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32,679 | # Vlaardingen
upright=1.35\|thumb\|Map of Vlaardingen, Sept. 2014 **Vlaardingen** (`{{IPA|nl|ˈvlaːrdɪŋə(n)|-|Nl-Vlaardingen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a large town and municipality in South Holland in the Netherlands. It is located on the north bank of the Nieuwe Maas river at the confluence with the Oude Maas. The munici... | 748 | Vlaardingen | 0 |
32,679 | # Vlaardingen
## Economy
A Unilever research centre is located in Vlaardingen (located next to the former Sunlight factory, later called Lever Faberge Sourcing Unit Vlaardingen). There are still some ship repair business(es) in Eastern Vlaardingen beside the Nieuwe Maas River. The `{{Interlanguage link multi|Vulcaanh... | 392 | Vlaardingen | 1 |
32,679 | # Vlaardingen
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
People who are born in or (have) lived in Vlaardingen:
### Counts of Holland {#counts_of_holland}
- Floris I, Count of Holland (ca.1017--1061) Count of Holland then called Frisia, 1049-1061
- Dirk IV, Count of Holland (ca.1025--1049) was Count of Holland 1... | 699 | Vlaardingen | 2 |
32,679 | # Vlaardingen
## Gallery
<File:Vlaardingen> oude stadshuis 2006-04-02 14.59.JPG\|`{{center|Old town hall 1650}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Vlaardingen> Visbank 2006-04-02 15.07.JPG\| `{{center|Visbank, covered fish market}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Vlaardingen> brug achter de Visbank 2006-04-02 15.24.JPG\| `{{center|Oude Havenbrug... | 76 | Vlaardingen | 3 |
32,681 | # Voice analysis
**Voice analysis** is the study of speech sounds for purposes other than linguistic content, such as in speech recognition. Such studies include mostly medical analysis of the voice (phoniatrics), but also speaker identification. More controversially, some believe that the truthfulness or emotional st... | 621 | Voice analysis | 0 |
32,681 | # Voice analysis
## Use in medicine {#use_in_medicine}
A medical study of the voice can be, for instance, analysis of the voice of patients who have had a polyp removed from their vocal cords through an operation. Computerized methods can be used to assess such issues in an objective manner. An experienced voice ther... | 319 | Voice analysis | 1 |
32,681 | # Voice analysis
## Use in forensics {#use_in_forensics}
Voice analysis is used in a branch of forensic science called audio forensics. These analyses are generally performed on evidence for the purposes of evaluating the authenticity of the audio in question, enhancing features of the audio that may be hidden beneat... | 787 | Voice analysis | 2 |
32,689 | # Victor Meldrew
**Victor Meldrew** is a fictional character in the BBC One sitcom *One Foot in the Grave*, created by David Renwick and portrayed by Richard Wilson. The character epitomised the archetypal grumpy old man. Meldrew is a foil for the bothersome aspects of children, cars, animals, power cuts and next-door... | 422 | Victor Meldrew | 0 |
32,689 | # Victor Meldrew
## Reception
Phil Wickham of the University of Exeter observed that \"the whole point of the series is that Meldrew is the only sane voice in a mad world\".
Jonathan Bignell in his book *Media Semiotics* observes that the reason people laugh at Victor Meldrew is not simply that his behaviour is exce... | 388 | Victor Meldrew | 1 |
32,692 | # Víðarr
In Norse mythology, **Víðarr** (Old Norse: `{{IPA|non|ˈwiːðɑrː|}}`{=mediawiki}, possibly \"wide ruler\", sometimes anglicized as **Vidar** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|d|ɑr}}`{=mediawiki}, **Vithar**, **Vidarr**, and **Vitharr**) is a god among the Æsir associated with vengeance. Víðarr is described as the son of Odin a... | 454 | Víðarr | 0 |
32,692 | # Víðarr
## Attestations
### *Prose Edda* {#prose_edda}
Víðarr is referenced in the *Prose Edda* books *Gylfaginning* and *Skáldskaparmál*.
