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30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Classical philosophy {#classical_philosophy}
### Socrates and the pre-Socratics {#socrates_and_the_pre_socratics}
The argument from intelligent design appears to have begun with Socrates, although the concept of a cosmic intelligence is older and David Sedley has argued that Socrates was d... | 486 | Teleological argument | 1 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Classical philosophy {#classical_philosophy}
### Plato and Aristotle {#plato_and_aristotle}
Plato\'s *Timaeus* is presented as a description of someone who is explaining a \"likely story\" in the form of a myth, and so throughout history commentators have disagreed about which elements of t... | 955 | Teleological argument | 2 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Classical philosophy {#classical_philosophy}
### Roman era {#roman_era}
It was the Stoics who \"developed the battery of creationist arguments broadly known under the label \'The Argument from Design\'\". Cicero (c. 106 -- c. 43 BC) reported the teleological argument of the Stoics in *De Na... | 437 | Teleological argument | 3 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Medieval philosophy and theology {#medieval_philosophy_and_theology}
### Late classical Christian writers {#late_classical_christian_writers}
As an appeal to general revelation, Paul the Apostle (AD 5--67), argues in Romans 1:18--20, that because it has been made plain to all from what has... | 1,029 | Teleological argument | 4 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Modernity
### Newton and Leibniz {#newton_and_leibniz}
Isaac Newton affirmed his belief in the truth of the argument when, in 1713, he wrote these words in an appendix to the second edition of his *Principia*: `{{blockquote|text=This most elegant system of the sun, planets, and comets coul... | 360 | Teleological argument | 5 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Modernity
### British empiricists {#british_empiricists}
The 17th-century Dutch writers Lessius and Grotius argued that the intricate structure of the world, like that of a house, was unlikely to have arisen by chance. The empiricist John Locke, writing in the late 17th century, developed t... | 933 | Teleological argument | 6 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Modernity
### Watchmaker analogy {#watchmaker_analogy}
*Main article: Watchmaker analogy*
The watchmaker analogy, framing the teleological argument with reference to a timepiece, dates at least back to the Stoics, who were reported by Cicero in his *De Natura Deorum* (II.88), using such an... | 688 | Teleological argument | 7 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Recent proponents {#recent_proponents}
### Probabilistic arguments {#probabilistic_arguments}
In 1928 and 1930, F. R. Tennant published his *Philosophical Theology*, which was a \"bold endeavour to combine scientific and theological thinking\". He proposed a version of the teleological arg... | 465 | Teleological argument | 8 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Recent proponents {#recent_proponents}
### Fine-tuned universe {#fine_tuned_universe}
A modern variation of the teleological argument is built upon the concept of the fine-tuned universe: According to the website *Biologos*: `{{blockquote|text=Fine-tuning refers to the surprising precision ... | 934 | Teleological argument | 9 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Recent proponents {#recent_proponents}
### Creation science and intelligent design {#creation_science_and_intelligent_design}
A version of the argument from design is central to both creation science and intelligent design, but unlike Paley\'s openness to deistic design through God-given la... | 756 | Teleological argument | 10 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Recent proponents {#recent_proponents}
### Unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics {#unreasonable_effectiveness_of_mathematics}
William Lane Craig has proposed a nominalist argument influenced by the philosophy of mathematics. This argument revolves around the fact that, by using mathemat... | 603 | Teleological argument | 11 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Criticism
### Classical
The original development of the argument from design was in reaction to atomistic, explicitly non-teleological understandings of nature. Socrates, as reported by Plato and Xenophon, was reacting to such natural philosophers. While less has survived from the debates ... | 370 | Teleological argument | 12 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Criticism
