id int64 39 11.1M | section stringlengths 3 4.51M | length int64 2 49.9k | title stringlengths 1 182 | chunk_id int64 0 68 |
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4,079 | # BPP (complexity)
## Complexity-theoretic properties {#complexity_theoretic_properties}
### Relativization
Relative to oracles, we know that there exist oracles A and B, such that **P**^A^ = **BPP**^A^ and **P**^B^ ≠ **BPP**^B^. Moreover, relative to a random oracle with probability 1, **P** = **BPP** and **BPP** is... | 474 | BPP (complexity) | 2 |
4,080 | # BQP
alt=Diagram of randomised complexity classes\|thumb\|upright=1.25\|BQP in relation to other probabilistic complexity classes (ZPP, RP, co-RP, BPP, PP), which generalise P within PSPACE. It is unknown if any of these containments are strict. In computational complexity theory, **bounded-error quantum polynomial t... | 393 | BQP | 0 |
4,080 | # BQP
## Relationship to other complexity classes {#relationship_to_other_complexity_classes}
BQP is defined for quantum computers; the corresponding complexity class for classical computers (or more formally for probabilistic Turing machines) is **BPP**. Just like **P** and **BPP**, **BQP** is low for itself, which ... | 432 | BQP | 1 |
4,080 | # BQP
## Relationship to other complexity classes {#relationship_to_other_complexity_classes}
### A complete problem for Promise-BQP {#a_complete_problem_for_promise_bqp}
Promise-BQP is the class of promise problems that can be solved by a uniform family of quantum circuits (i.e., within BQP). Completeness proofs foc... | 565 | BQP | 2 |
4,080 | # BQP
## Relationship to other complexity classes {#relationship_to_other_complexity_classes}
### BQP and PSPACE {#bqp_and_pspace}
Sum of histories is a technique introduced by physicist Richard Feynman for path integral formulation. APPROX-QCIRCUIT-PROB can be formulated in the sum of histories technique to show tha... | 448 | BQP | 3 |
4,082 | # Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human
***Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human*** (1995) is a science fiction novel by American writer K. W. Jeter. It is a continuation of both the film *Blade Runner* and the novel upon which the film was based, Philip K. Dick\'s *Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?*
## Plot
Several mont... | 498 | Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human | 0 |
4,082 | # Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human
## Relationship to other works {#relationship_to_other_works}
The book\'s plot draws from other material related to *Blade Runner* in a number of ways:
- Deckard, Pris, Sebastian, Leon, Batty, and Holden all appeared in *Blade Runner*.
- Many of the parts of the \"conspiracy\"... | 642 | Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human | 1 |
4,091 | # Bartolomeo Ammannati
**Bartolomeo Ammannati** (18 June 1511 -- 13 April 1592) was an Italian architect and sculptor, born at Settignano, near Florence, Italy. He studied under Baccio Bandinelli and Jacopo Sansovino (assisting on the design of the Library of St. Mark\'s, the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice) and closely i... | 636 | Bartolomeo Ammannati | 0 |
4,093 | # Bertrand Andrieu
**Bertrand Andrieu** (24 November 1761 -- 6 December 1822) was a French engraver of medals. He was born in Bordeaux. In France, he was considered as the restorer of the art, which had declined after the time of Louis XIV. During the last twenty years of his life, the French government commissioned h... | 63 | Bertrand Andrieu | 0 |
4,100 | # Bretwalda
***Bretwalda*** (also ***brytenwalda*** and ***bretenanwealda***, sometimes capitalised) is an Old English word. The first record comes from the late 9th-century *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*. It is given to some of the rulers of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the 5th century onwards who had achieved overlordship of ... | 476 | Bretwalda | 0 |
4,100 | # Bretwalda
## Contemporary use {#contemporary_use}
The first recorded use of the term *Bretwalda* comes from a West Saxon chronicle of the late 9th century that applied the term to Ecgberht, who ruled Wessex from 802 to 839. The chronicler also wrote down the names of seven kings that Bede listed in his *Historia ec... | 271 | Bretwalda | 1 |
4,100 | # Bretwalda
## Modern interpretation by historians {#modern_interpretation_by_historians}
For some time, the existence of the word *bretwalda* in the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, which was based in part on the list given by Bede in his *Historia Ecclesiastica*, led historians to think that there was perhaps a \"title\" h... | 493 | Bretwalda | 2 |
4,109 | # Leg theory
**Leg theory** is a bowling tactic in the sport of cricket. The term *leg theory* is somewhat archaic, but the basic tactic remains a play in modern cricket.