Víðarr is referenced in the book *Gylfaginning* in chapters 29, 51, and 53. In chapter 29, Víðarr is introduced by the enthroned figure of High as \"the silent god\" with a thic... | 559 | Víðarr | 1 |
32,692 | # Víðarr
## Theories
Theories have been proposed that Víðarr\'s silence may derive from a ritual silence or other abstentions which often accompany acts of vengeance, as for example in *Völuspá* and *Baldrs draumar* when Váli, conceived for the sole purpose of avenging Baldr\'s death, abstains from washing his hands ... | 408 | Víðarr | 2 |
32,693 | # Vowel
A **vowel** is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract, forming the nucleus of a syllable. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced and are c... | 513 | Vowel | 0 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Articulation
thumb\|upright=0.9\|X-rays of Daniel Jones\' `{{IPA|[i, u, a, ɑ]|cat=no}}`{=mediawiki} The traditional view of vowel production, reflected for example in the terminology and presentation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, is one of articulatory features that determine a vowel\'s *quality*... | 1,045 | Vowel | 1 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Articulation
### Roundedness
Roundedness is named after the rounding of the lips in some vowels. Because lip rounding is easily visible, vowels may be commonly identified as rounded based on the articulation of the lips. Acoustically, rounded vowels are identified chiefly by a decrease in F2, although F1 i... | 1,046 | Vowel | 2 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Articulation
### Tongue root position {#tongue_root_position}
Advanced tongue root (ATR) is a feature common across much of Africa, the Pacific Northwest, and scattered other languages such as Modern Mongolian. The contrast between advanced and retracted tongue root resembles the tense-lax contrast acousti... | 384 | Vowel | 3 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Acoustics
thumb\|upright=1.8\|Spectrogram of vowels `{{IPA|[i, u, ɑ]|cat=no}}`{=mediawiki}. `{{IPA|[ɑ]}}`{=mediawiki} is a low vowel, so its F1 value is higher than that of `{{IPA|[i]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[u]}}`{=mediawiki}, which are high vowels. `{{IPA|[i]}}`{=mediawiki} is a front vowel, so its F2 ... | 756 | Vowel | 4 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Prosody and intonation {#prosody_and_intonation}
In addition to variation in vowel quality as described above, vowels vary as a result of differences in prosody. The most important prosodic variables are pitch (fundamental frequency), loudness (intensity) and length (duration). However, the features of pro... | 516 | Vowel | 5 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Written vowels {#written_vowels}
The name \"vowel\" is often used for the symbols that represent vowel sounds in a language\'s writing system, particularly if the language uses an alphabet. In writing systems based on the Latin alphabet, the letters `{{vr|a}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{vr|e}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{vr|i}}... | 697 | Vowel | 6 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Systems
The importance of vowels in distinguishing one word from another varies from language to language. Nearly all languages have at least three phonemic vowels, usually `{{IPA|/i/, /a/, /u/}}`{=mediawiki} as in Classical Arabic, some Malayic languages of Borneo (including Banjarese) and Inuktitut, thou... | 518 | Vowel | 7 |
32,693 | # Vowel
## Systems
### Words without vowels {#words_without_vowels}
In rhotic dialects of English, as in Canada and the United States, there are many words such as *bird, learn, girl, church, worst, worm, myrrh* that some phoneticians analyze as having no vowels, only a syllabic consonant `{{IPA|/ɹ̩/}}`{=mediawiki}. ... | 1,113 | Vowel | 8 |
32,698 | # Visual flight rules
In aviation, **visual flight rules** (**VFR**) is a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e., in visu... | 986 | Visual flight rules | 0 |
32,698 | # Visual flight rules
## Pilot certifications {#pilot_certifications}
In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria may operate an airworthy aircraft under VFR.
## VFR cruising altitude rules in the US and Canada {#vfr_cruising_altitude_rules_in_the_us_and_can... | 694 | Visual flight rules | 1 |
32,700 | # Volcanic explosivity index
The **volcanic explosivity index** (**VEI**) is a scale used to measure the size of explosive volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self in 1982.
Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observatio... | 1,160 | Volcanic explosivity index | 0 |
32,714 | # Vince Foster
**Vincent Walker Foster Jr.** (January 15, 1945 -- July 20, 1993) was an American attorney who served as deputy White House counsel during the first six months of the Clinton administration.
