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3,160 | # Alternative algebra
In abstract algebra, an **alternative algebra** is an algebra in which multiplication need not be associative, only alternative. That is, one must have
- $x(xy) = (xx)y$
- $(yx)x = y(xx)$
for all *x* and *y* in the algebra.
Every associative algebra is obviously alternative, but so too are... | 300 | Alternative algebra | 0 |
3,160 | # Alternative algebra
## Properties
**Artin\'s theorem** states that in an alternative algebra the subalgebra generated by any two elements is associative. Conversely, any algebra for which this is true is clearly alternative. It follows that expressions involving only two variables can be written unambiguously witho... | 387 | Alternative algebra | 1 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
In number theory, an **arithmetic**, **arithmetical**, or **number-theoretic function** is generally any function whose domain is the set of positive integers and whose range is a subset of the complex numbers. Hardy & Wright include in their definition the requirement that an arithmetical functi... | 634 | Arithmetic function | 0 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## Multiplicative functions {#multiplicative_functions}
### *σ*~*k*~(*n*), *τ*(*n*), *d*(*n*) -- divisor sums {#σkn_τn_dn_divisor_sums}
**σ~*k*~(*n*)** is the sum of the *k*th powers of the positive divisors of *n*, including 1 and *n*, where *k* is a complex number.
***σ*~1~(*n*)**, the sum o... | 461 | Arithmetic function | 1 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## Completely multiplicative functions {#completely_multiplicative_functions}
### *λ*(*n*) -- Liouville function {#λn_liouville_function}
***λ*(*n*)**, the Liouville function, is defined by $\lambda (n) = (-1)^{\Omega(n)}.$
### *χ*(*n*) -- characters {#χn_characters}
All **Dirichlet character... | 279 | Arithmetic function | 2 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## Neither multiplicative nor additive {#neither_multiplicative_nor_additive}
### *π*(*x*), Π(*x*), *ϑ*(*x*), *ψ*(*x*) -- prime-counting functions {#πx_πx_ϑx_ψx_prime_counting_functions}
These important functions (which are not arithmetic functions) are defined for non-negative real arguments, ... | 590 | Arithmetic function | 3 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## Summation functions {#summation_functions}
Given an arithmetic function *a*(*n*), its **summation function** *A*(*x*) is defined by $A(x) := \sum_{n \le x} a(n) .$ *A* can be regarded as a function of a real variable. Given a positive integer *m*, *A* is constant along open intervals *m* \< *... | 275 | Arithmetic function | 4 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## Dirichlet convolution {#dirichlet_convolution}
Given an arithmetic function *a*(*n*), let *F*~*a*~(*s*), for complex *s*, be the function defined by the corresponding Dirichlet series (where it converges): $F_a(s) := \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a(n)}{n^s} .$ *F*~*a*~(*s*) is called a generating f... | 994 | Arithmetic function | 5 |
3,170 | # \\sum\_{n {#sum_n_1}
### Prime-count related {#prime_count_related}
Let $H_n = 1 + \frac 1 2 + \frac 1 3 + \cdots +\frac{1}{n}$ be the *n*th harmonic number. Then
: $\sigma(n) \le H_n + e^{H_n}\log H_n$ is true for every natural number *n* if and only if the Riemann hypothesis is true.
The Riemann hypot... | 422 | Arithmetic function | 6 |
3,170 | # Arithmetic function
## First 100 values of some arithmetic functions {#first_100_values_of_some_arithmetic_functions}
*n* factorization *φ*(*n*) *ω*(*n*) Ω(*n*) *λ*(*n*) *μ*(*n*) Λ(*n*) *π*(*n*) *σ*~0~(*n*) *σ*~1~(*n*) *σ*~2~(*n*) *r*~2~(*n*) *r*~3~(*n*) *r*~4~(*n*)
----- -----------... | 1,628 | Arithmetic function | 7 |
3,172 | # ANSI C
**ANSI C**, **ISO C**, and **Standard C** are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). His... | 1,011 | ANSI C | 0 |
3,172 | #endif
## Support from major compilers {#support_from_major_compilers}
### Compliance detectability {#compliance_detectability}
To mitigate the differences between K&R C and the ANSI C standard, the `__STDC__` (\"standard c\") macro can be used to split code into ANSI and K&R sections.
