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32,333 | # Coins of the United States dollar
## Mint marks {#mint_marks}
List of current and past United States Mint branches and mint marks found on their coins:
Mint ... | 381 | Coins of the United States dollar | 2 |
32,333 | # Coins of the United States dollar
## Obsolete and canceled coins {#obsolete_and_canceled_coins}
- Half cent: `{{frac|2}}`{=mediawiki}¢, 1793--1857
- Silver center cent: 1¢, 1792 (not circulated)
- Large cent: 1¢, 1793--1857
- Ring cent: 1¢, 1850--1851, 1853, 1884--1885 (not circulated)
- Two-cent billon: ... | 446 | Coins of the United States dollar | 3 |
32,336 | # Unified Team at the Olympics
Korea at the Olympics}} `{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}`{=mediawiki} `{{infobox country at games
| NOC = EUN
| NOCname =
| games = Olympics
| year =
| flagcaption = The [[Olympic symbols#Different types of flags|Olympic flag]]
| oldcode =
| website =
| location =
| competitors... | 721 | Unified Team at the Olympics | 0 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
In the mathematical field of topology, a **uniform space** is a set with additional structure that is used to define *uniform properties*, such as completeness, uniform continuity and uniform convergence. Uniform spaces generalize metric spaces and topological groups, but the concept is designed to for... | 1,049 | Uniform space | 0 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
## Definition
### Uniform cover definition {#uniform_cover_definition}
A **uniform space** $(X, \Theta)$ is a set $X$ equipped with a distinguished family of coverings $\Theta,$ called \"uniform covers\", drawn from the set of coverings of $X,$ that form a filter when ordered by star refinement. One s... | 294 | Uniform space | 1 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
## Topology of uniform spaces {#topology_of_uniform_spaces}
Every uniform space $X$ becomes a topological space by defining a nonempty subset $O \subseteq X$ to be open if and only if for every $x \in O$ there exists an entourage $V$ such that $V[x]$ is a subset of $O.$ In this topology, the neighbour... | 520 | Uniform space | 2 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
## Uniform continuity {#uniform_continuity}
Similar to continuous functions between topological spaces, which preserve topological properties, are the uniformly continuous functions between uniform spaces, which preserve uniform properties.
A uniformly continuous function is defined as one where inve... | 880 | Uniform space | 3 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
## Examples
1. Every metric space $(M, d)$ can be considered as a uniform space. Indeed, since a metric is *a fortiori* a pseudometric, the pseudometric definition furnishes $M$ with a uniform structure. A fundamental system of entourages of this uniformity is provided by the sets
> $\qquad U_a \... | 445 | Uniform space | 4 |
32,339 | # Uniform space
## History
Before André Weil gave the first explicit definition of a uniform structure in 1937, uniform concepts, like completeness, were discussed using metric spaces. Nicolas Bourbaki provided the definition of uniform structure in terms of entourages in the book *Topologie Générale* and John Tukey ... | 65 | Uniform space | 5 |
32,344 | # Variance
In probability theory and statistics, **variance** is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation (SD) is obtained as the square root of the variance. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread... | 398 | Variance | 0 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Definition
The variance of a random variable $X$ is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of $X$, $\mu = \operatorname{E}[X]$: $\operatorname{Var}(X) = \operatorname{E}\left[(X - \mu)^2 \right].$ This definition encompasses random variables that are generated by processes that are di... | 543 | Variance | 1 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Examples
### Exponential distribution {#exponential_distribution}
The exponential distribution with parameter `{{mvar|λ}}`{=mediawiki} \> 0 is a continuous distribution whose probability density function is given by $f(x) = \lambda e^{-\lambda x}$ on the interval `{{closed-open|0, ∞}}`{=mediawik... | 374 | Variance | 2 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Properties
### Basic properties {#basic_properties}
Variance is non-negative because the squares are positive or zero: $\operatorname{Var}(X)\ge 0.$
The variance of a constant is zero. $\operatorname{Var}(a) = 0.$