Foster had been a partner at Rose Law Firm in Little Rock, Arkansas, where, as *The Washington Post* later wrote... | 525 | Vince Foster | 0 |
32,714 | # Vince Foster
## Career
### Lawyer in Arkansas {#lawyer_in_arkansas}
In 1971, Foster joined Rose Law Firm in Little Rock, Arkansas, and in 1974 was made partner, one of only nine in the firm at the time. He was the head of the Arkansas Bar Association committee that oversaw legal aid, and as such worked with legal ... | 514 | Vince Foster | 1 |
32,714 | # Vince Foster
## Career
### White House counsel {#white_house_counsel}
After Clinton\'s 1992 election, Foster joined Clinton\'s presidential transition team. Once Clinton was inaugurated, Foster joined his White House staff as Deputy White House Counsel in early 1993. This was despite Foster\'s initial reluctance to... | 533 | Vince Foster | 2 |
32,714 | # Vince Foster
## Depression and death {#depression_and_death}
Four days after the commencement speech, the White House travel office controversy erupted. Foster was the target of several critical *Wall Street Journal* editorials in June and July 1993, with titles such as \"Who is Vincent Foster?\" He became quite up... | 704 | Vince Foster | 3 |
32,714 | # Vince Foster
## Legacy
Foster\'s death, occurring just six months into the new administration, is thought by some to have ended the optimism and remaining innocence of the White House staff. White House chief of staff and childhood friend Mack McLarty said that \"It was a deep cut. It clearly had a tremendous impac... | 377 | Vince Foster | 4 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
is a 1993 fighting game developed and published by Sega for arcades. It was developed for the Sega Model 1 arcade platform by AM2, a development group within Sega headed by Yu Suzuki. An early prototype version was location tested in Japan by August 1993, before the complete game was rele... | 416 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 0 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
## Plot
### Characters
- Akira Yuki---An assistant kung fu teacher from Japan, fights with Bajiquan.
- Pai Chan---A martial arts film star from Hong Kong, fights with Mizongquan.
- Lau Chan---Pai\'s father and a cook from China, fights with a fictional fighting style `{{nihongo|Hǔ... | 363 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 1 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
### *Virtua Fighter* {#virtua_fighter}
The game\'s development began in 1992, following the development of *Virtua Racing*. *Virtua Fighter* was developed to run on Sega Model 1 arcade hardware, developed internally at Sega. Accordin... | 521 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 2 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
## Reception
+-----------------------------+
| Reception |
+=============================+
| Review scores |
+-----------------------------+
| Publication |
+-----------------------------+
| |
+------------------... | 693 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 3 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
## Reception
### Ports
The console port of *Virtua Fighter*, which was very close to the arcade game, sold at a nearly 1:1 ratio with the Saturn hardware during the Japanese launch. The Future Publishing magazine *Ultimate Future Games* called *Virtua Fighter* the \"game that killed\" th... | 1,128 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 4 |
32,722 | # Virtua Fighter (video game)
## Legacy and impact {#legacy_and_impact}
*Virtua Fighter* dispensed with sprite-based graphics, replacing them with flat-shaded polygons rendered in real-time, by the Model 1\'s 3D-rendering hardware, allowing for effects and technologies that were impossible in sprite-based fighters, s... | 527 | Virtua Fighter (video game) | 5 |
32,723 | # Vernon Green
**Vernon Green** (May 1, 1937 -- December 24, 2000) was the American leader of the rhythm and blues band The Medallions. He wrote the 1954 song \"The Letter\", which contained the nonsense lyric \"the puppetutes of love.\" According to an interview with Green, puppetutes was \"A term I coined to mean a ... | 90 | Vernon Green | 0 |
32,740 | # V bomber
The \"**V bombers**\" were the Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft during the 1950s and 1960s that comprised the United Kingdom\'s strategic nuclear strike force known officially as the **V force** or **Bomber Command Main Force**. The three models of strategic bomber, known collectively as the *V class*, were t... | 378 | V bomber | 0 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Background
The Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command ended the Second World War with a policy of using heavy four-piston-engined bombers for massed raids, and remained committed to this policy in the immediate post-war period. The RAF adopted the Avro Lincoln, an updated version of the wartime Avro Lanca... | 480 | V bomber | 1 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Development
In November 1946, the Air Ministry issued an operational requirement (OR230) for an advanced jet bomber capable of carrying a 10,000 lb bomb to a target 2,000 nmi from a base anywhere in the world with a cruising speed of 500 kn and at an altitude of between 35000 and. The bomb weight arose ... | 922 | V bomber | 2 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## In service {#in_service}