``` c
#if defined(__STDC__) &... | 115 | ANSI C | 1 |
3,172 | #endif
## Compiler support {#compiler_support}
List of compilers supporting ANSI C:
- Acornsoft ANSI C (first version in 1988, revised in 1989)
- Amsterdam Compiler Kit (C K&R and C89/90)
- ARM RealView
- Clang (full C89/C90, partial C99, C11, C17, C23 and C2y), using LLVM backend
- GCC (full C89/90, C99, ... | 150 | ANSI C | 2 |
3,189 | # Ascending chain condition
In mathematics, the **ascending chain condition** (**ACC**) and **descending chain condition** (**DCC**) are finiteness properties satisfied by some algebraic structures, most importantly ideals in certain commutative rings. These conditions played an important role in the development of th... | 521 | Ascending chain condition | 0 |
3,203 | # Achduart
**Achduart** (Gaelic: ***Achadh Dhubhaird***) is a coastal hamlet in Coigach, Wester Ross in northwestern Scotland, now within the Highland council area. It is situated about 4 km southeast of the village of Achiltibuie, at the end of a minor road. A footpath continues on to the hamlet of Culnacraig, then a... | 145 | Achduart | 0 |
3,214 | # Amplifier figures of merit
In electronics, the **figures of merit** of an amplifier are numerical measures that characterize its properties and performance. Figures of merit can be given as a list of specifications that include properties such as gain, bandwidth, noise and linearity, among others listed in this arti... | 472 | Amplifier figures of merit | 0 |
3,214 | # Amplifier figures of merit
## Efficiency
Efficiency is a measure of how much of the power source is usefully applied to the amplifier\'s output. Class A amplifiers are very inefficient, in the range of 10--20% with a max efficiency of 25% for direct coupling of the output. Inductive coupling of the output can raise... | 686 | Amplifier figures of merit | 1 |
3,214 | # Amplifier figures of merit
## Output dynamic range {#output_dynamic_range}
Output dynamic range is the range, usually given in dB, between the smallest and largest useful output levels. The lowest useful level is limited by output noise, while the largest is limited most often by distortion. The ratio of these two ... | 425 | Amplifier figures of merit | 2 |
3,231 | # Absolute infinite
The **absolute infinite** (*symbol*: Ω), in context often called \"**absolute**\", is an extension of the idea of infinity proposed by mathematician Georg Cantor. Cantor linked the absolute infinite with God, and believed that it had various mathematical properties, including the reflection princip... | 581 | Absolute infinite | 0 |
3,233 | # Acceptance testing
In engineering and its various subdisciplines, **acceptance testing** is a test conducted to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met. It may involve chemical tests, physical tests, or performance tests.
In systems engineering, it may involve black-box testing performe... | 714 | Acceptance testing | 0 |
3,233 | # Acceptance testing
## User acceptance testing {#user_acceptance_testing}
User acceptance testing (UAT) consists of a process of verifying that a solution works for the user. It is not system testing (ensuring software does not crash and meets documented requirements) but rather ensures that the solution will work f... | 473 | Acceptance testing | 1 |
3,233 | # Acceptance testing
## Operational acceptance testing {#operational_acceptance_testing}
Operational acceptance testing (OAT) is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mai... | 678 | Acceptance testing | 2 |
3,234 | # Archbishopric of Riga
The **Archbishopric of Riga** (*Archiepiscopatus Rigensis*, *Erzbisdom Riga*) was a Catholic diocese and civil government in Medieval Livonia, subject to the Holy See. It was established in 1186 and ended in 1561.
