 0 |
28,469 | # Stimulated emission
## Overview
Electrons and their interactions with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical ... | 493 | Stimulated emission | 1 |
28,469 | # Stimulated emission
## Mathematical model {#mathematical_model}
Stimulated emission can be modelled mathematically by considering an atom that may be in one of two electronic energy states, a lower level state (possibly the ground state) (1) and an *excited state* (2), with energies *E*~1~ and *E*~2~ respectively.
... | 988 | Stimulated emission | 2 |
28,469 | # Stimulated emission
## Optical amplification {#optical_amplification}
Stimulated emission can provide a physical mechanism for optical amplification. If an external source of energy stimulates more than 50% of the atoms in the ground state to transition into the excited state, then what is called a population inver... | 724 | Stimulated emission | 3 |
28,478 | # Skiing
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Alpine skiers **Skiing** is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski and Snowboard Federation ... | 335 | Skiing | 0 |
28,478 | # Skiing
## Types
### Alpine
Also called \"downhill skiing\", Alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier\'s boot. Ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be... | 317 | Skiing | 1 |
28,478 | # Skiing
## Competition
The following skiing disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS. Many have their own world cups and are included in the Winter Olympic Games.
- Cross-country -- Encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths. Races occur on homologated, groomed co... | 632 | Skiing | 2 |
28,478 | # Skiing
## Technique
Technique has evolved along with ski technology and ski geometry. Early techniques included the telemark turn, the stem, the stem Christie, snowplough, and parallel turn.
New parabolic designs like the Elan SCX have enabled the more modern carve turn.
## On other surfaces {#on_other_surfaces}
... | 135 | Skiing | 3 |
28,495 | # Shooting
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Glenn Eller surgery at 2008 Summer Olympics double trap finals thumb\|upright=1.35\|Olympic competitive air rifle shooting by Nancy Johnson in Sydney 2000 **Shooting** is the act or process of discharging a projectile from a ranged weapon (such as a gun, bow, crossbow, slingshot, or blo... | 532 | Shooting | 0 |
28,495 | # Shooting
## Shooting positions {#shooting_positions}
The National Rifle Association of America defines **four basic** \"competition\" or \"field\" shooting positions. In order of steadiness/stability (the closer you get to the ground, the steadier you are), they are prone, sitting, kneeling, and standing (also call... | 873 | Shooting | 1 |
28,495 | # Shooting
## Shooting positions {#shooting_positions}
### Back (or supine) {#back_or_supine}
It was sometimes referred to as the Creedmoor position. There are a number of variations of the position. It was known in the latter half of the 18th century, and later revived by a small number of shooters in the 1860s with... | 235 | Shooting | 2 |
28,495 | # Shooting
## Slings
Shooting sling
The sling is used to create isometric pressure to increase steadiness. While the use of a sling is of questionable value when shooting from the standing position, it is very much worth using from kneeling, sitting or prone. It was also used in back position in which case the sling... | 249 | Shooting | 3 |
28,510 | # Second-order predicate
In mathematical logic, a **second-order predicate** is a predicate that takes a first-order predicate as an argument. Compare higher-order predicate.
The idea of second order predication was introduced by the German mathematician and philosopher Frege. It is based on his idea that a predicate... | 134 | Second-order predicate | 0 |
28,512 | # Beer in Sweden
Beer in Sweden has a history that can be traced to the late Iron Age.
## History
Ale-brewing history in Sweden predates written records. Through old writings, such as Hávamál, the Norse culture produced ale and mead. Mead was preferred, and ale was the most common. The Scandinavians also had access ... | 450 | Beer in Sweden | 0 |
28,526 | # Skírnir
In Norse mythology, **Skírnir** (Old Norse\" `{{IPA|non|ˈskiːrnez̠|}}`{=mediawiki}; \"bright one\") is the god Freyr\'s messenger and vassal. He appears in both the Poetic and Prose Eddas.
## Attestations
### *Poetic Edda* {#poetic_edda}
In the Eddic poem *Skírnismál*, Skírnir is sent as a messenger to Jö... | 641 | Skírnir | 0 |
28,528 | # Suprême sauce
***Suprême* sauce** (`{{IPA|fr|sypʁɛm|-|Fr-suprême.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a classic and popular \"daughter sauce\" of French cuisine. It consists of velouté, a \"mother sauce\", thickened with cream and strained.