Simply put, leg theory involves concentrating the bowling attack at or near the line of leg stump. This may or may not be accompanied by a concentr... | 294 | Leg theory | 0 |
4,109 | # Leg theory
## Fast leg theory {#fast_leg_theory}
In 1930, England captain Douglas Jardine, together with Nottinghamshire\'s captain Arthur Carr and his bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, developed a variant of leg theory in which the bowlers bowled fast, short-pitched balls that would rise into the batsman\'s bo... | 333 | Leg theory | 1 |
4,111 | # Bioleaching
**Bioleaching** is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to treat ores or concentrates containing copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybden... | 746 | Bioleaching | 0 |
4,111 | # Bioleaching
## Further processing {#further_processing}
The dissolved copper (Cu^2+^) ions are removed from the solution by ligand exchange solvent extraction, which leaves other ions in the solution. The copper is removed by bonding to a ligand, which is a large molecule consisting of a number of smaller groups, e... | 295 | Bioleaching | 1 |
4,111 | # Bioleaching
## With fungi {#with_fungi}
Several species of fungi can be used for bioleaching. Fungi can be grown on many different substrates, such as electronic scrap, catalytic converters, and fly ash from municipal waste incineration. Experiments have shown that two fungal strains (*Aspergillus niger, Penicilliu... | 556 | Bioleaching | 2 |
4,115 | # Boiling point
The **boiling point** of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum, i.e.... | 306 | Boiling point | 0 |
4,115 | # Boiling point
## Saturation temperature and pressure {#saturation_temperature_and_pressure}
*Main article: Vapor--liquid equilibrium* A *saturated liquid* contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling (or conversely a *saturated vapor* contains as little thermal energy as it can without condensing).
**... | 739 | Boiling point | 1 |
4,115 | # Boiling point
## Boiling point of chemical elements {#boiling_point_of_chemical_elements}
The element with the lowest boiling point is helium. Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure; because it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely without bias, both have... | 985 | Boiling point | 2 |
4,115 | # Boiling point
## Boiling point of water with elevation {#boiling_point_of_water_with_elevation}
Following is a table of the change in the boiling point of water with elevation, at intervals of 500 meters over the range of human habitation \[the Dead Sea at -430.5 m to La Rinconada, Peru at 5100 m\], then of 1,000 m... | 283 | Boiling point | 3 |
4,119 | # Bock
**Bock** (`{{IPA|de|bɔk|lang|De-Bock.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a strong German beer, usually a dark lager.
## History
The style now known as *Bock* was first brewed in the 14th century in the Hanseatic town of Einbeck in Lower Saxony.
The style was later adopted in Bavaria by Munich brewers in the 17th century.... | 411 | Bock | 0 |
4,119 | # Bock
## Styles
### Doppelbock
*Doppelbock* or *Double Bock* is a stronger version of traditional Bock that was first brewed in Munich by the Paulaner Friars, a Franciscan order founded by St. Francis of Paula.
