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30,500 | # Thiamine
## History
Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. The earliest observations in humans and in chickens had shown that diets of primarily polished white rice caused beriberi, but did not attribute it to the absence of a previously unknown essential nutrient.
In 1884, Takaki Kan... | 677 | Thiamine | 5 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
**Thomas Cranmer** (2 July 1489 -- 21 March 1556) was a theologian, leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He is honoured as a martyr in the Church of England.
Cranmer helped build the case for the annul... | 593 | Thomas Cranmer | 0 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Early years (1489--1527) {#early_years_14891527}
Historians know nothing definite about Cranmer\'s early schooling. He probably attended a grammar school in his village. At 14, two years after his father\'s death, he was sent to the newly created Jesus College, Cambridge. It took him eight years t... | 337 | Thomas Cranmer | 1 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## In the service of Henry VIII (1527--1532) {#in_the_service_of_henry_viii_15271532}
thumb\|upright=0.75\|left\|Henry VIII recognised Cranmer\'s value in obtaining support for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1536
Henry VIII\'s first m... | 640 | Thomas Cranmer | 2 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury (1532--1534) {#appointed_archbishop_of_canterbury_15321534}
While Cranmer was following Charles through Italy, he received a royal letter dated 1 October 1532 informing him that he had been appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury, following the death of Archbi... | 633 | Thomas Cranmer | 3 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Under the vicegerency (1535--1538) {#under_the_vicegerency_15351538}
Cranmer was not immediately accepted by the bishops within his province. When he attempted a canonical visitation, he had to avoid locations where a resident conservative bishop might make an embarrassing personal challenge to hi... | 1,119 | Thomas Cranmer | 4 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Reforms reversed (1539--1542) {#reforms_reversed_15391542}
Continental reformer Philipp Melanchthon was aware that he was very much admired by Henry. In early 1539, Melanchthon wrote several letters to Henry criticising his views on religion, in particular his support of clerical celibacy. By late... | 739 | Thomas Cranmer | 5 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Support from the King (1543--1547) {#support_from_the_king_15431547}
In 1543, several conservative clergymen in Kent banded together to attack and denounce two reformers, Richard Turner and John Bland, before the Privy Council. They prepared articles to present to the council, but at the last mome... | 756 | Thomas Cranmer | 6 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Foreign divines and reformed doctrines (1547--1549) {#foreign_divines_and_reformed_doctrines_15471549}
Under the regency of Seymour, the reformers became part of the establishment. A royal visitation of the provinces took place in August 1547, and each parish was instructed to obtain a copy of the... | 395 | Thomas Cranmer | 7 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## *Book of Common Prayer* (1548--1549) {#book_of_common_prayer_15481549}
As the use of English in worship services spread, the need for a complete uniform liturgy for the Church became evident. Initial meetings to start what would eventually become the 1549 *Book of Common Prayer* were held in the f... | 404 | Thomas Cranmer | 8 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Consolidating gains (1549--1551) {#consolidating_gains_15491551}
The Prayer Book Rebellion and other events harmed the Seymour regency. The Privy Council became divided when several dissident Councillors joined behind John Dudley to oust Seymour. Cranmer and two other Councillors, William Paget, a... | 561 | Thomas Cranmer | 9 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Final reform programme (1551--1553) {#final_reform_programme_15511553}
Cranmer\'s role in politics was diminishing when, on 16 October 1551, Seymour was arrested on charges of treason. In December, Seymour was put on trial, and although acquitted of treason, he was judged guilty of felony and was ... | 929 | Thomas Cranmer | 10 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Trials, recantations, execution (1553--1556) {#trials_recantations_execution_15531556}
Edward VI became seriously ill and the councillors were told that he did not have long to live. In May 1553, the council sent several letters to Continental reformers assuring them that Edward\'s health was impr... | 1,302 | Thomas Cranmer | 11 |
30,502 | # Thomas Cranmer
## Aftermath and legacy {#aftermath_and_legacy}
The Marian government produced a pamphlet with all six recantations plus the text of the speech Cranmer was to have made in the University Church. His subsequent withdrawal of his recantations was not mentioned, though what actually happened soon became... | 619 | Thomas Cranmer | 12 |
30,523 | # Thomas Abel (martyr)
**Thomas Abel** (or **Abell**) (ca. 1497 -- 30 July 1540) was an English priest who was martyred during the reign of Henry VIII. The place and date of his birth are unknown.
