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32,472 | # Vangelis
## Career
### 1981--2002: Mainstream success {#mainstream_success}
#### Film and television {#film_and_television}
Vangelis composed and performed on the soundtrack for *Chariots of Fire* (1981), a historical drama film directed by Hugh Hudson. He accepted the job because \"I liked the people I was workin... | 1,221 | Vangelis | 4 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Career
### 1981--2002: Mainstream success {#mainstream_success}
#### Sporting events {#sporting_events}
The Sport Aid (1986) TV broadcast was set to music specially composed by Vangelis. He conceived and staged the ceremony of the 1997 World Championships in Athletics which were held in Greece. He also ... | 152 | Vangelis | 5 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Career
### 2001--2021: Music projects with NASA and ESA {#music_projects_with_nasa_and_esa}
In 2001, Vangelis performed live, and subsequently released, the choral symphony *Mythodea*, which was used by NASA as the theme for the Mars Odyssey mission. This is a predominantly orchestral rather than electr... | 622 | Vangelis | 6 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
For a musician of his stature, very little is known about Vangelis\' personal life; and he rarely gave interviews to journalists. In 2005, he stated that he was \"never interested\" in the \"decadent lifestyle\" of his band days, choosing not to use alc... | 381 | Vangelis | 7 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Musical style and sensibility {#musical_style_and_sensibility}
The musical style of Vangelis is diverse; although he primarily used electronic music instruments, which characterize electronic music, his music has been described as a mixture of electronica, classical (his music was often symphonic), prog... | 345 | Vangelis | 8 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Instruments and equipment {#instruments_and_equipment}
As a musician who always composed and played primarily on keyboards, Vangelis relied heavily on synthesizers and other electronic approaches to music, although his first instrument was the piano. He also played and used many acoustic and folk instru... | 977 | Vangelis | 9 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Honours and legacy {#honours_and_legacy}
In 1989 Vangelis received the Max Steiner Award. France made him a Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters in 1992 and promoted him to Commander in 2017, as well as Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 2001. In 1993 he received the music aw... | 324 | Vangelis | 10 |
32,472 | # Vangelis
## Discography
- Sources:
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
- *Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit* (1972)
- *Earth* (1973)
- *Heaven and Hell* (1975)
- *Albedo 0 | 33 | Vangelis | 11 |
32,493 | # Vernor Vinge
**Vernor Steffen Vinge** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Vernor Vinge.ogg|ˈ|v|ɜr|n|ər|_|ˈ|v|ɪ|n|dʒ|iː}}`{=mediawiki}; October 2, 1944 -- March 20, 2024) was an American science fiction author and professor. He taught mathematics and computer science at San Diego State University. He was the first wide-scale pop... | 585 | Vernor Vinge | 0 |
32,493 | # Vernor Vinge
## Awards
Year Title Award Category Result
------ ------------------------- --------------------------------- ----------------------- -------- --
1985 *The Peace War* Hugo Award Novel ... | 101 | Vernor Vinge | 1 |
32,494 | # Vi (text editor)
**vi** (pronounced as two letters, `{{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|iː|ˈ|aɪ|audio=en-us-vi.oga}}`{=mediawiki}) is a screen-oriented text editor originally created for the Unix operating system. The portable subset of the behavior of vi and programs based on it, and the ex editor language supported within these progra... | 945 | Vi (text editor) | 0 |
32,494 | # Vi (text editor)
## History
### Distribution
Joy was responsible for creating the first BSD Unix release in March, 1978, and included ex 1.1 (dated 1 February 1978) in the distribution, thereby exposing his editor to an audience beyond UC Berkeley. From that release of BSD Unix onward, the only editors that came wi... | 652 | Vi (text editor) | 1 |
32,494 | # Vi (text editor)
## History
### Ports and clones {#ports_and_clones}
Up to version 3.7 of vi, created in October 1981, UC Berkeley was the development home for vi, but with Bill Joy\'s departure in early 1982 to join Sun Microsystems, and AT&T\'s UNIX System V (January 1983) adopting vi, changes to the vi codebase ... | 720 | Vi (text editor) | 2 |