Historically, Doppelbock was high in alcohol and sweetness. The story is told that it served as \"liquid ... | 637 | Bock | 1 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
The **Bantu languages** (English: `{{IPA-cen|UK|ˌ|b|æ|n|ˈ|t|uː}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA-cen|US|ˈ|b|æ|n|t|uː}}`{=mediawiki} Proto-Bantu: \*bantʊ̀), or **Ntu languages** are a language family of about 600 languages of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa. They form the largest branch of the So... | 335 | Bantu languages | 0 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## Name
The similarity among dispersed Bantu languages had been observed as early as the 17th century. The term *Bantu* as a name for the group was not coined but \"noticed\" or \"identified\" (as *Bâ-ntu*) by Wilhelm Bleek as the first European in 1857 or 1858, and popularized in his *Comparative G... | 589 | Bantu languages | 1 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## Classification
thumb\|upright=1.59\|The approximate locations of the sixteen Guthrie Bantu zones, including the addition of a zone J around the Great Lakes. The Jarawan languages are spoken in Nigeria.
The most widely used classification is an alphanumeric coding system developed by Malcolm Guth... | 599 | Bantu languages | 2 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## Language structure {#language_structure}
Guthrie reconstructed both the phonemic inventory and the vocabulary of Proto-Bantu.
The most prominent grammatical characteristic of Bantu languages is the extensive use of affixes (see Sotho grammar and Ganda noun classes for detailed discussions of the... | 809 | Bantu languages | 3 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## Language structure {#language_structure}
### Syntax
Virtually all Bantu languages have a subject--verb--object word order, with some exceptions, such as the Nen language, which has a subject--object--verb word order.
| 32 | Bantu languages | 4 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## By country {#by_country}
Following is an incomplete list of the principal Bantu languages of each country. Included are those languages that constitute at least 1% of the population and have at least 10% the number of speakers of the largest Bantu language in the country.
Most languages are refe... | 729 | Bantu languages | 5 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## By country {#by_country}
### Somalia
- Swahili (Mwini dialect)
- Chimwini
- Mushungulu
### South Africa {#south_africa}
According to the South African National Census of 2011:`{{full citation needed|date=July 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
- Zulu (Isizulu) (11,587,374)
- Xhosa (Isixhosa) (8,154... | 291 | Bantu languages | 6 |
4,124 | # Bantu languages
## Geographic areas {#geographic_areas}
Map 1 shows Bantu languages in Africa and map 2 a magnification of the Benin, Nigeria and Cameroon area, as of July 2017. `{{multiple image|align=none
|image1=Niger-Congo map.png
|width1=300
|image2=Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png
|width2=310
|footer=Loc... | 227 | Bantu languages | 7 |
4,132 | # Branco River
The **Branco River** (*Rio Branco*; Engl: *White River*) is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north.
## Basin
The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separate Venezuela and Guyana from Brazil. Its two... | 513 | Branco River | 0 |
4,160 | # Battle of Lostwithiel
The **Battle of Lostwithiel** took place over a 13-day period from 21 August to 2 September 1644, around the town of Lostwithiel and along the River Fowey valley in Cornwall during the First English Civil War. A Royalist army led by Charles I of England defeated a Parliamentarian force commande... | 473 | Battle of Lostwithiel | 0 |
4,160 | # Battle of Lostwithiel
## Trapped in Cornwall {#trapped_in_cornwall}
On 26 July, King Charles arrived in Exeter and joined his Oxford army with the Royalist forces commanded by Prince Maurice. On that same day, Essex and his Parliamentary force entered Cornwall. One week later, as Essex bivouacked with his army at B... | 390 | Battle of Lostwithiel | 1 |
4,160 | # Battle of Lostwithiel
## First battle - 21--30 August 1644 {#first_battle___2130_august_1644}
At 07:00 hours on 21 August, King Charles launched his first attack on Essex and the Parliamentarians at Lostwithiel. From the north, Grenville and the Cornish Royalists attacked Restormel Castle and easily dislodged the P... | 307 | Battle of Lostwithiel | 2 |
4,160 | # Battle of Lostwithiel