## History
The diocese was established in 1186 as the Bishopric of Livonia at I... | 356 | Archbishopric of Riga | 0 |
3,235 | # Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
**Albert Frederick** (*Albrecht Friedrich*; *Albrecht Fryderyk*; 7 May 1553 -- 27 August 1618) was the Duke of Prussia, from 1568 until his death. He was a son of Albert of Prussia and Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was the second and last Prussian duke of the Ansbach branch o... | 514 | Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia | 0 |
3,236 | # Ansbach
**Ansbach** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|z|b|æ|k}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|ANZ|bak}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|de|ˈansbax|lang|De-Ansbach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; *Anschba*) is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is 25 mi southwest of Nuremberg and 90... | 1,415 | Ansbach | 0 |
3,236 | # Ansbach
## Lord mayors {#lord_mayors}
- 1877--1905: Ludwig Keller (1839--1911)
- 1905--1919: Ernst Rohmeder
- 1919--1934: Wilhelm Borkholder (1886--1945)
- 1934--1945: Richard Hänel (NSDAP) (1895-date of death unknown)
- 1945: Hans Schregle (1890--1970), (SPD), introduced by the Office of Military Governm... | 841 | Ansbach | 1 |
3,236 | # Ansbach
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In the novel *The Schirmer Inheritance* (1953) by Eric Ambler (1909--1998), Sergeant Franz Schirmer of the Ansbach Dragoons is wounded in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau in 1807. He returns to Ansbach to settle but changes his name as he has been posted as a desert... | 72 | Ansbach | 2 |
3,250 | # Amblypoda
**Amblypoda** was a taxonomic hypothesis uniting a group of extinct, herbivorous mammals. They were considered a suborder of the primitive ungulate mammals and have since been shown to represent a polyphyletic group.
## Characteristics
The Amblypoda take their name from their short and stumpy feet, which... | 566 | Amblypoda | 0 |
3,251 | # Amblygonite
**Amblygonite** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|m|ˈ|b|l|ɪ|ɡ|ə|ˌ|n|aɪ|t}}`{=mediawiki}) is a fluorophosphate mineral, `{{chem2|(Li,Na)AlPO4(F,OH)}}`{=mediawiki}, composed of lithium, sodium, aluminium, phosphate, fluoride and hydroxide. The mineral occurs in pegmatite deposits and is easily mistaken for albite and other fe... | 319 | Amblygonite | 0 |
3,269 | # Anthony, King of Saxony
**Anthony of Saxony** (*Anton*; 27 December 1755 -- 6 June 1836) was a King of Saxony from the House of Wettin. He became known as *Anton der Gütige* (\"Anthony the Kind\").
He was the fifth but third surviving son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony and his wife Duchess Maria Antonia ... | 641 | Anthony, King of Saxony | 0 |
3,269 | # Anthony, King of Saxony
## King of Saxony {#king_of_saxony}
Anthony succeeded his brother Frederick August I as King of Saxony upon the latter\'s death, on 5 May 1827. The 71-year-old new king was completely inexperienced in government, and hence had no intention of initiating profound changes in foreign or domesti... | 270 | Anthony, King of Saxony | 1 |
3,270 | # Albert III, Duke of Saxony
**Albert III** (*Albrecht*) (27 January 1443`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}12 September 1500) was a Duke of Saxony. He was nicknamed **Albert the Bold** or **Albert the Courageous** and founded the *Albertine line* of the House of Wettin.
## Biography
Albert was born in Grimma as the third and you... | 951 | Albert III, Duke of Saxony | 0 |
3,275 | # Book of Alma
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Captain Moroni raises the \"Title of Liberty\", as found in the 1910 book *Cities in the Sun*.\|alt=A figure (presumably Captain Moroni) stands with arms aloft at the top of a wide set of outdoor stairs that appear to descend from a large public building; implicitly, in the context o... | 268 | Book of Alma | 0 |
3,340 | # BearShare
**BearShare** was a peer-to-peer-file-sharing-application originally created by Free Peers, Inc. for Microsoft Windows and also a rebranded version of iMesh by MusicLab, LLC, tightly integrated with their music subscription service.