### First generation {#first_generation}
When the first Blue Danube atomic bombs were delivered to the Bomber Command Armaments School at RAF Wittering on 7 and 11 November 1953, the RAF had no bombers capable of carrying them. Sir William Penney noted that \"the RAF has handle... | 636 | V bomber | 3 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## In service {#in_service}
### Second generation {#second_generation}
The development of effective jet fighters and anti-aircraft missile defences promised to make the nuclear deterrent delivered from bombers flying at high altitudes increasingly ineffective. While making the V bombers fast enough to avoi... | 790 | V bomber | 4 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Nuclear mission {#nuclear_mission}
The British government was well aware of the devastation that a nuclear war would bring. A 1953 report estimated that an attack on the UK with 132 fission weapons would generate 2 million casualties. A follow-on study, which considered the possible effect of hydrogen b... | 705 | V bomber | 5 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Nuclear mission {#nuclear_mission}
### Project E {#project_e}
As V bomber production picked up, the number of bombers exceeded the number of available British nuclear weapons. Britain had only ten nuclear bombs in 1955, and just 14 in 1956. To make up the difference, American nuclear weapons were obtain... | 635 | V bomber | 6 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Nuclear mission {#nuclear_mission}
### Low level strike {#low_level_strike}
The prospect of bombers being able to avoid the Soviet air defences dimmed with the appearance of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, which Nigel Birch, the Secretary of State for Air and senior RAF officers saw at Tushino Airfield on ... | 1,256 | V bomber | 7 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Conventional mission {#conventional_mission}
### Suez crisis {#suez_crisis}
The first V bomber to see combat use with conventional bombs was the Valiant in Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French military response in the Suez Crisis in 1956. It was the first and only time the Valiants dropped bombs in co... | 751 | V bomber | 8 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Conventional mission {#conventional_mission}
### Falklands War {#falklands_war}
During the 1982 Falklands War, Vulcan bombers from Nos 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons, supported by Victor tankers from Nos 55 and 57 Squadrons, carried out a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions against Arg... | 417 | V bomber | 9 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Withdrawal of the Valiants {#withdrawal_of_the_valiants}
In July 1964, a Valiant of No. 543 Squadron (WZ394) on a deployment to Rhodesia was found to have cracks in the rear wing spar and was ferried back to the UK for repairs. The following month, a Valiant from No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit (WP2... | 413 | V bomber | 10 |
32,740 | # V bomber
## Aerial refuelling {#aerial_refuelling}
In addition to the roles for which they were designed, all three V bombers served as aerial refuelling tankers at one time or another. The Valiant was the RAF\'s first large-scale tanker. The probe and drogue system for aerial refuelling was developed by Sir Alan C... | 1,380 | V bomber | 11 |
32,743 | # Voltmeter
A **voltmeter** is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes negligible current from the circuit.
Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to ... | 315 | Voltmeter | 0 |
32,743 | # Voltmeter
## Analog voltmeter {#analog_voltmeter}
A moving coil galvanometer can be used as a voltmeter by inserting a resistor in series with the instrument. The galvanometer has a coil of fine wire suspended in a strong magnetic field. When an electric current is applied, the interaction of the magnetic field of ... | 610 | Voltmeter | 1 |
32,743 | # Voltmeter
## Digital voltmeter {#digital_voltmeter}
A **digital voltmeter** (DVM) measures an unknown input voltage by converting the voltage to a digital value and then displays the voltage in numeric form. DVMs are usually designed around a special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating convert... | 285 | Voltmeter | 2 |
32,748 | # Volksmarine
The ***Volksmarine*** (VM, `{{IPA|de|ˈfɔlksmaˌʁiːne}}`{=mediawiki}; *People\'s Navy*) was the naval force of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1956 to 1990. The *Volksmarine* was one of the service branches of the National People\'s Army and primarily performed a coastal defence role along the GD... | 768 | Volksmarine | 0 |
32,748 | # Volksmarine
## Commanders
- *Konteradmiral* Felix Scheffler (1 March 1956 -- 31 December 1956)
- *Vizeadmiral* Waldemar Verner (1 January 1957 -- 31 July 1959)
- *Konteradmiral* Wilhelm Ehm (1 August 1959 -- 31 July 1961, 25 February 1963 -- 30 November 1987)
- *Konteradmiral* Heinz Neukirchen (1 August 196... | 561 | Volksmarine | 1 |
32,753 | # Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
Vienna Convention}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
|long_name =
|image =Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.svg
|image_width =200px
|capti... | 475 | Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations | 0 |
32,753 | # Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
## Summary of provisions {#summary_of_provisions}
The Vienna Convention is an extensive document, containing 53 articles. The following is a basic overview of its key provisions.