32,494 | # Vi (text editor)
## Interface
vi is a modal editor: it operates in either *insert mode* (where typed text becomes part of the document) or *command mode* (where keystrokes are interpreted as commands that control the edit session). For example, typing `{{keypress|i}}`{=mediawiki} while in command mode switches the ... | 410 | Vi (text editor) | 3 |
32,494 | # Vi (text editor)
## Contemporary derivatives and clones {#contemporary_derivatives_and_clones}
- Vim \"Vi IMproved\" has many additional features compared to vi, including (scriptable) syntax highlighting, mouse support, graphical versions, visual mode, many new editing commands and a large amount of extension in... | 465 | Vi (text editor) | 4 |
32,499 | # Vector graphics
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Example showing comparison of vector graphics and raster graphics upon magnification
**Vector graphics** are a form of computer graphics in which visual images are created directly from geometric shapes defined on a Cartesian plane, such as points, lines, curves and polygons. The... | 660 | Vector graphics | 0 |
32,499 | # Vector graphics
## Vector display hardware {#vector_display_hardware}
Vector-based devices, such as the vector CRT and the pen plotter, directly control a drawing mechanism to produce geometric shapes. Since vector display devices can define a line by dealing with just two points (that is, the coordinates of each e... | 292 | Vector graphics | 1 |
32,499 | # Vector graphics
## Software
Because this model is useful in a variety of application domains, many different software programs have been created for drawing, manipulating, and visualizing vector graphics. While these are all based on the same basic vector data model, they can interpret and structure shapes very dif... | 880 | Vector graphics | 2 |
32,499 | # Vector graphics
## Operation
Advantages of this style of drawing over raster graphics:
- Because vector graphics consist of coordinates with lines/curves between them, the size of the representation does not depend on the dimensions of the object. This minimal amount of information translates to a much smaller f... | 469 | Vector graphics | 3 |
32,499 | # Vector graphics
## Vector operations {#vector_operations}
Vector graphics editors typically allow translation, rotation, mirroring, stretching, skewing, affine transformations, changing of z-order (loosely, what\'s in front of what) and combination of primitives into more complex objects. More sophisticated transfo... | 123 | Vector graphics | 4 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
A **vacuum** (`{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **vacuums** or **vacua**) is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective *vacuus* (neuter *vacuum*) meaning \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Phy... | 415 | Vacuum | 0 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Historical understanding {#historical_understanding}
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory eleme... | 985 | Vacuum | 1 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Classical field theories {#classical_field_theories}
The strictest criterion to define a vacuum is a region of space and time where all the components of the stress--energy tensor are zero. This means that this region is devoid of energy and momentum, and by consequence, it must be empty of particles and ... | 432 | Vacuum | 2 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Quantum mechanics {#quantum_mechanics}
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as... | 290 | Vacuum | 3 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Outer space {#outer_space}
Outer space has very low density and pressure, and is the closest physical approximation of a perfect vacuum. But no vacuum is truly perfect, not even in interstellar space, where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.
Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmosph... | 298 | Vacuum | 4 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Measurement
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature... | 937 | Vacuum | 5 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Measurement
### Measuring instruments {#measuring_instruments}
Many devices are used to measure the pressure in a vacuum, depending on what range of vacuum is needed.