He was educated at Oxford, where in 1516 he took the degree of Master of Arts, and subsequently acquired a doctorate in t... | 556 | Thomas Abel (martyr) | 0 |
30,525 | # Thoinot Arbeau
**Thoinot Arbeau** is the anagrammatic pen name of French cleric **Jehan Tabourot** (March 17, 1520 -- July 23, 1595). Tabourot is most famous for his *Orchésographie*, a study of late sixteenth-century French Renaissance social dance. He was born in Dijon and died in Langres.
## *Orchésographie* and... | 382 | Thoinot Arbeau | 0 |
30,540 | # 2001 Tour de France
The **2001 Tour de France** was a multiple-stage bicycle race held from 7 to 29 July, and the 88th edition of the Tour de France. It has no overall winner---although American cyclist Lance Armstrong originally won the event, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced in August 2012 that they ... | 777 | 2001 Tour de France | 0 |
30,540 | # 2001 Tour de France
## Classification leadership and minor prizes {#classification_leadership_and_minor_prizes}
There were several classifications in the 2001 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist\'s finishing times in each stage. The cyclist with the l... | 847 | 2001 Tour de France | 1 |
30,554 | # Tychonoff space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, **Tychonoff spaces** and **completely regular spaces** are kinds of topological spaces. These conditions are examples of separation axioms. A Tychonoff space is any completely regular space that is also a Hausdorff space; there exist completely regular... | 335 | Tychonoff space | 0 |
30,554 | # Tychonoff space
## Examples
Almost every topological space studied in mathematical analysis is Tychonoff, or at least completely regular. For example, the real line is Tychonoff under the standard Euclidean topology. Other examples include:
- Every metric space is Tychonoff; every pseudometric space is completel... | 292 | Tychonoff space | 1 |
30,554 | # Tychonoff space
## Properties
### Preservation
Complete regularity and the Tychonoff property are well-behaved with respect to initial topologies. Specifically, complete regularity is preserved by taking arbitrary initial topologies and the Tychonoff property is preserved by taking point-separating initial topolog... | 888 | Tychonoff space | 2 |
30,559 | # The Diggers (band)
**The Diggers** are a Scottish post-Britpop powerpop band, with a 1997 debut album, *Mount Everest*.
## History
Members Miezitis and Moffatt had attended school together and began playing as an acoustic duo in the early 1990s. In 1991 they moved to Glasgow, and added members Eslick and Ross. Aft... | 178 | The Diggers (band) | 0 |
30,561 | # Tallage
**Tallage** or **talliage** (from the French *tailler*, i.e. a part cut out of the whole) may have signified at first any tax, but became in England and France a land use or land tenure tax. Later in England it was further limited to assessments by the crown upon cities, boroughs, and royal domains. In effec... | 653 | Tallage | 0 |
30,561 | # Tallage
## Germany
Tallage never became significantly developed in the German states. It remained a small tax owed to a feudal lord in lieu of other feudal duties, dying out along with other feudal duties | 36 | Tallage | 1 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
This is a glossary of some terms used in the branch of mathematics known as topology. Although there is no absolute distinction between different areas of topology, the focus here is on general topology. The following definitions are also fundamental to algebraic topology, differential t... | 557 | Glossary of general topology | 0 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## C
Category of topological spaces: The category **Top** has topological spaces as objects and continuous maps as morphisms.
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Cauchy sequence: A sequence {*x*~*n*~} in a metric space (*M*, *d*) is a Cauchy sequence if, for every positive real number *r*, there ... | 987 | Glossary of general topology | 1 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## D
δ-cluster point, δ-closed, δ-open: A point *x* of a topological space *X* is a δ-cluster point of a subset *A* if $A \cap \operatorname{Int}_X\left( \operatorname{Cl}_X(U) \right) \neq \emptyset$ for every open neighborhood *U* of *x* in *X*. The subset *A* is δ-closed if it is equ... | 459 | Glossary of general topology | 2 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## F
*F*~σ~ set: An *F*~σ~ set is a countable union of closed sets.
