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1,763 | # Andronicus of Cyrrhus
**Andronicus of Cyrrhus** or **Andronicus Cyrrhestes** (Latin; *Ἀνδρόνικος Κυρρήστης*, *Andrónikos Kyrrhēstēs*; `{{fl.|{{c.|100}}{{nbsp}}BC}}`{=mediawiki}) was a Macedonian astronomer best known for designing the Tower of the Winds in Roman Athens.
## Life
Little is known about the life of An... | 192 | Andronicus of Cyrrhus | 0 |
1,767 | # Ammianus Marcellinus
**Ammianus Marcellinus**, occasionally anglicized as **Ammian** (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born c. 330, died c. lk=no`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}400), was a Greek and Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius). Writte... | 981 | Ammianus Marcellinus | 0 |
1,767 | # Ammianus Marcellinus
## Work
While living in Rome in the 380s, Ammianus wrote a Latin history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva (96) to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople (378), in effect writing a continuation of the history of Tacitus. At 22.16.12, he praises the Serapeum of Alexandria ... | 476 | Ammianus Marcellinus | 1 |
1,767 | # Ammianus Marcellinus
## Reception
Edward Gibbon judged Ammianus \"an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary.\" But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: \"The coarse and und... | 174 | Ammianus Marcellinus | 2 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
**Apollo 7** (October 11--22, 1968) was the first crewed flight in NASA\'s Apollo program, and saw the resumption of human spaceflight by the agency after the fire that had killed the three Apollo 1 astronauts during a launch rehearsal test on January 27, 1967. The Apollo`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}7 crew ... | 291 | Apollo 7 | 0 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Background and personnel {#background_and_personnel}
Schirra, one of the original \"Mercury Seven\" astronauts, graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1945. He flew Mercury-Atlas 8 in 1962, the fifth crewed flight of Project Mercury and the third to reach orbit, and in 1965 was the command pi... | 745 | Apollo 7 | 1 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Preparation
According to Cunningham, Schirra originally had limited interest in making a third spaceflight, beginning to focus on his post-NASA career. Flying the first mission after the fire changed things: \"Wally Schirra was being pictured as the man chosen to rescue the manned space program. And tha... | 909 | Apollo 7 | 2 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Hardware
### Spacecraft
The Apollo 7 spacecraft included Command and Service Module 101 (CSM-101), the first Block`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}II CSM to be flown. The Block`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}II craft had the capability of docking with a LM, though none was flown on Apollo`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}7. The ... | 536 | Apollo 7 | 3 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Mission highlights {#mission_highlights}
The main purposes of the Apollo`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}7 flight were to show that the Block II CM would be habitable and reliable over the length of time required for a lunar mission, to show that the service propulsion system (SPS, the spacecraft\'s main engine)... | 1,188 | Apollo 7 | 4 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Mission highlights {#mission_highlights}
### Conflict and splashdown {#conflict_and_splashdown}
Schirra was angered by NASA managers allowing the launch to proceed despite the winds, saying \"The mission pushed us to the wall in terms of risk.\" Jones said, \"This prelaunch dispute was the prelude to a ... | 700 | Apollo 7 | 5 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Assessment and aftermath {#assessment_and_aftermath}
After the mission, NASA awarded Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham its Exceptional Service Medal in recognition of their success. On November 2, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson held a ceremony at the LBJ Ranch in Johnson City, Texas, to present the astr... | 863 | Apollo 7 | 6 |
1,773 | # Apollo 7