## Second battle - 31 August - 2 September 1644 {#second_battle___31_august___2_september_1644}
Early on the morning on 31 August, the Parliamentarians ransacked and looted Lostwithiel and began their withdrawal south. At 07:00 hours, the Royalists observed the actions of the Parliamentarians ... | 623 | Battle of Lostwithiel | 3 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
**William Ernest Walsh** (November 30, 1931 -- July 30, 2007) was an American professional and college football coach. He served as head coach of the San Francisco 49ers and the Stanford Cardinal, during which time he popularized the West Coast offense. After retiring from the 49ers, Walsh worked as a spo... | 429 | Bill Walsh | 0 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
## Professional coaching career {#professional_coaching_career}
### Early years {#early_years}
Walsh began his pro coaching career in 1966 as an assistant with the AFL\'s Oakland Raiders. There he was versed in the downfield-oriented \"vertical\" passing offense favored by Al Davis, an acolyte of Sid Gi... | 473 | Bill Walsh | 1 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
## Professional coaching career {#professional_coaching_career}
### 49ers head coach {#ers_head_coach}
On January 9, 1979, Walsh resigned as head coach at Stanford, and San Francisco 49ers team owner Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. fired head coach Fred O\'Connor and general manager Joe Thomas following a 2--14... | 793 | Bill Walsh | 2 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
## Professional coaching career {#professional_coaching_career}
### Coaching tree {#coaching_tree}
#### Upline
Walsh\'s upline coaching tree included working as assistant for American Football League great and Hall of Fame head coach Al Davis and NFL legend and Hall of Famer Paul Brown, and, through Dav... | 555 | Bill Walsh | 3 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
## Professional coaching career {#professional_coaching_career}
### Later years {#later_years}
After leaving the coaching ranks immediately following his team\'s victory in Super Bowl XXIII, Walsh went to work as a broadcaster for NBC, teaming with Dick Enberg to form the lead broadcasting team, replacin... | 602 | Bill Walsh | 4 |
4,166 | # Bill Walsh
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bill married his college sweetheart Geri, and had 3 children; Steve, Craig and Elizabeth.
## Death
Bill Walsh died of leukemia on July 30, 2007, at his home in Woodside, California.
Following Walsh\'s death, the playing field at the former Candlestick Park was renamed... | 239 | Bill Walsh | 5 |
4,177 | # Barge
A **barge** is typically a flat-bottomed vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. Original use was on inland waterways, while modern use is on both inland and marine water environments. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs, but on inland waterways, most are pushed by pusher boa... | 906 | Barge | 0 |
4,177 | # Barge
## History of the barge {#history_of_the_barge}
### The 19th century American barge {#the_19th_century_american_barge}
In the United States a barge was not a sailing vessel by the end of the 19th century. Indeed, barges were often created by cutting down (razeeing) sailing vessels. In New York this was an acc... | 75 | Barge | 1 |
4,177 | # Barge
## The modern barge {#the_modern_barge}
### The iron barge {#the_iron_barge}
The innovation that led to the modern barge was the use of iron barges towed by a steam tugboat. These were first used to transport grain and other bulk products. From about 1840 to 1870 the towed iron barge was quickly introduced o... | 451 | Barge | 2 |
4,177 | # Barge
## Types
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- (\"accommodation barge\")
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- Ferrocement or `{{annotated link|Type B ship#Concrete Barge|"Concrete" Barge}}`{=mediawiki}
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- Severn `{{a... | 408 | Barge | 3 |
4,181 | # Battle
thumb\|upright=1.35\|British (red) and French (blue) armies begin engagement of the decisive Battle of Waterloo, with Prussian forces (gray) arriving from the northeast \|alt=Overhead diagram of movement of forces at Battle of Waterloo A **battle** is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing milita... | 279 | Battle | 0 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Characteristics
The defining characteristic of the fight as a concept in military science has changed with the variations in the organisation, employment and technology of military forces. The English military historian John Keegan suggested an ideal definition of battle as \"something which happens betwe... | 732 | Battle | 1 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Factors