Conversely, if the variance of a random variable is 0, then it is almost surely a const... | 744 | Variance | 3 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Propagation
### Addition and multiplication by a constant {#addition_and_multiplication_by_a_constant}
Variance is invariant with respect to changes in a location parameter. That is, if a constant is added to all values of the variable, the variance is unchanged: $\operatorname{Var}(X+a)=\operatorname{... | 382 | Variance | 4 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Propagation
### Sum of variables {#sum_of_variables}
#### Sum of uncorrelated variables {#sum_of_uncorrelated_variables}
One reason for the use of the variance in preference to other measures of dispersion is that the variance of the sum (or the difference) of uncorrelated random variables is the sum o... | 974 | Variance | 5 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Propagation
### Arbitrary functions {#arbitrary_functions}
The delta method uses second-order Taylor expansions to approximate the variance of a function of one or more random variables: see Taylor expansions for the moments of functions of random variables. For example, the approximate variance of a fu... | 72 | Variance | 6 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Population variance and sample variance {#population_variance_and_sample_variance}
Real-world observations such as the measurements of yesterday\'s rain throughout the day typically cannot be complete sets of all possible observations that could be made. As such, the variance calculated from the finite ... | 745 | Variance | 7 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Population variance and sample variance {#population_variance_and_sample_variance}
### Sample variance {#sample_variance}
#### `{{visible anchor|Biased sample variance}}`{=mediawiki}
In many practical situations, the true variance of a population is not known *a priori* and must be computed somehow. Wh... | 1,002 | Variance | 8 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Population variance and sample variance {#population_variance_and_sample_variance}
### Relations with the harmonic and arithmetic means {#relations_with_the_harmonic_and_arithmetic_means}
It has been shown that for a sample {*y*~*i*~} of positive real numbers,
$\sigma_y^2 \le 2y_{\max} (A - H),$
where... | 275 | Variance | 9 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Moment of inertia {#moment_of_inertia}
The variance of a probability distribution is analogous to the moment of inertia in classical mechanics of a corresponding mass distribution along a line, with respect to rotation about its center of mass. It is because of this analogy that such things as the varia... | 429 | Variance | 10 |
32,344 | # Variance
## Generalizations
### For complex variables {#for_complex_variables}
If $x$ is a scalar complex-valued random variable, with values in $\mathbb{C},$ then its variance is $\operatorname{E}\left[(x - \mu)(x - \mu)^*\right],$ where $x^*$ is the complex conjugate of $x.$ This variance is a real scalar.
### ... | 285 | Variance | 11 |
32,351 | # Verlan
thumb\|The verlan word \"pineco\" comes from \"copine\". ***Verlan*** (`{{IPA|fr|vɛʁlɑ̃|pron|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-verlan.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a type of argot in the French language, featuring inversion of syllables in a word, and is common in slang and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition ... | 312 | Verlan | 0 |
32,351 | # Verlan
## Vocabulary
Some verlan words, such as *meuf*, have become so commonplace that they have been included in the *\[\[Petit Larousse\]\]*. The purpose of verlan is to create a somewhat secret language that only its speakers can understand. Words becoming mainstream is counterproductive. As a result, such newl... | 536 | Verlan | 1 |
32,351 | # Verlan
## Cultural significance {#cultural_significance}
Verlan is less a language than a way to set apart certain words. Many verlan words refer either to sex or drugs, related to the original purpose of keeping communication secret from institutions of social control. Verlan is generally limited to one or two key... | 401 | Verlan | 2 |
32,353 | # Virtual machine
thumb\|upright=1.35\|*virt-manager* running the Haiku operating system in a window `{{Program execution}}`{=mediawiki} In computing, a **virtual machine** (**VM**) is the virtualization or emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionali... | 961 | Virtual machine | 0 |
32,353 | # Virtual machine
## History
Both system virtual machines and process virtual machines date to the 1960s and remain areas of active development.
