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# Backplane ## `{{Anchor|STORAGE|Backplanes in storage}}`{=mediawiki}Backplanes in storage {#backplanes_in_storage} Servers commonly have a backplane to attach hot swappable hard disk drives and solid state drives; backplane pins pass directly into hard drive sockets without cables. They may have single connector to ...
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# Book of Nehemiah The **Book of Nehemiah** in the Hebrew Bible largely takes the form of a first-person memoir by Nehemiah, a Hebrew prophet and high official at the Persian court, concerning the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile and the dedication of the city and its people to God\'s la...
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# Book of Nehemiah ## Textual history {#textual_history} The single Hebrew book Ezra--Nehemiah, with title \"Ezra\", was translated into Greek around the middle of the 2nd century BC. Slightly later a second, and very different Greek translation was made, in the form of 1 Esdras, from which the deeds of Nehemiah are ...
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# Book of Jeremiah The **Book of Jeremiah** (*ספר יִרְמְיָהוּ*) is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. The superscription at chapter Jeremiah 1:1--3 identifies the book as \"the words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah\". Of all the prophets, Je...
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# Book of Jeremiah ## Summary ### Historical background {#historical_background} The background to Jeremiah is briefly described in the superscription to the book: Jeremiah began his prophetic mission in the thirteenth year of king Josiah (about 627 BC) and continued after the eleventh year of king Zedekiah (586 BC)...
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# Book of Jeremiah ## Composition ### Texts and manuscripts {#texts_and_manuscripts} Jeremiah exists in two versions: a Greek translation, called the Septuagint, dating from the last few centuries BCE and found in the earliest Christian manuscripts, and the Masoretic Hebrew text of traditional Jewish bibles. The Gre...
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# Book of Jeremiah ## Themes ### Covenant Much of Jeremiah\'s prophetic preaching is based on the theme of the covenant between God and Israel (God would protect the people in return for their exclusive worship of him); Jeremiah insists that the covenant is conditional, and can be broken by Israel\'s apostasy (worsh...
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# Book of Jeremiah ## Later interpretation and influence {#later_interpretation_and_influence} ### Judaism The influence of Jeremiah during and after the Exile was considerable in some circles, and three additional books, the Book of Baruch, Lamentations, and the Letter of Jeremiah, were attributed to him in Second ...
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# Book of Isaiah The **Book of Isaiah** (*ספר ישעיהו* `{{IPA|he|ˈsɛ.fɛr jə.ʃaʕ.ˈjaː.hu|}}`{=mediawiki}) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. It is identified by a superscription as the words of the 8th-century BC prophet Isaiah ben ...
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# Book of Isaiah ## Summary Seeing Isaiah as a two-part book (chapters 1--33 and 34--66) with an overarching theme leads to a summary of its contents like the following: - The book opens by setting out the themes of judgment and subsequent restoration for the righteous. God has a plan which will be realised on the...
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# Book of Isaiah ## Composition ### Authorship While it is widely accepted that the book of Isaiah is rooted in a historic prophet called Isaiah, who lived in the Kingdom of Judah during the 8th century BCE, it is also widely accepted that this prophet did not write the entire book of Isaiah. - Historical situati...
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# Book of Isaiah ## Themes ### Overview The Book of Isaiah focuses on the main role of Jerusalem in God\'s plan for the world, seeing centuries of history as though they were all the single vision of the 8th-century prophet Isaiah. - Proto-Isaiah speaks of Israel\'s desertion of God and what will follow: Israel w...
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# Book of Isaiah ## Later interpretation and influence {#later_interpretation_and_influence} ### 2nd Temple Judaism (515 BCE -- 70 CE) {#nd_temple_judaism_515_bce_70_ce} Isaiah was one of the most popular works in the period between the foundation of the Second Temple c. 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in ...
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# Bilinear map In mathematics, a **bilinear map** is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example. A bilinear map can also be defined for modules. For that, see the article pairing. ## Defin...