## History
The principal operators of Free Peers, Inc. were Vincent Falc... | 714 | BearShare | 0 |
3,358 | # Black-letter law
In common law legal systems, **black-letter law** refers to well-established legal rules that are no longer subject to reasonable dispute. Black-letter law can be contrasted with legal theory or unsettled legal issues.
## History and etymology {#history_and_etymology}
In an 1831 case in the U.S. S... | 621 | Black-letter law | 0 |
3,398 | # Beadwork
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Beadwork on the ceremonial dress of a Datooga woman **Beadwork** is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another by stringing them onto a thread or thin wire with a sewing or beading needle or sewing them to cloth. Beads are produced in a diverse range of materials, shapes, and siz... | 399 | Beadwork | 0 |
3,398 | # Beadwork
## Europe
thumb\|upright=.75\|Russian Countess Olga Orlova-Davydova wearing a heavily beaded kokoshnik, 1903Beadwork in Europe, much like in Egypt and the Americas, can be traced to the use of bone and shell as adornments amongst early modern humans. As glassmaking increased in popularity through the Middl... | 358 | Beadwork | 1 |
3,398 | # Beadwork
## North America {#north_america}
Native American beadwork, already established via the use of materials like shells, dendrite, claws, and bone, evolved to incorporate glass beads as Europeans brought them to the Americas beginning in the early 17th century.
Native beadwork today heavily utilizes small gl... | 354 | Beadwork | 2 |
3,398 | # Beadwork
## North America {#north_america}
### Métis Nation {#métis_nation}
Métis were known as the Flower Beadwork People by the Cree and Dene because of their culture of colourful floral beadwork and embroidery. During the early 19th century, European and Euro-North American observers and travelers frequently not... | 530 | Beadwork | 3 |
3,403 | # Bead weaving
**Bead weaving** (or **beadweaving**) is a set of techniques for weaving sheets and objects of seed beads. Threads are strung through and/or around the beads to hold them together. It can be done either on a loom or using one of a number of off-loom stitches.
## On-loom beadweaving {#on_loom_beadweavin... | 578 | Bead weaving | 0 |
3,406 | # Branchiopoda
**Branchiopoda**, from Ancient Greek βράγχια (*bránkhia*), meaning \"gill\", and πούς (*poús*), meaning \"foot\", is a class of crustaceans. It comprises fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Diplostraca (or Cladocera), Notostraca, the Devonian *Lepidocaris* and possibly the Cambrian *Rehbachiella*. They are mostl... | 308 | Branchiopoda | 0 |
3,406 | # Branchiopoda
## Taxonomy
In early taxonomic treatments, the current members of the Branchiopoda were all placed in a single genus, *Monoculus*. The taxon Branchiopoda was erected by Pierre André Latreille in 1817, initially at the rank of order.
The current upper-level classification of Branchiopoda, according to ... | 774 | Branchiopoda | 1 |
3,412 | # Burn card
In card games, a **burn card** is a playing card dealt from the top of a deck and discarded (\"burned\"), unused by the players. Burn cards are usually not shown to the players.
Burning is most often performed in casinos to deter a form of cheating known as card marking.
## Usage
In poker, the top card ... | 244 | Burn card | 0 |
3,437 | # Piano Trios, Op. 1 (Beethoven)
Ludwig van Beethoven\'s Opus 1 is a set of three piano trios (written for piano, violin, and cello), first performed in 1795 in the house of Prince Lichnowsky, to whom they are dedicated. The trios were published in 1795.
Despite the Op. 1 designation, these trios were not Beethoven\'... | 302 | Piano Trios, Op. 1 (Beethoven) | 0 |
3,443 | # Barratry (common law)
Barratry}}
**Barratry** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ær|ə|t|r|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Respell|BARR|ə|tree}}`{=mediawiki}, from Old French `{{Wikt-lang|fr|barat}}`{=mediawiki} (\"deceit, trickery\")) is a legal term that, at common law, described a criminal offense committed by people who are overly officious i... | 697 | Barratry (common law) | 0 |
3,446 | # Bomber
A **bomber** is a military combat aircraft that utilizes air-to-ground weaponry to drop bombs, launch torpedoes, or deploy air-launched cruise missiles.