Battles are decided by various factors, the number and quality of combatants and equipment, the skill of commanders and terrain are among the most prominent. Weapons and armour can be decisive; on many occasions armies have achieved victory through more advanced weapons than those of their opponen... | 336 | Battle | 2 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Types
Battles can be fought on land, at sea, and in the air. Naval battles have occurred since before the 5th century BC. Air battles have been far less common, due to their late conception, the most prominent being the Battle of Britain in 1940. Since the Second World War, land or sea battles have come t... | 971 | Battle | 3 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Types
### Aerial
Although the use of aircraft has for the most part always been used as a supplement to land or naval engagements, since their first major military use in World War I aircraft have increasingly taken on larger roles in warfare. During World War I, the primary use was for reconnaissance, an... | 280 | Battle | 4 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Naming
Battles are usually named after some feature of the battlefield geography, such as a town, forest or river, commonly prefixed \"Battle of\...\". Occasionally battles are named after the date on which they took place, such as The Glorious First of June. In the Middle Ages it was considered important... | 541 | Battle | 5 |
4,181 | # Battle
## Effects
Battles affect the individuals who take part, as well as the political actors. Personal effects of battle range from mild psychological issues to permanent and crippling injuries. Some battle-survivors have nightmares about the conditions they encountered or abnormal reactions to certain sights or... | 160 | Battle | 6 |
4,182 | # Berry Berenson
**Berinthia** \"**Berry**\" **Berenson-Perkins** (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} **Berenson**; April 14, 1948 -- September 11, 2001) was an American actress, model and photographer. She was the widow of actor Anthony Perkins.
She died in the September 11 attacks, as a passenger on American Airlines Flight 11.... | 502 | Berry Berenson | 0 |
4,187 | # Bactericide
A **bactericide** or **bacteriocide**, sometimes abbreviated **Bcidal**, is a substance which kills bacteria. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics. However, material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their physical surface structure, as for example biom... | 782 | Bactericide | 0 |
4,192 | # Bunsen
| 2 | Bunsen | 0 |
4,194 | # Bohrium
**Bohrium** is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol **Bh** and atomic number 107. It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. As a synthetic element, it can be created in particle accelerators but is not found in nature. All known isotopes of bohrium are highly radioactive; the most stable known is... | 706 | Bohrium | 0 |
4,194 | # Bohrium
## Isotopes
Bohrium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Twelve different isotopes of bohrium have been reported with atomic masses 260--262, 264--267, 27... | 281 | Bohrium | 1 |
4,194 | # Bohrium
## Predicted properties {#predicted_properties}
Very few properties of bohrium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact that bohrium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemistry-related properties have been measured, b... | 608 | Bohrium | 2 |
4,194 | # Bohrium
## Experimental chemistry {#experimental_chemistry}
In 1995, the first report on attempted isolation of the element was unsuccessful, prompting new theoretical studies to investigate how best to investigate bohrium (using its lighter homologs technetium and rhenium for comparison) and removing unwanted cont... | 276 | Bohrium | 3 |
4,199 | # Bayer designation
A **Bayer designation** is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation\'s Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first syst... | 429 | Bayer designation | 0 |
4,199 | # Bayer designation
## Order by magnitude class {#order_by_magnitude_class}
In most constellations, Bayer assigned Greek and Latin letters to stars within a constellation in rough order of apparent brightness, from brightest to dimmest. The order is not necessarily a precise labeling from brightest to dimmest: in Bay... | 698 | Bayer designation | 1 |
4,199 | # Bayer designation
## Revised designations {#revised_designations}
Ptolemy designated four stars as \"border stars\", each shared by two constellations: Alpheratz (in Andromeda and Pegasus), Elnath (in Taurus and Auriga), Nu Boötis (Nu^1^ and Nu^2^)(in Boötes and Hercules) and Fomalhaut (in Piscis Austrinus and Aqua... | 387 | Bayer designation | 2 |
4,204 | # Bay of Quinte