### David Hume {#david_hume}
Louis Loeb writes that David Hume, in his *Enquiry*, \"insists that inductive inference cannot justify belief in extended objects\". Loeb also quotes Hume as writing: `{{blockquote|text=It is only when two species of objects are found to be constantly ... | 1,062 | Teleological argument | 13 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Criticism
### Perception of purpose in biology {#perception_of_purpose_in_biology}
The philosopher of biology Michael Ruse has argued that Darwin treated the structure of organisms as if they had a purpose: \"the organism-as-if-it-were-designed-by God picture was absolutely central to Darwi... | 1,005 | Teleological argument | 14 |
30,731 | # Teleological argument
## Similar discussions in other civilizations {#similar_discussions_in_other_civilizations}
### Hinduism
Nyaya, the Hindu school of logic, had a version of the argument from design. P.G. Patil writes that, in this view, it is not the complexity of the world from which one can infer the existe... | 364 | Teleological argument | 15 |
30,740 | # Classical unities
The **classical unities**, **Aristotelian unities**, or **three unities** represent a prescriptive theory of dramatic tragedy that was introduced in Italy in the 16th century and was influential for three centuries. The three unities are:
1. *unity of action*: a tragedy should have one principal ... | 366 | Classical unities | 0 |
30,740 | # Classical unities
## History
### France
One hundred and twenty years after *Sofonisba* introduced the theory to Italy, it then introduced the concept once again, this time in France with a translation by Jean Mairet. Voltaire said that the *Sophonisba* of Mairet had \"a merit which was then entirely new in France, ... | 509 | Classical unities | 1 |
30,740 | # Classical unities
## History
### England
The Classical Unities seem to have had less impact in England. It had adherents in Ben Jonson and John Dryden. Examples of plays that followed the theory include: Thomas Otway\'s *Venice Preserv\'d* (1682), Joseph Addison\'s *Cato,* and Samuel Johnson\'s *Irene* (1749). Shak... | 442 | Classical unities | 2 |
30,740 | # Classical unities
## Excerpts of Aristotle\'s *Poetics* {#excerpts_of_aristotles_poetics}
Aristotle\'s *Poetics* may not have been available to Trissino when he formulated the unities, and the term \"Aristotelian unities\" is considered a misnomer, but in spite of this, Aristotle\'s name became attached to the theo... | 293 | Classical unities | 3 |
30,745 | # Titius–Bode law
The **Titius--Bode law** (sometimes termed simply **Bode\'s law**) is a formulaic prediction of spacing between planets in any given planetary system. The formula suggests that, extending outward, each planet should be approximately twice as far from the Sun as the one before. The hypothesis correctl... | 297 | Titius–Bode law | 0 |
30,745 | # Titius–Bode law
## Origin and history {#origin_and_history}
The first mention of a series approximating Bode\'s law is found in a textbook by D. Gregory (1715):
A similar sentence, likely paraphrased from Gregory (1715), appears in a work published by C. Wolff in 1724.
In 1764, C. Bonnet wrote:
In his 1766 trans... | 765 | Titius–Bode law | 1 |
30,745 | # Titius–Bode law
## Blagg formulation {#blagg_formulation}
In 1913, M. A. Blagg, an Oxford astronomer, revisited the law. She analyzed the orbits of the planetary system and those of the satellite systems of the outer gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. She examined the log of the distances, trying to find the b... | 624 | Titius–Bode law | 2 |
30,745 | # Titius–Bode law
## Blagg formulation {#blagg_formulation}
### Comparison of the Blagg formulation with observation {#comparison_of_the_blagg_formulation_with_observation}
Bodies in parentheses were not known in 1913, when Blagg wrote her paper. Some of the calculated distances in the Saturn and Uranus systems are n... | 483 | Titius–Bode law | 3 |
30,745 | # Titius–Bode law
## Historical inertia {#historical_inertia}
Nieto, who conducted the first modern comprehensive review of the Titius--Bode Law, noted that \"The psychological hold of the Law on astronomy has been such that people have always tended to regard its original form as the one on which to base theories.\"... | 759 | Titius–Bode law | 4 |
30,755 | # The Balloon-Hoax