## Recipes
According the *Larousse Gastronomique*, a seminal work of French *haute cuisi... | 206 | Suprême sauce | 0 |
28,532 | # Zuppa alla modenese
***Zuppa alla modenese*** is an Italian soup | 11 | Zuppa alla modenese | 0 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
thumb\|upright=1.25\|*Ulysses*\'s observations of solar wind speed as a function of helio latitude during solar minimum. Slow wind (≈`{{val|400|u=km/s}}`{=mediawiki}) is confined to the equatorial regions, while fast wind (≈`{{val|750|u=km/s}}`{=mediawiki}) is seen over the poles. Red/blue colors show out... | 293 | Solar wind | 0 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## History
### Observations from Earth {#observations_from_earth}
The existence of particles flowing outward from the Sun to the Earth was first suggested by British astronomer Richard C. Carrington. In 1859, Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently made the first observations of what would later be... | 729 | Solar wind | 1 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## History
### Observations from space {#observations_from_space}
In January 1959, the Soviet spacecraft *Luna 1* first directly observed the solar wind and measured its strength, using hemispherical ion traps. The discovery, made by Konstantin Gringauz, was verified by *Luna 2*, *Luna 3*, and the more d... | 633 | Solar wind | 2 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## Acceleration mechanism {#acceleration_mechanism}
While early models of the solar wind relied primarily on thermal energy to accelerate the material, by the 1960s it was clear that thermal acceleration alone cannot account for the high speed of solar wind. An additional unknown acceleration mechanism i... | 326 | Solar wind | 3 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## Properties and structure {#properties_and_structure}
### Fast and slow solar wind {#fast_and_slow_solar_wind}
The solar wind is observed to exist in two fundamental states, termed the slow solar wind and the fast solar wind, though their differences extend well beyond their speeds. In near-Earth spac... | 917 | Solar wind | 4 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## Solar System effects {#solar_system_effects}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|The heliospheric current sheet results from the influence of the Sun\'s rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the solar wind.
Over the Sun\'s lifetime, the interaction of its surface layers with the escaping solar wind has significan... | 554 | Solar wind | 5 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## Solar System effects {#solar_system_effects}
### `{{anchor|Atmospheres}}`{=mediawiki}Atmospheres
The solar wind affects other incoming cosmic rays interacting with planetary atmospheres. Moreover, planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere are subject to atmospheric stripping by the solar wind.... | 539 | Solar wind | 6 |
28,538 | # Solar wind
## Limits
### Alfvén surface {#alfvén_surface}
The Alfvén surface is the boundary separating the corona from the solar wind defined as where the coronal plasma\'s Alfvén speed and the large-scale solar wind speed are equal.
Researchers were unsure exactly where the Alfvén critical surface of the Sun la... | 378 | Solar wind | 7 |
28,547 | # Sokal affair
The **Sokal affair**, also known as the **Sokal hoax**, was a demonstrative scholarly hoax performed by Alan Sokal, a physics professor at New York University and University College London. In 1996, Sokal submitted an article to *Social Text*, an academic journal of cultural studies. The submission was ... | 379 | Sokal affair | 0 |
28,547 | # Sokal affair
## Article
Sokal reasoned that if the presumption of editorial laziness was correct, the nonsensical content of his article would be irrelevant to whether the editors would publish it. What would matter would be ideological obsequiousness, fawning references to deconstructionist writers, and sufficient... | 581 | Sokal affair | 1 |
28,547 | # Sokal affair
## Responses
### Follow-up between Sokal and the editors {#follow_up_between_sokal_and_the_editors}
In the article \"A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies\" in the May 1996 issue of *Lingua Franca*, Sokal revealed that \"Transgressing the Boundaries\" was a hoax and concluded that *Social Text... | 362 | Sokal affair | 2 |
28,547 | # Sokal affair
## Responses
### Jacques Derrida {#jacques_derrida}
The French philosopher Jacques Derrida, whose 1966 statement about Einstein\'s theory of relativity was quoted in Sokal\'s paper, was singled out for criticism, particularly in U.S. newspaper coverage of the hoax. One weekly magazine used two images o... | 458 | Sokal affair | 3 |
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