*System virtual machines* grew out of time-sharing, as notably implemented in the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS). Time-sharing allowed multiple users to use a comput... | 607 | Virtual machine | 1 |
32,353 | # Virtual machine
## Virtualization techniques {#virtualization_techniques}
### Full virtualization {#full_virtualization}
In full virtualization, the virtual machine simulates enough hardware to allow an unmodified \"guest\" OS (one designed for the same instruction set) to be run in isolation. This approach was pi... | 337 | Virtual machine | 2 |
32,353 | # Virtual machine
## Snapshots
A *snapshot* is a state of a virtual machine, and generally its storage devices, at an exact point in time. A snapshot enables the virtual machine\'s state at the time of the snapshot to be restored later, effectively undoing any changes that occurred afterwards. This capability is usef... | 627 | Virtual machine | 3 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
**Vostok 1** (*Восток*, `{{lit|East|[[Orient]]}}`{=mediawiki}) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first human orbital spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA space capsule was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 12 April 1961, with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard, making him the ... | 453 | Vostok 1 | 0 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Preparations
Unlike later Vostok missions, there were no dedicated tracking ships available to receive signals from the spacecraft. Instead they relied on the network of ground stations, also called Command Points, to communicate with the spacecraft; all of these Command Points were located within the S... | 600 | Vostok 1 | 1 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Flight
At 05:30 Moscow time, on the morning of 12 April 1961, both Gagarin and his backup Titov were woken. They were given breakfast, assisted into their spacesuits, and then were transported to the launch pad. Gagarin entered the *Vostok 1* spacecraft, and at 07:10 local time (04:10 UTC), the radio co... | 563 | Vostok 1 | 2 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Flight
### Time in orbit {#time_in_orbit}
- **06:18** UTC (T+ 676 s) Gagarin reported, \"The craft is operating normally. I can see Earth in the view port of the *Vzor*. Everything is proceeding as planned\". Vostok 1 moved on over Siberia as it passed over the Soviet Union.
- **06:21** Vostok 1 pas... | 744 | Vostok 1 | 3 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Reentry and landing {#reentry_and_landing}
At 07:25 UTC, the spacecraft\'s automatic systems brought it into the required attitude (orientation) for the retrorocket firing, and shortly afterwards, the liquid-fueled engine fired for about 42 seconds over the west coast of Africa, near Angola, about 8000 ... | 411 | Vostok 1 | 4 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Reactions and legacy {#reactions_and_legacy}
### Soviet reaction {#soviet_reaction}
Gagarin\'s flight was announced while Gagarin was still in orbit, by Yuri Levitan, the leading Soviet radio personality since the 1930s. Although news of Soviet rocket launches would normally be aired only after the fac... | 1,082 | Vostok 1 | 5 |
32,363 | # Vostok 1
## Reactions and legacy {#reactions_and_legacy}
### Legacy
Four decades after the flight, historian Asif S. Siddiqi wrote that Vostok 1
The landing site is now a monument park. The central feature in the park is a 25 m tall monument that consists of a silver metallic rocketship rising on a curved metallic... | 197 | Vostok 1 | 6 |
32,415 | # Vänern
**Vänern** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|eɪ|n|ər|n}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|VAY|nərn}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|v|ɛ|n|ər|n}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|VEN|ərn}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|sv|ˈvɛ̂ːnɛɳ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is the largest lake in Sweden, the largest lake in the European Union and the third-largest lake in E... | 546 | Vänern | 0 |
32,415 | # Vänern
## Geography
`{{See also|Central Swedish lowland}}`{=mediawiki} Vänern covers an area of 5655 km2, approximately twice the surface area of Luxembourg. Its surface is 44 m above sea level and it is on average 27 m deep. The maximum depth of the lake is 106 m The water level of the lake is regulated by the Var... | 288 | Vänern | 1 |
32,415 | # Vänern
## Environment
Environmental monitoring studies are conducted annually. In a 2002 report, the data showed no marked decrease in overall water quality, but a slight decrease in visibility due to an increase of algae. An increasing level of nitrogen had been problematic during the 1970s through 1990s, but is n... | 314 | Vänern | 2 |
32,419 | # Geography of Vatican City
The Vatican City is unique due to the country\'s position as an urban, landlocked enclave of Rome, Italy. With an area of 49 ha, and a border with Italy of 3.5 km, it is the world\'s smallest independent state. Outside the Vatican City, thirteen buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the po... | 575 | Geography of Vatican City | 0 |
32,425 | # Military in Vatican City
The Vatican City State, formed in 1929, is the heir of the Papal States, which ceased to exist in 1870. Unlike those, the Vatican does not have a military, except for a small number of Swiss Guards and gendarmes, fulfilling mainly representative and policing duties. For any further defense p... | 542 | Military in Vatican City | 0 |