The **Bay of Quinte** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|n|t|i}}`{=mediawiki}) is a long, narrow bay shaped like the letter \"Z\" on the northern shore of Lake Ontario in the province of Ontario, Canada. It is just west of the head of the Saint Lawrence River that drains the Great Lakes into the Gulf of Saint Lawrenc... | 291 | Bay of Quinte | 0 |
4,204 | # Bay of Quinte
## Geography
The northern side of the bay is defined by Ontario\'s mainland, while the southern side follows the shore of the Prince Edward County headland. Beginning in the east with the outlet to Lake Ontario, the bay runs west-southwest for 25 km to Picton (although this section is also called Adol... | 396 | Bay of Quinte | 1 |
4,204 | # Bay of Quinte
## Bay of Quinte Region {#bay_of_quinte_region}
**Quinte** is also a region comprising several communities situated along the Bay of Quinte, including Quinte West, Brighton and the City of Belleville, which is the largest city in the Quinte Region, and represents a midpoint between Montreal, Ottawa, a... | 627 | Bay of Quinte | 2 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
**Bipedalism** is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a **bipedal** manner is known as a **biped** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|p|ɛ|d}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning \'two feet\' (from Latin *bis* \'double\' and ... | 744 | Bipedalism | 0 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Bipedal animals {#bipedal_animals}
The great majority of living terrestrial vertebrates are quadrupeds, with bipedalism exhibited by only a handful of living groups. Humans, gibbons and large birds walk by raising one foot at a time. On the other hand, most macropods, smaller birds, lemurs and bipedal... | 397 | Bipedalism | 1 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Bipedal animals {#bipedal_animals}
### Mammals
A number of groups of extant mammals have independently evolved bipedalism as their main form of locomotion`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki} for example, humans, ground pangolins, the extinct giant ground sloths, numerous species of jumping rodents and macropods. Hum... | 519 | Bipedalism | 2 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Limited bipedalism {#limited_bipedalism}
### Limited bipedalism in mammals {#limited_bipedalism_in_mammals}
Other mammals engage in limited, non-locomotory, bipedalism. A number of other animals, such as rats, raccoons, and beavers will squat on their hindlegs to manipulate some objects but revert to... | 308 | Bipedalism | 3 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Evolution of human bipedalism {#evolution_of_human_bipedalism}
There are at least twelve distinct hypotheses as to how and why bipedalism evolved in humans, and also some debate as to when. Bipedalism evolved well before the large human brain or the development of stone tools. Bipedal specializations ... | 656 | Bipedalism | 4 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Evolution of human bipedalism {#evolution_of_human_bipedalism}
### Savannah-based theory {#savannah_based_theory}
According to the Savanna-based theory, hominines came down from the tree\'s branches and adapted to life on the savanna by walking erect on two feet. The theory suggests that early hominid... | 1,015 | Bipedalism | 5 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Evolution of human bipedalism {#evolution_of_human_bipedalism}
### Provisioning model {#provisioning_model}
One theory on the origin of bipedalism is the behavioral model presented by C. Owen Lovejoy, known as \"male provisioning\". Lovejoy theorizes that the evolution of bipedalism was linked to mono... | 402 | Bipedalism | 6 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Evolution of human bipedalism {#evolution_of_human_bipedalism}
### Early bipedalism in homininae model {#early_bipedalism_in_homininae_model}
Recent studies of 4.4 million years old *Ardipithecus ramidus* suggest bipedalism. It is thus possible that bipedalism evolved very early in homininae and was r... | 1,135 | Bipedalism | 7 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Evolution of human bipedalism {#evolution_of_human_bipedalism}
### Consequences
Prehistoric fossil records show that early hominins first developed bipedalism before being followed by an increase in brain size. The consequences of these two changes in particular resulted in painful and difficult labor... | 170 | Bipedalism | 8 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Physiology
Bipedal movement occurs in a number of ways and requires many mechanical and neurological adaptations. Some of these are described below.