**Hydrostatic** gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to d... | 620 | Vacuum | 6 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Uses
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. ... | 687 | Vacuum | 7 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Uses
### Pumping and ambient air pressure {#pumping_and_ambient_air_pressure}
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occu... | 527 | Vacuum | 8 |
32,502 | # Vacuum
## Effects on humans and animals {#effects_on_humans_and_animals}
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers ... | 638 | Vacuum | 9 |
32,505 | # Vapor
In physics, a **vapor** (American English) or **vapour** (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperatu... | 657 | Vapor | 0 |
32,525 | # Amsterdam (1748)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 5, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
`` | 19 | Amsterdam (1748) | 0 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a **Euclidean vector** or simply a **vector** (sometimes called a **geometric vector** or **spatial vector**) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction. Euclidean vectors can be added and scaled to form a vector space. A *vector quan... | 315 | Euclidean vector | 0 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## History
The vector concept, as it is known today, is the result of a gradual development over a period of more than 200 years. About a dozen people contributed significantly to its development. In 1835, Giusto Bellavitis abstracted the basic idea when he established the concept of equipollence. ... | 391 | Euclidean vector | 1 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Overview
In physics and engineering, a vector is typically regarded as a geometric entity characterized by a magnitude and a relative direction. It is formally defined as a directed line segment, or arrow, in a Euclidean space. In pure mathematics, a vector is defined more generally as any eleme... | 892 | Euclidean vector | 2 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Overview
### In physics and engineering {#in_physics_and_engineering}
Vectors are fundamental in the physical sciences. They can be used to represent any quantity that has magnitude, has direction, and which adheres to the rules of vector addition. An example is velocity, the magnitude of which ... | 929 | Euclidean vector | 3 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Representations
Vectors are usually denoted in lowercase boldface, as in $\mathbf{u}$**, $\mathbf{v}$** and $\mathbf{w}$, or in lowercase italic boldface, as in ***a***. (Uppercase letters are typically used to represent matrices.) Other conventions include $\vec{a}$ or *a*, especially in handwr... | 1,025 | Euclidean vector | 4 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Properties and operations`{{anchor|Properties|Operations}}`{=mediawiki} {#properties_and_operations}
The following section uses the Cartesian coordinate system with basis vectors ${\mathbf e}_1 = (1,0,0),\ {\mathbf e}_2 = (0,1,0),\ {\mathbf e}_3 = (0,0,1)$ and assumes that all vectors have the o... | 1,042 | Euclidean vector | 5 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Properties and operations`{{anchor|Properties|Operations}}`{=mediawiki} {#properties_and_operations}
### Cross product {#cross_product}
The *cross product* (also called the *vector product* or *outer product*) is only meaningful in three or seven dimensions. The cross product differs from the do... | 499 | Euclidean vector | 6 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Properties and operations`{{anchor|Properties|Operations}}`{=mediawiki} {#properties_and_operations}
### Conversion between multiple Cartesian bases {#conversion_between_multiple_cartesian_bases}
All examples thus far have dealt with vectors expressed in terms of the same basis, namely, the *e* ... | 927 | Euclidean vector | 7 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Physics
Vectors have many uses in physics and other sciences.
### Length and units {#length_and_units}
In abstract vector spaces, the length of the arrow depends on a dimensionless scale. If it represents, for example, a force, the \"scale\" is of physical dimension length/force. Thus there is... | 445 | Euclidean vector | 8 |
32,533 | # Euclidean vector
## Vectors, pseudovectors, and transformations {#vectors_pseudovectors_and_transformations}
An alternative characterization of Euclidean vectors, especially in physics, describes them as lists of quantities which behave in a certain way under a coordinate transformation. A *contravariant vector* is... | 560 | Euclidean vector | 9 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
In Norse mythology, **Valhalla** (`{{IPAc-en|v|æ|l|ˈ|h|æ|l|ə}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|val|HAL|ə}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAc-en|USalso|v|ɑː|l|ˈ|h|ɑː|l|ə}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|vahl|HAH|lə}}`{=mediawiki}; *Valhǫll* `{{IPA|non|ˈwɑlhɒlː|}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Hall of the Slain}}`{=mediawiki}) is described as a... | 556 | Valhalla | 0 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Attestations
### *Poetic Edda* {#poetic_edda}
Valhalla is referenced at length in the *Poetic Edda* poem *Grímnismál*, and *Helgakviða Hundingsbana II*, while Valhalla receives lesser direct references in stanza 32 of the *Völuspá*, where the god Baldr\'s death is referred to as the \"woe of Valhalla\"... | 1,395 | Valhalla | 1 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Attestations
### *Prose Edda* {#prose_edda}
Valhalla is referenced in the *Prose Edda* books *Gylfaginning* and *Skáldskaparmál*.