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Filter: See also: Filters in topology. A filter on a space *X* is a nonempty family *F* of subsets of *X* such that the following conditions hold:
:# The empty set is not in *F*.
:# The inter... | 369 | Glossary of general topology | 3 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## H
Hausdorff: A Hausdorff space (or **T~2~ space**) is one in which every two distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods. Every Hausdorff space is T~1~.\
H-closed: A space is H-closed, or **Hausdorff closed** or **absolutely closed**, if it is closed in every Hausdorff space contain... | 725 | Glossary of general topology | 4 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## L
L-space: An *L-space* is a hereditarily Lindelöf space which is not hereditarily separable. A Suslin line would be an L-space.
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Larger topology: See **Finer topology**.
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Limit point: A point *x* in a space *X* is a limit point of a ... | 528 | Glossary of general topology | 5 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## M
Meagre: If *X* is a space and *A* is a subset of *X*, then *A* is meagre in *X* (or of **first category** in *X*) if it is the countable union of nowhere dense sets. If *A* is not meagre in *X*, *A* is of **second category** in *X*.
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Metacompact: A space is... | 378 | Glossary of general topology | 6 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## N
Nearly open: see *preopen*. See also: almost open map.
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Neighbourhood**/**Neighborhood: A neighbourhood of a point *x* is a set containing an open set which in turn contains the point *x*. More generally, a neighbourhood of a set *S* is a set containing an ... | 491 | Glossary of general topology | 7 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## P
Paracompact: A space is paracompact if every open cover has a locally finite open refinement. Paracompact implies metacompact. Paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal.
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Partition of unity: A partition of unity of a space *X* is a set of continuous functions... | 1,109 | Glossary of general topology | 8 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## R
Refinement: A cover *K* is a refinement of a cover *L* if every member of *K* is a subset of some member of *L*.\
Regular: A space is regular if, whenever *C* is a closed set and *x* is a point not in *C*, then *C* and *x* have disjoint neighbourhoods.\
Regular Hausdorff: A space i... | 1,025 | Glossary of general topology | 9 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## T
T~0~: A space is T~0~ (or **Kolmogorov**) if for every pair of distinct points *x* and *y* in the space, either there is an open set containing *x* but not *y*, or there is an open set containing *y* but not *x*.
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T~1~: A space is T~1~ (or **Fréchet** or **... | 548 | Glossary of general topology | 10 |
30,562 | # Glossary of general topology
## U
Ultra-connected: A space is ultra-connected if no two non-empty closed sets are disjoint. Every ultra-connected space is path-connected.
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Ultrametric: A metric is an ultrametric if it satisfies the following stronger version of the triangle inequality: for ... | 504 | Glossary of general topology | 11 |
30,564 | # Theodore Sturgeon
**Theodore Sturgeon** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|ɜr|dʒ|ən}}`{=mediawiki}; born **Edward Hamilton Waldo**, February 26, 1918 -- May 8, 1985) was an American author of primarily fantasy, science fiction, and horror, as well as a critic. He wrote approximately 400 reviews and more than 120 short stories, 11 no... | 576 | Theodore Sturgeon | 0 |
30,564 | # Theodore Sturgeon
## Biography
### 1950s: The boom years {#s_the_boom_years}
Although the bulk of Sturgeon\'s short story work dated from the 1940s and \'50s, his original novels were all published between 1950 and 1961. Disliking arguments with John W. Campbell over editorial decisions, Sturgeon only published one... | 1,008 | Theodore Sturgeon | 1 |
30,564 | # Theodore Sturgeon
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wives and partners
Sturgeon was married three times, had two long-term committed relationships outside of marriage, divorced once, and fathered a total of seven children. His first wife was Dorothe Fillingame (married 1940, divorced 1945) with whom he had two dau... | 285 | Theodore Sturgeon | 2 |
