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30,925 | # Tolstoy family
The **House of Tolstoy**, or **Tolstoi** (*Толстой*), is a family of Russian gentry that acceded to the high aristocracy of the Russian Empire. The name *Tolstoy* is itself derived from the Russian adjective `{{transliteration|ru|tolstyj}}`{=mediawiki} (*толстый* `{{lit|thick, stout, fat}}`{=mediawiki... | 453 | Tolstoy family | 0 |
30,925 | # Tolstoy family
## In the Napoleonic wars {#in_the_napoleonic_wars}
Two members of the family were active during the Napoleonic wars. Count **Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy** (1761--1844) served under Suvorov in wars against Poland and the Ottoman Empire, was made a general-adjutant in 1797, went as an ambassador to P... | 488 | Tolstoy family | 1 |
30,925 | # Tolstoy family
## In Russian literature {#in_russian_literature}
Many of the Tolstoys devoted their spare time to literary pursuits. For instance, Count **Alexei Konstantinovich** (1817--75) was a courtier but also one of the most popular Russian poets of his time. He wrote admirable ballads, a historical novel, so... | 589 | Tolstoy family | 2 |
30,925 | # Tolstoy family
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Selivestr Ivanovich Tolstoy (? --1612),
- Grigory Ivanovich Tolstoy (? --1636),
- Vasili Ivanovich Tolstoy (? --1649),
- Andrey Vasiliyevich Tolstoy (? --1690),
- Ivan Andreyevich Tolstoy (1644--1713),
- Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy (1645--1729),
- Mat... | 461 | Tolstoy family | 3 |
30,925 | # Tolstoy family
## Places
Several places in Russia are named to commemorate Leo Tolstoy, e.g., Tolstoy-Yurt, village in Chechnya | 20 | Tolstoy family | 4 |
30,928 | # Transpositional pun
A **transpositional pun** is a pun format with two aspects. It involves transposing the words in a well-known phrase or saying to get a daffynition-like clever redefinition of a well-known word unrelated to the original phrase. The redefinition is thus the first aspect, and the transposition the ... | 186 | Transpositional pun | 0 |
30,938 | # Tony McManus (musician)
**Tony McManus** (born 1965) is a guitarist from Paisley, Scotland, who plays finger-style acoustic guitar arrangements of tunes from Celtic music, classical music, and other genres. He emigrated from Scotland to Canada in 2003.
## Music career {#music_career}
In 1988, McManus substituted f... | 387 | Tony McManus (musician) | 0 |
30,938 | # Tony McManus (musician)
## Discography
- *Tony McManus* (Greentrax, 1996)
- *Pourquoi Quebec?* (Greentrax, 1998)
- *Return to Kintail* with Alasdair Fraser (Culburnie, 1999)
- *Ceol More* (Compass, 2002)
- *Singing Sands* with Alain Gentry (Compass, 2005)
- *The Maker\'s Mark* (Compass, 2008)
- *Myste... | 331 | Tony McManus (musician) | 1 |
30,971 | # Tunnel in the Sky
***Tunnel in the Sky*** is a juvenile science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1955 by Scribner\'s as one of the Heinlein juveniles. The story describes a group of students sent on a survival test to an uninhabited planet, who soon realise they are stranded there. T... | 729 | Tunnel in the Sky | 0 |
30,971 | # Tunnel in the Sky
## Themes
As in *Lord of the Flies*, which had been published a year earlier, isolation reveals the true natures of the students as individuals, but it also demonstrates some of the constants of human existence as a social animal. Its underlying themes run counter to those in *Lord of the Flies*, ... | 339 | Tunnel in the Sky | 1 |
30,971 | # Tunnel in the Sky
## Rod\'s ethnicity {#rods_ethnicity}
Heinlein Society member and researcher Robert James has noted that Heinlein wrote a letter in which he \"firmly states\" that Rod Walker is black. According to James, \"The most telling evidence is that everybody in \'Tunnel\' expects Rod to end up with Caroli... | 83 | Tunnel in the Sky | 2 |
30,980 | # Tory
A **Tory** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɔː|r|i}}`{=mediawiki}) is an individual who supports a political philosophy known as **Toryism**, based on a British version of traditionalist conservatism which upholds the established social order as it has evolved through the history of Great Britain. The Tory ethos has been summed... | 532 | Tory | 0 |
30,980 | # Tory
## Political history {#political_history}
Towards the end of Charles II\'s reign (1660--1685) there was some debate about whether his brother, James, Duke of York, should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James\'s Catholicism. \"Whigs\", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypi... | 578 | Tory | 1 |
30,980 | # Tory
## Political history {#political_history}
### Canada
The term *Tory* was first used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, known as the Family Compact and the Château Clique, an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society... | 828 | Tory | 2 |
30,980 | # Tory
## Political history {#political_history}
### United States {#united_states}
The term \"Loyalist\" was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia... | 397 | Tory | 3 |
30,980 | # Tory
## Current usage {#current_usage}
*Tory* has become shorthand for a member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK, and can be used interchangeably with the word *Conservative*.