#### *Gylfaginning*
Valhalla is first mentioned in chapter 2 of the *Prose Edda* book *Gylfaginning*, where it is described partially in euhemerized form. In the chapter, K... | 1,091 | Valhalla | 2 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Attestations
### *Heimskringla*
Valhalla is mentioned in euhemerized form and as an element of remaining Norse pagan belief in *\[\[Heimskringla\]\]*. In chapter 8 of *Ynglinga saga*, the \"historical\" Odin is described as ordaining burial laws over his country. These laws include that all the dead are... | 532 | Valhalla | 3 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Women of Valhalla and their role in the afterlife {#women_of_valhalla_and_their_role_in_the_afterlife}
The women of Valhalla and their role in the theology of the Norse afterlife is in stark contrast to the commonly male-dominated perceptions of Viking society, mythology, and cultural practices. Those c... | 377 | Valhalla | 4 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Cultural practices {#cultural_practices}
The belief in Valhalla influenced many cultural practices in Norse society, specifically those surrounding death and commemoration. These practices during the death and burial of a Viking reflects the society\'s greater understanding of honor, legacy, and the aft... | 502 | Valhalla | 5 |
32,534 | # Valhalla
## Modern influence {#modern_influence}
The concept of Valhalla continues to influence modern popular culture. Examples include the Walhalla temple built by Leo von Klenze for Ludwig I of Bavaria between 1830 and 1847 near Regensburg, Germany, and the Tresco Abbey Gardens Valhalla museum built by August Sm... | 524 | Valhalla | 6 |
32,550 | # Vincent Alsop
**Vincent Alsop** (30 August 1630 -- 8 May 1703) was an English Nonconformist clergyman. His *Mischief of Separation* and *Melius Inquirenduni* became landmarks in the history of religious nonconformity.
## Life
Alsop was the son of the Rector of South Collingham, Nottinghamshire and was educated at ... | 404 | Vincent Alsop | 0 |
32,555 | # Vladimir Markovnikov
**Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov**, also **Markownikoff** (*Влади́мир Васи́льевич Марко́вников*; `{{OldStyleDate|25 December|1837|13 December}}`{=mediawiki} -- 11 February 1904) was a Russian chemist, best known for having developed the Markovnikov\'s rule, that describes addition reactions of... | 556 | Vladimir Markovnikov | 0 |
32,556 | # Valkyrie (magazine)
***Valkyrie*** is a UK role-playing magazine that was published between 1994 and 2003.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
The magazine was started in 1994. Angus Abranson was one of the people involved in the creation of *Valkyrie*, and continued to report news for the magazine while... | 193 | Valkyrie (magazine) | 0 |
32,563 | # Velodrome
A **velodrome** is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.
## History
The first velodromes were constructed du... | 595 | Velodrome | 0 |
32,563 | # Velodrome
## Bicycles and track design {#bicycles_and_track_design}
Bicycles for velodromes, better known as track bicycles, have no brakes. They employ a single fixed rear gear, or cog, that does not freewheel. This helps maximise speed, reduces weight, and avoids sudden braking while nevertheless allowing the rid... | 294 | Velodrome | 1 |
32,563 | # Velodrome
## Track markings {#track_markings}
Important cycling events are usually held on tracks which have lines laid out in a specified arrangement. Some other tracks also follow these protocols, but others have a different arrangement of lines to suit their facility and to assist riders in holding a straight li... | 397 | Velodrome | 2 |
32,563 | # Velodrome
## Race formats {#race_formats}
There are a variety of formats in velodrome races. A typical event will consist of several races of varying distances and structures. Common types of races include:
- **Scratch race** is the most straightforward type of race where riders compete over a specified distance... | 860 | Velodrome | 3 |
32,566 | # Voltaic pile
upright=1.2\|thumb\|Schematic diagram of a copper--zinc voltaic pile. Each copper--zinc pair had a spacer in the middle, made of cardboard or felt soaked in salt water (the electrolyte). Volta\'s original piles contained an additional zinc disk at the bottom, and an additional copper disk at the top; th... | 763 | Voltaic pile | 0 |
32,566 | # Voltaic pile
## Electromotive force {#electromotive_force}
The strength of the pile is expressed in terms of its electromotive force, or emf, given in volts. Alessandro Volta\'s theory of contact tension considered that the emf, which drives the electric current through a circuit containing a voltaic cell, occurs a... | 642 | Voltaic pile | 1 |
32,572 | # Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a **vesicle** is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis), and the transport of materials within the plasma membran... | 360 | Vesicle (biology and chemistry) | 0 |
32,572 | # Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
## Types of vesicular structures {#types_of_vesicular_structures}
### Vacuoles
Vacuoles are cellular organelles that contain mostly water.