30,564 | # Theodore Sturgeon
## Works
### Novels
- *The Dreaming Jewels* (1950) Also published as *The Synthetic Man*
- *More Than Human* (1953) Fix-up of three linked novellas, the first and third written around *Baby Is Three* (Galaxy Science Fiction, October 1952)
- *The Cosmic Rape* (1958) A shorter version was pub... | 1,126 | Theodore Sturgeon | 3 |
30,564 | # Theodore Sturgeon
## Works
### Autobiography
- *Argyll: A Memoir* (pamphlet, Sturgeon Project, 1993), an autobiographical sketch about Sturgeon\'s relationship with his stepfather. Introduction by his editor Paul Williams. Afterword by Samuel R. Delany. Cover art by Donna Nassar. The memoir, written for his psych... | 314 | Theodore Sturgeon | 4 |
30,565 | # The Yellow Kid
thumb\|upright=1.3\|right\|Handwritten claim for copyright on \"The Yellow Dugan Kid\" to the Librarian of Congress on September 7, 1896 **The Yellow Kid** (**Mickey Dugan**) is an American comic-strip character that appeared from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzer\'s *New York World*, and later William ... | 350 | The Yellow Kid | 0 |
30,565 | # The Yellow Kid
## Publication history {#publication_history}
thumb\|upright=1.1\|right\|Richard F. Outcault\'s last *Hogan\'s Alley* cartoon for *Truth* magazine, *Fourth Ward Brownies*, was published on 9 February 1895 and reprinted in the *New York World* newspaper on 17 February 1895, beginning one of the first ... | 631 | The Yellow Kid | 1 |
30,565 | # The Yellow Kid
## Merchandising
The Yellow Kid\'s image was an early example of lucrative merchandising and appeared on mass market retail objects in the greater New York City area such as \"billboards, buttons, cigarette packs, cigars, cracker tins, ladies\' fans, matchbooks, postcards, chewing gum cards, toys, wh... | 252 | The Yellow Kid | 2 |
30,566 | # The Little Bears
***The Little Bears*** is an American comic strip created by Jimmy Swinnerton, one of the first American comic strips featuring talking animals and one of the first with recurring characters -- the titular bears. The feature emerged from a series of spot illustrations of a bear cub that began appear... | 408 | The Little Bears | 0 |
30,569 | # Týr
***italic=no*** (`{{IPAc-en|t|ɪər}}`{=mediawiki}; Old Norse: *Týr*, `{{IPA|non|tyːr|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a god in Germanic mythology and member of the *\[\[Æsir\]\]*. In Norse mythology, which provides most of the surviving narratives about gods among the Germanic peoples, *italic=no* sacrifices his right han... | 893 | Týr | 0 |
30,569 | # Týr
## Name
### Toponyms
A variety of place names in Scandinavia refer to the god. For example, *Tyrseng*, in Viby, Jutland, Denmark (Old Norse *\*Týs eng*, \'*italic=no*\'s meadow\') was once a stretch of meadow near a stream called *Dødeå* (\'stream of the dead\' or \'dead stream\'). Viby also contained another t... | 202 | Týr | 1 |
30,569 | # Týr
## Attestations
### Roman era {#roman_era}
While *italic=no*\'s etymological heritage reaches back to the Proto-Indo-European period, very few direct references to the god survive prior to the Old Norse period. Like many other non-Roman deities, *italic=no* receives mention in Latin texts by way of the process... | 509 | Týr | 2 |
30,569 | # Týr
## Attestations
### Viking Age and post-Viking Age {#viking_age_and_post_viking_age}
By the Viking Age, *\*Tīwaz* had developed among the North Germanic peoples into *italic=no*. The god receives numerous mentions in North Germanic sources during this period, but far less than other deities, such as Odin, Freyj... | 946 | Týr | 3 |
30,569 | # Týr
## Archaeological record {#archaeological_record}
Scholars propose that a variety of objects from the archaeological record depict *italic=no*. For example, a Migration Period gold bracteate from Trollhättan, Sweden, features a person receiving a bite on the hand from a beast, which may depict *italic=no* and *... | 475 | Týr | 4 |
30,571 | # Tabitha King
**Tabitha** \"**Tabby**\" **Jane King** (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} **Spruce**, born March 24, 1949) is an American author.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Old Town, Maine, Tabitha King is the third eldest daughter of Sarah Jane Spruce (née White; December 7, 1923 -- April 14, 2007) and Raymond George ... | 579 | Tabitha King | 0 |
30,577 | # Sealed Knot