- The host nation at any time and for any reason can declare a particular member of the dipl... | 479 | Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations | 1 |
32,754 | # Valve
A **valve** is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valv... | 610 | Valve | 0 |
32,754 | # Valve
## Components
The main parts of the most usual type of valve are the body and the bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve.
### Body
The valve\'s body is the outer casing of most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts or *trim*. The bonnet is the par... | 1,066 | Valve | 1 |
32,754 | # Valve
## Components
### Gaskets
Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or packings, used to prevent the leakage of a gas or fluids from valves.
### Valve balls {#valve_balls}
A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure, high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of stainless steel, titanium, Ste... | 227 | Valve | 2 |
32,754 | # Valve
## Valve operating positions {#valve_operating_positions}
Valve **positions** are operating conditions determined by the position of the disc or rotor in the valve. Some valves are made to be operated in a gradual change between two or more positions. Return valves and non-return valves allow fluid to move in... | 676 | Valve | 3 |
32,754 | # Valve
## Control
Many valves are controlled manually with a handle attached to the stem. If the handle is turned ninety degrees between operating positions, the valve is called a quarter-turn valve. Butterfly, ball valves, and plug valves are often quarter-turn valves. If the handle is circular with the stem as the... | 606 | Valve | 4 |
32,769 | # Vannevar Bush Award
The National Science Board established the **Vannevar Bush Award** (`{{IPAc-en|v|æ|ˈ|n|iː|v|ər}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|van|NEE|vər}}`{=mediawiki}) in 1980 to honor Vannevar Bush\'s unique contributions to public service. The annual award recognizes an individual who, through public service acti... | 399 | Vannevar Bush Award | 0 |
32,778 | # Visual Basic for Applications
**Visual Basic for Applications** (**VBA**) is an implementation of Microsoft\'s event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6.0 built into most desktop Microsoft Office applications. Although based on pre-.NET Visual Basic, which is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft (excep... | 668 | Visual Basic for Applications | 0 |
32,778 | # Visual Basic for Applications
## Automation
Interaction with the host application uses OLE Automation. Typically, the host application provides a type library and application programming interface (API) documentation which document how VBA programs can interact with the application. This documentation can be examin... | 348 | Visual Basic for Applications | 1 |
32,778 | # Visual Basic for Applications
## Security concerns {#security_concerns}
As with any common programming language, VBA macros can be created with malicious intent. Using VBA, most of the security features lie in the hands of the user, not the author. The VBA host application options are accessible to the user. The us... | 1,439 | Visual Basic for Applications | 2 |
32,778 | # Visual Basic for Applications
## Security concerns {#security_concerns}
### Macro risks {#macro_risks}
#### Suboptimal anti-virus {#suboptimal_anti_virus}
There are different types of anti-virus (or scanners), one is the heuristic analysis anti-virus which interprets or emulates macros.\
Indeed, to examine all bran... | 581 | Visual Basic for Applications | 3 |
32,778 | # Visual Basic for Applications
## Development
As of July 1, 2007, Microsoft no longer offers VBA distribution licenses to new customers. Microsoft intended to add .NET-based languages to the current version of VBA ever since the release of the .NET Framework, of which versions 1.0 and 1.1 included a scripting runtim... | 290 | Visual Basic for Applications | 4 |
32,783 | # Antisemitism and the New Testament
**Antisemitism and the New Testament** is the discussion of how some Christians\' views of Judaism in the New Testament have contributed to discrimination against Jewish people throughout history and in the present day.
The idea that the New Testament is antisemitic is a controver... | 619 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 0 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## New Testament {#new_testament}
There are some verses in the New Testament that descr... | 886 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 1 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## New Testament {#new_testament}
### Gospel of John {#gospel_of_john}
In the Gospel of... | 722 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 2 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## New Testament {#new_testament}
### First Epistle to the Thessalonians {#first_epistle... | 571 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 3 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## New Testament {#new_testament}
### Book of Revelation {#book_of_revelation}
In Revel... | 474 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 4 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## Modern responses {#modern_responses}
In the decree *Nostra aetate* in 1965, Pope Pau... | 319 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 5 |
32,783 | # Judaism's oppressiveness reflects the disposition of Jesus' opponents called "[[Pharisees]]" (predecessors of the "[[rabbis]]"), who in their teachings and behavior were hypocrites (see [[Woes of the Pharisees]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
## Academic views {#academic_views}
A. Roy Eckardt, a writer in the field of Jewish-Chr... | 298 | Antisemitism and the New Testament | 6 |
32,797 | # Villains and Vigilantes
***Villains and Vigilantes*** (abbreviated as ***V&V***) is a superhero-themed role-playing game which competed primarily with *Champions* and *Superworld* in the early to mid-1980s.