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# Bilinear map ## Continuity and separate continuity {#continuity_and_separate_continuity} Suppose $X, Y,$ and $Z$ are topological vector spaces and let $b : X \times Y \to Z$ be a bilinear map. Then *b* is said to be **`{{visible anchor|separately continuous}}`{=mediawiki}** if the following two conditions hold: 1....
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# Boiled leather **Boiled leather**, often referred to by its French translation, **cuir bouilli** (`{{IPA|fr|kɥiʁ buji|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), was a historical material common in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period and used for various purposes. It was leather that had been treated so that it became tough and rigid...
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# Boiled leather ## Examples of other uses {#examples_of_other_uses} As well as the crests on helmets described above, cuir bouilli was probably used sculpturally in various contexts, over a wood or plaster framework where necessary. When Henry V of England died in France, his effigy in cuir bouilli was placed on top...
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# Buffer overflow In programming and information security, a **buffer overflow** or **buffer overrun** is an anomaly whereby a program writes data to a buffer beyond the buffer\'s allocated memory, overwriting adjacent memory locations. Buffers are areas of memory set aside to hold data, often while moving it from on...
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# Buffer overflow ## Technical description {#technical_description} A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a buffer also corrupts data values in memory addresses adjacent to the destination buffer due to insufficient bounds checking.`{{Ref RFC|4949|notes=no|rp=41}}`{=mediawiki} This can occur when copying data...
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# Buffer overflow ## Exploitation The techniques to exploit a buffer overflow vulnerability vary by architecture, operating system, and memory region. For example, exploitation on the heap (used for dynamically allocated memory), differs markedly from exploitation on the call stack. In general, heap exploitation depe...
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# Buffer overflow ## Exploitation ### Practicalities of exploitation {#practicalities_of_exploitation} In real-world exploits there are a variety of challenges which need to be overcome for exploits to operate reliably. These factors include null bytes in addresses, variability in the location of shellcode, differenc...
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# Buffer overflow ## Protective countermeasures {#protective_countermeasures} Various techniques have been used to detect or prevent buffer overflows, with various tradeoffs. The following sections describe the choices and implementations available. ### Choice of programming language {#choice_of_programming_language...
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# Buffer overflow ## Protective countermeasures {#protective_countermeasures} ### Executable space protection {#executable_space_protection} Executable space protection is an approach to buffer overflow protection that prevents execution of code on the stack or the heap. An attacker may use buffer overflows to insert...
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# Buffer overflow ## History Buffer overflows were understood and partially publicly documented as early as 1972, when the Computer Security Technology Planning Study laid out the technique: \"The code performing this function does not check the source and destination addresses properly, permitting portions of the mo...
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# Book of Judges The **Book of Judges** is the seventh book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. In the narrative of the Hebrew Bible, it covers the time between the conquest described in the Book of Joshua and the establishment of a kingdom in the Books of Samuel, during which Biblical judges served a...
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# Book of Judges ## Contents ### Chronology Judges contains a chronology of its events, assigning a number of years to each interval of judgment and peace. It is overtly schematic and was likely introduced at a later period. ### Manuscript sources {#manuscript_sources} Four of the Dead Sea Scrolls feature parts of ...
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# Book of Judges ## Composition `{{See also|Judges 1#Composition and historicity|Textual variants in the Book of Judges}}`{=mediawiki} ### Historicity Biblical archaeology in the 19th and 20th centuries supported viewing Judges as historical, but there is currently disagreement among scholars on whether the book re...
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# Book of Judges ## Themes and genre {#themes_and_genre} The essence of Deuteronomistic theology is that Israel has entered into a covenant (a treaty, a binding agreement) with the God Yahweh, under which they agree to accept Yahweh as their God (hence the phrase \"God of Israel\") and Yahweh promises them a land whe...