The **Sealed Knot** was a secret Royalist association which plotted for the Restoration of the monarchy during the English Interregnum. The group was commissioned by King Charles II between November 1653 and February 1654 from his exile in Paris for the purpose of coordinating underground Royalist activi... | 307 | Sealed Knot | 0 |
30,594 | # Tribune
**Tribune** (*Tribunus*) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome. The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, h... | 382 | Tribune | 0 |
30,594 | # Tribune
## `{{anchor|Tribune of the plebeians}}`{=mediawiki}Tribune of the plebs {#tribune_of_the_plebs}
The *tribuni plebis*, known in English as *tribunes of the plebs, tribunes of the people,* or *plebeian tribunes,* were instituted in 494 BC, after the first secession of the plebs, to protect the interests of t... | 589 | Tribune | 1 |
30,594 | # Tribune
## Military tribunes {#military_tribunes}
The *tribuni militum,* known in English as *military tribunes* or literally, *tribunes of the soldiers*, were elected each year along with the annual magistrates. Their number varied throughout Roman history, but eventually reached twenty-four. These were usually yo... | 369 | Tribune | 2 |
30,594 | # Tribune
## Consular tribunes {#consular_tribunes}
In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the *lex Canuleia*, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into ... | 415 | Tribune | 3 |
30,594 | # Tribune
## Later uses of the title {#later_uses_of_the_title}
### Post-Roman Britain {#post_roman_britain}
In his *Vita Germani*, a hagiography of St. Germanus of Auxerre, Constantius of Lyon writes that during his visit to Britain in AD 429, Germanus miraculously healed the blind daughter of \"a man with tribunic... | 426 | Tribune | 4 |
30,601 | # Trombetas River
The **Trombetas** is a large river on the northern side of the Amazon River.
## Course
The Trombetas is 750 km long, and is navigable by 500 ton vessels for a stretch of 230 km. The Trombetas river gives birth to very many rivers, including the Anamu river. It is formed by the junction of the Poana... | 331 | Trombetas River | 0 |
30,602 | # Tigre River
The **Tigre River** (`{{IPA|es|ˈtiɣɾe}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Peruvian tributary of the Marañón River west of the Nanay River. It is navigable for 125 mi from its confluence with the Marañón. It forms from the confluence of the Ecuadorian rivers Conambo and Pintoyacu at the Peruvian border. Like the Nanay, ... | 111 | Tigre River | 0 |
30,603 | # Twelve-bar blues
*12 Bar Blues* (album)\|the Patrick Neate novel\|Twelve Bar Blues (novel){{!}}*Twelve Bar Blues* (novel)}} `{{Listen image
| main_image = Twelve bar boogie-woogie blues in C.png
| main_image_size = 350px
| main_image_caption = Typical boogie woogie bassline on twelve-bar blues progression in C, chor... | 379 | Twelve-bar blues | 0 |
30,603 | # Twelve-bar blues
## Variations
### Shuffle blues {#shuffle_blues}
In the original form, the dominant chord was repeated on the twelfth bar; later on, the V--IV--I--I \"shuffle blues\" pattern became standard in the third set of four bars:
: {\|class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center; width:130px;\"
\|wid... | 508 | Twelve-bar blues | 1 |
30,611 | # Track cycling
**Track cycling** is a bicycle racing sport usually held on specially built banked tracks or velodromes using purpose-designed track bicycles.
## History
Track cycling has been around since at least 1870. When track cycling was in its infancy, it was held on velodromes similar to the ones used today.... | 607 | Track cycling | 0 |
30,611 | # Track cycling
## Major competitive events {#major_competitive_events}
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
There were six events in track cycling at the Olympics in 2024: team sprint, match sprint, keirin, omnium, team pursuit, and Madison. The Madison was added in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics held in 2021; the other rac... | 343 | Track cycling | 1 |
30,611 | # Track cycling
## Gender in track cycling {#gender_in_track_cycling}
Women\'s track cycling was only introduced as an Olympic sport in 1988, and women were not permitted to compete in the same number of events as men until 2012. Though men and women currently compete in the same number of events, there are still sig... | 272 | Track cycling | 2 |
30,611 | # Track cycling
## Riding position {#riding_position}
Aerodynamic drag is a significant factor in both road and track racing. Frames are often constructed of moulded carbon fiber, for a lightweight design. More recently, track bikes have employed airfoil designs on the tubes of the frame to reduce aerodynamic drag.