### North America {#north_america}
In the United States, *Tory* is often used as a historical te... | 577 | Tory | 4 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
`{{Thermoelectric effect|cTopic=Applications}}`{=mediawiki} A **thermocouple**, also known as a \"thermoelectrical thermometer\", is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result... | 828 | Thermocouple | 0 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Principle of operation {#principle_of_operation}
### Reference junction {#reference_junction}
To obtain the desired measurement of $\scriptstyle T_\mathrm{sense}$, it is not sufficient to just measure $\scriptstyle V$. The temperature at the reference junctions $\scriptstyle T_\mathrm{ref}$ must als... | 209 | Thermocouple | 1 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Practical concerns {#practical_concerns}
Thermocouples ideally should be very simple measurement devices, with each type being characterized by a precise $\scriptstyle E(T)$ curve, independent of any other details. In reality, thermocouples are affected by issues such as alloy manufacturing uncertai... | 904 | Thermocouple | 2 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Types
Certain combinations of alloys have become popular as industry standards. Selection of the combination is driven by cost, availability, convenience, melting point, chemical properties, stability, and output. Different types are best suited for different applications. They are usually selected ... | 1,094 | Thermocouple | 3 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Types
### Platinum/rhodium-alloy thermocouples {#platinumrhodium_alloy_thermocouples}
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum/rhodium alloy for each conductor. These are among the most stable thermocouples, but have lower sensitivity than other types, approximately 10 μV/°C. Type ... | 364 | Thermocouple | 4 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Types
### Tungsten/rhenium-alloy thermocouples {#tungstenrhenium_alloy_thermocouples}
These thermocouples are well-suited for measuring extremely high temperatures. Typical uses are hydrogen and inert atmospheres, as well as vacuum furnaces. They are not used in oxidizing environments at high temper... | 832 | Thermocouple | 5 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Thermocouple insulation {#thermocouple_insulation}
### Wires insulation {#wires_insulation}
The wires that make up the thermocouple must be insulated from each other everywhere, except at the sensing junction. Any additional electrical contact between the wires, or contact of a wire to other conduc... | 501 | Thermocouple | 6 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Applications
Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature range, from −270 up to 3000 °C (for a short time, in inert atmosphere). Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, other industrial processes and fog machines. They are le... | 922 | Thermocouple | 7 |
30,990 | # Thermocouple
## Applications
### Manufacturing
Thermocouples can generally be used in the testing of prototype electrical and mechanical apparatus. For example, switchgear under test for its current carrying capacity may have thermocouples installed and monitored during a heat run test, to confirm that the temperat... | 657 | Thermocouple | 8 |
31,006 | # Phenotypic trait
A **phenotypic trait**, simply **trait**, or **character state** is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two. For example, having eye color is a *character* of an organ... | 539 | Phenotypic trait | 0 |
31,011 | # There Is No Cabal
***There Is No Cabal*** (abbreviated **TINC**) is a catchphrase and running joke found on Usenet. The journalist Wendy M. Grossman writes that its appearance on the *alt.usenet.cabal* FAQ reflects conspiracy accusations as old as the Internet itself. The anthropologist Gabriella Coleman writes that... | 102 | There Is No Cabal | 0 |
31,016 | # Terrestrial Time
**Terrestrial Time** (**TT**) is a modern astronomical time standard defined by the International Astronomical Union, primarily for time-measurements of astronomical observations made from the surface of Earth. For example, the Astronomical Almanac uses TT for its tables of positions (ephemerides) o... | 410 | Terrestrial Time | 0 |
31,016 | # Terrestrial Time
## Current definition {#current_definition}
TT differs from Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG) by a constant rate. Formally it is defined by the equation
$\mathrm{TT} = \bigl(1-L_\mathrm{G}\bigr) \times \mathrm{TCG} + E,$
where TT and TCG are linear counts of SI seconds in Terrestrial Time and Geoc... | 342 | Terrestrial Time | 1 |
31,016 | # Terrestrial Time
## Realizations
TT is a theoretical ideal, not dependent on a particular realization. For practical use, physical clocks must be measured and their readings processed to estimate TT. A simple offset calculation is sufficient for most applications, but in demanding applications, detailed modeling of... | 478 | Terrestrial Time | 2 |
31,016 | # Terrestrial Time
## Realizations
### Other standards {#other_standards}
TT is in effect a continuation of (but is more precisely uniform than) the former Ephemeris Time (ET). It was designed for continuity with ET, and it runs at the rate of the SI second, which was itself derived from a calibration using the secon... | 405 | Terrestrial Time | 3 |
31,020 | # Tatra 600
The **Tatra 600**, named the **Tatraplan**, was a rear-engined large family car (D-segment in Europe) produced from 1948 to 1952 by the Czech manufacturer Tatra. The first prototype was finished in 1946.