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# Books of Samuel 1 SA\|LSA (disambiguation){{!}}lsa\|Isa (disambiguation){{!}}Isa}} `{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|historical}}`{=mediawiki} The **Book of Samuel** (*translit=Sefer Shmuel*) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (**1--2 Samuel**) in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history,...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 1 Samuel #### Samuel and Saul (8:1--15:35) {#samuel_and_saul_811535} ##### The institution of the monarchy (8:1--12:25) {#the_institution_of_the_monarchy_811225} In Samuel\'s old age, he appoints his sons Joel and Abijah as judges but, because of thei...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 1 Samuel #### Saul and David (16:1--31:13) {#saul_and_david_1613113} ##### David at court (16:1--19:7) {#david_at_court_161197} Samuel travels to Bethlehem to visit a man named Jesse, with God promising Samuel can anoint one of his sons as king. Howev...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 1 Samuel #### Saul and David (16:1--31:13) {#saul_and_david_1613113} ##### David the outlaw (22:1--26:25) {#david_the_outlaw_2212625} ##### David among the Philistines (27:1--31:13) {#david_among_the_philistines_2713113} David joins the Philistines ou...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 2 Samuel {#samuel_1} #### Saul and David (continued) (1:1--1:27) {#saul_and_david_continued_11127} ##### David among the Philistines (continued) (1:1--1:27) {#david_among_the_philistines_continued_11127} Back in Ziklag, three days after Saul\'s death...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 2 Samuel {#samuel_1} #### David (2:1--20:26) {#david_212026} ##### David\'s family and the intrigues for the succession (9:1--20:26) {#davids_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_912026} ###### The Ammonite war and birth of Solomon (10:1--12:31) {...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 2 Samuel {#samuel_1} #### David (2:1--20:26) {#david_212026} ##### David\'s family and the intrigues for the succession (9:1--20:26) {#davids_family_and_the_intrigues_for_the_succession_912026} ###### The Ammonite war and birth of Solomon (10:1--12:31) {...
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# Books of Samuel ## Biblical narrative {#biblical_narrative} ### 2 Samuel {#samuel_1} #### Supplementary information (21:1--24:25) {#supplementary_information_2112425} 2 Samuel concludes with four chapters, chapters 21 to 24, that lie outside the chronological succession narrative of Saul and David, a narrative that...
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# Books of Samuel ## Composition ### Versions 1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in most Jewish bibles, still are) a single book, but the first Greek translation, called the Septuagint and produced around the 2nd century BCE, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christi...
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# Books of Samuel ## Composition ### Sources The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following: - *Call of Samuel* or *Youth of Samuel* (1 Samuel 1--7): From Samuel\'s birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel. This source includes the *Eli narrative* and part of the ark na...
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# Books of Samuel ## Composition ### Manuscript sources {#manuscript_sources} Four of the Dead Sea Scrolls feature parts of the books of Samuel: 1QSam, found in Qumran Cave 1, contains parts of 2 Samuel; and 4QSam^a^, 4QSam^b^ and 4QSam^c^, all found in Qumran Cave 4. Collectively they are known as The Samuel Scroll ...
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# Books of Samuel ## Themes The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular. The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the \"Song of Hannah\"): (1) the sovereignty of Yahweh, God of Israel; (2) the reversal of human fortunes;...