### Biomechanics
#### Standing
Energy-efficient means of standing bipedally involve constant adjustment of balance, and of course these must avoid ove... | 794 | Bipedalism | 9 |
4,210 | # Bipedalism
## Bipedal robots {#bipedal_robots}
For nearly the whole of the 20th century, bipedal robots were very difficult to construct and robot locomotion involved only wheels, treads, or multiple legs. Recent cheap and compact computing power has made two-legged robots more feasible. Some notable biped robots a... | 95 | Bipedalism | 10 |
4,256 | # Baiuvarii
thumb\|upright=1\|Reconstruction of the grave of the Kemathen warrior, who is believed to have been a Bavarian The **Baiuvarii** or **Bavarii**, sometimes simply called **Bavarians** (*Baiuwaren*; *Bajuwaren*) were a Germanic people who lived in and near present-day southern Bavaria, which is named after t... | 938 | Baiuvarii | 0 |
4,256 | # Baiuvarii
## Genetics
A genetic study published in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* in 2018 examined the remains of 41 individuals buried at a Bavarian cemetery ca. 500 AD. Of these, 11 whole genomes were generated. The males were found to be genetically homogene... | 176 | Baiuvarii | 1 |
4,260 | # Dots and boxes
**Dots and boxes** is a pencil-and-paper game for two players (sometimes more). It was first published in the 19th century by French mathematician Édouard Lucas, who called it ***la pipopipette***. It has gone by many other names, including **dots and dashes**, **game of dots**, **dot to dot grid**, *... | 876 | Dots and boxes | 0 |
4,279 | # Broadcast domain
A **broadcast domain** is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A broadcast domain can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments.
In terms of current popular technologies, any computer c... | 611 | Broadcast domain | 0 |
4,286 | # Biconditional introduction
In propositional logic, **biconditional introduction** is a valid rule of inference. It allows for one to infer a biconditional from two conditional statements. The rule makes it possible to introduce a biconditional statement into a logical proof. If $P \to Q$ is true, and if $Q \to P$ is... | 237 | Biconditional introduction | 0 |
4,287 | # Biconditional elimination
**Biconditional elimination** is the name of two valid rules of inference of propositional logic. It allows for one to infer a conditional from a biconditional. If $P \leftrightarrow Q$ is true, then one may infer that $P \to Q$ is true, and also that $Q \to P$ is true. For example, if it\'... | 238 | Biconditional elimination | 0 |
4,295 | # Batavi (Germanic tribe)
Batavia\|and\|Batavi (disambiguation){{!}}Batavi}} The **Batavi** `{{IPA|la|bäˈt̪äːu̯iː|}}`{=mediawiki} were an ancient Germanic tribe that lived around the modern Dutch Rhine delta in the area that the Romans called Batavia, from the second half of the first century BC to the third century A... | 466 | Batavi (Germanic tribe) | 0 |
4,295 | # Batavi (Germanic tribe)
## Military units {#military_units}
The first Batavi commander we know of is named Chariovalda, who led a charge across the Vīsurgis (Weser) river against the Cherusci led by Arminius during the campaigns of Germanicus in *Germania Transrhenana*.