## History
After World War II, Tatra continued its pre-war business of building passenger cars in add... | 437 | Tatra 600 | 0 |
31,029 | # Taking Children Seriously
**Taking Children Seriously** (**TCS**) is an exploration of parenting and educational philosophy whose central idea is that children are full people.
## Overview
TCS was conceived between 1988 and 1989 by Sarah Fitz-Claridge, and later grew into an online mailing-list around 1992.
TCS b... | 192 | Taking Children Seriously | 0 |
31,032 | # Protein tertiary structure
**Protein tertiary structure** is the three-dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain \"backbone\" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains and the backbone may interact and bond in a number... | 875 | Protein tertiary structure | 0 |
31,032 | # Protein tertiary structure
## Determination
### NMR
Protein NMR gives comparatively lower resolution of protein structure. It is limited to smaller proteins. However, it can provide information about conformational changes of a protein in solution.
### Cryogenic electron microscopy {#cryogenic_electron_microscopy}... | 167 | Protein tertiary structure | 1 |
31,039 | # Turboprop
thumb\|upright=1.4\|GE T64 turboprop, with the propeller on the left, the gearbox with accessories in the middle, and the gas generator (turbine) on the right
A **turboprop** is a gas turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.
A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combu... | 1,101 | Turboprop | 0 |
31,039 | # Turboprop
## History
Alan Arnold Griffith had published a paper on compressor design in 1926. Subsequent work at the Royal Aircraft Establishment investigated axial compressor-based designs that would drive a propeller. From 1929, Frank Whittle began work on centrifugal compressor-based designs that would use all t... | 745 | Turboprop | 1 |
31,039 | # Turboprop
## Usage
In contrast to turbofans, turboprops are most efficient at flight speeds below 725 km/h (450 mph; 390 knots) because the jet velocity of the propeller (and exhaust) is relatively low. Modern turboprop airliners operate at nearly the same speed as small regional jet airliners but burn two-thirds o... | 350 | Turboprop | 2 |
31,039 | # Turboprop
## Current engines {#current_engines}
Manufacturer Country Designation data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Dry weight (kg) data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Takeoff rating (kW) Application
------------------------ -------------------------------- ---------------- --------... | 486 | Turboprop | 3 |
31,045 | # Tone row
thumb\|upright=2\|\"Mirror forms\", P, R, I, and RI, of a tone row (from Arnold Schoenberg\'s Variations for Orchestra Op. 31, \"Called *mirror forms* because\...they are identical\".
In music, a **tone row** or **note row** (*Reihe* or **Tonreihe**), also **series** or **set**, is a non-repetitive orderin... | 269 | Tone row | 0 |
31,045 | # Tone row
## Theory and compositional techniques {#theory_and_compositional_techniques}
thumb\|center\|upright=2\|Principal forms of the tone row of Anton Webern\'s Variations for piano, Op. 27. Each hexachord fills in a chromatic fourth, with B as the pivot (end of P1 and beginning of IR8), and thus linked by the p... | 983 | Tone row | 1 |
31,045 | # Tone row
## Nonstandard tone rows {#nonstandard_tone_rows}
thumb\|upright=2\|Pierre Boulez\'s *Second Piano Sonata* series consists of three cells: A) an ascending perfect fifth followed by a tritone and a perfect fourth, B) a descending perfect fifth followed by an ascending major second and a descending augmented... | 325 | Tone row | 2 |
31,046 | # Triatoma protracta
***Triatoma protracta*** is a species of bugs in the family Reduviidae. It is known commonly as the **western bloodsucking conenose**. It is distributed in the western United States and Mexico.