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# Books of Kings The **Book of Kings** (*סֵפֶר מְלָכִים*, *Sēfer Məlāḵīm*) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (**1--2 Kings**) in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It concludes the Deuteronomistic history, a history of ancient Israel also including the books of Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. Bibli...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 1 Kings #### Solomon in all his glory (3:1--11:43) {#solomon_in_all_his_glory_311143} ##### Solomon the sage (3:1--4:34) {#solomon_the_sage_31434} Solomon makes an alliance with Egypt and marries the Pharaoh\'s daughter. After this, he continues the ancient practice of travelling bet...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 1 Kings #### The two kingdoms until Elijah (14:1--16:34) {#the_two_kingdoms_until_elijah_1411634} Jeroboam\'s son Abijah becomes ill, so Jeroboam tells his wife to go in disguise to Ahijah, who has become blind with age. God tells Ahijah of the arrival of Jeroboam\'s wife. Ahijah prop...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 1 Kings #### The Elijah cycle (17:1--22:54) {#the_elijah_cycle_1712254} ##### The great drought (17:1--18:46) {#the_great_drought_1711846} A new prophet arises in Israel, named Elijah, who informs Ahab of a years-long drought about to begin. God then tells Elijah to hide in the Kerit...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 2 Kings {#kings_1} #### The Elijah cycle (continued) (1:1--18) {#the_elijah_cycle_continued_1118} ##### After the death of Ahab (continued) (1:1--18) {#after_the_death_of_ahab_continued_1118} Ahaziah falls through a lattice on an upper floor and injures himself. He sends a party to ...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 2 Kings {#kings_1} #### The Elisha cycle (2:1--13:25) {#the_elisha_cycle_211325} ##### The Aramean wars (6:8--8:29) {#the_aramean_wars_68829} Four lepers sit at the gate of Samaria and decide to surrender to the Arameans in the hope of not dying in the famine. God made the Arameans he...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 2 Kings {#kings_1} #### The two kingdoms to the fall of Samaria (14:1--17:41) {#the_two_kingdoms_to_the_fall_of_samaria_1411741} Amaziah is a good king, but the high places have still not been abolished. Upon assumption of the throne, he executes his father\'s assassins, but spares th...
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# Books of Kings ## Contents ### 2 Kings {#kings_1} #### The last years of the Kingdom of Judah (18:1--25:30) {#the_last_years_of_the_kingdom_of_judah_1812530} ##### Hezekiah, the prophet Isaiah; Assyria (18:1--20:21) {#hezekiah_the_prophet_isaiah_assyria_1812021} Hezekiah, the 13th king of Judah, does \"what \[is\]...
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# Books of Kings ## Composition ### Textual history {#textual_history} In the Hebrew Bible (the Bible used by Jews), First and Second Kings are a single book, as are the First and Second Books of Samuel. When this was translated into Greek in the last few centuries BC, Samuel was joined with Kings in a four-part wor...
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# Books of Kings ## Themes and genre {#themes_and_genre} Kings is \"history-like\" rather than history in the modern sense, mixing legends, folktales, miracle stories and \"fictional constructions\" in with the annals, and its primary explanation for all that happens is God\'s offended sense of what is right; it is t...
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# Book of Esther The **Book of Esther** (*Megillat Ester*; *Ἐσθήρ*; *Liber Esther*), also known in Hebrew as \"the Scroll\" (\"the Megillah\"), is a book in the third section (`{{Transliteration|he|[[Ketuvim]]}}`{=mediawiki}, *כְּתוּבִים* \"Writings\") of the Hebrew Bible. It is one of the Five Scrolls (`{{Translitera...
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# Book of Esther ## Setting and structure {#setting_and_structure} ### Setting The biblical Book of Esther is set in the Persian capital of Susa (*Shushan*) in the third year of the reign of the Persian king Ahasuerus. The name *Ahasuerus* is equivalent to *Xerxes* (both deriving from the Persian *Khshayārsha*), and...
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# Book of Esther ## Summary King Ahasuerus, ruler of the Persian Empire, holds a lavish 180-day banquet for his court and dignitaries from across the 127 provinces of his empire (Esther 1:1--4), and afterwards, a seven-day banquet for all inhabitants of the capital city, Shushan (1:5--9). On the seventh day of the la...
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# Book of Esther ## Authorship and date {#authorship_and_date} The *Megillat Esther* (Book of Esther) became the last of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible to be canonized by the Sages of the Great Assembly. According to the Talmud, it was a redaction by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordecai. It is usually...
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# Book of Esther ## Historicity The apparent historical difficulties, the internal inconsistencies, the pronounced symmetry of themes and events, the plenitude of quoted dialogue, and the gross exaggeration in the reporting of numbers (involving time, money, and people) all point to Esther as a work of fiction, its v...
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# Book of Esther ## Historical reading {#historical_reading} Those arguing in favour of a historical reading of Esther most commonly identify Ahasuerus with Xerxes I (ruled 486--465 BCE), although in the past it was often assumed that he was Artaxerxes II (ruled 405--359 BCE). The Hebrew *Ahasuerus* (*ʔaḥašwērōš*) is...