Tacitus (*De origine et situ Germanorum* XXI... | 852 | Batavi (Germanic tribe) | 1 |
4,295 | # Batavi (Germanic tribe)
## The Batavian revival {#the_batavian_revival}
In the 16th-century emergence of a popular foundation story and origin myth for the Dutch people, the Batavians came to be regarded as their ancestors during their national struggle for independence during the Eighty Years\' War. The mix of fan... | 387 | Batavi (Germanic tribe) | 2 |
4,300 | # Bocce
***italics=no*** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɒ|tʃ|i|audio=en-us-bocce.oga}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɒ|tʃ|eɪ}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|it|ˈbɔttʃe|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), sometimes anglicized as **bocce ball**, **bocci**, or **boccie**, is a ball sport belonging to the boules family. Developed into its present form in It... | 537 | Bocce | 0 |
4,300 | # Bocce
## Rules and play {#rules_and_play}
Bocce is traditionally played on a natural soil or asphalt court up to 27.5 m in length and 2.5 to wide. While the court walls are traditionally made of wood or stone, many social leagues and Special Olympics programs now use inflatable \'Packabocce\' PVC courts due to thei... | 439 | Bocce | 1 |
4,300 | # Bocce
## Variants
### Punto raffa volo {#punto_raffa_volo}
Also known as PRV, punto raffa volo is the main international competition form of bocce. The name refers to the three legal types of throws in the game: punto, or lagging the ball toward the pallino; raffa, shooting a ball with an aerial throw that hits th... | 522 | Bocce | 2 |
4,301 | # Beatmatching
**Beatmatching** or **pitch cue** is a DJ technique of pitch shifting or time stretching an upcoming track to match its tempo to that of the currently playing track, and to adjust them such that the beats (and, usually, the bars) are synchronized---e.g. the kicks and snares in two house records hit at t... | 765 | Beatmatching | 0 |
4,319 | # Books of Chronicles
The **Book of Chronicles** (*דִּבְרֵי־הַיָּמִים* `{{Transliteration|he|Dīvrē-hayYāmīm}}`{=mediawiki}, \"words of the days\") is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (**1--2 Chronicles**) in the Christian Old Testament. Chronicles is the final book of the Hebrew Bible, concluding the thi... | 522 | Books of Chronicles | 0 |
4,319 | # Books of Chronicles
## Composition
### Origins
The last events recorded in Chronicles take place in the reign of Cyrus the Great, the Persian king who conquered Babylon in 539 BC; this sets the earliest possible date for this passage of the book.
Chronicles appears to be largely the work of a single individual. T... | 709 | Books of Chronicles | 1 |
4,319 | # Books of Chronicles
## Themes
Presbyterian theologian Paul K. Hooker argues that the generally accepted message the author wished to give to his audience was a theological reflection, not a \"history of Israel\":
1. God is active in history, and especially the history of Israel. The faithfulness or sins of indivi... | 337 | Books of Chronicles | 2 |
4,322 | # Borel measure
In mathematics, specifically in measure theory, a **Borel measure** on a topological space is a measure that is defined on all open sets (and thus on all Borel sets). Some authors require additional restrictions on the measure, as described below.
## Formal definition {#formal_definition}
Let $X$ be ... | 462 | Borel measure | 0 |
4,322 | # Borel measure
## Applications
### Lebesgue--Stieltjes integral {#lebesguestieltjes_integral}
The Lebesgue--Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral with respect to a measure known as the Lebesgue--Stieltjes measure, which may be associated to any function of bounded variation on the real line. The Lebe... | 465 | Borel measure | 1 |
4,349 | # BBC Red Button
**BBC Red Button** is a brand used for digital interactive television services provided by the BBC, and broadcast in the United Kingdom. The services replaced Ceefax, the BBC\'s analogue teletext service. BBC Red Button\'s text services were due to close on 30 January 2020, but the switch-off was susp... | 476 | BBC Red Button | 0 |
4,349 | # BBC Red Button
## History and branding {#history_and_branding}
### The BBCi brand (2001--2008) {#the_bbci_brand_20012008}
The BBCi brand launched in November 2001 and was conceived as a cohesive multi-platform brand name for all the BBC\'s digital interactive services, encompassing the corporation\'s digital telete... | 913 | BBC Red Button | 1 |
4,349 | # BBC Red Button
## Availability
BBC Red Button is available on all digital television platforms in the UK, including digital cable through Virgin Media, digital satellite through Sky and Freesat and digital terrestrial television through Freeview. On Freeview interactivity does not permit users to submit data (such ... | 510 | BBC Red Button | 2 |
4,349 | # BBC Red Button
## Content
Generally, BBC Red Button offers text and video based services, as well as enhanced television programmes which offer extra information, video or quizzes.
In September 2005, BBCi launched an update to the interactivity available from the BBC\'s Radio channels on Freeview. Originally only ... | 704 | BBC Red Button | 3 |
4,352 | # Backplane
A **backplane** or **backplane system** is a group of electrical connectors in parallel with each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors, forming a computer bus. It is used to connect several printed circuit boards together to make up a comp... | 950 | Backplane | 0 |
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