... | 644 | Track cycling | 3 |
30,613 | # Individual pursuit
The **individual pursuit** is a track cycling event where two cyclists begin the race from a stationary position on opposite sides of the track. It is held at over 4 km for men and women. The riders start at the same time and set off to complete the race distance in the fastest time. They ride on ... | 498 | Individual pursuit | 0 |
30,614 | # Team pursuit
The **team pursuit** is a track cycling event similar to the individual pursuit, except that two teams, each of up to four riders, compete, starting on opposite sides of the velodrome.
## Race format {#race_format}
Both men\'s and women\'s events are competed over a distance of 4 km, by a team of 4 ri... | 394 | Team pursuit | 0 |
30,615 | # Track time trial
The **track time trial** is a track cycling event where cyclists compete individually against the clock to record the fastest time over the specified distance from a standing start.
## Time trial bikes {#time_trial_bikes}
Track time trial bikes differ from normal track bikes in two major ways; fir... | 399 | Track time trial | 0 |
30,615 | # Track time trial
## Flying 200 m time trial {#flying_200_m_time_trial}
The flying 200 m time trial (so-called because riders have a flying start, as opposed to the standing start in the kilo/500 m) is rarely held on its own. It is more commonly used as the qualifying event for the sprint competition, or as part of ... | 334 | Track time trial | 1 |
30,616 | # Points race
A **points race** is a mass start track cycling event involving large numbers of riders simultaneously on track. It was an Olympic event for men from 1984 to 2008 and for women from 1996 to 2008. Since 2012, the points race has been one of the omnium events in the Olympics.
## Description
The races are... | 533 | Points race | 0 |
30,617 | # Madison (cycling)
The **Madison** is a relay race event in track cycling, named after the first Madison Square Garden in New York, and known as the \"American race\" in French (*course à l\'américaine*) and as *Americana* in Spanish and in Italian.
## The race {#the_race}
The Madison is a race in which the team wh... | 296 | Madison (cycling) | 0 |
30,617 | # Madison (cycling)
## History
The Madison began as a way of circumventing laws passed in New York in the US, aimed at restricting the exhaustion of cyclists taking part in six-day races.
According to a contemporary newspaper clipping retained by Major Taylor:
> The riders are becoming peevish and fretful. The wear... | 532 | Madison (cycling) | 1 |
30,617 | # Madison (cycling)
## The full rules {#the_full_rules}
The official rules of the Madison, which are traditionally regarded as being hard to follow, are stated as follows by British Cycling, the British Governing Body of Cycling:
- Teams shall be of two or three riders wearing the same colours and number: in the O... | 530 | Madison (cycling) | 2 |
30,617 | # Madison (cycling)
## Olympics
The Madison was an Olympic event for men in 2000, 2004 and 2008, but was dropped ahead of the 2012 London Olympics, in part for reasons of gender equality as there was no equivalent race for women at that time.