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# Book of Esther ## Interpretation In the Book of Esther, the Tetragrammaton does not appear, but some argue it is present, in hidden form, in four complex acrostics in Hebrew: the initial or last letters of four consecutive words, either forwards or backwards comprise YHWH. These letters were distinguished in at lea...
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# Book of Esther ## Additions to Esther {#additions_to_esther} An additional six chapters appear interspersed in Esther in the Septuagint, an early Greek translation of the Bible. This was noted by Jerome in compiling the Latin Vulgate. Additionally, the Greek text contains many small changes in the meaning of the ma...
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# Book of Esther ## Modern retelling {#modern_retelling} +------+------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
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# Book of Lamentations The **Book of Lamentations** (*אֵיכָה*, `{{Transliteration|he|ʾĒḵā}}`{=mediawiki}, from its incipit meaning \"how\") is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. In the Hebrew Bible, it appears in the Ketuvim (\"Writings\") as one of the Five Megillot (\"Five Sc...
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# Book of Lamentations ## Themes Lamentations combines elements of the *kinah*, a funeral dirge for the loss of the city, and the \"communal lament\" pleading for the restoration of its people. It reflects the view, traceable to Sumerian literature of a thousand years earlier, that the destruction of the holy city wa...
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# Book of Lamentations ## Structure Lamentations consists of five distinct (and non-chronological) poems, corresponding to its five chapters. Two of its defining characteristic features are the alphabetic acrostic and its qinah meter. However, few English translations capture either; even fewer attempt to capture bot...
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# Book of Lamentations ## Composition The traditional ascription of authorship to Jeremiah derives from the impetus to ascribe all biblical books to inspired biblical authors. Jeremiah, a prophet who prophesied its demise at the time, was an obvious choice. In 2 Chronicles 35:25 Jeremiah is said to have composed a la...
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# Beaver **Beavers** (genus ***Castor***) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (*Castor canadensis*) and the Eurasian beaver (*C. fiber*). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to 50 kg. They have stou...
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# Beaver ## Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus coined the genus name *Castor* as well as the specific (species) epithet *fiber* for the Eurasian species. German zoologist Heinrich Kuhl coined *C. canadensis* in 1820. Many scientists considered both names synonymous for one same species until the 1970s, when chromosomal evidence ...
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# Beaver ## Characteristics Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras. They have a head--body length of 80 --, with a 25 -- tail, a shoulder height of 30 --, and generally weigh 11 --, but can be as heavy as 50 kg. Males and females are almost identical externally. Their bodies are streamlined li...
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# Beaver ## Distribution and status {#distribution_and_status} The IUCN Red List of mammals lists both beaver species as least concern. The North American beaver is widespread throughout most of the United States and Canada and can be found in northern Mexico. The species was introduced to Finland in 1937 (and then s...
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# Beaver ## Ecology Beavers live in freshwater ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. Water is the most important component of beaver habitat; they swim and dive in it, and it provides them refuge from land predators. It also restricts access to their homes and allows them to move building objects more ...
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# Beaver ## Ecology ### Infrastructure Beavers need trees and shrubs to use as building material for dams, which restrict flowing water to create a pond for them to live in, and for lodges, which act as shelters and refuges from predators and the elements. Without such material, beavers dig burrows into a bank to liv...
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# Beaver ## Ecology ### Environmental effects {#environmental_effects} The beaver works as an ecosystem engineer and keystone species, as its activities can have a great impact on the landscape and biodiversity of an area. Aside from humans, few other extant animals appear to do more to shape their environment. When ...
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# Beaver ## Behavior Beavers are mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, and spend the daytime in their shelters. In northern latitudes, beaver activity is decoupled from the 24-hour cycle during the winter, and may last as long as 29 hours. They do not hibernate during winter, and spend much of their time in their lodges....