There are two major classifications of bomber: strategic and tactical. Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily designed for long-range bombing ... | 493 | Bomber | 0 |
3,446 | # Bomber
## History
The first use of an air-dropped bomb (actually four hand grenades specially manufactured by the Italian naval arsenal) was carried out by Italian Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti on 1 November 1911 during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya -- although his plane was not designed for the task of bombing... | 580 | Bomber | 1 |
3,446 | # Bomber
## History
### Strategic bombing {#strategic_bombing}
Bombing raids and interdiction operations were mainly carried out by French and British forces during the War as the German air arm was forced to concentrate its resources on a defensive strategy. Notably, bombing campaigns formed a part of the British of... | 587 | Bomber | 2 |
3,446 | # Bomber
## History
### Cold War {#cold_war}
At the start of the Cold War, bombers were the only means of carrying nuclear weapons to enemy targets, and had the role of deterrence. With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means o... | 553 | Bomber | 3 |
3,535 | # Telecommunications in Belarus
**Telecommunications in Belarus** involves the availability and use of electronic devices and services, such as the telephone, television, radio or computer, for the purpose of communication.
## Telephone system {#telephone_system}
- Telephone lines in use: 3,9741 million (2011).
- ... | 325 | Telecommunications in Belarus | 0 |
3,535 | # Telecommunications in Belarus
## Internet
- Country code: .by
The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Beltelecom owns all the backbone channels that linked to the Lattelecom, TEO LT, Tata Communications (former Teleglobe), Synterra, ... | 630 | Telecommunications in Belarus | 1 |
3,536 | # Transport in Belarus
This article is about **transport in Belarus**.
## Railways
Rail transport in Belarus is operated by Belarusskaya Chyhunka\
*total:* 5,512 km\
*country comparison to the world:* 32\
*broad gauge:* 5,497 km of `{{RailGauge|1520mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge (874 km electrified) (2006)
- City with u... | 334 | Transport in Belarus | 0 |
3,545 | # Telecommunications in Belgium
**Communications in Belgium** are extensive and advanced. Belgium possesses the infrastructure for both mobile and land-based telecom, as well as having significant television, radio and internet infrastructure. The country code for Belgium is **BE**.
## Services
### Mail
Mail regula... | 682 | Telecommunications in Belgium | 0 |
3,546 | # Transport in Belgium
**Transport in Belgium** is facilitated with well-developed road, air, rail and water networks. The rail network has 2950 km of electrified tracks. There are 118414 km of roads, among which there are 1747 km of motorways, 13892 km of main roads and 102775 km of other paved roads. There is also a... | 767 | Transport in Belgium | 0 |
3,546 | # Transport in Belgium
## Road transport {#road_transport}
### Road network {#road_network}
The road network in Belgium is managed by regional authorities, meaning that a road section in Flanders is managed by the Flemish Government, a road section in Brussels by the Brussels government and a road section in Walloni... | 940 | Transport in Belgium | 1 |
3,546 | # Transport in Belgium
## Water
### Ports and harbours {#ports_and_harbours}
#### Sea ports {#sea_ports}
- Antwerp - Port of Antwerp [1](http://www.portofantwerp.com/) (one of the world\'s busiest ports)
- Bruges (Zeebrugge) - Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge [2](http://www.zeebruggeport.be/) (one of the busiest in Eur... | 451 | Transport in Belgium | 2 |
3,589 | # Lhop people
hazaras }} The **Lhop** or **Doya people (**Dzongkha**: ལྷོབ་ ་ཡང་ན་ དྲོ་ཡ)** are a little-known tribe of southwest Bhutan. The Bhutanese believe them to be the aboriginal inhabitants of the country. The Lhop are found in the low valleys of Dorokha Gewog and near Phuntsholing in the Duars. The dress of t... | 114 | Lhop people | 0 |
3,604 | # Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in Southeastern Europe. Situated in the western Balkans, it has a 932 km border with Croatia to the north and southwest, a 357 km border with Serbia to the east, and a 249 km border with Montenegro to the southeast. It borders the Adriatic Sea alo... | 799 | Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 |
3,604 | # Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Climate
Except for the easternmost provinces, the country experiences a wet Mediterranean climate.