- Plant cells have a *large central vacuole* in the center of the cell that is used for osmotic control and nutrient storage.
- Contractile... | 472 | Vesicle (biology and chemistry) | 1 |
32,572 | # Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
## Types of vesicular structures {#types_of_vesicular_structures}
### Extracellular vesicles {#extracellular_vesicles}
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles produced by all domains of life including complex eukaryotes, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive... | 731 | Vesicle (biology and chemistry) | 2 |
32,572 | # Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
## Formation and transport {#formation_and_transport}
Some vesicles are made when part of the membrane pinches off the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi complex. Others are made when an object outside of the cell is surrounded by the cell membrane.
### Vesicle coat and cargo molecu... | 995 | Vesicle (biology and chemistry) | 3 |
32,574 | # VESA Local Bus
The **VESA Local Bus** (usually abbreviated to **VL-Bus** or **VLB**) is a short-lived expansion bus introduced during the i486 generation of x86 IBM-compatible personal computers. Created by VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association), the VESA Local Bus worked alongside the then-dominant ISA bus ... | 693 | VESA Local Bus | 0 |
32,574 | # VESA Local Bus
## Limitations
thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|Computer motherboard with 7 ISA slots of various feature levels. The top three are 16-bit ISA. The middle three are VLB; 16-bit ISA with the added slot (leftmost brown sections). The bottom (shorter) slot is 8-bit ISA. A card installed in this motherboard wou... | 915 | VESA Local Bus | 1 |
32,582 | # Vampyrellidae
The family **Vampyrellidae** is a subgroup of the order Vampyrellida (or Aconchulinida) within the supergroup Rhizaria. Based on molecular sequence data, the family currently comprises the genus *Vampyrella*, and maybe several other vampyrellid amoebae (e.g. *Gobiella*). The cells are naked and charact... | 459 | Vampyrellidae | 0 |
32,586 | # V-chip
**V-chip** is a technology used in television set receivers in Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and the United States, that allows the blocking of programs based on their ratings category. It is intended for use by parents to manage their children\'s television viewing based on blocking systems. Televisions manufactur... | 764 | V-chip | 0 |
32,586 | # V-chip
## The Telecommunications Act {#the_telecommunications_act}
The V-chip was an added provision in Bill Clinton\'s Telecommunications Act of 1996. He said, \"If every parent uses this chip wisely, it can become a powerful voice against teen violence, teen pregnancy, teen drug use, and for both learning and ent... | 603 | V-chip | 1 |
32,586 | # V-chip
## Criticisms
### Usage
On April 25, 2007, the Federal Communications Commission released a report entitled *In the Matter of Violent Television Programming And Its Impact On Children*. The report discusses the low usage of V-chip technology. In its analysis, the report addresses the following studies:
Acc... | 684 | V-chip | 2 |
32,586 | # V-chip
## Criticisms
### Insufficient number of users {#insufficient_number_of_users}
Despite the amount that has been spent on educating parents on use of the V-chip, there is still a low proportion of users. Of parents who have access to the V-chip, just 20% actually use it. As reported in 2007, 52% of parents wh... | 428 | V-chip | 3 |
32,586 | # V-chip
## Support
While a lot of controversies have been sparked by the V-chip, what sets it apart from other issues is that the V-chip imposes no government constraints on television programming itself; it is up to an individual family\'s discretion to choose which programs to block. When Congressman Ed Markey, ch... | 710 | V-chip | 4 |
32,609 | # Vocal loading
**Vocal loading** is the stress inflicted on the speech organs when speaking for long periods.
## Background
Of the working population, about 13% have professions where their voice is their primary tool. That includes professions such as teachers, sales personnel, actors and singers, and TV and radio... | 677 | Vocal loading | 0 |
32,617 | # Victoria Bitter
**Victoria Bitter** (**VB**) is a lager produced by Carlton & United Breweries, a subsidiary of Asahi, in Melbourne, Victoria. It was first brewed by Thomas Aitken at Victoria Brewery in 1854 and is one of the best selling beers in Australia.