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# Beaver ## Interactions with humans {#interactions_with_humans} Beavers sometimes come into conflict with humans over land use; individual beavers may be labeled as \"nuisance beavers\". Beavers can damage crops, timber stocks, roads, ditches, gardens, and pastures via gnawing, eating, digging, and flooding. They oc...
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# Beaver ## Interactions with humans {#interactions_with_humans} ### In culture {#in_culture} The beaver has been used to represent productivity, trade, tradition, masculinity, and respectability. References to the beaver\'s skills are reflected in everyday language. The English verb \"to beaver\" means working with ...
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# Bubble and squeak **Bubble and squeak** is an English dish made from cooked potatoes and cabbage, mixed together and fried. The food writer Howard Hillman classes it as one of the \"great peasant dishes of the world\". The dish has been known since at least the 18th century, and in its early versions it contained co...
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# Bubble and squeak ## Modern versions {#modern_versions} thumb\|upright=1.25\|Bubble and squeak, left Possibly because of the scarcity of beef during food rationing in and after the Second World War, by the latter half of the 20th century the basic ingredients were widely considered to be cooked and mashed (or coars...
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# Bubble and squeak ## Outside Britain {#outside_britain} Bubble and squeak is familiar in Australia; a 1969 recipe adds peas and pumpkin to the basic mix. The dish is not common in the US but is not unknown; an American recipe from 1913 resembles Rundell\'s version, with the addition of a border of mashed potato. In...
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# Breast reconstruction **Breast reconstruction** is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast, most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer. It involves using autologous tissue, prosthetic implants, or a combination of both with the goal of reconstructing a natural-lookin...
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# Breast reconstruction ## Techniques There are several techniques for breast reconstruction. These options are broadly categorized into two different groups: ### Implant-based reconstruction {#implant_based_reconstruction} This is the most common technique used worldwide. Implant-based reconstruction is an option ...
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# Breast reconstruction ## Techniques ### Flap-based reconstruction {#flap_based_reconstruction} Flap-based reconstruction uses tissue from other parts of the patient\'s body (i.e., autologous tissue) such as the back, buttocks, thigh or abdomen. In surgery, a \"flap\" is any type of tissue that is lifted from a dono...
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# Breast reconstruction ## Adjunctive procedures {#adjunctive_procedures} To restore the appearance of the pre-operative breast, there are a few options regarding the nipple-areolar complex (NAC): - A nipple prosthesis can be used to restore the appearance of the reconstructed breast. Impressions can be made and p...
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# Breast reconstruction ## Outcomes The typical outcome of breast reconstruction surgery is a breast mound with a pleasing aesthetic shape, with a texture similar to a natural breast, but which feels completely or mostly numb for the woman herself. This loss of sensation, called *somatosensory loss* or the inability ...
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# Β-Lactam A **β-lactam** (***beta-*lactam**) ring is a four-membered lactam. A *lactam* is a cyclic amide, and *beta*-lactams are named so because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon atom relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. β-lactams are significant structural units of...
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# Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg The **Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg** (*Hochstift Brandenburg*) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 12th century until it was secularized during the second half of the 16th century. It should not be confused with the larger Diocese of Brandenburg (*D...
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# Book of Obadiah The **Book of Obadiah** is a book of the Bible whose authorship is attributed to Obadiah. Obadiah is one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the final section of Nevi\'im, the second main division of the Hebrew Bible. The text consists of a single chapter, divided into 21 verses with 440 Hebrew words, ma...
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# Book of Obadiah ## Scholarly issues {#scholarly_issues} ### Dating Obadiah {#dating_obadiah} The date of composition is disputed and is difficult to determine due to the lack of personal information about Obadiah, his family, and his historical milieu: the date must therefore be determined based on the prophecy it...
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# Book of Jonah thumb\|upright=1.25\|Illustrated *Jonah* from the 15th-century Kennicott Bible `{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}`{=mediawiki} The **Book of Jonah** is one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi\'im (\"Prophets\") in the Hebrew Bible, and an individual book in the Christian Old Testament where it has ...