This species and other \"kissing bugs\" are vectors of *Trypanosoma cruzi*, the protozoan that causes C... | 163 | Triatoma protracta | 0 |
31,052 | # Trakehner
**Trakehner** (`{{IPAc-en|t|r|ə|'|k|ei|n| ər}}`{=mediawiki}) is a light warmblood breed of horse, originally developed at the East Prussian state stud farm in the town of Trakehnen from which the breed takes its name. The `{{interlanguage link|Hauptgestüt Trakehnen|de|lt=state stud}}`{=mediawiki} was estab... | 1,028 | Trakehner | 0 |
31,052 | # Trakehner
## The modern Trakehner {#the_modern_trakehner}
Today in Germany the breed is considered a federal responsibility, with its governance falling under both the Trakehner Verband and the Trakehner Gesellschaft mbH; the latter handling all business operations.
Stallion inspections are held in Neumünster, Ger... | 269 | Trakehner | 1 |
31,052 | # Trakehner
## Famous Trakehners {#famous_trakehners}
- Abdullah (horse) (1970--2000), on the USA\'s gold medal-winning show jumping team at the 1984 Olympics
- Downlands Cancara (1975--2006), featured in Lloyds TSB\'s iconic TV adverts in the UK
- Windfall II (1992-- ), in the USA\'s bronze medal-winning team ... | 104 | Trakehner | 2 |
31,053 | # Tempera
**Tempera** (`{{IPA|it|ˈtɛmpera|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as **egg tempera**, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. *Tempera* also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera pa... | 421 | Tempera | 0 |
31,053 | # Tempera
## Technique
Tempera is traditionally created by hand-grinding dry powdered pigments into a binding agent or *medium*, such as egg yolk, milk (in the form of casein) and a variety of plant gums.
### Egg tempera {#egg_tempera}
The most common form of classical tempera painting is \"egg tempera\". For this ... | 867 | Tempera | 1 |
31,053 | # Tempera
## Artists
Although tempera has been out of favor since the Late Renaissance and Baroque eras, it has been periodically rediscovered by later artists such as William Blake, the Nazarenes, the Pre-Raphaelites, and Joseph Southall. The 20th century saw a significant revival of tempera. European painters who w... | 417 | Tempera | 2 |
31,053 | # Tempera
## Gallery
<File:Spanish> - Altar Frontal with Christ in Majesty and the Life of Saint Martin - Walters 371188.jpg\|Spanish, *Altar Frontal with Christ in Majesty and the Life of Saint Martin*, 1250, The Walters Art Museum <File:Madonna71.jpg>\|Guido da Siena, *Madonna*, Church of San Regolo, Siena, tempera... | 234 | Tempera | 3 |
31,066 | # The Third Culture
***The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution*** is a 1995 book by John Brockman which discusses the work of several well-known scientists who are directly communicating their new, sometimes provocative, ideas to the general public. John Brockman has continued the themes of \'The Third Cul... | 454 | The Third Culture | 0 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
**Themistocles** (`{{IPAc-en|θ|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|s|t|ə|k|l|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki}; *Θεμιστοκλῆς*; c. 524) was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist... | 471 | Themistocles | 0 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Family
Themistocles was born in the Attic deme of Phrearrhii around 524 BC, the son of Neocles, a Leontian also of Phrearrhii, who was, in the words of Plutarch \"no very conspicuous man at Athens\". His mother is more obscure; her name was either Euterpe or Abrotonum, and her place of origin has be... | 330 | Themistocles | 1 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Background
Themistocles grew up in a period of upheaval in Athens. The tyrant Peisistratos had died in 527 BC, passing power to his sons, Hipparchus and Hippias. Hipparchus was murdered in 514 BC, and in response to this, Hippias be... | 650 | Themistocles | 2 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Rivalry with Aristides {#rivalry_with_aristides}