\"**The Balloon-Hoax**\" is the title used in collections and anthologies of a newspaper article by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1844 in *The Sun* newspaper in New York. Originally presented as a true story, it detailed European Monck Mason\'s trip across the Atlantic Ocean in... | 375 | The Balloon-Hoax | 0 |
30,755 | # The Balloon-Hoax
## Critical reception and significance {#critical_reception_and_significance}
Poe himself describes the enthusiasm his story had aroused: he writes that the *Sun* building was \"besieged\" by people wanting copies of the newspaper. \"I never witnessed more intense excitement to get possession of a ... | 386 | The Balloon-Hoax | 1 |
30,756 | # Terence
**Publius Terentius Afer** (`{{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|ʃ|i|ə|s|,_|-|ʃ|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; c. 195/185 -- c. 159 BC), better known in English as **Terence** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛr|ə|n|s}}`{=mediawiki}), was a playwright during the Roman Republic. He was the author of six comedies based on Greek originals by Menander o... | 1,161 | Terence | 0 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Suetonian biography {#suetonian_biography}
According to Suetonius, Terence was born in Carthage. He came to Rome as a slave in the household of an otherwise unknown senator named P. Terentius Lucanus, who educated him and freed him because of his talent and good loo... | 937 | Terence | 1 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Dates
Terence\'s date of birth is uncertain, though Sesto Prete infers from Terence\'s characterisation of himself as a \"new\" writer (*Eu.* 43), and of a rival poet as \"old\" (*Hau.* 23), that Terence was young when he wrote his plays in the 160s. Suetonius\' sta... | 145 | Terence | 2 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Plays
Like Plautus, Terence adapted Greek plays from the late phases of Attic comedy. Unlike Plautus though, Terence\'s way of writing his comedies was more in a simple conversational Latin, pleasant and direct, while less visually humorous to watch.
Five of Terence\'s plays are about a pair of young me... | 1,282 | Terence | 3 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Ancient commentary {#ancient_commentary}
Jerome mentions in *Contra Rufinum* I.16 that \"my teacher Donatus\" had written a commentary on the comedies of Terence. Donatus\' commentary does not survive in the form in which he originally wrote it. It is commonly believed that an unknown medieval scribe, us... | 309 | Terence | 4 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Manuscripts of Terence {#manuscripts_of_terence}
The manuscripts of Terence can be divided into two main groups. One group has just one representative, the Codex Bembinus (known as A), dating to the 4th or early 5th century AD, and kept in the Vatican library. This book, written in rustic capitals, is on... | 448 | Terence | 5 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Cultural legacy {#cultural_legacy}
thumb\|upright=1.8\|Roman relief of a teacher with three students, c. 180--185 AD
At a relatively early date, Terence\'s play texts began to circulate as literary works for a reading public, as opposed to scripts for the use of actors. By the end of the 2nd century BC,... | 1,080 | Terence | 6 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Cultural legacy {#cultural_legacy}
The first printed edition of Terence appeared in Strasbourg in 1470, while the first certain post-antique performance of one of Terence\'s plays, *Andria*, took place in Florence in 1476. There is evidence, however, that Terence was performed much earlier. The short dia... | 1,161 | Terence | 7 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Cultural legacy {#cultural_legacy}
Questions as to whether Terence received assistance in writing or was not the actual author have been debated over the ages, as described in the 1911 edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica:*
> \[In a prologue to one of his plays, Terence\] meets the charge of receivin... | 138 | Terence | 8 |
30,756 | # Terence
## Editions
### Individual plays {#individual_plays}
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- 2 vols.
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- Introduction and commentary in French.
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- Introduction and commentary in German.
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- Introduction and commentary in German.