In June 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced that the Madis... | 1,209 | Madison (cycling) | 3 |
30,619 | # Keirin
Kirin}} `{{infobox sport
| name = {{nihongo|'''Keirin'''|ケイリン}}
| image = ColwoodKeirin.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Keirin in [[Colwood, British Columbia]], July 2006
| union = [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] (UCI) and [[JKA Foundation]] (Japanese regulating body)
| nickname =
| first = 1948 in [[K... | 583 | Keirin | 0 |
30,619 | # Keirin
## Keirin in Japan {#keirin_in_japan}
Track cycling began as one of four allowed betting sports in Japan in 1948, and has since become very popular there. In 1957, the Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai (NJS; Japan Bicycle Association) was founded to establish a uniform system of standards for the sport in Japan. Toda... | 832 | Keirin | 1 |
30,619 | # Keirin
## Keirin in Japan {#keirin_in_japan}
### Race grades {#race_grades}
A race meeting at any given keirin velodrome in Japan is assigned a grade. The highest graded events are GP, GI (G1), GII (G2) and GIII (G3), reserved only for S-class riders. Underneath those are FI (F1) events, which are open to both S-cl... | 1,205 | Keirin | 2 |
30,619 | # Keirin
## Keirin in Japan {#keirin_in_japan}
### Equipment
As a result of the parimutuel gambling that surrounds keirin racing in Japan, The Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai (Japanese Bicycle Association or NJS)--- now under the JKA Foundation--- developed a strict system of standards for bicycles and tools to ensure that ... | 299 | Keirin | 3 |
30,647 | # Tidal acceleration
**Tidal acceleration** is an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite (e.g. the Moon) and the primary planet that it orbits (e.g. Earth). The acceleration causes a gradual recession of a satellite in a prograde orbit (satellite moving to a higher orbit, away from the primar... | 800 | Tidal acceleration | 0 |
30,647 | # Tidal acceleration
## Earth--Moon system {#earthmoon_system}
### Effects of Moon\'s gravity {#effects_of_moons_gravity}
The plane of the Moon\'s orbit around Earth lies close to the plane of Earth\'s orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic), rather than in the plane of the Earth\'s rotation (the equator) as is usually t... | 667 | Tidal acceleration | 1 |
30,647 | # Tidal acceleration
## Earth--Moon system {#earthmoon_system}
### Angular momentum and energy {#angular_momentum_and_energy}
The gravitational torque between the Moon and the tidal bulge of Earth causes the Moon to be constantly promoted to a slightly higher orbit and Earth to be decelerated in its rotation. As in a... | 676 | Tidal acceleration | 2 |
30,647 | # Tidal acceleration
## Earth--Moon system {#earthmoon_system}
### Quantitative description of the Earth--Moon case {#quantitative_description_of_the_earthmoon_case}
The motion of the Moon can be followed with an accuracy of a few centimeters by lunar laser ranging (LLR). Laser pulses are bounced off corner-cube pris... | 823 | Tidal acceleration | 3 |
30,647 | # Tidal acceleration
## Tidal deceleration {#tidal_deceleration}
This comes in two varieties: `{{ordered list|1= ''Fast satellites'': Some inner moons of the [[giant planet]]s and [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] orbit within the [[synchronous orbit]] radius so that their orbital period is shorter than their planet's rotatio... | 459 | Tidal acceleration | 4 |
30,656 | # Torino scale
`{{for|potential impacts with high ratings|List of objects with non-zero Torino ratings}}`{=mediawiki} upright=1.6\|thumb\|Graphical representation of the Torino scale. The sizes are approximate. Energy is in TNT equivalent. The **Torino scale** is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated ... | 539 | Torino scale | 0 |
30,656 | # Torino scale
## Definition
Ratings are assigned based on the parameters of impact calculations. Each rating has a defined meaning which is to inform the public.
### Calculation of ratings {#calculation_of_ratings}
Ratings are determined on the basis of the impact probability (*p*), expressed as a real number betw... | 308 | Torino scale | 1 |
30,656 | # Torino scale
## Risk calculation {#risk_calculation}
For NASA, a unit of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) calculates impact risks and assigns ratings in its Sentry Risk Table, while another unit of JPL, Solar System Dynamics (SSD) provides orbital and close appro... | 410 | Torino scale | 2 |
30,656 | # Torino scale
## Actual impacts and impact energy comparisons {#actual_impacts_and_impact_energy_comparisons}
The Chicxulub impact, believed by most scientists to have been a significant factor in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, has been estimated at 100 million (10^8^) megatons. Were an equivalent impact... | 266 | Torino scale | 3 |
30,666 | # Trivium
The **trivium** is the lower division of the seven liberal arts and comprises grammar, logic, and rhetoric.