The hills and mountains are drier, colder, windier, and cloudier. `{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Sarajevo
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record... | 1,102 | Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 |
3,604 | # Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Land use {#land_use}
- **Arable land:** 19.73%
- **Permanent crops:** 2.06%
- **Other:** 78.22% (2012 est.)
**Irrigated land:** 30 km2 (2003)
**Total renewable water resources:** 37.5 km3 (2011)
## Environment
**Natural hazards:**
- Destructive earthquakes
**Curr... | 129 | Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 |
3,606 | # Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The **politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina** are defined by a parliamentary, representative democratic framework, where the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, named by the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is the head of government. Executive power is... | 721 | Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 |
3,606 | # Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
The Parliamentary Assembly or *Parliamentarna skupština* is the main legislative body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two chambers:
- the House of Peoples or *Dom naroda*
- the House of Representatives or *Predstavnički do... | 415 | Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 |
3,606 | # Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Political parties and elections {#political_parties_and_elections}
Candidate Party Votes \%
-------------------------------------------... | 610 | Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 |
3,606 | # Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Judicial branch {#judicial_branch}
### Constitutional Court {#constitutional_court}
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of constitutional matters. The court is composed of nine members: four selected by the House of Representatives ... | 504 | Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 |
3,609 | # Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina has facilities for road, rail and air transport. There are five international road routes and 20 state highways, with bus connections to many countries. Railways total just over 1,000 km with links to Croatia and Serbia. There are 25 airports, seven of them ... | 515 | Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 |
3,610 | # Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The **Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina** (`{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|separator=" / "|Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine|Оружане снаге Босне и Херцеговине}}`{=mediawiki} or **OSBiH**) is the official military force of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The BiH armed forces were officially u... | 301 | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 |
3,610 | # Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## History
The AFBiH was formed from three armies of the Bosnian War period: the Bosniak Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska, and the Croat Defence Council.
The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created on... | 427 | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 |
3,610 | # Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## History
### The Bosnian Train and Equip Program {#the_bosnian_train_and_equip_program}
The program to train and equip the Bosnian Federation Army after the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995 was a key element of the U.S. strategy to bring stable peace to Bosnia. ... | 897 | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 |
3,610 | # Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Structure
The Military units are commanded by the **Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina Joint Staff** in Sarajevo. There are two major commands under the Joint Staff: Operational Command and Support Command.
There are three regiments that are each formed by soldiers fro... | 1,242 | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 |
3,610 | # Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Uniform and insignia {#uniform_and_insignia}
Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were unified in 2005 and at that time they needed a uniform for the newly founded Armed Forces. MARPAT was designated as the future camouflage pattern to be used on combat uniforms of the AF... | 221 | Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
The history of Botswana encompasses the region\'s ancient and tribal history, its colonisation as the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and the present-day Republic of Botswana. The first modern humans to inhabit Botswana were the San people, and agriculture first developed approximately 2,300 years ago... | 410 | History of Botswana | 0 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Pre-colonial history {#pre_colonial_history}
### Prehistory
Present-day Botswana was primarily forest ten million years ago, and the rivers were much larger than they are in the present, flowing into a massive paleolake, Lake Makgadikgadi. *Homo erectus* lived in the region during the Early ... | 489 | History of Botswana | 1 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Pre-colonial history {#pre_colonial_history}