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### Ancient commentary {#ancient_commentary_... | 114 | Terence | 9 |
30,757 | # The Pit and the Pendulum
\"**The Pit and the Pendulum**\" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842 in the literary annual *The Gift: A Christmas and New Year\'s Present for 1843*. The story is about the torments endured by a prisoner of the Spanish Inquisition, though Poe skews... | 607 | The Pit and the Pendulum | 0 |
30,757 | # The Pit and the Pendulum
## Analysis
\"The Pit and the Pendulum\" is a study of the effect terror has on the narrator, starting with the opening line, which suggests that he is already suffering from death anxiety (\"I was sick --- sick unto death with that long agony\"). However, there is an implicit irony in the ... | 446 | The Pit and the Pendulum | 1 |
30,757 | # The Pit and the Pendulum
## Historical authenticity {#historical_authenticity}
Poe makes no attempt to describe accurately the operations of the Spanish Inquisition, and takes considerable dramatic license with the broader history premised in this story. The rescuers are led by Napoleon\'s General Lasalle (who was ... | 380 | The Pit and the Pendulum | 2 |
30,757 | # The Pit and the Pendulum
## Adaptations
- Several film adaptations of the story have been produced, including the early French-language film *Le Puits et le pendule* in 1909 by Henri Desfontaines. The first English-language adaptation was in 1913, directed by Alice Guy-Blaché.
- The 1935 film *The Raven*, starr... | 742 | The Pit and the Pendulum | 3 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
**Theoretical ecology** is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by re... | 837 | Theoretical ecology | 0 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## Population ecology {#population_ecology}
**Population ecology** is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. It is the study of how the population sizes of species living together in groups change over t... | 704 | Theoretical ecology | 1 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## Community ecology {#community_ecology}
An ecological community is a group of trophically similar, sympatric species that actually or potentially compete in a local area for the same or similar resources. Interactions between these species form the first steps in analyzing more complex dynamic... | 1,092 | Theoretical ecology | 2 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## Spatial ecology {#spatial_ecology}
### Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species in space and time. It aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why they are (or are not) found in a certain geographical area.
Biogeography is most keenly observed... | 774 | Theoretical ecology | 3 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## Ecosystem ecology {#ecosystem_ecology}
Introducing new elements, whether biotic or abiotic, into ecosystems can be disruptive. In some cases, it leads to ecological collapse, trophic cascades and the death of many species within the ecosystem. The abstract notion of ecological health attempts... | 751 | Theoretical ecology | 4 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## Behavioral ecology {#behavioral_ecology}
### Swarm behaviour {#swarm_behaviour}
`{{See also|Swarm models}}`{=mediawiki}
Swarm behaviour is a collective behaviour exhibited by animals of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps migrating in some d... | 579 | Theoretical ecology | 5 |
30,773 | # Theoretical ecology
## History
Theoretical ecology draws on pioneering work done by G. Evelyn Hutchinson and his students. Brothers H.T. Odum and E.P. Odum are generally recognised as the founders of modern theoretical ecology. Robert MacArthur brought theory to community ecology. Daniel Simberloff was the student ... | 214 | Theoretical ecology | 6 |
30,805 | # Tape bias
**Tape bias** is the term for two techniques, **AC bias** and DC bias, that improve the fidelity of analogue tape recorders. DC bias is the addition of direct current to the audio signal that is being recorded. AC bias is the addition of an inaudible high-frequency signal (generally from 40 to 150 kHz) to ... | 682 | Tape bias | 0 |
30,806 | # Tree (abstract data type)
In computer science, a **tree** is a widely used abstract data type that represents a hierarchical tree structure with a set of connected nodes. Each node in the tree can be connected to many children (depending on the type of tree), but must be connected to exactly one parent, except for t... | 316 | Tree (abstract data type) | 0 |
30,806 | # Tree (abstract data type)