## Origin
*Villains and Vigilantes* was the first role-playing game designed by Jack Herman and Jeff Dee and... | 280 | Villains and Vigilantes | 0 |
32,797 | # Villains and Vigilantes
## Publication history {#publication_history}
The first edition was created by Jeff Dee and Jack Herman and published by Fantasy Games Unlimited in 1979. This book was followed by an adventure published in 1981, \"Break In at Three Kilometer Island\", and a pair of adventures in 1982 designe... | 295 | Villains and Vigilantes | 1 |
32,797 | # Villains and Vigilantes
## Adventures
*Crisis at Crusader Citadel* is an introductory adventure published in 1982 by Fantasy Games Unlimited and written and illustrated by Dee and Herman. The scenario begins with the players controlling neophyte superheroes, based on themselves, who are looking to apply for members... | 377 | Villains and Vigilantes | 2 |
32,797 | # Villains and Vigilantes
## Reception
In the inaugural edition of *Ares Magazine* (March 1980), Greg Costikyan commented \"*Villains & Vigilantes* is an imaginative, enjoyable game. Its major problem is \'creeping *D&D*ism;\' most of the game-systems are directly derived from *D&D*, and are out of place in a superhe... | 366 | Villains and Vigilantes | 3 |
32,797 | # Villains and Vigilantes
## 2011 legal dispute {#legal_dispute}
The game\'s creators were involved in a legal dispute with Fantasy Games Unlimited since 2011. They claimed that Fantasy Games Unlimited, Inc. ceased to exist in 1991, and that their contract specified that in such an event the contracted publication ri... | 356 | Villains and Vigilantes | 4 |
32,799 | # Variable-star designation
In astronomy, a **variable-star designation** is a unique identifier given to variable stars. It extends the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. The identifying label c... | 560 | Variable-star designation | 0 |
32,808 | # Västerås Municipality
**Västerås Municipality** (*Västerås kommun*) is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Västerås.
The municipality prefers to use the denomination *Västerås stad* (*City of Västerås*) for the whole territory, including rural areas.
The munic... | 1,348 | Västerås Municipality | 0 |
32,812 | # Volapük
**Volapük** (`{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|v|ɒ|l|ə|p|ʊ|k}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|vo|volaˈpyk|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, \'Language of the World\', or lit. \'World Speak\') is a constructed language created in 1879 and 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany, who believed that God told him to c... | 786 | Volapük | 0 |
32,812 | # Volapük
## Orthography and phonology {#orthography_and_phonology}
The phonology of Volapük is as follows:
Front
----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
U... | 362 | Volapük | 1 |
32,812 | # Volapük
## Vocabulary
Schleyer adapted the vocabulary mostly from English, with a smattering of German and French. Some words remain readily recognizable for a speaker of one of the source languages, but many others are modified beyond easy recognition. For instance, *vol* and *pük* are derived from the English wor... | 465 | Volapük | 2 |
32,812 | # Volapük
## Grammar
### Verbs
The verb carries a fine degree of detail, with morphemes marking tense, aspect, voice, person, number and (in the third person) the subject\'s gender. However, many of these categories are optional, and a verb can stand in an unmarked state. A Volapük verb can be conjugated in 1,584 way... | 872 | Volapük | 3 |
32,812 | # Volapük
## Usage as common noun {#usage_as_common_noun}
The word *Volapük* or a variation thereof means \"nonsense, gibberish\" in certain languages, such as Danish *volapyk* and Esperanto *volapukaĵo*.