After Marathon, probably in 489, Miltiades, the hero of the battle, was seriously wounded in an abortive attempt to capture Paros. Taking advantage of his incapacitation, the powerful ... | 634 | Themistocles | 3 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Second Persian invasion of Greece {#second_persian_invasion_of_greece}
In 481 BC a congress of Greek city-states was held, during which 30 or so states agreed to ally themselves against the forthcoming invasion. The Spartans and Athe... | 814 | Themistocles | 4 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Second Persian invasion of Greece {#second_persian_invasion_of_greece}
#### Battle of Salamis {#battle_of_salamis}
In the aftermath of Thermopylae, Boeotia fell to the Persians, who then began to advance on Athens. The Peloponnesian ... | 715 | Themistocles | 5 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Second Persian invasion of Greece {#second_persian_invasion_of_greece}
#### Autumn 480 -- Winter 479 BC {#autumn_480_winter_479_bc}
The Allied victory at Salamis ended the immediate threat to Greece, and Xerxes now returned to Asia w... | 618 | Themistocles | 6 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Rebuilding of Athens after the Persian invasion {#rebuilding_of_athens_after_the_persian_invasion}
Whatever the cause of Themistocles\'s unpopularity in 479 BC, it obviously did not last long. Both Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch sugge... | 424 | Themistocles | 7 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Political and military career {#political_and_military_career}
### Fall and exile {#fall_and_exile}
It seems clear that, towards the end of the decade, Themistocles had begun to accrue enemies, and had become arrogant; moreover his fellow citizens had become jealous of his prestige and power. The Rh... | 387 | Themistocles | 8 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Later life in the Achaemenid Empire, death, and descendants {#later_life_in_the_achaemenid_empire_death_and_descendants}
`{{Location map+
|Aegean
|float = right
|width = 220px
|caption = Location of [[Magnesia on the Meander]], where Themistocles ruled as Governor under the [[Achaemenid... | 970 | Themistocles | 9 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Later life in the Achaemenid Empire, death, and descendants {#later_life_in_the_achaemenid_empire_death_and_descendants}
### Death
Themistocles died at Magnesia in 459 BC aged 65, according to Thucydides, from natural causes. However, perhaps inevitably, there were also rumours surrounding his death... | 401 | Themistocles | 10 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Later life in the Achaemenid Empire, death, and descendants {#later_life_in_the_achaemenid_empire_death_and_descendants}
### Succession and descendants {#succession_and_descendants}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|left\|Portrait of a ruler with olive wreath on the Magnesian coinage of Archeptolis, son of Themis... | 410 | Themistocles | 11 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Assessments
### Character
It is possible to draw some conclusions about Themistocles\'s character. Perhaps his most evident trait was his massive ambition; \"In his ambition he surpassed all men\"; \"he hankered after public office rather as a man in delirium might crave a cure\". He was proud and ... | 864 | Themistocles | 12 |
31,069 | # Themistocles
## Assessments
### Political and military legacy {#political_and_military_legacy}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Map of the Athenian Empire in 431 BC
Undoubtedly the greatest achievement of Themistocles\'s career was his role in the defeat of Xerxes\' invasion of Greece. Against overwhelming odds, Greece survive... | 524 | Themistocles | 13 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
***The Problem of Pain*** is a 1940 book on the problem of evil by C. S. Lewis, in which Lewis argues that human pain, animal pain, and hell are not sufficient reasons to reject belief in a good and powerful God.