## Terminology
A node is a structure which may contain data and connections to other nodes, sometimes called **edges** or **links**. Each node in a tree has zero or more **child nodes**, which are below it in the tree (by convention, trees are drawn with *descendants* going downwards). A n... | 569 | Tree (abstract data type) | 1 |
30,806 | # Tree (abstract data type)
## Common operations {#common_operations}
### Traversal and search methods {#traversal_and_search_methods}
Stepping through the items of a tree, by means of the connections between parents and children, is called **walking the tree**, and the action is a *walk* of the tree. Often, an opera... | 413 | Tree (abstract data type) | 2 |
30,806 | # Tree (abstract data type)
## Examples of trees and non-trees {#examples_of_trees_and_non_trees}
## Type theory {#type_theory}
As an abstract data type, the abstract tree type `{{mvar|T}}`{=mediawiki} with values of some type `{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki} is defined, using the abstract forest type `{{mvar|F}}`{=mediawik... | 361 | Tree (abstract data type) | 3 |
30,806 | # Tree (abstract data type)
## Applications
Trees are commonly used to represent or manipulate hierarchical data in applications such as:
- File systems for:
- Directory structure used to organize subdirectories and files (symbolic links create non-tree graphs, as do multiple hard links to the same file or d... | 342 | Tree (abstract data type) | 4 |
30,808 | # Tao
The **Tao** or **Dao**`{{notetag|name=transl|{{lang-zh|c=道|p=dào}}{{pronunciation|zh-dào.ogg|Chinese|(|}}{{pb}}}}`{=mediawiki} is the natural way of the universe, primarily as conceived in East Asian philosophy and religion. This seeing of life cannot be grasped as a concept. Rather, it is seen through actual li... | 1,207 | Tao | 0 |
30,808 | # Tao
## Interpretations
### Taoism
The translator Arthur Waley observed that
> \[Tao\] means a road, path, way; and hence, the way in which one does something; method, doctrine, principle. The Way of Heaven, for example, is ruthless; when autumn comes \'no leaf is spared because of its beauty, no flower because of... | 993 | Tao | 1 |
30,808 | # Tao
## Interpretations
### Buddhism
Buddhism first started to spread in China during the first century AD and was experiencing a golden age of growth and maturation by the fourth century AD. Hundreds of collections of Pali and Sanskrit texts were translated into Chinese by Buddhist monks within a short period of ti... | 816 | Tao | 2 |
30,808 | # Tao
## Linguistic aspects {#linguistic_aspects}
The Chinese character `{{zhi|c=道}}`{=mediawiki} is highly polysemous: its historical alternate pronunciation as `{{zhi|p=dǎo}}`{=mediawiki} possessed an additional connotation of \'guide\'. The history of the character includes details of orthography and semantics, as... | 824 | Tao | 3 |
30,808 | # Tao
## Linguistic aspects {#linguistic_aspects}
### Etymology
The etymological linguistic origins of *dao* \"way; path\" depend upon its Old Chinese pronunciation, which scholars have tentatively reconstructed as \**d\'ôg*, \**dəgwx*, \**dəw*, \**luʔ*, and \**lûʔ*.
Boodberg noted that the *shou* *首* \"head\" phone... | 500 | Tao | 4 |
30,808 | # Tao
## Linguistic aspects {#linguistic_aspects}
### Other languages {#other_languages}
Many languages have borrowed and adapted \"Tao\" as a loanword.
In Chinese, this character *道* is pronounced as Cantonese *dou6* and Hokkian *to7*. In Sino-Xenic languages, *道* is pronounced as Japanese *dō*, *tō*, or *michi*; K... | 426 | Tao | 5 |
30,814 | # Taoiseach
The **Taoiseach** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=Ga-Taoiseach.ogg|ˈ|t|iː|ʃ|ə|x}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{respell|TEE|shukh}}`{=mediawiki}) is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland. The office is appointed by the President of Ireland upon nomination by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland\'s n... | 847 | Taoiseach | 0 |
30,814 | # Taoiseach
## History
### Origins and etymology {#origins_and_etymology}
The words *Taoiseach* and *\[\[Tánaiste\]\]* (deputy prime minister) are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. The Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as \"the head of the Government or Prime Minister\", its lit... | 488 | Taoiseach | 1 |
30,814 | # Taoiseach
## History
### Modern office {#modern_office}
The modern position of Taoiseach was established by the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and is the most powerful role in Irish politics. The office replaced the position of President of the Executive Council of the 1922--1937 Irish Free State.