32,425 | # Military in Vatican City
## Active corps {#active_corps}
### Pontifical Swiss Guard (est. 1506) {#pontifical_swiss_guard_est._1506}
The Pontifical Swiss Guard (*Guardia Svizzera Pontificia*) was formed in 1506 by Pope Julius II. The unit was formed as the personal bodyguard of the Pope. At various points in its hi... | 571 | Military in Vatican City | 1 |
32,425 | # Military in Vatican City
## Former corps {#former_corps}
### Palatine Guard (1850-1970) {#palatine_guard_1850_1970}
The Palatine Guard (*Guardia Palatina d\'Onore*) was formed in 1850 by Pope Pius IX, through amalgamation of two older units of the Papal Army. The corps was formed as an infantry unit. It saw active... | 445 | Military in Vatican City | 2 |
32,430 | # Vieille Montagne
**Vieille Montagne** (`{{IPA|fr|vjɛj mɔ̃taɲ}}`{=mediawiki}) was a zinc mine in Kelmis (La Calamine), a town in Belgium between Liège and Aachen. The mine\'s name is French for \"old mountain\" or \"old mine\", and this is also reflected in its German name, *Altenberg* (earlier, *Alten Galmei-Berg*).... | 717 | Vieille Montagne | 0 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
**Vanadium** is a chemical element; it has symbol **V** and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against furthe... | 316 | Vanadium | 0 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## History
Vanadium was discovered in Mexico in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican \"brown lead\" ore, later named vanadinite. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result, he named the element *panchro... | 685 | Vanadium | 1 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Compounds
The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2--5. In an aqueous solution, vanadium forms metal aquo complexes of which the colors are lilac \[V(H~2~O)~6~\]^2+^, green \[V(H~2~O)~6~\]^3+^, blue \[VO(H~2~O)~5~\]^2+^, yellow-orange oxides \[... | 937 | Vanadium | 2 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Compounds
### Organometallic compounds {#organometallic_compounds}
The organometallic chemistry of vanadium is well`{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki}developed. Vanadocene dichloride is a versatile starting reagent and has applications in organic chemistry. Vanadium carbonyl, V(CO)~6~, is a rare example of a para... | 63 | Vanadium | 3 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Occurrence
Metallic vanadium is rare in nature (known as **native vanadium**), having been found among fumaroles of the Colima Volcano, but vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals.
Vanadium began to be used in the manufacture of special steels in 1896. At that time, very few d... | 629 | Vanadium | 4 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Applications
### Alloys
Approximately 85% of the vanadium produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. The considerable increase of strength in steel containing small amounts of vanadium was discovered in the early 20th century. Vanadium forms stable nitrides and carbides, resulting in a s... | 713 | Vanadium | 5 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Biological role {#biological_role}
Vanadium has a more significant role in marine environments than terrestrial ones.
### Vanadoenzymes
Several species of marine algae produce vanadium bromoperoxidase as well as the closely related chloroperoxidase (which may use a heme or vanadium cofactor) and iodop... | 457 | Vanadium | 6 |
32,431 | # Vanadium
## Safety
All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic. Tetravalent VOSO~4~ has been reported to be at least 5 times more toxic than trivalent V~2~O~3~. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m^3^ for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m^3^ for... | 280 | Vanadium | 7 |
32,436 | # Vinyl group
Vinyl}}
In organic chemistry, a **vinyl group** (abbr. **Vi**; IUPAC name: **ethenyl group**) is a functional group with the formula `{{chem2|\sCH\dCH2}}`{=mediawiki}. It is the ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) molecule (`{{chem2|H2C\dCH2}}`{=mediawiki}) with one fewer hydrogen atom. The name is also used ... | 396 | Vinyl group | 0 |
32,437 | # V
**V**, or **v**, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is *vee* (pronounced `{{IPAc-en|'|v|iː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-V.wav}}`{=mediawiki}), plural *vees*.
## ... | 410 | V | 0 |
32,437 | # V
## Use in writing systems {#use_in_writing_systems}
Orthography Phonemes
---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Catalan or `{{IPAslink|b}}`{=mediawiki}
Cherokee romanizatio... | 624 | V | 1 |
32,437 | # V
## Related characters {#related_characters}
### Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet {#descendants_and_related_letters_in_the_latin_alphabet}
- U u : Latin letter `{{vr|[[u]]}}`{=mediawiki}, originally the same letter as `{{vr|v}}`{=mediawiki}
- W w : Latin letter `{{vr|[[w]]}}`{=mediawiki}... | 294 | V | 2 |
32,445 | # Geography of Vanuatu
Vanuatu (formerly called the New Hebrides) is a nation and group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It is composed of over 80 islands with 2528 km of coastline and a total surface area of 12189 km2. It\'s a small country with a total size of 12,189 km2. Due to the spread out islands it has t... | 414 | Geography of Vanuatu | 0 |
32,446 | # Demographics of Vanuatu
Demographic features of the population of Vanuatu include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. 4% of the people living in Vanuatu are Europeans.