## Spacecraft location {#spacecraft_location}
In January 1969, the Apollo`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}7 command module was displayed on the NASA float in the inauguration parade of President Richard M. Nixon. The Apollo`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}7 astronauts rode in an open car. After being transferred to the Smit... | 255 | Apollo 7 | 7 |
1,789 | # Apuleius
**Apuleius** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|p|j|ʊ|ˈ|l|iː|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|APP|yuu|LEE|əs}}`{=mediawiki}), also called **Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis** (c. 124 -- after 170), was a Numidian Latin-language prose writer, Platonist philosopher and rhetorician. He was born in the Roman province of Numidia, in the B... | 776 | Apuleius | 0 |
1,789 | # Apuleius
## Works
### *The Golden Ass* {#the_golden_ass}
*The Golden Ass* (*Asinus Aureus*) or *Metamorphoses* is the only Latin novel that has survived in its entirety. It relates the adventures of one Lucius, who introduces himself as related to the famous philosophers Plutarch and Sextus of Chaeronea. Lucius ex... | 602 | Apuleius | 1 |
1,789 | # Apuleius
## Apuleian Sphere {#apuleian_sphere}
The Apuleian Sphere described in *Petosiris to Nechepso*, also known as \"Columcille\'s Circle\" or \"Petosiris\' Circle\", is a magical prognosticating device for predicting the survival of a patient | 34 | Apuleius | 2 |
1,790 | # Alexander Selkirk
**Alexander Selkirk** (1676`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}13 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent four years and four months as a castaway (1704--1709) after being marooned by his captain, initially at his request, on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Oce... | 510 | Alexander Selkirk | 0 |
1,790 | # Alexander Selkirk
## Castaway
In September 1704, after parting ways with Dampier, Captain Stradling brought *Cinque Ports* to an island known to the Spanish as Más a Tierra located in the uninhabited Juan Fernández archipelago 670 km off the coast of Chile for a mid-expedition restocking of fresh water and supplies... | 901 | Alexander Selkirk | 1 |
1,790 | # Alexander Selkirk
## Later life and influence {#later_life_and_influence}
thumb\|left\|upright=0.65\|alt=Engraving of Robinson Crusoe standing on the shore of an island, dressed in hair-covered goatskin clothing\|An illustration of Crusoe in goatskin clothing shows the influence of Selkirk Selkirk\'s experience as ... | 536 | Alexander Selkirk | 2 |
1,790 | # Alexander Selkirk
## In other literary works {#in_other_literary_works}
This is also a reference to William Cowper\'s poem. \| Poet Patrick Kavanagh likens his loneliness on the road to that of Selkirk, in his poem \"Inniskeen Road: July Evening\": \| In \"Etiquette\", one of W. S. Gilbert\'s *Bab Ballads*, Selkirk... | 523 | Alexander Selkirk | 3 |
1,802 | # Ægir
**Ægir** (anglicised as **Aegir**; Old Norse \'sea\'), **Hlér** (Old Norse \'sea\'), or **Gymir** (Old Norse less clearly \'sea, engulfer\'), is a jötunn and a personification of the sea in Norse mythology. In the Old Norse record, Ægir hosts the gods in his halls and is associated with brewing ale. Ægir is att... | 418 | Ægir | 0 |
1,802 | # Ægir
## Attestations
Ægir is attested in a variety of Old Norse sources.
### *Sonatorrek*
Ægir and Rán receive mention in the poem *Sonatorrek* attributed to 10th century Icelandic skald Egill Skallagrímsson. In the poem, Egill laments the death of his son Böðvar, who drowned at sea during a storm. In one difficu... | 645 | Ægir | 1 |
1,802 | # Ægir
## Attestations
### *Prose Edda* {#prose_edda}
Ægir receives numerous mentions in the *Prose Edda* book *Skáldskaparmál*, where he sits at a banquet and asks the skaldic god Bragi many questions, and Bragi responds with narratives about the gods. The section begins as follows:
+-------------------------------... | 654 | Ægir | 2 |
1,802 | # Ægir
## Scholarly reception and interpretation {#scholarly_reception_and_interpretation}
### Banquets
Carolyne Larrington says that Ægir\'s role in *Hymiskviða* \"may reflect Scandinavian royal practices in which the king enforces his authority on his subordinates by visiting their homes and demanding to be feaste... | 612 | Ægir | 3 |
1,802 | # Ægir
## Modern influence {#modern_influence}
Ægir has been the subject of a variety of art pieces. These include Nils Blommér\'s painting *Näcken och Ägirs döttrar* (1850), Johan Peter Molin\'s (d. 1874) fountain relief *Ægir*, and Emil Doepler\'s *Ægir* (1901).