The positions of T... | 435 | Taoiseach | 2 |
30,814 | # Taoiseach
## List of office holders {#list_of_office_holders}
Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, the head of government was the President of the Executive Council. This office was held by W. T. Cosgrave of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1932, and by Éamon de Valera of Fianna Fáil from 1932 to 193... | 508 | Taoiseach | 3 |
30,816 | # Tree rotation
In discrete mathematics, **tree rotation** is an operation on a binary tree that changes the structure without interfering with the order of the elements. A tree rotation moves one node up in the tree and one node down. It is used to change the shape of the tree, and in particular to decrease its heigh... | 671 | Tree rotation | 0 |
30,816 | # Tree rotation
## Inorder invariance {#inorder_invariance}
The tree rotation renders the inorder traversal of the binary tree invariant. This implies the order of the elements is not affected when a rotation is performed in any part of the tree. Here are the inorder traversals of the trees shown above:
Left tre... | 315 | Tree rotation | 1 |
30,816 | # Tree rotation
## Rotations for rebalancing {#rotations_for_rebalancing}
A tree can be rebalanced using rotations. After a rotation, the side of the rotation increases its height by 1 whilst the side opposite the rotation decreases its height similarly. Therefore, one can strategically apply rotations to nodes whose... | 224 | Tree rotation | 2 |
30,830 | # The New York Times Company
**The New York Times Company** is an American mass media corporation that publishes *The New York Times* and its associated publications such as *The New York Times International Edition* and other media properties. The New York Times Company\'s headquarters are in The New York Times Build... | 1,064 | The New York Times Company | 0 |
30,830 | # The New York Times Company
## Business trends {#business_trends}
The company experienced a sharp decline in sales at the beginning of the 21st century. From 2011 onwards, sales stabilized and even began to grow again after a few years. In May 2025, the company had a market capitalization of US\$8.9 billion.
+-----... | 285 | The New York Times Company | 1 |
30,830 | # The New York Times Company
## Ownership and leadership {#ownership_and_leadership}
Since September 25, 1997, the company has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol NYT. From April 27, 1967, until January 13, 1969, the company\'s Class A common stock traded over the counter. From January 14, 196... | 640 | The New York Times Company | 2 |
30,843 | # Theism
**Theism** is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of at least one deity. In common parlance, or when contrasted with *deism*, the term often describes the philosophical conception of God that is found in classical theism---or the conception found in monotheism---or gods found in polytheistic religi... | 1,096 | Theism | 0 |
30,843 | # Theism
## Types of theism {#types_of_theism}
### Deism
Classical Deism: Classical deism is the belief that one God exists and created the world, but that the Creator does not alter the original plan for the universe. Instead, the deity presides over it in the form of Providence; some classical deists, however, did ... | 498 | Theism | 1 |
30,855 | # Towpath
A **towpath** is a road or trail on the bank of a river, canal, or other inland waterway. The purpose of a towpath is to allow a land vehicle, beasts of burden, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat, often a barge. This mode of transport was common where sailing was impractical because of tunnels and brid... | 900 | Towpath | 0 |
30,855 | # Towpath
## Modern usage {#modern_usage}
Towpaths are popular with cyclists and walkers, and some are suitable for equestrians. In snowy winters they are popular in the US with cross-country skiers and snowmobile users.