Lewis states that his writing is \"not *primarily* arguing the truth of Christianit... | 665 | The Problem of Pain | 0 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### Human Wickedness {#human_wickedness}
Lewis starts off by asking why humans need so much alteration. Immediately he shares the Christian answer that humans have used free will to become very bad. He then talks about when Jesus and the apostles preached people understood a real cons... | 452 | The Problem of Pain | 1 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### The Fall of Man {#the_fall_of_man}
Lewis explains how the Christian answer to human wickedness is the doctrine of the Fall: \"Man is now a horror to God and to himself and a creature ill-adapted to the universe not because God made him so but because he has made himself so by the ... | 561 | The Problem of Pain | 2 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### Human Pain {#human_pain}
He says that pain is inherent in a world where souls meet and souls acting wickedly towards each other probably accounts for four-fifths of the World's pain. And he says it's a legitimate question to ask why humans are given permission to torture each othe... | 577 | The Problem of Pain | 3 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### Hell
Lewis restates that allowing free will means that some people will choose rebellion and not all will be saved. He says that there was no other doctrine that he wished he could remove more, that it has the support of scripture, Jesus Christ himself, and reason. While some over... | 813 | The Problem of Pain | 4 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### Animal Pain {#animal_pain}
Lewis turns his attention to another facet of the problem of pain, that of animal pain. He says the Christian explanation for human pain doesn't work because so far as we can see animals are incapable of sin or virtue so they neither deserve pain nor are... | 745 | The Problem of Pain | 5 |
31,080 | # The Problem of Pain
## Summary
### Heaven
Lewis starts off the last chapter of the book by stating that not mentioning heaven is \"leaving out almost the whole of one side of the account\" and would not be a Christian one. He says that we don't need to be afraid that heaven is a bribe because heaven offers us nothi... | 639 | The Problem of Pain | 6 |
31,091 | # Titanite
**Titanite**, or **sphene** (`{{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|σφηνώ}}'' ({{grc-transl|σφηνώ}})|wedge}}`{=mediawiki}), is a calcium titanium nesosilicate mineral, CaTiSiO~5~. Trace impurities of iron and aluminium are typically present. Also commonly present are rare earth metals including cerium and yttri... | 553 | Titanite | 0 |
31,091 | # Titanite
## Image gallery {#image_gallery}
<File:Titanit.jpg%7CSpecimen> from the mineral collection of the Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main <File:Titanite-tt56a.jpg%7CTitanite> crystal that is totally gemmy and transparent, with a light olive-green color, perched on matrix of calcite and epidote <File:... | 77 | Titanite | 1 |
31,093 | # Turing Award
The **ACM A. M. Turing Award** is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in the field of computer science and is often referred to as the... | 2,777 | Turing Award | 0 |
31,105 | # Turing (programming language)
**Turing** is a high-level, general purpose programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada. It was designed to help students taking their first computer science course learn how to code. Turing is a descendant of Pascal, E... | 699 | Turing (programming language) | 0 |
31,105 | # Turing (programming language)
## Object-Oriented Turing {#object_oriented_turing}
**Object-Oriented Turing** is an extension of the Turing programming language and a replacement for Turing Plus created by Ric Holt of the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1991. It is imperative, object-oriented, and concurrent. It h... | 81 | Turing (programming language) | 1 |
31,112 | # Tesseract
In geometry, a **tesseract** or **4-cube** is a four-dimensional hypercube, analogous to a two-dimensional square and a three-dimensional cube. Just as the perimeter of the square consists of four edges and the surface of the cube consists of six square faces, the hypersurface of the tesseract consists of ... | 1,078 | Tesseract | 0 |
31,112 | # Tesseract
## Geometry
### Properties `{{anchor|Formulas}}`{=mediawiki}
For a tesseract with side length `{{Mvar|s}}`{=mediawiki}:
- Hypervolume (4D): $H=s^4$
- Surface \"volume\" (3D): $SV=8s^3$
- Face diagonal: $d_\mathrm{2}=\sqrt{2} s$
- Cell diagonal: $d_\mathrm{3}=\sqrt{3} s$
- 4-space diagonal: $d_\... | 224 | Tesseract | 1 |
31,112 | # Tesseract
## Projections
It is possible to project tesseracts into three- and two-dimensional spaces, similarly to projecting a cube into two-dimensional space.
The *cell-first* parallel projection of the tesseract into three-dimensional space has a cubical envelope. The nearest and farthest cells are projected on... | 487 | Tesseract | 2 |
31,112 | # Tesseract
## Tessellation
The tesseract, like all hypercubes, tessellates Euclidean space. The self-dual tesseractic honeycomb consisting of 4 tesseracts around each face has Schläfli symbol **{4,3,3,4}**. Hence, the tesseract has a dihedral angle of 90°.
The tesseract\'s radial equilateral symmetry makes its tess... | 475 | Tesseract | 3 |
31,113 | # Richard Hell and the Voidoids
**Richard Hell and the Voidoids** were an American punk rock band, formed in New York City in 1976 and fronted by Richard Hell, a former member of the Neon Boys, Television and the Heartbreakers.