### Post-classical period {#post_classical_period}
A group of Zhizo people, the Taukome people, arrived in present-day Botswana by the 7th century and settled between the Shashe River and the Serorome River. Their possession of glass beads indicate... | 1,149 | History of Botswana | 2 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Pre-colonial history {#pre_colonial_history}
### European missionaries {#european_missionaries}
European missionaries first arrived in present-day Botswana in 1816 through the London Missionary Society. This and other missionary groups worked to convert the chiefs to Christianity and to build... | 574 | History of Botswana | 3 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Bechuanaland Protectorate {#bechuanaland_protectorate}
### Formation of the protectorate {#formation_of_the_protectorate}
The United Kingdom feared increasing German influence in the region, and it agreed to form the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The British wished to preserve its influence ove... | 553 | History of Botswana | 4 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Bechuanaland Protectorate {#bechuanaland_protectorate}
### Early years of the protectorate {#early_years_of_the_protectorate}
The British planned to eventually incorporate the Bechuanaland Protectorate into the Union of South Africa. In the years after the protectorate\'s creation, the United... | 994 | History of Botswana | 5 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Bechuanaland Protectorate {#bechuanaland_protectorate}
### Early years of World War II {#early_years_of_world_war_ii}
Fears of German attack in Bechuanaland grew in the lead up to World War II due to its strategic position between Britain\'s central and southern colonies in Africa. 11 days be... | 421 | History of Botswana | 6 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Bechuanaland Protectorate {#bechuanaland_protectorate}
### Batswana participation in World War II {#batswana_participation_in_world_war_ii}
Military recruitment began in Bechuanaland in 1941. About 5,500 men were trained and sent to war within the first six months. Another 5,000 Batswana men ... | 367 | History of Botswana | 7 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Bechuanaland Protectorate {#bechuanaland_protectorate}
### Independence movement {#independence_movement}
The end of World War II came with drastic social change. The chiefs came to be seen as less essential to social structure, and many gave up their universal claims over tribal cattle. Othe... | 1,408 | History of Botswana | 8 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Botswana in 1966 {#botswana_in_1966}
Independence for Botswana meant the implementation of liberal democracy, bringing about elections, human rights protections, and civil service. This allowed for a merit-based system of promotion and the cre... | 697 | History of Botswana | 9 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Presidency of Seretse Khama {#presidency_of_seretse_khama}
Khama was widely popular and seen as the natural leader of all the Tswana peoples. His administration implemented policies geared toward the creation of infrastructure and public goods,... | 1,266 | History of Botswana | 10 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Presidency of Quett Masire {#presidency_of_quett_masire}
After Seretse Khama\'s death in 1980, Vice-President Quett Masire became the president of Botswana. Despite concerns about Khama\'s succession, Masire maintained the government infrastruc... | 1,424 | History of Botswana | 11 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Presidency of Festus Mogae {#presidency_of_festus_mogae}
Masire stepped down as president on 1 April 1998, and he was succeeded by Vice-President Festus Mogae. Mogae made the controversial decision to appoint Ian Khama, commander of the army an... | 481 | History of Botswana | 12 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Presidency of Ian Khama {#presidency_of_ian_khama}
Ian Khama succeeded to the presidency at the end of Mogae\'s term on 1 April 2008. His style of leadership was advertised as following the \"four Ds\": democracy, development, dignity, and disc... | 1,011 | History of Botswana | 13 |
3,612 | # History of Botswana
## Republic of Botswana {#republic_of_botswana}
### Presidency of Duma Boko {#presidency_of_duma_boko}
The UDC became the first opposition party in Botswana to take power following its victory in the 2024 general election, ending 58 years of rule by the BDP. In his first State of the Nation Addr... | 115 | History of Botswana | 14 |
3,613 | # Geography of Botswana
**Botswana** is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, north of South Africa. Botswana occupies an area of 581730 km2, of which 566730 km2 are land. Botswana has land boundaries of combined length 4347.15 km, of which the constituent boundaries are shared with Namibia, for 1544 km; So... | 701 | Geography of Botswana | 0 |
3,613 | # Geography of Botswana
## Natural hazards {#natural_hazards}
Botswana is affected by periodic droughts, and seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust, which can obscure visibility.