Although historically not designed or used as towpaths, acequia ditch banks also are popular rec... | 306 | Towpath | 1 |
30,855 | # Towpath
## List of towpaths {#list_of_towpaths}
- Illinois and Michigan Canal
- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Trail
- Forth to Firth Canal Pathway along route of the Falkirk Wheel | 30 | Towpath | 2 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
thumb\|upright=1.3\|A child dressed as a skeleton trick-or-treating in Redford, Michigan, on October 31, 1979
**Trick-or-treating** is a traditional Halloween custom for children and adults in some countries. During the evening of Halloween, on October 31, people in costumes travel from house to h... | 404 | Trick-or-treating | 0 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
## History
### Ancient precursors {#ancient_precursors}
Traditions similar to the modern custom of trick-or-treating extend all the way back to classical antiquity, although it is extremely unlikely that any of them are directly related to the modern custom. The ancient Greek writer Athenaeus of ... | 671 | Trick-or-treating | 1 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
## History
### Guising
In Scotland and Ireland, \"guising\" -- children going from door to door in disguise -- is secular, and a gift in the form of food, coins or \"apples or nuts for the Halloween party\" (and in more recent times, chocolate) is given out to the children. The tradition is called... | 734 | Trick-or-treating | 2 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
## History
### The interjection \"Trick or treat!\" {#the_interjection_trick_or_treat}
The interjection \"Trick or treat!\" --- a request for sweets or candy, originally and sometimes still with the implication that anyone who is asked and who does not provide sweets or other treats will be subjec... | 524 | Trick-or-treating | 3 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
## History
### Increased popularity {#increased_popularity}
Almost all pre-1940 uses of the term \"trick-or-treat\" are from the United States and Canada. Trick-or-treating spread throughout the United States, stalled only by World War II sugar rationing that began in April, 1942 and lasted until ... | 917 | Trick-or-treating | 4 |
30,861 | # Trick-or-treating
## Local variants {#local_variants}
### United States and Canada {#united_states_and_canada}
Children of both the St. Louis, Missouri, and Des Moines, Iowa, areas are expected to perform a joke, usually a simple Halloween-themed pun or riddle, before receiving any candy; this \"trick\" earns the ... | 872 | Trick-or-treating | 5 |
30,869 | # Tesla turbine
thumb\|Tesla turbine at Nikola Tesla Museum
The **Tesla turbine** is a bladeless centripetal flow turbine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1913. It functions as nozzles apply a moving fluid to the edges of a set of discs. The engine uses smooth discs rotating in a chamber to generate rotational movement du... | 702 | Tesla turbine | 0 |
30,869 | # Tesla turbine
## Design
thumb\|View of Tesla turbine system thumb\|View of Tesla turbine bladeless design
The guiding principle for developing the Tesla turbine is the idea that, to obtain the highest efficiency, the changes in the velocity and direction of movement of fluid should be as gradual as possible. There... | 313 | Tesla turbine | 1 |
30,869 | # Tesla turbine
## Efficiency and calculations {#efficiency_and_calculations}
thumb\|Testing of a Tesla turbine
In Tesla\'s time, the efficiency of conventional turbines was low because turbines used a direct-drive system that severely limited the potential usable output speed of a turbine. At the time of introducti... | 909 | Tesla turbine | 2 |
30,869 | # Tesla turbine
## Applications
thumb\|A Tesla turbine with the top removed
Tesla\'s patents state that the device was intended for the use of fluids as motive agents, as distinguished from the propulsion or compression of fluids (though it can also be used for those purposes). As of 2016, the Tesla turbine has not ... | 302 | Tesla turbine | 3 |
30,869 | # Tesla turbine
## History
The turbine was patented by Nikola Tesla on October 21, 1913, which was his 100th patent | 21 | Tesla turbine | 4 |
30,873 | # The Stems
**The Stems** are a garage punk band founded by Dom Mariani in Perth, Western Australia in late 1983. The group is heavily influenced by 1960s garage rock and 1970s power pop. They broke up in August 1987 and reformed in 2003, releasing a new album in 2007. Although the group disbanded in October 2009, as ... | 573 | The Stems | 0 |
30,873 | # The Stems
## History
### 1986--1987: *At First Sight, Violets Are Blue* and break-up {#at_first_sight_violets_are_blue_and_break_up}
The Stems, with new drummer David Shaw, spent most of 1986 touring to promote their EP. This included national tours supporting Flamin\' Groovies and the Hoodoo Gurus. They also sough... | 413 | The Stems | 1 |
30,873 | # The Stems
## History
### 2003--2009: Reformation, *Heads Up* and second break-up {#reformation_heads_up_and_second_break_up}
In March 2003, The Stems reunited for a national tour of the local and international music scene. Following the re-release of their album *At First Sight, Violets Are Blue* and the release of... | 596 | The Stems | 2 |
30,873 | # The Stems
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
+====================================+=======... | 519 | The Stems | 3 |
30,877 | # Tékumel
***Tékumel*** is a fantasy world created by American linguist and writer M. A. R. Barker over the course of several decades from around 1940. In this imaginary world, huge, tradition-bound empires with medieval levels of technology vie for control using magic, large standing armies, and ancient technological... | 855 | Tékumel | 0 |
30,877 | # Tékumel
## Published works {#published_works}
### Board games {#board_games}
Barker designed *War of Wizards*, a combat-oriented board game, based on his world of Tékumel, published by TSR in 1975.