Ægir is referenced in a variety of others ways in mo... | 101 | Ægir | 4 |
1,825 | # Hermann Kolbe
**Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe** (27 September 1818 -- 25 November 1884) was a German chemist and academic, and a major contributor to the birth of modern organic chemistry. He was a professor at Marburg and Leipzig. Kolbe was the first to apply the term synthesis in a chemical context, and contributed... | 508 | Hermann Kolbe | 0 |
1,825 | # Hermann Kolbe
## Work in chemical research {#work_in_chemical_research}
As late as the 1840s, and despite Friedrich Wöhler\'s synthesis of urea in 1828, some chemists still believed in the doctrine of vitalism, according to which a special life-force was necessary to create \"organic\" (i.e., in its original meanin... | 604 | Hermann Kolbe | 1 |
1,826 | # April 18
| 3 | April 18 | 0 |
1,827 | # April 23
| 3 | April 23 | 0 |
1,832 | # Allomorph
In linguistics, an **allomorph** is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or in other words, a unit of meaning that varies in sound and spelling without changing the meaning. The term *allomorph* describes the realization of phonological variations for a specific morpheme. The different allomorphs that a ... | 918 | Allomorph | 0 |
1,832 | # Allomorph
## Stem allomorphy {#stem_allomorphy}
Allomorphy can also exist in stems or roots, as in Classical Sanskrit:
**Singular** **Plural**
-------------- -------------- ------------
Nominative
Genitive
Instrumental
Locativ... | 208 | Allomorph | 1 |
1,834 | # Allophone
`{{IPA notice}}`{=mediawiki} In phonology, an **allophone** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|f|oʊ|n|audio=En-us-allophone.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; from the Greek *ἄλλος*, `{{Transliteration|grc|állos}}`{=mediawiki}, \'other\' and *φωνή*, `{{Transliteration|grc|phōnē}}`{=mediawiki}, \'voice, sound\') is one of multiple possi... | 416 | Allophone | 0 |
1,834 | # Allophone
## Examples
### English
There are many allophonic processes in English: lack of plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels, and retraction.
- Aspiration: In English, a voiceless plosive `{{... | 564 | Allophone | 1 |
1,834 | # Allophone
## Examples
### English
#### Rules for English consonant allophones {#rules_for_english_consonant_allophones}
Peter Ladefoged, a renowned phonetician, clearly explains the consonant allophones of English in a precise list of statements to illustrate the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all ... | 1,224 | Allophone | 2 |
1,834 | # Allophone
## Representing a phoneme with an allophone {#representing_a_phoneme_with_an_allophone}
Since phonemes are abstractions of speech sounds, not the sounds themselves, they have no direct phonetic transcription. When they are realized without much allophonic variation, a simple broad transcription is used. H... | 290 | Allophone | 3 |
1,840 | # Agathocles of Syracuse
**Agathocles** (*Ἀγαθοκλῆς*, *Agathoklḗs*; 361--289 BC) was a tyrant of Syracuse from 317 BC and king of much of Sicily from 304 BC until his death. Agathocles began his career as a military officer, and raised his profile as a supporter of the democratic faction in Syracuse against the oligar... | 660 | Agathocles of Syracuse | 0 |
1,840 | # Agathocles of Syracuse
## Biography
### Double exile {#double_exile}
Agathocles went to southern Italy, where he led the life of a mercenary captain. At the same time, he built up an independent power base, as preparation for a return to Syracuse. His first military effort was a failure, however: he attempted to br... | 474 | Agathocles of Syracuse | 1 |
1,840 | # Agathocles of Syracuse
## Biography
### Seizure of power {#seizure_of_power}
The position of Agathocles within the city of Syracuse was initially that of a regular military commander, with wide but limited powers. His title was General and Guardian of the Peace (*strategos kai phylax tes eirenes*). In Syracuse, the... | 377 | Agathocles of Syracuse | 2 |
1,840 | # Agathocles of Syracuse
## Biography
### Rulership
War with Carthage followed. In 311 BC Agathocles was defeated in the Battle of the Himera River and besieged in Syracuse. In 310 BC he made a desperate effort to break through the blockade and attack Carthage. He landed at Cape Bon in August 310 BC, and was able to ... | 713 | Agathocles of Syracuse | 3 |
1,840 | # Agathocles of Syracuse
## Legacy
Agathocles was cited as an example \"Of those who become princes through their crimes\" in chapter 8 of Niccolò Machiavelli\'s treatise on politics - *The Prince* (1513). He was described as behaving as a criminal at every stage of his career. Machiavelli claimed: `{{blockquote|Agat... | 199 | Agathocles of Syracuse | 4 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
The **economy of Alberta** is the sum of all economic activity in Alberta, Canada\'s fourth largest province by population. Alberta\'s GDP in 2018 was CDN\$338.2 billion.