## Population
### Structure of the population {#stru... | 592 | Demographics of Vanuatu | 0 |
32,446 | # Demographics of Vanuatu
## Languages
Languages Percentage
--------------------------------- ------------
Local languages (more than 100)
Bislama (official; creole)
English (official)
French (official)
Other ... | 82 | Demographics of Vanuatu | 1 |
32,447 | # Politics of Vanuatu
The **politics of Vanuatu** take place within the framework of a constitutional democracy. The constitution provides for a representative parliamentary system. The head of the Republic is an elected president. The prime minister of Vanuatu is the head of government.
Executive power is exercised ... | 722 | Politics of Vanuatu | 0 |
32,447 | # Politics of Vanuatu
## Political culture {#political_culture}
Vanuatu has a multi-party system of government. In the decades after independence, the English-oriented Vanua\'aku Party and the French-oriented Union of Moderate Parties fragmented into numerous smaller parties, defined increasingly by personality polit... | 269 | Politics of Vanuatu | 1 |
32,447 | # Politics of Vanuatu
## Political history {#political_history}
Historically, government and society in Vanuatu tend to divide along linguistic - French and English - lines. However, this division has become blurred in recent years due to the fragmentation of political parties and the evolution of a post-independence... | 566 | Politics of Vanuatu | 2 |
32,448 | # Economy of Vanuatu
Vanuatu\'s economy is primarily agricultural; 80% of the population is engaged in agricultural activities that range from subsistence farming to smallholder farming of coconuts and other cash crops.
Copra is by far the most important cash crop (making up more than 35% of Vanuatu\'s exports), foll... | 649 | Economy of Vanuatu | 0 |
32,448 | # Economy of Vanuatu
## Economic statistics {#economic_statistics}
Vanuatu scored 32.06 (versus a worldwide score of 42.94, lower scores translating to higher risk) on the June 2013 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.
All \"\$\" units are US Dollar.
**GDP:** purchasing power parity - \$1.237 billion (2012 est.)
**GDP... | 311 | Economy of Vanuatu | 1 |
32,452 | # Foreign relations of Vanuatu
Vanuatu maintains diplomatic relations with many countries, and it has a small network of diplomatic missions. Australia, France, Japan, New Zealand, the People\'s Republic of China, South Korea and the United Kingdom maintain embassies, High Commissions, or missions in Port Vila. The Br... | 645 | Foreign relations of Vanuatu | 0 |
32,452 | # Foreign relations of Vanuatu
## Foreign policy issues {#foreign_policy_issues}
### Aid
Since 1980, Australia, the United Kingdom, France, and New Zealand have provided the bulk of Vanuatu\'s development aid. As of March 2008, Australia was Vanuatu\'s biggest aid provider, followed by France. A number of other coun... | 371 | Foreign relations of Vanuatu | 1 |
32,452 | # Foreign relations of Vanuatu
## International organizational participation {#international_organizational_participation}
### Regional relations {#regional_relations}
Vanuatu maintains strong regional ties in the Pacific. It is a full member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commiss... | 567 | Foreign relations of Vanuatu | 2 |
32,452 | # Foreign relations of Vanuatu
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 2,484 | Foreign relations of Vanuatu | 3 |
32,454 | # Geography of Venezuela
**Venezuela** is a country in South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana. It is situated on major sea and air routes linking North and South America. Located at the northernmost end of South America, Venezuela has a total area of 912050... | 981 | Geography of Venezuela | 0 |
32,454 | # Geography of Venezuela
## Geology
The Andes are located in the northwestern region of Venezuela. The Andes are considered the longest mountain range on Earth spanning from 7,000 kilometers in length and 300 kilometers in width. The mountains are mainly composed of Paleozoic or older metamorphic rocks. Fossils from ... | 318 | Geography of Venezuela | 1 |
32,454 | # Geography of Venezuela
## Hydrography
The Orinoco is by far the most important of the more than 1,000 rivers in the country. Flowing more than 2,500 kilometers to the Atlantic from its source in the Guiana highlands at the Brazilian border, the Orinoco is the world\'s eighth largest river and the largest in South A... | 632 | Geography of Venezuela | 2 |
32,454 | # Geography of Venezuela
## Historical Geography {#historical_geography}
\"Frank Radcliffe; a Story of Travel and Adventure in the Forests of Venezuela\" was written by a Christian man named Achilles Daunt. The Travelogue was published in 1884 and comprised a total of 432 pages depicting a foreigner\'s journey throug... | 386 | Geography of Venezuela | 3 |
32,456 | # Politics of Venezuela
The **politics of Venezuela** are conducted under what is nominally a federal presidential republic, but is in practice an authoritarian system of government. Prior to the early 1990s, Venezuela was considered an unusually long-standing and stable liberal democracy in Latin America, having tran... | 543 | Politics of Venezuela | 0 |
32,456 | # Politics of Venezuela
## History
Venezuelan politics was characterized by military rule for much of its post-independence history. From independence until 1956, Venezuela had 24 constitutions. These constitutions were frequently established by winners after successful revolts.