### Roleplaying
Barker was a Professor of Urdu and South Asian Studies at the University of Minnesota during the pe... | 723 | Tékumel | 1 |
30,883 | # The Center
Center\|\|The Centre (disambiguation){{!}}The Centre}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Hong Kong English|date = April 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
**The Center** (`{{zh|中環中心|cy=Jūngwàahn Jūngsām}}`{=mediawiki}) is the fifth tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, after International Commerce Cen... | 481 | The Center | 0 |
30,889 | # Thomas Hare (political reformer)
**Thomas Hare** (28 March 1806 in England -- 6 May 1891) was a British lawyer and supporter of electoral reform. He is credited with inventing the single transferable vote system of proportional representation which he was a proponent and defender, now used in national elections in I... | 313 | Thomas Hare (political reformer) | 0 |
30,889 | # Thomas Hare (political reformer)
## Works
- *The Machinery of Representation* (1857)
- *A Treatise on Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal* (1859)
- *The Election of Representatives Parliamentary and Municipal: a Treatise* (1865)
Hare\'s major work *The Machinery of Representation* appear... | 561 | Thomas Hare (political reformer) | 1 |
30,889 | # Thomas Hare (political reformer)
## Views
Initially a Conservative Party supporter, Hare was a free trader opposed to the Corn Laws. He left the Conservatives in 1846, the year of their repeal, and became a Peelite. He never joined the Liberal Party, preferring to maintain his independence. He was a devout Anglican... | 417 | Thomas Hare (political reformer) | 2 |
30,889 | # Thomas Hare (political reformer)
## Legacy
Hare lends his name to the following:
- a system of proportional representation, also known as Single Transferable Vote (STV)
- a particular electoral quota known as the Hare quota
Hare\'s death in May 1891 occurred six years before the first use of proportional repr... | 626 | Thomas Hare (political reformer) | 3 |
30,898 | # Treaty of Verdun
The **Treaty of Verdun** (*Traité de Verdun*; *Vertrag von Verdun*), agreed to on 10 August 843, ended the Carolingian civil war and divided the Carolingian Empire between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations la... | 336 | Treaty of Verdun | 0 |
30,898 | # Treaty of Verdun
## Provisions
Each of the three brothers was already established in one kingdom: Lothair in the Kingdom of Italy; Louis the German in the Kingdom of Bavaria; and Charles II in the Kingdom of Aquitaine.
- Lothair I received *Francia Media* (the Middle Frankish kingdom).
:
: In the sett... | 296 | Treaty of Verdun | 1 |
30,898 | # Treaty of Verdun
## Legacy
The division reflected an adherence to the old Frankish custom of partible or divisible inheritance amongst a ruler\'s sons, rather than primogeniture (i.e., inheritance by the eldest son) which would soon be adopted by both Frankish kingdoms. Since Lotharingia combined lengthy and vulner... | 312 | Treaty of Verdun | 2 |
30,913 | # Thunderbird and Whale
\"**Thunderbird and Whale**\" is an indigenous myth belonging to the mythological traditions of a number of tribes from the American Pacific Northwest.
## Overview
The myth of the epic struggle between Thunderbird and Whale is found in common among different language/cultural groups of the In... | 602 | Thunderbird and Whale | 0 |
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