In Russian, the term *Volapuk encoding* refers to writing Cyrillic letters with the Latin alphabet based on what... | 56 | Volapük | 4 |
32,813 | # Vibranium
**Vibranium** (`{{IPAc-en|v|aɪ|ˈ|b|r|eɪ|n|i|ə|m}}`{=mediawiki}) is a fictional metal appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, noted for its extraordinary abilities to absorb, store, and release large amounts of kinetic energy. Mined only in the kingdom of Wakanda, the metal is associat... | 491 | Vibranium | 0 |
32,813 | # Vibranium
## Properties and known abilities {#properties_and_known_abilities}
### Wakandan variety {#wakandan_variety}
Wakandan Vibranium is the most common variety, and can absorb vibrations and kinetic energy directed at it. Wakandan vibranium is also a powerful mutagen. Its radiation permeates much of Wakanda\'... | 301 | Vibranium | 1 |
32,813 | # Vibranium
## In other media {#in_other_media}
### Marvel Cinematic Universe {#marvel_cinematic_universe}
Vibranium (also known as **Isipho**) appears in live-action films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. First appearing and named on-screen in *Captain America: The First Avenger*, Howard Stark states the eleme... | 418 | Vibranium | 2 |
32,813 | # Vibranium
## In other media {#in_other_media}
### Music
Vibranium is referenced in the 2019 single \"Take Me Back to London\" by Ed Sheeran (featuring Stormzy).
It is also referenced in the bridge of the 2020 track \"Love Is a War\" by Jeremy Renner.
## Real-world material {#real_world_material}
In 2016, Hyperlo... | 433 | Vibranium | 3 |
32,830 | # Voluntary Service Overseas
**VSO** is a not-for-profit international development organization charity with a vision for \"a fair world for everyone\" and a mission to \"create lasting change through volunteering\". VSO delivers development impact`{{Clarify|reason=Rephrase opaque and nebulous jargon in plain and clea... | 319 | Voluntary Service Overseas | 0 |
32,830 | # Voluntary Service Overseas
## History
VSO was founded in 1958 by Alec and Mora Dickson through a bishop\'s letter to the London paper, *The Sunday Times*, as an educational experience overseas for school-leavers, initially only male, before starting university. Volunteers offered unskilled help in return for basic ... | 415 | Voluntary Service Overseas | 1 |
32,830 | # Voluntary Service Overseas
## Today
Highlights of VSO today include:
- VSO supports the delivery of integrated, large-scale education, health and livelihoods programmes in a range of countries. Its programmes reached over 3.5 million people directly in 2022/23
- VSO now works in post-crisis situations and has ... | 291 | Voluntary Service Overseas | 2 |
32,899 | # William Alston
**William Payne Alston** (November 29, 1921 -- September 13, 2009) was an American philosopher. He is widely considered to be one of the most important epistemologists and philosophers of religion of the twentieth century, and is also known for his work in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. H... | 499 | William Alston | 0 |
32,921 | # Watermark
A **watermark** is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. Watermarks have been used on postage stamps,... | 616 | Watermark | 0 |
32,921 | # Watermark
## On postage stamps {#on_postage_stamps}
In philately, the watermark is a key feature of a stamp, and often constitutes the difference between a common and a rare stamp. Collectors who encounter two otherwise identical stamps with different watermarks consider each stamp to be a separate identifiable iss... | 314 | Watermark | 1 |
33,065 | # William Withering
**William Withering** FRS (17 March 1741 -- 6 October 1799) was an English botanist, geologist, chemist, physician and first systematic investigator of the bioactivity of digitalis.
Withering was born in Wellington, Shropshire, the son of a surgeon. He trained as a physician and studied medicine a... | 409 | William Withering | 0 |
33,065 | # William Withering
## Botany
In 1776, he published *The botanical arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in Great Britain*, an early and influential British Flora. It was the first in English based on the then new Linnaean taxonomy --- a classification of all living things --- devised by the Swedish bot... | 321 | William Withering | 1 |
33,065 | # William Withering
## Discovery of digitalis {#discovery_of_digitalis}
Allegedly, Withering first learned of the use of digitalis in treating \"dropsy\" (œdema) from \"Mother Hutton\", an old woman who practised as a folk herbalist in Shropshire, who used the plant as part of a polyherbal formulation containing over... | 838 | William Withering | 2 |
33,065 | # William Withering
## Memorials
He was buried on 10 October 1799 in Edgbaston Old Church next to Edgbaston Hall, Birmingham, although the exact site of his grave is unknown. The memorial stone, now moved inside the church, has foxgloves and *Witheringia solanaceae* carved upon it to commemorate his discovery and his... | 382 | William Withering | 3 |
33,105 | # Wargame
thumb \|upright=1.35\|A board wargame displaying an amphibious assault by the red player against an island defended by the green player `{{Wargaming}}`{=mediawiki} A normal **wargame** is a strategy game in which two or more players command opposing armed forces in a simulation of an armed conflict. Wargamin... | 273 | Wargame | 0 |
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