Romulo Gallegos\'s election as presid... | 542 | Politics of Venezuela | 1 |
32,456 | # Politics of Venezuela
## History
### 2013--Present
Nicolás Maduro has been president of Venezuela from 2013 to the present. His rule has been marked by a continuation of Bolivarian socialist populist policies (at least until 2020), but also by a severe economic crisis \-- hyperinflation (53,798,500% between 2016 an... | 854 | Politics of Venezuela | 2 |
32,456 | # Politics of Venezuela
## Miscellaneous
Venezuela abolished the death penalty in 1863, making it the country where this practice has been outlawed the longest.
There is a history of tension between church and state in the country. The Catholic Church has accused Chavez of concentrating power in his own hands. In 20... | 186 | Politics of Venezuela | 3 |
32,458 | # Telecommunications in Venezuela
In Venezuela the first law on telecommunications was approved in 1940. It identified the responsibility of the state in regard to telephone and other telecommunication systems, including radio and television services.
**Telephones `{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki}** **main lines in use:** 7.... | 337 | Telecommunications in Venezuela | 0 |
32,459 | # Transport in Venezuela
**Transport in Venezuela** revolves around a system of highways and airports. Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air (Venezuela\'s airports include the Simón Bolívar International Airport near Caracas and La Chinita International Airport near Maracaibo) and sea (with major seapo... | 535 | Transport in Venezuela | 0 |
32,459 | # Transport in Venezuela
## Highways
Automobile transport is encouraged by the fact that Venezuela has the lowest petrol prices in the world, at \$0.18 per gallon (\$0.05 per liter). In some cases, petrol is less expensive than bottled water.
\
*total:* 96,155 km\
*paved:* 32,308 km\
*unpaved:* 63,847 km (1997 est.)... | 548 | Transport in Venezuela | 1 |
32,459 | # Transport in Venezuela
## Waterways
7,100 km; Rio Orinoco (400 km) and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
## Pipelines
- extra heavy crude 980 km
- crude oil 6,694 km
- refined products 1,620 km
- natural gas 5,347 km (2010)
## Ports and harbors {#ports_and_harbors}
+-----------------+---+-----... | 306 | Transport in Venezuela | 2 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
The **Bolivarian National Armed Forces** (*Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana* - FANB) of Venezuela are controlled by the Commander-in-Chief (the President) and the Minister of Defense. In addition to the army, navy, and air force there is also a national guard and natio... | 897 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 0 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## History
### Military rule {#military_rule}
During the second half of the 19th century, a school for officers continued (Military Academy of Mathematics, which was decades in advance of the policy of unification of arms and services of the Spanish military academy, wh... | 928 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 1 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## History
### Fourth Republic government {#fourth_republic_government}
At this time, the armed forces were composed of the traditional air force, army, navy and national guard.