## History
The origins of Victoria Bitter (VB) date back... | 495 | Victoria Bitter | 0 |
32,617 | # Victoria Bitter
## Sales availability {#sales_availability}
According to ACNielsen in 2009, Victoria Bitter was claimed to be Australia\'s only billion dollar retail beer brand, selling the equivalent of one slab (24 x 375ml cans or bottles) every second. At one time, it sold twice as much as any other full strengt... | 470 | Victoria Bitter | 1 |
32,617 | # Victoria Bitter
## Marketing and promotion {#marketing_and_promotion}
In 2009, Foster\'s replaced the slogan from the \'60s \"A hard earned thirst needs a big cold beer, and the best cold beer is Vic, Victoria Bitter\" with \"VB -- The Drinking Beer\" as part of a marketing strategy to reposition VB to a broader ra... | 567 | Victoria Bitter | 2 |
32,618 | # Vern Clark
**Vernon Eugene Clark** (born September 7, 1944) is a retired admiral who served as the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) of the United States Navy. He retired on July 22, 2005, making his tenure of five years the second-longest serving CNO behind Arleigh Burke. He currently sits on the board of directors o... | 572 | Vern Clark | 0 |
32,624 | # Video editing software
**Video editing software** or a **video editor** is software used for performing the post-production video editing of digital video sequences on a non-linear editing system (NLE). It has replaced traditional flatbed celluloid film editing tools and analog video tape editing machines.
Video ed... | 790 | Video editing software | 0 |
32,634 | # Saint Veronica
**Saint Veronica**, also known as *Berenike*, was a widow from Jerusalem who lived in the 1st century AD, according to extra-biblical Christian traditions. Apocryphal texts relate how Veronica was moved with sympathy seeing Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary and gave him her veil so that he could wip... | 996 | Saint Veronica | 0 |
32,634 | # Saint Veronica
## Gallery
<File:Mattia> Preti - Santa Veronica con il velo.jpg\|*Saint Veronica with the Veil*, Mattia Preti <File:La> Verónica (Strozzi).jpg\|*Saint Veronica* by Bernardo Strozzi <File:Cristo> con la Cruz a cuestas, encuentra a la Verónica (Museo del Prado).jpg\|*Christ with the Cross on his back, ... | 144 | Saint Veronica | 1 |
32,635 | # Verðandi
In Norse mythology, **Verðandi** (Old Norse, meaning possibly \"happening\" or \"present\"), sometimes anglicized as **Verdandi** or **Verthandi**, is one of the norns. Along with Urðr (Old Norse \"fate\") and Skuld (possibly \"debt\" or \"future\"), Verðandi makes up a trio of Norns that are described as d... | 280 | Verðandi | 0 |
32,644 | # Viol
The **viola da gamba** (`{{IPA|it|ˈvjɔːla da (ɡ)ˈɡamba, viˈɔːla -|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), or **viol**, or informally **gamba**, is a bowed and fretted string instrument that is played *da gamba* (i.e. \"on the leg\"). It is distinct from the later violin, or *\[\[viola da braccio\]\]*; and it is any one of the ea... | 463 | Viol | 0 |
32,644 | # Viol
## History
Vihuelists began playing their flat-topped, originally plucked, instruments *with a bow* in the second half of the 15th century. Within two or three decades, this led to the evolution of an entirely new and dedicated bowed string instrument that retained many of the features of the vihuela: e.g., a ... | 409 | Viol | 1 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Construction
Viols most commonly have six strings, although many 16th-century instruments had only four or five strings, and during the 17th century in France, some bass viols featured a seventh lower string. Viols were (and are) strung with gut strings of lower tension than on the members of the violin fam... | 1,159 | Viol | 2 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Different versions {#different_versions}
Viols come in seven sizes: \"pardessus de viole\" (which is relatively rare, exclusively French and did not exist before the 18th century), treble (*dessus* in French), alto, tenor (in French *taille*), bass, great bass, and contrabass (the final two are often called... | 399 | Viol | 3 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Tuning
The standard tuning of most viols is in fourths, with a major third in the middle (like the standard Renaissance lute tuning), or in fourths, with a major third in between the 2nd and 3rd strings. The following table shows the tunings that have been adopted at least somewhat widely during the 20th an... | 481 | Viol | 4 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Popularity
thumb\|upright=1.3\|right\|The Smithsonian Consort of Viols, a contemporary viol consort `{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-1787)_-_Duetto_in_G-Major,_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg
| title = Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787) – Duetto in G-Major... | 797 | Viol | 5 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Modern era {#modern_era}