## History
Kentucky-born Richard Meyers moved to New York City after dropping out of high... | 551 | Richard Hell and the Voidoids | 0 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
**Thuringia** (`{{IPAc-en|lang|θ|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|n|dʒ|i|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; *Thüringen* `{{IPA|de|ˈtyːʁɪŋən||De-Thüringen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki} officially the **Free State of Thuringia**, *Freistaat Thüringen* `{{IPA|de|ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən|}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of Germany\'s 16 states. With 2.1 million people, it is... | 308 | Thuringia | 0 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Etymology and symbols {#etymology_and_symbols}
The name *Thuringia* or *Thüringen* derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is largely unknown. An older theory claims that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the ide... | 296 | Thuringia | 1 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## History
Named after the Thuringii Germanic tribe who occupied it around AD 300, Thuringia came under Frankish domination in the 6th century.
Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian ... | 407 | Thuringia | 2 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## History
### Free State of Thuringia {#free_state_of_thuringia}
In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called the Free State of Thuringia (*Freistaat Thüringen*); only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital. The coat of arms of this new st... | 362 | Thuringia | 3 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Geography
### Topography
From the northwest going clockwise; Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse. The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodpla... | 870 | Thuringia | 4 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Demographics
### Demographic history {#demographic_history}
During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The main Slavic tribe in what is now Thuringia were the Sorbs proper, who unified all tribes in what is now southern half ... | 959 | Thuringia | 5 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Demographics
### Religion
Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-r... | 266 | Thuringia | 6 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Politics
### National
Thuringia is a stronghold for the far right Alternative for Germany (AfD), the party emerged as the largest in Thuringia in the 2021 national elections. In 2017 the party got 22.7%, in 2021 they got 24.0%, and in 2025 they surged to 38.6%.
### State
Thuringia is notable for bei... | 600 | Thuringia | 7 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Economy
Thuringia\'s economy is marked by the economic transition that happened after the German reunification and led to the closure of most of the factories within the Land. The unemployment rate reached a peak in 2005. Since that year, the economy has seen an upturn and the general economic situatio... | 655 | Thuringia | 8 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Economy
### General economic parameters {#general_economic_parameters}
The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis ... | 516 | Thuringia | 9 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Infrastructure
### Transport
As Germany\'s most central state, Thuringia is an important hub of transit traffic. The transportation infrastructure was in very poor condition after the GDR period. Since 1990, many billions of Euros have been invested to improve the condition of roads and railways withi... | 848 | Thuringia | 10 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Infrastructure
### Health
Health care provision in Thuringia improved after 1990, as did the level of general health. Life expectancy rose, nevertheless it is still a bit lower than the German average. This is caused by a relatively unhealthy lifestyle of the Thuringians, especially in high consumption... | 153 | Thuringia | 11 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Education
In Germany, the educational system is part of the sovereignty of the Länder; therefore each Land has its own school and college system.
### School system {#school_system}
The Thuringian school system was developed after the reunification in 1990, combining some elements of the former GDR sc... | 270 | Thuringia | 12 |
31,130 | # Thuringia
## Universities
The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (*\[\[Fachhochschule\]\]*). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia\'s four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has ... | 324 | Thuringia | 13 |
31,133 | # Tswana language
**Tswana**, also known by its native name **Setswana**, is a Bantu language indigenous to Southern Africa and spoken by about 8.2 million people. It is closely related to the Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho languages, as well as the Kgalagadi language and the Lozi language.
Setswana is an official... | 446 | Tswana language | 0 |
31,133 | # Tswana language
## Phonology
### Vowels
The vowel inventory of Tswana can be seen below.
Front Back
------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
Close `{{grapheme|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{grapheme|u}}`{=mediawiki}
Near-close `{{grap... | 659 | Tswana language | 1 |
31,133 | # Tswana language
## Grammar
### Nouns
Nouns in Tswana are grouped into nine noun classes and one subclass, each having different prefixes. The nine classes and their respective prefixes can be seen below, along with a short note regarding the common characteristics of most nouns within their respective classes.
+-... | 254 | Tswana language | 2 |
31,134 | # Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Prince **Nikolai Sergeyevich Trubetzkoy** (*Николай Сергеевич Трубецкой* `{{IPA|ru|nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ trʊbʲɪtsˈkoj|}}`{=mediawiki}; 16 April 1890 -- 25 June 1938) was a Russian linguist and historian whose teachings formed a nucleus of the Prague School of structural linguistics. He is wi... | 472 | Nikolai Trubetzkoy | 0 |
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