## Environment
Current environmental issues in Botswana are overgrazing, desertification and the existence of o... | 234 | Geography of Botswana | 1 |
3,617 | # Telecommunications in Botswana
Telecommunications in Botswana include newspapers, radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
In addition to the government-owned newspaper and national radio network, there is an active, independent press (six weekly newspapers). Foreign publications are sold w... | 546 | Telecommunications in Botswana | 0 |
3,618 | # Transport in Botswana
**Transportation in Botswana** is provided by an extensive network of railways, highways, ferry services and air routes that criss-cross the country. The transport sector in Botswana played an important role in economic growth following its independence in 1966. The country discovered natural r... | 496 | Transport in Botswana | 0 |
3,618 | # Transport in Botswana
## Road transport {#road_transport}
### Vehicle population {#vehicle_population}
- Botswana had 584,000 locally registered vehicles at the end of June 2019 - more than double the number compared to 10 years prior. This equates to around 250 vehicles per 1,000 people in the country.
- 30,5... | 780 | Transport in Botswana | 1 |
3,618 | # Transport in Botswana
## Road transport {#road_transport}
### Longest bridges {#longest_bridges}
The Kazungula Bridge in Kazungula and the Okavango River Bridge (constructed 2022) in Mohembo are the two longest bridges.
### Roadway links with adjacent countries {#roadway_links_with_adjacent_countries}
#### Existi... | 266 | Transport in Botswana | 2 |
3,618 | # Transport in Botswana
## Water transport {#water_transport}
Further information: List of rivers of Botswana
### Ferries
The Kazungula Ferry was a pontoon ferry that crossed the 400 m Zambezi River between Botswana and Zambia.
### Tour boats {#tour_boats}
## Aviation
Further information: List of airports in Bot... | 388 | Transport in Botswana | 3 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of 8514215 km2 which includes 8456510 km2 of land and 55455 km2 of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at 2994 m. Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argenti... | 743 | Geography of Brazil | 0 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Geology, geomorphology and drainage {#geology_geomorphology_and_drainage}
In contrast to the Andes, which rose to elevations of nearly 7000 m in a relatively recent epoch and inverted the Amazon\'s direction of flow from westward to eastward, Brazil\'s geological formation is ancient. Precamb... | 755 | Geography of Brazil | 1 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Rivers and lakes {#rivers_and_lakes}
`{{Main articles|List of rivers of Brazil}}`{=mediawiki} According to organs of the Brazilian government there are 12 major hydrographic regions in Brazil. Seven of these are river basins named after their main rivers; the other five are groupings of vario... | 1,020 | Geography of Brazil | 2 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Climate
Although 74% of the country is within the tropical zone, the climate of Brazil varies considerably from the mostly tropical North (the equator traverses the mouth of the Amazon) to temperate zones below the Tropic of Capricorn (23°27\' S latitude), which crosses the country at the lat... | 464 | Geography of Brazil | 3 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Geographic regions {#geographic_regions}
Brazil\'s 26 states and the Federal District (Distrito Federal) are divided conventionally into five regions: North (Norte), Northeast (Nordeste), Southeast (Sudeste), South (Sul), and Center-West (Centro-Oeste). In 2015 there were 5,570 municipalities... | 1,054 | Geography of Brazil | 4 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Geographic regions {#geographic_regions}
### South
The three states in the temperate South: Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina---cover 577214 km2, or 6.8% of the national territory. The population of the South in 1991 was 23.1 million, or 14% of the country\'s total. The region is ... | 204 | Geography of Brazil | 5 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Data
In contrast to the Andes, which rose to elevations of nearly 7000 m in a relatively recent epoch and inverted the Amazon\'s direction of flow from westward to eastward, Brazil\'s geological formation is very old. Precambrian crystalline shields cover 36% of the territory, especially its ... | 693 | Geography of Brazil | 6 |
3,631 | # Geography of Brazil
## Locations
Brazil occupies most of the eastern part of the South American continent and its geographic heartland, as well as various islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The only countries in the world that are larger are Russia, Canada, China, and the United States. The national territory extends 4... | 284 | Geography of Brazil | 7 |
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