Although Alberta has a presence in many industries such as agriculture, forestry, education, tourism, finance, and manufacturi... | 1,020 | Economy of Alberta | 0 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Current overview {#current_overview}
According to ATB Financial\'s Vice President and Chief Economist---Todd Hirsch, who spoke during an April 2, 2020, webinar hosted by the Calgary Chamber of Commerce, the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta and its \"economic fallout will permanently reshape our ec... | 1,063 | Economy of Alberta | 1 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Alberta\'s credit rating {#albertas_credit_rating}
On December 3, 2019, Moody\'s downgraded Alberta\'s credit rating from Aa2 stable from Aa1 negative and \"downgraded the long-term debt ratings of the Alberta Capital Finance Authority and the long-term issuer rating of ATB Financial to Aa2 fr... | 400 | Economy of Alberta | 2 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Alberta\'s GDP compared to other provinces {#albertas_gdp_compared_to_other_provinces}
A table listing annual \"[\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by industry, provinces and territories (x 1,000,000).\"](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610040201) from 2014 ... | 333 | Economy of Alberta | 3 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Economic geography {#economic_geography}
`{{see also|Geography of Alberta|List of regions of Alberta}}`{=mediawiki}
Alberta has a small internal market, and it is relatively distant from major world markets, despite good transportation links to the rest of Canada and to the United States to t... | 509 | Economy of Alberta | 4 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Economic geography {#economic_geography}
### Economic regions and cities {#economic_regions_and_cities}
Since the days of early agricultural settlement, the majority of Alberta\'s population has been concentrated in the parkland belt (mixed forest-grassland), a boomerang-shaped strip of land e... | 548 | Economy of Alberta | 5 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Background
`{{See also|History of Alberta|History of the petroleum industry in Canada}}`{=mediawiki}
Alberta has always been an export-oriented economy. In line with Harold Innis\' \"Staples Thesis\", the economy has changed substantially as different export commodities have risen or fallen i... | 470 | Economy of Alberta | 6 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Employment
Alberta\'s economy is a highly developed one in which most people work in services such as healthcare, government, or retail. Primary industries are also of great importance, however.
By March 2016 the unemployment rate in Alberta rose to 7.9%--- its \"highest level since April 199... | 852 | Economy of Alberta | 7 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Sectors
### Oil and gas extraction industries {#oil_and_gas_extraction_industries}
`{{See also|Petroleum production in Canada|Natural gas in Canada}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2018, Alberta\'s energy sector contributed over \$71.5 billion to Canada\'s nominal gross domestic product. In 2006, it accoun... | 591 | Economy of Alberta | 8 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Sectors
### Oil and gas extraction industries {#oil_and_gas_extraction_industries}
#### Natural gas {#natural_gas}
Natural gas has been found at several points, and in 1999, the production of natural gas liquids (ethane, propane, and butanes) totalled 172.8 Moilbbl, valued at \$2.27 billion. A... | 851 | Economy of Alberta | 9 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Sectors
### Electricity
, Alberta\'s generating capacity was 16,261 MW, and Alberta has about 26000 km of transmission lines.