In the 20th and early 21st century, the viol is attracting ever more interest, particularly among amateur players and early music enthusiasts and societies, and in conservatories and music schools. This may be due to the increased availability of reasonably priced instruments from c... | 508 | Viol | 6 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Modern era {#modern_era}
### New compositions {#new_compositions}
A number of contemporary composers have written for viol, and a number of soloists and ensembles have commissioned new music for viol. Fretwork has been most active in this regard, commissioning George Benjamin, Michael Nyman, Elvis Costello,... | 671 | Viol | 7 |
32,644 | # Viol
## Similar names and common confusions {#similar_names_and_common_confusions}
The viola da gamba is occasionally confused with the viola, the alto member of the modern violin family and a standard member of both the symphony orchestra and string quartet. In the 15th century, the Italian word \"*viola*\" was a ... | 628 | Viol | 8 |
32,648 | # Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol
The **Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes** (known as the **Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol** or the **VOC Protocol**) is a protocol to the Con... | 92 | Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol | 0 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
The **Visegrád Group** (also known as the **Visegrád Four** or the **V4**) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The alliance aims to advance co-operation in military, economic, cultural and energy affairs. All four ... | 293 | Visegrád Group | 0 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## History
### Background (1335--1989) {#background_13351989}
The name of the Visegrád Group references the place of meeting selected for the 1335 Congress of Visegrád held by the Bohemian (Czech), Polish, and Hungarian rulers in Visegrád. Charles I of Hungary, Casimir III of Poland, and John I of B... | 714 | Visegrád Group | 1 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## Economies
All four nations in the Visegrád Group are high-income countries with a very high Human Development Index. V4 countries have experienced more or less steady economic growth for over a century.
### History and categorization {#history_and_categorization}
Economic transformation from com... | 951 | Visegrád Group | 2 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## Economies
### Slovakia
The smallest, but still considerably powerful V4 economy is that of Slovakia (GDP of US\$209.186 billion total, 68th in the world).
| 28 | Visegrád Group | 3 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## Demographics
The population is 64,301,710 inhabitants, which would rank 22nd largest in the world and 4th in Europe (similar in size to France, Italy or the UK) if V4 were a single country. The most populated country in the group is Poland (38 million), followed by the Czech Republic (\~11 million... | 459 | Visegrád Group | 4 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## Neighbour relations {#neighbour_relations}
### European Union {#european_union}
All members of the V4 have been member states of the European Union since the EU\'s enlargement in 2004, and members of the Schengen Area since 2007.
#### Austria
Austria is the Visegrád Group\'s southwestern neighb... | 449 | Visegrád Group | 5 |
32,658 | # Visegrád Group
## Country comparison {#country_comparison}
Name Czech Republic(Česká republika) Hungary (Magyarország) ... | 407 | Visegrád Group | 6 |
32,671 | # Vickers
**Vickers** was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by Edward Vickers and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting church bells. The company went public in 1867, acquired more businesses, and began branching out into mili... | 799 | Vickers | 0 |
32,671 | # Vickers
## History
### Merger with Armstrong Whitworth {#merger_with_armstrong_whitworth}
In 1927, Vickers merged with Tyneside based engineering company Armstrong Whitworth to become Vickers-Armstrongs. Armstrong Whitworth had developed along similar lines to Vickers, expanding into various military sectors and wa... | 664 | Vickers | 1 |
32,673 | # Villard de Honnecourt
**Villard de Honnecourt** (*Wilars dehonecort*, *Vilars de Honecourt*) was a 13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France. He is known to history only through a surviving portfolio or \"sketchbook\" containing about 250 drawings and designs of a wide variety of subjects.
## Life
Nothin... | 379 | Villard de Honnecourt | 0 |
32,673 | # Villard de Honnecourt
## Sketchbook
The \"sketchbook\" or \"manual\" of Villard de Honnecourt (more correctly, an album or portfolio) dates to about c.1225-1235. It was discovered in the mid-19th century and is presently housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), Paris, under the shelfmark MS Fr 19093. I... | 444 | Villard de Honnecourt | 1 |
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