The armed services made their mark in the 1960s in stopping anti-government actions and eve... | 350 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 2 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Organization and structure {#organization_and_structure}
The President of Venezuela is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces under constitutional provisions, thus he has overall supervision and control over it. He also appoints the Minister of Defense, the comma... | 740 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 3 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Organization and structure {#organization_and_structure}
### Military regions {#military_regions}
The *Integral Strategic Defense Regions* or *ISDRs* (REDI, *Regiones Estrategicas de Defensa Integral*) were formally activated on 13 September 2008, in compliance with ... | 421 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 4 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Service branches {#service_branches}
The armed forces is divided into six service branches, the Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Reserve and the Territorial Guard. The Army, Navy, Air Force and National Guard will serve under the Strategic Operational ... | 775 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 5 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Service branches {#service_branches}
### Other branches {#other_branches}
#### National Militia {#national_militia}
The Venezuelan militia traces its origins to both the long struggle against Spanish rule by the indigenous peoples of Venezuela and the militia battal... | 1,071 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 6 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Budget
According to the law of the approved budget for the 2012 Fiscal year, the budget allocated to the defense sector, is US\$4.959 billion, which represents 6.5% of Venezuela\'s gross domestic product (GDP). Another source indicates that the amount is \$4.508 bill... | 286 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 7 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Personnel
All men and women that are citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for military service at the age of 18, which is the age of majority in Venezuela.
### Requirements for military service {#requirements_for_military_service}
- Be a n... | 877 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 8 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Personnel
### Women in the Armed Forces {#women_in_the_armed_forces}
Currently the 4 components that make up the NBAF: the Army, Navy, Air Force and the National Guard, plus the National Militia and the Presidential Honor Guard Brigade as well, have women who choose ... | 463 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 9 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Ranks, uniforms and insignia {#ranks_uniforms_and_insignia}
### Military ranks {#military_ranks}
The most important reform in more than one century was in 2008, with the enactment of the reform of the Organic Law of the National Armed Forces, which established, amon... | 868 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 10 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Modernization program {#modernization_program}
The Venezuelan government has embarked on a massive military purchase programme. This has included negotiations for German submarines and transport aircraft, several agreements with Russia (outlined below), transport air... | 504 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 11 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Modernization program {#modernization_program}
### Russian loans and the Chinese K-8W light jet {#russian_loans_and_the_chinese_k_8w_light_jet}
In September 2008, Russia provided Venezuela with a \$1 billion loan to buy Russian weapons. Venezuela has shown interest o... | 915 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 12 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Modernization program {#modernization_program}
### U.S. military embargo {#u.s._military_embargo}
In May 2006, the government of the United States announced an embargo of military material and equipment to Venezuela; no American-made weapons or technology can be sold... | 498 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 13 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Role of the military in Venezuelan politics {#role_of_the_military_in_venezuelan_politics}
From 1810 up to the 1819 Angostura Congress that created Gran Colombia, and into the era of national independence since 1831, the National Armed Forces helped shaped the politi... | 405 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 14 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Role in Venezuelan society {#role_in_venezuelan_society}
### Humanitarian relief {#humanitarian_relief}
The tragedy of Vargas in December 1999, brought with it several lessons, that the Government knew how to assimilate, one of them was the quick action of the FANB ... | 853 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 15 |
32,460 | # National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
## Military industry {#military_industry}
### MAZVEN
MAZVEN C.A. makes heavy trucks, under a joint venture with the Belarusian company MAZ. It manufactures five models of trucks including trucks for military use.
### G&F Tecnología {#gf_tecnología}
G&F Tecnología is a... | 184 | National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela | 16 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
**Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou** (*Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου*, `{{IPA|el|eˈvaɲɟelos oðiˈseas papaθanaˈsi.u|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; 29 March 1943 -- 17 May 2022), known professionally as **Vangelis** (`{{IPAc-en|v|æ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|l|ᵻ|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|vang|GHEL|iss}}`{=mediawiki}; *links=no*, `{{... | 463 | Vangelis | 0 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Early life {#early_life}
Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou was born on 29 March 1943 in Agria, a coastal town in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece, and raised in Athens. His father Odysseus worked in property and was an amateur sprinter; Vangelis described him as \"a great lover of music\". His mother Foteini ... | 349 | Vangelis | 1 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Career
### 1963--1974: Early solo projects and Aphrodite\'s Child {#early_solo_projects_and_aphrodites_child}
After the Forminx split, Vangelis spent the next two years mostly studio-bound as a composer and producer. He wrote the score to several Greek films--*My Brother, the Traffic Policeman* (1963),... | 620 | Vangelis | 2 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Career
### 1974--1980: Move to London, solo breakthrough, and Jon and Vangelis {#move_to_london_solo_breakthrough_and_jon_and_vangelis}
By the end of 1974 Vangelis was able to relocate to England, by which time he felt he \"outgrew France\" musically. He settled in a flat on Queen\'s Gate, London and se... | 631 | Vangelis | 3 |
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