Alberta has 1491 megawatts of wind power capacity.
Production of electricity in Alberta in 2016 by source:
Generation GWh Share by Fuel
------------- ---... | 379 | Economy of Alberta | 10 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Sectors
### Agriculture and forestry {#agriculture_and_forestry}
#### Agriculture
`{{See also|Agriculture in Canada}}`{=mediawiki} In the past, cattle, horses, and sheep were reared in the southern prairie region on ranches or smaller holdings. Currently Alberta produces cattle valued at over... | 555 | Economy of Alberta | 11 |
1,841 | # Economy of Alberta
## Sectors
### Services
Despite the high profile of the extractive industries, Alberta has a mature economy and most people work in services. In 2014 there were 1,635.8 thousand people employed in the services-producing sector. Since then, the number has steadily increased to 1754.8 thousand jobs... | 486 | Economy of Alberta | 12 |
1,853 | # Natural history of Africa
The **natural history of Africa** encompasses some of the well known megafauna of that continent.
Natural history is the study and description of organisms and natural objects, especially their origins, evolution, and interrelationships.
## Flora
The vegetation of Africa follows very clo... | 560 | Natural history of Africa | 0 |
1,853 | # Natural history of Africa
## Fauna
The fauna again shows the effect of the characteristics of the vegetation. The open savannas are the home of large ungulates, especially antelopes, the giraffe (peculiar to Africa), zebra, buffalo, wild donkey and four species of rhinoceros; and of carnivores, such as the lion, le... | 435 | Natural history of Africa | 1 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
**Approval voting** is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of all the candidates as they like instead of choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each can... | 442 | Approval voting | 0 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Use
### Current electoral use {#current_electoral_use}
#### Latvia
The Latvian parliament uses a modified version of approval voting within open list proportional representation, in which voters can cast either positive (approval) votes, negative votes or neither for any number of candidates.
... | 394 | Approval voting | 1 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Use
### Use by organizations {#use_by_organizations}
Approval has been used in privately administered nomination contests by the Independent Party of Oregon in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016. Oregon is a fusion voting state, and the party has cross-nominated legislators and statewide officeholders us... | 701 | Approval voting | 2 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Strategic voting {#strategic_voting}
### Overview
Approval voting allows voters to select all the candidates whom they consider to be reasonable choices.
*Strategic approval* differs from ranked voting (aka preferential voting) methods where voters are generally forced to *reverse* the preferen... | 620 | Approval voting | 3 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Strategic voting {#strategic_voting}
### Sincere strategy with ordinal preferences {#sincere_strategy_with_ordinal_preferences}
A sincere voter with multiple options for voting sincerely still has to choose which sincere vote to use. Voting strategy is a way to make that choice, in which case str... | 553 | Approval voting | 4 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Strategic voting {#strategic_voting}
### Strategy with cardinal utilities {#strategy_with_cardinal_utilities}
Voting strategy under approval is guided by two competing features of approval. On the one hand, approval fails the later-no-harm criterion, so voting for a candidate can cause that candi... | 461 | Approval voting | 5 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Strategic voting {#strategic_voting}
### Strategy examples {#strategy_examples}
In the example election described here, assume that the voters in each faction share the following von Neumann--Morgenstern utilities, fitted to the interval between 0 and 100. The utilities are consistent with the ra... | 477 | Approval voting | 6 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Strategic voting {#strategic_voting}
### Dichotomous cutoff {#dichotomous_cutoff}
Modeling voters with a \'dichotomous cutoff\' assumes a voter has an immovable approval cutoff, while having meaningful cardinal preferences. This means that rather than voting for their top 3 candidates, or all can... | 593 | Approval voting | 7 |
1,857 | # Approval voting
## Compliance with voting system criteria {#compliance_with_voting_system_criteria}
Most of the mathematical criteria by which voting systems are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. In this case, approval voting requires voters to make an additional decision of where to put... | 63 | Approval voting | 8 |
1,866 | # Alarums and Excursions
***Alarums and Excursions**\'\' (***A&E**\'\') was an amateur press association (APA) started in June 1975 by Lee Gold; the final issue, #593, was published in April 2025. It was one of the first publications to focus solely on role-playing games.