The trivium is implicit in *De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii* (\"On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury\") by Martianus Capella, but the term was not used until the Carolingian Renaissance, when i... | 544 | Trivium | 0 |
30,691 | # Lisa Beamer
**Lisa Beamer** (née **Brosious**; born April 10, 1969) is an American writer. The widow of Todd Beamer, a victim of the United Airlines Flight 93 crash as part of the September 11 attacks against the United States in 2001, she has become best known for her actions following the disaster.
She is a 1991 ... | 296 | Lisa Beamer | 0 |
30,701 | # The Computer Contradictionary
***The Computer Contradictionary*** is a non-fiction book by Stan Kelly-Bootle that compiles a satirical list of definitions of computer industry terms. It was originally published as \'The devil\'s DP dictionary\'. it is an example of \"cynical lexicography\" in the tradition of Ambros... | 152 | The Computer Contradictionary | 0 |
30,706 | # The Great Divorce
***The Great Divorce*** is a novel by the British author C. S. Lewis, published in 1945, based on a theological dream vision of his in which he reflects on the Christian conceptions of Heaven and Hell.
The working title was *Who Goes Home?* but the final name was changed at the publisher\'s insist... | 1,245 | The Great Divorce | 0 |
30,706 | # The Great Divorce
## Stage adaptation {#stage_adaptation}
Philadelphia playwright and actor Anthony Lawton\'s original adaptation of *The Great Divorce* has been staged several times by Lantern Theater Company, including a weeklong run in February 2012. It also was adapted by Robert Smyth at Lamb\'s Players Theatre... | 277 | The Great Divorce | 1 |
30,706 | # The Great Divorce
## Motion picture {#motion_picture}
In 2010, Mpower Pictures and Beloved Pictures announced that they were working on a film adaptation of *The Great Divorce*. Stephen McEveety was to lead the production team and author N. D. Wilson had been tapped to write the script. A first draft of the script ... | 79 | The Great Divorce | 2 |
30,709 | # The Screwtape Letters
***The Screwtape Letters*** is a Christian apologetic novel by C. S. Lewis and dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien. It is written in a satirical, epistolary style and, while it is fictional in format, the plot and characters are used to address Christian theological issues, primarily those to do with... | 408 | The Screwtape Letters | 0 |
30,709 | # The Screwtape Letters
## Plot overview {#plot_overview}
*The Screwtape Letters* consists of 31 letters written by a senior devil named Screwtape to his nephew, Wormwood (named after a star in the Book of Revelation), a younger and less experienced devil, charged with guiding a man called \"the Patient\" toward \"Ou... | 611 | The Screwtape Letters | 1 |
30,709 | # The Screwtape Letters
## Literary sequels {#literary_sequels}
### \"Screwtape Proposes a Toast\" {#screwtape_proposes_a_toast}
The short sequel \"Screwtape Proposes a Toast\" (1959), first published as an article in *The Saturday Evening Post*, is an addendum to *The Screwtape Letters*; the two works are often pub... | 418 | The Screwtape Letters | 2 |
30,709 | # The Screwtape Letters
## Adaptations
### Stage adaptations {#stage_adaptations}
The stage play *Dear Wormwood* (later renamed *Screwtape*), written by James Forsyth, was published in 1961. The setting is changed to wartime London, where we actually see Wormwood going about the business of tempting his \"patient\" ... | 727 | The Screwtape Letters | 3 |
30,709 | # The Screwtape Letters
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
### Comics
In *Calvin and Hobbes*, Bill Watterson named Miss Wormwood (Calvin\'s elementary school teacher) after Lewis\' apprentice devil.
### Documentary
*Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis* (January 1, 2007), directed by ... | 492 | The Screwtape Letters | 4 |
30,717 | # Tales of the Reaching Moon
***Tales of the Reaching Moon*** (also known as ToTRM) was a British fanzine dedicated to the fantasy world of Glorantha and producing material for fantasy role-playing games.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
When UK fanzine *Pavic Tales*, the first notable Glorantha fanzine... | 442 | Tales of the Reaching Moon | 0 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
The **teleological argument** (from *label=none*) also known as **physico-theological argument**, **argument from design**, or **intelligent design argument**, is a rational argument for the existence of God or, more generally, that complex functionality in the natural world, which looks design... | 639 | Teleological argument | 0 |
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