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# Book of Jonah ## Outline An outline of the book of Jonah: 1. Jonah flees his mission (chapters 1--2) 1. Jonah\'s disobedience, and its consequences (1:1--17) 2. Jonah\'s deliverance and thanksgiving (2:2--9) 2. Jonah fulfills his mission (chapters 3--4) 1. Jonah\'s obedience and Nineveh\'s repen...
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# Book of Jonah ## Interpretive history {#interpretive_history} ### Early Jewish interpretation {#early_jewish_interpretation} Fragments of the book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, most of which follow the Masoretic Text closely and with Mur XII reproducing a large portion of the text. As for the non-canonica...
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# Book of Jonah ## Interpretive history {#interpretive_history} ### Modern In Jungian analysis, the belly of the whale can be seen as a symbolic death and rebirth, which is also an important stage in comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell\'s \"hero\'s journey\". NCSY Director of Education David Bashevkin sees Jonah...
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# Book of Jonah ## Jonah and the gourd vine {#jonah_and_the_gourd_vine} The Book of Jonah closes abruptly, with an epistolary warning based on the emblematic trope of a fast-growing vine present in Persian narratives, and popularized in fables such as *The Gourd and the Palm-tree* during the Renaissance, for example ...
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# Book of Micah The **Book of Micah** is the sixth of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. The book has seven chapters. Ostensibly, it records the sayings of Micah, whose name is *Mikayahu* (*מִיכָיָ֫הוּ*), meaning \"Who is like Yahweh?\", an 8th-century BCE prophet from the village of Moresheth in Judah (He...
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# Book of Micah ## Surviving early manuscripts {#surviving_early_manuscripts} The oldest surviving manuscripts were made hundreds of years after the period or periods of authorship. The earliest surviving Masoretic Text versions include the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), and Codex ...
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# Book of Micah ## Content ### Subsections - **The Heading**: As is typical of prophetic books, an anonymous editor or scribe has supplied the name of the prophet, an indication of his time of activity, and an identification of his speech as the \"word of Yahweh\", a generic term carrying a claim to prophetic legit...
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# Book of Micah ## Allusions in the New Testament {#allusions_in_the_new_testament} There are several allusions to the Book of Micah in the New Testament: - Matthew\'s Gospel quotes from the Book of Micah in relation to Jesus being born in Bethlehem: ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - Jesus\' words in Matthew 10:36 refl...
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# Book of Nahum The **Book of Nahum** is the seventh book of the 12 minor prophets of the Hebrew Bible. The book has three chapters. It is attributed to the prophet Nahum. The most general historical setting of Nahum as a prophet was 663 BC to 612 BC, while the historical setting that produced the book of Nahum is deb...
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# Book of Nahum ## Background ### Historical context {#historical_context} The subject of Nahum\'s prophecy is the approaching complete and final destruction of Nineveh, which was the capital of the great and flourishing Assyrian empire at that time. Ashurbanipal was at the height of his glory. Nineveh was a city of ...
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# Book of Nahum ## Surviving early manuscripts {#surviving_early_manuscripts} The original text was written in Biblical Hebrew. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are the Masoretic Text, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis ...
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# Book of Haggai The **Book of Haggai** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|ɡ|aɪ}}`{=mediawiki}; *Sefer Ḥaggay*) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and is the third-to-last of the Twelve Minor Prophets. It is a short book, consisting of only two chapters. The historical setting dates around 520 BC, before the Temple had been rebu...
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# Book of Haggai ## Synopsis `{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = CodexGigas 116 MinorProphets.jpg | width1 = 135 | alt1 = | image2 = CodexGigas 117 MinorProphets.jpg | width2 = 150 | alt2 = | footer = The whole Book of Haggai in [[Latin]] as a part of [...
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# Book of Zechariah The **Book of Zechariah** is a Jewish text attributed to Zechariah, a Hebrew prophet of the late 6th century BC. In the Hebrew Bible, the text is included as part of the Twelve Minor Prophets, itself a part of the second division of that work. In the Christian Old Testament, the Book of Zechariah i...
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