## History
In 1964, Bruce Pelz of the Los An... | 568 | Alarums and Excursions | 0 |
1,870 | # Amalric
**Amalric** or **Amalaric** (also Americ, Almerich, Emeric, Emerick and other variations) is a personal name derived from the tribal name *Amal* (referring to the Gothic Amali) and *ric* (Gothic *reiks*) meaning \"ruler, prince\".
Equivalents in different languages include:
- French: Amaury (surname/give... | 238 | Amalric | 0 |
1,873 | # Anthemius of Tralles
**Anthemius of Tralles** (*Ἀνθέμιος ὁ Τραλλιανός*, Medieval Greek: `{{IPA|el|anˈθemios o traliaˈnos|}}`{=mediawiki}, *Anthémios o Trallianós*; `{{c.|lk=no|474}}`{=mediawiki} -- 533 `{{abbr|x|sometime between}}`{=mediawiki} 558)`{{r|Boyer}}`{=mediawiki} was a Byzantine Greek from Tralles who work... | 377 | Anthemius of Tralles | 0 |
1,874 | # Absalon
**Absalon** (c. 1128`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}21 March 1201) was a Danish statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death. He was the foremost politician and church father of Denmark in the second half of the 12th... | 489 | Absalon | 0 |
1,874 | # Absalon
## Bishop and advisor {#bishop_and_advisor}
Absalon was a close counsellor of Valdemar, and chief promoter of the Danish crusades against the Wends. During the Danish civil war, Denmark had been open to coastal raids by the Wends. It was Absalon\'s intention to clear the Baltic Sea of the Wendish pirates wh... | 433 | Absalon | 1 |
1,874 | # Absalon
## Bishop and advisor {#bishop_and_advisor}
### Policies
Absalon\'s main political goal was to free Denmark from entanglements with the Holy Roman Empire. Absalon reformed the Danish church organisation to closer match Holy See praxis, and worked to keep Denmark a close ally of the Holy See. However, during... | 546 | Absalon | 2 |
1,874 | # Absalon
## Death
When Absalon retired from military service in 1184 at the age of fifty-seven, he resigned the command of fleets and armies to younger men, like Duke Valdemar, the later king Valdemar II. He instead confined himself to the administration of the Danish empire. In 1192, Absalon made his nephew Peder S... | 305 | Absalon | 3 |
1,875 | # Adhemar of Le Puy
{{ Infobox Christian leader \| type = bishop \| name = Adhemar of Le Puy \| image = Adhémar de Monteil à Antioche.jpeg \| caption = A mitred Adhémar de Monteil carrying the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the First Crusade \| title = Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay \| church = Catholic Church \| see ... | 1,066 | Adhemar of Le Puy | 0 |
1,879 | # Alfonso Jordan
**Alfonso Jordan**, also spelled **Alfons Jordan** or **Alphonse Jourdain** (1103--1148), was the Count of Tripoli (1105--09), Count of Rouergue (1109--48) and Count of Toulouse, Margrave of Provence and Duke of Narbonne (1112--48).
## Life
Alfonso was the son of Raymond IV of Toulouse by his third ... | 682 | Alfonso Jordan | 0 |
1,880 | # Ambroise
**Ambroise**, sometimes **Ambroise of Normandy**, (flourished c. 1190) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called **L\'Estoire de la guerre sainte**, which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of *Richard Cœur de Lion\]\]* as a crusader.
## Life
The cred... | 388 | Ambroise | 0 |
1,887 | # Alexius
**Alexius** is the Latinized form of the given name **Alexios** (*Αλέξιος*, polytonic *Ἀλέξιος*, \"defender\", cf. Alexander), especially common in the Byzantine Empire. The female form is **Alexia** (*Αλεξία*) and its variants such as Alessia (the masculine form of which is Alessio) in Italian.
The name be... | 201 | Alexius | 0 |
1,894 | # Africa Alphabet
The **Africa Alphabet** (also **International African Alphabet** or **IAI alphabet**) is a set of letters designed as the basis for Latin alphabets for the languages of Africa. It was initially developed in 1928 by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures from a combination of th... | 234 | Africa Alphabet | 0 |
1,896 | # Acquire
***Acquire*** is a board game published by 3M in 1964 that involves multi-player mergers and acquisitions. It was one of the most popular games in the 3M Bookshelf games series published in the 1960s, and the only one still published in the United States.
## Description
*Acquire* is a board game for 2--6 p... | 778 | Acquire | 0 |
1,896 | # Acquire
## Reception
In *The Playboy Winner\'s Guide to Board Games*, game designer Jon Freeman compared *Cartel* (*A Gamut of Games*) and *Acquire*, noting that both were \"better games which focus on the joining of companies into conglomerates.\" Freeman thought *Acquire* had an edge over *Cartel* \"in the qualit... | 374 | Acquire | 1 |
1,905 | # Ambush
thumb\|right\|upright=1.3\|French royalist rebels preparing an ambush during the War in the Vendée (*The Ambush* by Évariste Carpentier, 1889) `{{wikt | ambush}}`{=mediawiki}
An **ambush** is a surprise attack carried out by people lying in wait in a concealed position. The concealed position itself or the c... | 1,131 | Ambush | 0 |
1,905 | # Ambush
## Procedure
In modern warfare, an ambush can be employed by ground troops up to platoon size against enemy targets, which may be other ground troops, or possibly vehicles. However, in some situations, especially when deep behind enemy lines, the actual attack will be carried out by a platoon. A company-size... | 729 | Ambush | 1 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
**Agarose gel electrophoresis** is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. The protein... | 673 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 0 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## Migration of nucleic acids in agarose gel {#migration_of_nucleic_acids_in_agarose_gel}
### Factors affecting migration of nucleic acid in gel {#factors_affecting_migration_of_nucleic_acid_in_gel}
A number of factors can affect the migration of nucleic acids: the dimension of the gel ... | 808 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 1 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## General procedure {#general_procedure}
The details of an agarose gel electrophoresis experiment may vary depending on methods, but most follow a general procedure.
### Casting of gel {#casting_of_gel}
The gel is prepared by dissolving the agarose powder in an appropriate buffer, suc... | 765 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 2 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## General procedure {#general_procedure}
### Staining and visualization {#staining_and_visualization}
DNA as well as RNA are normally visualized by staining with ethidium bromide, which intercalates into the major grooves of the DNA and fluoresces under UV light. The intercalation depen... | 407 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 3 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## General procedure {#general_procedure}
### Downstream procedures {#downstream_procedures}
The separated DNA bands are often used for further procedures, and a DNA band may be cut out of the gel as a slice, dissolved and purified. Contaminants however may affect some downstream procedu... | 82 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 4 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## Buffers
In general, the ideal buffer should have good conductivity, produce less heat and have a long life. There are a number of buffers used for agarose electrophoresis; common ones for nucleic acids include tris/acetate/EDTA (TAE) and tris/borate/EDTA (TBE). The buffers used contai... | 272 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 5 |
1,910 | # Agarose gel electrophoresis
## Applications
- Estimation of the size of DNA molecules following digestion with restriction enzymes, e.g., in restriction mapping of cloned DNA.
- Estimation of the DNA concentration by comparing the intensity of the nucleic acid band with the corresponding band of the size marker... | 208 | Agarose gel electrophoresis | 6 |
1,912 | # Ampicillin
\| width2 = 180 \| alt2 =
\| pronounce = \| tradename = Principen, others \| Drugs.com = `{{drugs.com|monograph|ampicillin}}`{=mediawiki} \| MedlinePlus = a685002 \| DailyMedID = Ampicillin \| pregnancy_AU = A \| pregnancy_AU_comment = \| pregnancy_category = \| routes_of_administration = By mouth, intra... | 487 | Ampicillin | 0 |
1,912 | # Ampicillin
## Medical uses {#medical_uses}
### Diseases
- Bacterial meningitis; an aminoglycoside can be added to increase efficacy against gram-negative meningitis bacteria
- Endocarditis by enterococcal strains (off-label use); often given with an aminoglycoside
- Gastrointestinal infections caused by cont... | 590 | Ampicillin | 1 |
1,912 | # Ampicillin
## Side effects {#side_effects}
Ampicillin is comparatively less toxic than other antibiotics, and side effects are more likely in those who are sensitive to penicillins and those with a history of asthma or allergies. In very rare cases, it causes severe side effects such as angioedema, anaphylaxis, and... | 312 | Ampicillin | 2 |
1,912 | # Ampicillin
## Pharmacology
### Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
Ampicillin is in the penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics and is part of the aminopenicillin family. It is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of activity. Ampicillin is able to penetrate gram-positive and some gram-negative ba... | 517 | Ampicillin | 3 |
1,915 | # Antigen
In immunology, an **antigen** (**Ag**) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response.
Antigens can be proteins, peptides (amino acid chains), poly... | 400 | Antigen | 0 |
1,915 | # Antigen
## Terminology
- Epitope -- the distinct surface features of an, its *antigenic determinant*.\
Antigenic molecules, normally \"large\" biological polymers, usually present surface features that can act as points of interaction for specific antibodies. Any such feature constitutes an epitope. Most anti... | 637 | Antigen | 1 |
1,949 | # Andreas Capellanus
**Andreas Capellanus** (*Capellanus* meaning \"chaplain\"), also known as **Andrew the Chaplain** (`{{fl.|{{circa}} 1185}}`{=mediawiki}), and occasionally by a French translation of his name, **André le Chapelain**, was the 12th-century author of a treatise commonly known as *De amore* (\"About Lo... | 528 | Andreas Capellanus | 0 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
**Apollo 12** (November 14--24, 1969) was the sixth crewed flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. It was launched on November 14, 1969, by NASA from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Commander Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean completed j... | 400 | Apollo 12 | 0 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Crew and key Mission Control personnel {#crew_and_key_mission_control_personnel}
The commander of the all-Navy Apollo 12 crew was Charles \"Pete\" Conrad, who was 39 years old at the time of the mission. After receiving a bachelor\'s degree in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University in 1953,... | 492 | Apollo 12 | 1 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Preparation
### Site selection {#site_selection}
The landing site selection process for Apollo 12 was greatly informed by the site selection for Apollo 11. There were rigid standards for the possible Apollo 11 landing sites, in which scientific interest was not a major factor: they had to be close to ... | 445 | Apollo 12 | 2 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Preparation
### Training and preparation {#training_and_preparation}
The Apollo 12 astronauts spent five hours in mission-specific training for every hour they expected to spend in flight on the mission, a total exceeding 1,000 hours per crew member. Conrad and Bean received more mission-specific train... | 588 | Apollo 12 | 3 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Hardware
### Launch vehicle {#launch_vehicle}
There were no significant changes to the Saturn V launch vehicle used on Apollo 12, SA--507, from that used on Apollo 11. There were another 17 instrumentation measurements in the Apollo 12 launch vehicle, bringing the number to 1,365. The entire vehicle, ... | 606 | Apollo 12 | 4 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Hardware
### ALSEP
The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) was a suite of scientific instruments designed to be emplaced on the lunar surface by the Apollo astronauts, and thereafter operate autonomously, sending data to Earth. Development of the ALSEP was part of NASA\'s response to some ... | 602 | Apollo 12 | 5 |
1,967 | # Apollo 12
## Mission highlights {#mission_highlights}
### Launch
With President Richard Nixon in attendance, the first time a current U.S. president had witnessed a crewed space launch, as well as Vice President Spiro Agnew, Apollo 12 launched as planned on November 14, 1969, from the Kennedy Space Center at 16:22... | 852 | Apollo 12 | 6 |
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